Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
  • A01K45/00—Other aviculture appliances, e.g. devices for determining whether a bird is about to lay
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V5/00—Refractors for light sources
  • F21V5/04—Refractors for light sources of lens shape
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
  • A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
  • A01K63/06—Arrangements for heating or lighting in, or attached to, receptacles for live fish
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21K—NON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
  • F21K9/20—Light sources comprising attachment means
  • F21K9/27—Retrofit light sources for lighting devices with two fittings for each light source, e.g. for substitution of fluorescent tubes
  • F21K9/275—Details of bases or housings, i.e. the parts between the light-generating element and the end caps; Arrangement of components within bases or housings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V17/00—Fastening of component parts of lighting devices, e.g. shades, globes, refractors, reflectors, filters, screens, grids or protective cages
  • F21V17/002—Fastening of component parts of lighting devices, e.g. shades, globes, refractors, reflectors, filters, screens, grids or protective cages with provision for interchangeability, i.e. component parts being especially adapted to be replaced by another part with the same or a different function
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V3/00—Globes; Bowls; Cover glasses
  • F21V3/02—Globes; Bowls; Cover glasses characterised by the shape
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V31/00—Gas-tight or water-tight arrangements
  • F21V31/005—Sealing arrangements therefor
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V9/00—Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters
  • F21V9/02—Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters for simulating daylight
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V9/00—Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters
  • F21V9/08—Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters for producing coloured light, e.g. monochromatic; for reducing intensity of light
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V9/00—Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters
  • F21V9/30—Elements containing photoluminescent material distinct from or spaced from the light source
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
  • F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
  • F21W2131/30—Lighting for domestic or personal use
  • F21W2131/308—Lighting for domestic or personal use for aquaria
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
  • F21Y2113/00—Combination of light sources
  • F21Y2113/10—Combination of light sources of different colours
  • F21Y2113/13—Combination of light sources of different colours comprising an assembly of point-like light sources
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
  • F21Y2113/00—Combination of light sources
  • F21Y2113/30—Combination of light sources of visible and non-visible spectrum
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
  • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
  • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to illumination devices. More particularly, it relates to artificial lighting using quantum dots for spaces housing animals.
• Domestic fowl are quadchromants, with sensitivity to UV (peak at 385 nm), blue (peak at 450 nm), green (peak at 550 nm) and red (peak at 640 nm) light. Their sensitivity to 450-nm and 640-nm light is 1 2 and 4 times that of humans, respectively.
• Broilers are poultry raised for meat production. Studies have shown that the color and/or color temperature of light under which broilers are reared can affect their behavior, body mass and meat quality.
• rearing broilers in blue-enriched blue-green light may potentially offer benefits such as improvements in bird behavior, increased body mass and improved meat quality.
• the broilers showed no preference for light source, but by six weeks of age, they showed a preference for 6500 K light or warm white light, the two illumination sources closest to daylight. Light source affected feather-directed behavior and object manipulation. Illuminance was found to have little effect on bird behavior.
• broilers When reared in their preferred light environment, broilers displayed more feather-directed behavior (preening and pecking), object manipulation and foraging in 6500 K light than in warm white light.
• Red and white light resulted in higher concentrations of the sex hormone oestradiol in hens, indicating stronger ovarian action. This, in turn, resulted in a significantly lower age at first egg production, compared with green light. Hens reared under red or white light also had a longer and higher peak egg production and higher cumulative egg production than hens reared under green light. The study compared blind to sighted birds, finding no significant differences. This suggests that extra-retinal photoreceptors may be stimulated by longer wavelength (red) light that can more easily penetrate the skull than shorter wavelengths of light.
• a lighting system comprising white or blue-green light with an enhanced red component may provide a balance between egg production and animal welfare for rearing laying hens.
• Aquariums typically employ either LED lights which use multiple LEDs that emit different colors to provide a range of different overall light colors or fluorescent tubes which produce broad-spectrum light but only last for about six to nine months before beginning to fade (which can lead to algae growth - a real problem for aquarium owners).
• LED lights which use multiple LEDs that emit different colors to provide a range of different overall light colors
• fluorescent tubes which produce broad-spectrum light but only last for about six to nine months before beginning to fade (which can lead to algae growth - a real problem for aquarium owners).
• the use of an appropriately tuned quantum-dot-based light source can both promote photosynthesis and also provide the best display colors for the fish.
• a lighting fixture which may be tuned for optimal animal
• development comprises a backlight, such as an LED, and one or more retractable, rotatable or interchangeable lenses incorporating quantum dots.
• a backlight such as an LED
• one or more retractable, rotatable or interchangeable lenses incorporating quantum dots By selecting the appropriate lens or lenses, the color and/or color temperature emitted by the lighting fixture may be altered during animal development.
