WO2017137275A1 - Station de régulation et de mesure pour l'alimentation en gaz - Google Patents

Station de régulation et de mesure pour l'alimentation en gaz Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017137275A1
WO2017137275A1 PCT/EP2017/051978 EP2017051978W WO2017137275A1 WO 2017137275 A1 WO2017137275 A1 WO 2017137275A1 EP 2017051978 W EP2017051978 W EP 2017051978W WO 2017137275 A1 WO2017137275 A1 WO 2017137275A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
regulator
valve
station according
gas
meter
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2017/051978
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Giorgio MARACCHI
Original Assignee
Maracchi Giorgio
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Maracchi Giorgio filed Critical Maracchi Giorgio
Publication of WO2017137275A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017137275A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D3/00—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations
    • F17D3/01—Arrangements for supervising or controlling working operations for controlling, signalling, or supervising the conveyance of a product
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
    • G05D16/04—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power
    • G05D16/06—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule
    • G05D16/063—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane
    • G05D16/0675—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting on the obturator through a lever
    • G05D16/0683—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule the sensing element being a membrane the membrane acting on the obturator through a lever using a spring-loaded membrane
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
    • G05D16/04—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power
    • G05D16/06—Control of fluid pressure without auxiliary power the sensing element being a flexible membrane, yielding to pressure, e.g. diaphragm, bellows, capsule
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
    • G05D16/20—Control of fluid pressure characterised by the use of electric means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a regulating and metering station for supplying gas to domestic single-family, multi-family, commercial and/or smaller industrial users, conceived to be installed underground and to be connected directly between the distribution line of an urban gas network and the supply line, without leaving any elements visible.
  • the majority of gas systems include a main station to which the main distribution line and its main branches are connected. In this main station the pressure is lowered from about 3.4 MPa (500 lbs/in 2 ) to 1.7 MPa (250 lbs/in 2 ). However, these levels are still not suitable for independent domestic or commercial use. In particular, industrial users require specific industrial connectors that measure the flow and regulate the pressure, normally lowering it to 0.6 MPa (90 Ibs/in2), to a suitable pressure for industrial use. In the case of urban distribution, a distribution network made of high-density polyethylene that originates in a district plant is used.
  • a stop valve must be implemented an the inlet, a pressure regulator to assure that an appropriate pressure value has been reached in accordance with the flow required, as well as relief in the case of excess pressure and/or flow blockage in case of emergency, being completed with gas consumption metering and an outlet valve that allows for the seal of the supply line to be tested. All of this requires carrying out a large number of connections, with the resulting assembly and maintenance problems as well as risk of leakage and breakdowns.
  • the object of the present invention is to eliminate the stated problems related to above-ground regulating and metering by means of a regulating and metering station for supplying gas underground that includes all of the necessary components to carry out said functions between an urban gas network and the user supply line, eliminating the need for auxiliary stations or regulation components.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a compact underground station whose location under the sidewalk of a public thoroughfare allows for a direct connection that is very close to the main gas distribution network, reducing the pressure value of the distribution network from practically the branch itself, ensuring greater safety and offering regulated and metered gas according to the needs of the user.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a compact and preassembled underground station that includes parts and equipment made of high-density polyethylene, all interconnected via fusion, forming a sealed circuit, that offers a regulated and metered gas supply to domestic single-family, commercial and/or smaller industrial users and that allows supply companies to design and use high-pressure urban gas distribution networks which are able to channel the supply to each user directly from the main line, avoiding regulators and meters that must be located in outdoor above-ground boxes.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a compact and preassembled underground station that includes parts and equipment made of high-density polyethylene, all interconnected via fusion, forming a sealed circuit, that offers a regulated and metered gas supply to domestic users in multiple- family buildings and that allows gas supply companies to carry out a high- pressure urban distribution expanding the field to the different existing final supply solutions and alternatives, being able to channel the supply to each building directly from the main line, avoiding regulators and meters that must be located in appropriate spaces inside the construction.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a compact and preassembled underground station that includes parts and equipment made of high-density polyethylene, all interconnected via fusion, forming a sealed circuit, that offers a regulated and metered gas supply to domestic single-family, multiple-family, commercial and/or smaller industrial users and that allows gas companies to remotely activate the electrical valve to shut off the gas flow, notably increasing response times and thereby safety in case of an immediate action being needed, for example in a fire.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a compact and preassembled underground station that includes parts and equipment made of high-density polyethylene, all interconnected via fusion, forming a sealed circuit, that offers a regulated and metered gas supply to domestic single-family, multiple-family, commercial and/or smaller industrial users and that allows gas supply companies to remotely activate the underground electrical valve in order to open and/or close the gas flow, allowing for the possibility of pre-paid supply control through electronic cards.