• An aspect of the present invention provides a lighting fixture for illuminating a space having animals therein comprising: a backlight; and a lens in optical communication with the backlight; wherein the lens is configured for entry into, and withdrawal from optical communication with the backlight, and wherein the lens comprises quantum dots.
• Entry of the lens into and withdrawal of the lens from optical communication with the backlight may comprise one or more of: (i) rotation of a fixture holding the lens; (ii) inserting the lens into or retracting the lens from a lens holder attached to the backlight; and (iii) interchanging the lens with another lens.
• the backlight may comprise one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs), for example, blue-emitting LEDs and/or UV-emitting LEDs and/or white-light-emitting LEDs.
• the lens and/or the backlight may comprise at least one phosphor.
• the backlight may comprise blue LEDs and the lens may comprise red-emitting and green-emitting quantum dots.
• the red-emitting and green- emitting quantum dots may be selected such that the light from the lighting fixture has a greater intensity of red light than that of either blue light or green light.
• the backlight may comprise white light LEDs and the lens may comprise red-emitting quantum dots.
• the backlight and the lens may be selected such that the light from the fixture is white light having an enhanced red light component as compared to sunlight.
• the backlight and the lens may be selected such that the light from the fixture is blue-green light having an enhanced red light component as compared to sunlight.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of raising animals comprising: providing a lighting fixture for illuminating a space having animals therein, said fixture comprising a backlight; and a first lens in optical communication with the backlight; wherein the first lens is configured for entry into, and withdrawal from optical communication with the backlight and the first lens comprises quantum dots that emit light of a first color; replacing the first lens with a second lens that comprises quantum dots that emit light of a second color when the animals reach a preselected stage of development.
• the animals may be poultry.
• the method may further comprise selecting a first lens that configures the lighting fixture to supply light that mimics daylight and replacing the first lens with a third lens that configures the lighting fixture to supply light that mimics moonlight.
• a light fixture for an aquarium comprising: an array of LEDs; a polymer film containing quantum dots in optical communication with the LEDs.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a light-emitting device for an aquarium lighting fixture comprising: a transparent tube having the form factor and electrical contacts of a fluorescent tube; one or more LEDs within the transparent tube and connected to the electrical contacts; and a polymer film containing quantum dots positioned within the transparent tube such that light from the LEDs illuminates the film and light from the quantum dots exits the transparent tube.
• FIG. 1 shows a lighting fixture according to an embodiment that comprises a backlight and a retractable or rotatable quantum dot lens.
• FIG. 2 shows a lighting fixture according to an embodiment that comprises a backlight and a slot into which a quantum dot lens can be inserted.
• FIG. 3 shows an LED / QD lighting device that may be a direct replacement for a fluorescent tube in a light fixture for e.g. an aquarium.
• FIG. 4 shows a flat LED array / QD film lighting system for aquariums and the like.
• Quantum dots are nanoparticles of semiconductor material, typically with diameters ⁇ 10 nm. Upon excitation by a primary light source, QDs down-convert light, emitting at a longer wavelength. Due to size quantization effects, their emission can be tuned by manipulating the particle size, without changing the inherent semiconductor material. By choosing a material with an appropriate band gap, QDs can be synthesized to emit from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. QDs can be synthesized in colloidal solutions, yielding
• nanoparticles that are surface functionalised (“capped") with organic ligands.
• capped organic ligands.
• These ligands provide solubility, enabling the QDs to be processed, e.g. to form films.
• Lighting products incorporating QDs excited by primary LED backlights are now commercially available.
• a primary light source such as an LED
• the relative intensities of the colors of light emitted can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of QDs.
• a lighting fixture comprising a backlight, such as, but not restricted to, an LED, and a series of one or more retractable, rotatable or interchangeable lenses comprising QDs, such that the color and/or color temperature emitted by the lighting fixture can be altered during animal development.
• the term “lens” may be used to describe a piano- lens or film, and need not focus or otherwise alter the path of light travelling through it.
• FIG. 1 shows a lighting fixture according to one embodiment of the invention, comprising a backlight and a QD lens.
• One or more QD lenses can be included in the lighting fixture.
• the one or more lenses are designed to retract or rotate, such that the spectrum of light emitted from the lighting fixture can be controlled and altered.
• FIG. 2 shows a lighting fixture according to one embodiment of the invention, comprising a backlight and a QD lens.
• the lighting fixture comprises one or more slots, into which one or more QD lenses can be inserted, allowing the QD lens(es) to be interchanged and thus enabling the spectrum of light emitted from the lighting fixture to be controlled or altered.