  • the station of the invention only requires minimal space for its installation, which is completed with only three connections: one at the inlet and two at the outlet, drastically reducing costs and installation time as well as minimizing the possibilities of error during installation in the field.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide an installation that can be connected directly in the street to the urban gas network's distribution line and that makes it possible to provide the opening and/or closing of the gas flow, the regulation of the pressure by controlling the gas flow according to the user demand, and the metering of gas consumption.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a compact and preassembled underground station that includes parts and equipment made of high-density polyethylene, all interconnected via fusion, forming a sealed circuit, which makes it possible to offer a regulated and metered gas supply to domestic single-family, commercial and/or smaller industrial users, being completely submerged except for its final vent connection, being able to be directly installed by burying it under the sidewalk, completely out of sight and with no risk of rust or corrosion.
  • joint or connection via fusion should be understood as joining two high-density polyethylene parts by heating, until their melting point, the two portions that are going to be in contact, facing each other in a butt or socket joint, respecting the cleanliness, the required temperature and the operation times in its three phases: heating, positioning and cooling. This operation, which does not require any additives and at the end creates one body, will hereinafter be referred to as "fusion".
  • the station is made up of an assembly of units that allow for the regulated and metered supply of gas to domestic and commercial users, whose essential characteristic is that the bodies or casings and the parts that make them up are made of high-density polyethylene and are joined together via fusion at their edges or facing sections, forming one single sealed assembly that can work while completely submerged.
  • the station of the invention is equipped with a vent that enables its end connection be located on the surface at a distance of more than 20m from the mouth of the regulator vent. This means that this station is ideal for supplying gas in areas subject to periodic flooding, since, when installed normally, it can work while completely submerged and the end mouth of the vent can be located at a height of three, four or more meters towards the upper portion of the dwelling or construction, according to the needs of each case, without affecting the safety or the operations of the system.
  • the different components that become part of the station of the invention are connected among themselves through tubular connections that are also made of high- density polyethylene.
  • the joint between the bodies and casings of the different units and the tubular connections are made via fusion of their edges or facing sections, in such a way that a completely sealed circuit is formed, without external metal elements, whereby the problems caused by leakage, rust and corrosion will be eliminated.
  • the station of the invention comprises the following units, listed consecutively: an entry valve, a service regulator, an electric opening and/or closing valve, a flowmeter and an outlet valve.
  • the circuit is completed with an input connector and an output connector, both made of high-density polyethylene and joined together via fusion, respectively, with the inlet valve and the outlet valve.
  • the third connector also made of high-density polyethylene, is interconnected via fusion from the mouth of the regulator vent to the vent piping itself, which allows it to reach its end connection located on the surface.
  • the service regulator :
  • a)) uses a plugging system embedded directly in the tubular inlet body of the regulator made of high-density polyethylene, during its injection phase. It uses a bolt as a fulcrum to allow for the movement of the cam that in turn moves the horizontal plugging piston; this fulcrum comes in from the outside in the lower portion of the high-density polyethylene cylindrical body of the regulator and, once installed, seals the free exterior space via fusion to fix its final position and guarantee that there will not be gas leakage in that site.
  • the joint between the components of the body or casing is carried out via fusion, without screws or nuts, creating a regulator with one single body that guarantees that there will not be any gas leakage.
  • b) Includes a diaphragm that is retained in the outer periphery without screws or nuts, using the pressure that the joint via fusion between the components of the body or casing of the regulator exerts, its circular peripheral edge being set and fixed to the regulator body, and guaranteeing a good seal between the pressure of the gas present in the lower portion of the diaphragm and the atmospheric pressure located in the upper portion of the diaphragm.
  • d) Includes a relief valve in each vent that, in case of excess pressure in the low-pressure section, allows for the evacuation of the gas in such a way that, complying with the regulations in place, the user is protected and not affected.
  • the station has an electric opening and/or closing valve for the gas flow, which is located in the tubular polyethylene body and is electronically controlled from the ultrasonic monitor; in particular this can be automatically activated from the electronics of the meter by means of internal sensors and/or in case of emergency via radio frequency from the surface and/or remotely from the central distribution office by means of transmitters/receptors built into the meter according to the chosen AMR/AMI communication and activation system.
  • an electric opening and/or closing valve for the gas flow which is located in the tubular polyethylene body and is electronically controlled from the ultrasonic monitor; in particular this can be automatically activated from the electronics of the meter by means of internal sensors and/or in case of emergency via radio frequency from the surface and/or remotely from the central distribution office by means of transmitters/receptors built into the meter according to the chosen AMR/AMI communication and activation system.
  • AMR AUTOMATIC METER READING
  • AMI ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE
  • the electronically controlled valve comprises
  • the internal portion of its body comprises an element with rotational movement advancing axially toward the nozzle (forward) to plug it and/or backward to open it
  • the internal portion of its body comprises an electric motor that receives the command to open and/or close from the electronics powered by the battery.
  • a completely sealed electric connection joins the tubular body to the electronics and allows the electric motor inside the tubular body to be activated through wiring.
  • the flowmeter The flowmeter:
  • the flowmeter which has ultrasonic metering means and that, besides recording other parameters, integrates and stores the gas flow values that will be used to determine the consumption to be charged by the gas distribution company; it beings possible, from its underground location, to transmit these values by means of the built-in transmitters/receptors and transmit them to the surface, as well as, depending on the model, allowing for it to be read directly on the screen.
  • the electronics of the meter also actuate the operations of the safety valve.
  • the inlet and outlet body made of high-density polyethylene that allows for the connection via fusion between the gas inlet and outlet in the metering system passing through the sensor tube
  • the upper portion of the meter body joins to the lower portion of the meter body via "fusion" without screws or nuts.
  • Figure 1 shows a side view of the gas supply station, made in accordance with the invention, with the safety valve and meters selected.
  • FIG. 2 is a partial plan view of the station of figure 1 , including the connector and inlet valve and the service regulator.
  • Figure 3 shows an elevation view of the assembly of figure 2, with a cross-section of the service regulator.
  • Figure 4 shows the underground setup of the station of the invention, for supplying gas to a user.
  • Figure 5 shows a cross-section down the middle of the service regulator.
  • Figure 6 is a cross-section down the middle of the electric opening and closing flow valve.
  • FIG. 7 is an schematic cross-section of the ultrasonic flowmeter.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic cross-section of the relief valve with retention of the diaphragm in its inner periphery.
  • Figure 4 shows a supply station (1 ), made according to the invention, that comprises a series of components, all with bodies or casings of high-density polyethylene, interconnected via fusion of their edges or facing sections, and that include as components on the far ends an input connector (2) and an output connector (3).
  • the station Through the input connector (2) the station is connected via fusion to a gas distribution line (4), while through the output connector (3) the station is connected, also via fusion, to a user supply line (5).
  • the station includes, between the input connector (2) and the output connector (3), an inlet valve (6), a service regulator (7), an electric opening and closing flow valve (8), an ultrasonic flowmeter (9), and an outlet valve (10), all of which are consecutively connected via high- density polyethylene tubular connections, joined via fusion of their edges or facing sections.
  • the input connector (2) connects through the input tube (1 1 ) to the inlet valve (6), which connects, through first and second tubular tee sections (12-13), with the service regulator (7).
  • the regulator through the tubular tee section (14) figure 1 , with the electric valve (8), whose outlet connects, through the tubular section (15), with the ultrasonic flowmeter (9), at the outlet of which is connected the outlet valve (10) from which, through the output tube (16), the output connector (3) is reached.
  • the gas that arrives to the service regulator (7) enters through one nozzle (17) or jet mounted in the body of a plug (18) with a piston (19) connected to the rocker arm (20), with the axle as a fulcrum (21 ), whose rotating motion is actuated by the vertical rod (22) that is connected to the diaphragm (23) of a relief valve (24) that has a vent mouth (25) with a filter, not shown, from which, through the vent connection (25'), one reaches the outlet (26), figures 1 and 4, which if necessary can be placed at the height of the ceiling of the dwelling and can include the corresponding filter.
  • the plug (18) is a characteristic element of the system since its body embedded in the polyethylene has various functions, among which it allows for the housing of the inlet nozzle (17), through which it represents a peripheral element that separates the high pressure at the inlet of the nozzle from the low pressure at the outlet of the same nozzle. Furthermore it serves as a guide to the piston (19), and through its own body it transfers to the diaphragm chamber (23) in its lower portion all of the flow already regulated in low pressure that will go to the user.
  • the joint between the two bodies, upper (24 a ) and lower (24b) figure 5, that make up the entire body of the regulator 7 does not include any screws or nuts or metal threading subject to corrosion, since both bodies are interconnected via HDPE "fusion", thus guaranteeing a monolithic joint and a seal that will last the entire service life of the regulator.
  • the diaphragm 23 is exclusively retained without screws or nuts using the joint or retaining force of the upper (24a) and lower bodies (24b) of the regulator, joined via "fusion".
  • the service regulator (7) receives the gas flow through the plug (18), embedded in the high-density polyethylene tubular body, just inside the inlet of the regulator, where it is interconnected as first element to the nozzle (17) or jet, which is joined to the body of the plug (18) and is fundamental for determining maximum flow and maximum manageable pressure capacities for the system.
  • Another characteristic element of the system is the form of grip of the central internal part of the diaphragm (23), since through a stainless steel plate (23") a body is formed that joins the disk (23') to the diaphragm (23) and forms the Buma seat (23"').
  • this retention system offers a good opening and relief motion for the relief valve in such a way that it makes it possible to choose its final physical position at distances greater than 20 m.
  • the diaphragm motions (23) are transmitted to the rod (22), which moves the cam (20), which, with its fulcrum at (21 ), moves the piston (19), so that the latter moves nearer to and/or farther away from the internal mouth of the nozzle (17).
  • the pressure downstream from the regulator varies slightly as the user's demand for gas varies. This variation exerts through the same feed system a force underneath the diaphragm (23) that is counteracted by the spring (27).
  • the regulator also comes with a relief valve incorporated into the diaphragm.
  • the relief for the regulator is released along the vent line whose final element, composed of connectors and filter, is located on the surface at a determined distance, according to the design.
  • the outlet of the underground service regulator is interconnected with the electric opening and closing valve (8) controlled by the electronics of the meter (9) in order to totally block the gas flow to the user according to how one wishes to coordinate its activation.
  • the duly regulated gas passes through the tubular connection (14) to the electronically controlled electric opening and closing valve (8), figure 1 , and which includes, as can be seen in figure 6, a plug (28) activated by an electric motor (29), that connects to the electronic equipment through a tubular interconnection (30).
  • the gas via the tubular section (15), passes to the ultrasonic flowmeter (9), penetrating a first area of sensors (31 ) that makes it possible the flow values that pass through them and a signal is fed to a second electronics area (32), which receives the values of the flow, allowing the required measurements to be carried out and stored and, as necessary, to order the opening or closing of the electric valve (8).
  • a third area (33) comprises the receptors and transmitters that via radio frequency enable direct communication between the meter and the surface, according to the chosen communication system. The entire system is powered by a long-lasting battery contained in a fourth power area (41 ).
  • the gas enters (35) and exits (36) the ultrasonic flowmeter (9), passing through the sensor area (31 ).
  • An intermediate sheet of aluminum (37) that can be called a separation and double-seat plate is located between the bodies in contact; while in its upper portion it enables the body of the sensors to be housed, and also channels the gas flow from the inlet (35) of the meter up to its outlet (36), allowing the gas that is to be measured to flow through the sensors, sealing the two parts in contact.
  • This sheet is fastened and sealed using the retaining force of the upper portion (38) with the lower portion (39) of the meter body during the phase of joining them via "fusion".
  • a signal is emitted from the sensor area (31 ) to the electronic area (32), which receives the flow values and integrates the parameters and converts them into real measurement and display values.
  • This display can be shown directly on the screen (40) and/or by remote display via the transmitter and receptor area (32), which, with its built-in antenna, transmits the values that the electronics (33) deliver under command or external requirement, which thereby also make it possible to order the electronics to close or open the electric opening and closing valve (8) by means of the interconnection (30).
  • the electric opening and closing valve (8) can also be directly activated by the electronics via a signal activated by internal sensors.
  • the entire system is powered by the battery (41 ).
  • the battery can be changed by removing the insulated and sealed cover (42).
  • the gas, at the outlet (36) joins the outlet valve (10) via "fusion” and from there, via the HDPE tube (16) it reaches the output connector (3) that allows us to offer regulated and metered gas that is reliable and fulfills the needs of the user.
  • the outlet of the meter is connected to the outlet valve (10), from which, via the outlet tube (16) and the output connector (3), the station is connected to the user supply line (5) figure 1 , allowing us to provide regulated and metered gas.
  • Figure 4 shows an example of the assembly of the station of the invention, under the sidewalk (43) of a public thoroughfare, protected by a covering (44) with a manhole cover (45).
  • the display can be shown on-site or via radio transmission.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à une station souterraine de régulation et de mesure qui sert à alimenter en gaz des utilisateurs domestiques tels qu'une seule famille ou plusieurs familles, des utilisateurs commerciaux, et/ou des utilisateurs industriels plus petits, et qui comprend une soupape d'admission (6), un régulateur d'alimentation (7), une soupape électrique (8), un débitmètre électronique (9), ainsi qu'une soupape de sortie (10), tous ayant des corps et des boîtiers qui sont constitués de polyéthylène haute densité et qui sont joints par fusion à l'aide de raccords tubulaires intermédiaires également constitués de polyéthylène haute densité.
PCT/EP2017/051978 2016-02-09 2017-01-31 Station de régulation et de mesure pour l'alimentation en gaz WO2017137275A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES201630150A ES2629485B1 (es) 2016-02-09 2016-02-09 Estación de regulación y medición para suministro de gas
ESP201630150 2016-02-09

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2017137275A1 true WO2017137275A1 (fr) 2017-08-17

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2017/051978 WO2017137275A1 (fr) 2016-02-09 2017-01-31 Station de régulation et de mesure pour l'alimentation en gaz

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Country Link
AR (1) AR107574A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2629485B1 (fr)
UY (1) UY37115A (fr)
WO (1) WO2017137275A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108533964A (zh) * 2018-05-25 2018-09-14 钦州学院 一种多气源供气系统及其供气方法
CN114151733A (zh) * 2021-11-16 2022-03-08 瑞星久宇燃气设备（成都）有限公司 一种直埋式地下调压箱
RU225556U1 (ru) * 2023-12-18 2024-04-24 Дмитрий Васильевич Григорьев Пункт контроля за транспортировкой продукта по подземному трубопроводу

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112462445B (zh) * 2020-11-16 2024-02-27 吉林建筑大学 一种移动型盐碱腐蚀探测装置
CN114738671B (zh) * 2022-03-15 2024-06-07 山东铠和机电设备有限公司 一种为移动设备供气的装置

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US5427143A (en) * 1994-04-22 1995-06-27 Maracchi; Giorgio Gas flow and pressure regulation and control station
GB2323656A (en) * 1997-03-22 1998-09-30 British Gas Plc Underground pressure regulating module
US6168048B1 (en) * 1998-09-22 2001-01-02 American Air Liquide, Inc. Methods and systems for distributing liquid chemicals
US20030192609A1 (en) * 2002-04-10 2003-10-16 Neil Enerson Gas delivery system
CN203519119U (zh) * 2013-11-14 2014-04-02 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 移动式天然气流量计量标准装置

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FR2727773B1 (fr) * 1994-12-02 1997-01-17 Briffault Sa Regulateur de pression protege des inondations
GB9705995D0 (en) * 1997-03-22 1997-05-07 British Gas Plc Pressure regulating system
AUPQ111199A0 (en) * 1999-06-21 1999-07-15 Email Limited Regulator arrangement

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5427143A (en) * 1994-04-22 1995-06-27 Maracchi; Giorgio Gas flow and pressure regulation and control station
GB2323656A (en) * 1997-03-22 1998-09-30 British Gas Plc Underground pressure regulating module
US6168048B1 (en) * 1998-09-22 2001-01-02 American Air Liquide, Inc. Methods and systems for distributing liquid chemicals
US20030192609A1 (en) * 2002-04-10 2003-10-16 Neil Enerson Gas delivery system
CN203519119U (zh) * 2013-11-14 2014-04-02 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 移动式天然气流量计量标准装置

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108533964A (zh) * 2018-05-25 2018-09-14 钦州学院 一种多气源供气系统及其供气方法
CN114151733A (zh) * 2021-11-16 2022-03-08 瑞星久宇燃气设备（成都）有限公司 一种直埋式地下调压箱
CN114151733B (zh) * 2021-11-16 2024-06-04 瑞星久宇燃气设备（成都）有限公司 一种直埋式地下调压箱
RU225556U1 (ru) * 2023-12-18 2024-04-24 Дмитрий Васильевич Григорьев Пункт контроля за транспортировкой продукта по подземному трубопроводу

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AR107574A1 (es) 2018-05-09
UY37115A (es) 2017-08-31
ES2629485A1 (es) 2017-08-10
ES2629485B1 (es) 2018-05-16

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