• blue-green light optimised for rearing broilers can be provided by a combination of blue LEDs and green quantum dots, manipulating the ratio of blue to green light by changing the concentration of QDs.
• cool white light can be produced using "white LEDs" (a combination of green, red, and blue LEDs or one or more LEDs together with a phosphor) with a blue- green QD film or lens.
• red-enhanced light for rearing laying hens could be produced using a combination of white LEDs and a red QD film or lens, or blue LEDs with green and red QDs.
• a lighting fixture comprises a blue LED backlight, a green QD lens and a red QD lens, wherein the lenses can be rotated, retracted or interchanged. By rotating, retracting or interchanging the QD lenses, the lighting fixture can emit: white light (blue + green + red);
• blue/green light blue + green
• blue/red light blue + red
• blue light blue light
• a lighting fixture comprises a UV LED backlight, a blue QD lens, a green QD lens and a red QD lens, wherein the lenses can be rotated, retracted or interchanged.
• the lighting fixture can emit: UV/white light (UV + blue + green + red); UV/blue/green light (UV + blue + green); UV/blue/red light (UV + blue + red); UV/green/red light (UV + green + red); UV/blue light (UV + blue); UV/green light (UV + green); UV/red light (UV + red); or UV light.
• a lighting fixture comprises a UV and blue LED backlight, a green QD lens and a red QD lens, wherein the lenses can be rotated, retracted or interchanged.
• the lighting fixture can emit: UV/white light (UV + blue + green + red); UV/blue/green light (UV + blue + green); UV/blue/red light (UV + blue + red); or UV/blue light (UV + blue).
• a lighting fixture comprises a white LED backlight, a blue QD lens, a green QD lens and a red QD lens, wherein the lenses can be rotated, retracted or interchanged.
• the lighting fixture can emit: white light (white, or white + blue + green + red); blue/green-enhanced white light (white + blue + green); blue/red-enhanced white light (white + blue + red); green/red- enhanced white light (white + green + red); blue-enhanced white light (white + blue); green-enhanced white light (white + green); or red-enhanced white light (white + red).
• a lighting fixture comprises a UV LED backlight, a blue/green QD lens, comprising blue and green QDs, and a red QD lens, wherein the lenses can be rotated, retracted or interchanged.
• the lighting fixture can emit: white light (UV + blue/green + red); UV/blue/green light (UV + blue/green); UV/red light (UV + red); or UV light.
• a lighting fixture comprises a white LED backlight, a blue/green QD lens, comprising blue and green QDs, and a red QD lens, wherein the lenses can be rotated, retracted or interchanged.
• the lighting fixture can emit: white light (white, or white + blue/green + red); blue/green-enhanced white light (white + blue/green); or red-enhanced white light (white + red).
• the one or more QD lenses are positioned such that the lens comprising the shortest wavelength emitting QDs is located closest to the primary light source, with subsequent lenses being positioned in increasing order of QD emission wavelength, from shortest to longest, to prevent reabsorption of light emitted by the QDs.
• the lighting fixture emits blue and green light, wherein the intensity of blue to green light is 7:3.
• cool white light is generated by combining blue LEDs with green and red QDs, such that the intensity of the blue and green components is higher than that of the red component.
• a red-enhanced white light is produced by combining blue LEDs with red and green QDs, such that the intensity of the red light is greater than that of the blue and green components.
• a cool white light source such as a cool white LED lamp, is combined with a red lens comprising red QDs.
• a warm white light with a CCT of 2700 K is produced by combining a cool blue/white LED (CCT 5900 K) with a red QD lens.
• the emission spectrum of the lighting fixture comprises a red spectral component in the region of 630 nm.
• QD Lighting with a Correlated Color Temperature Close to that of Sunlight or Moonlight
• a white light source with a CCT close to daylight may be advantageous.
• a white light source with a CCT in the region of 4100 - 4150 K can be produced.
• White light with a range of color temperatures can be produced by combining blue LEDs with red and green QDs in the correct ratio.
• white light can be produced by combining blue LEDs with a yellow-green rare earth phosphor and red QDs.
• a lighting fixture comprises an LED backlight and a plurality of rotatable, retractable or interchangeable QD lenses such that the CCT can be tuned from ⁇ 4100 K to ⁇ 6000 K by rotating, retracting or interchanging one or more of the QD lenses. This allows the emission from the lighting fixture to be tuned from daylight to moonlight conditions.
• Quadchromatic light can be produced by combining UV LEDs with: blue LEDs or blue QDs; green QDs or a yellow- green rare earth phosphor; and red QDs or a red phosphor (e.g. K 2 SiF 6 :Mn 4+ ).
• Some animals such as non-primate mammals, have dichromatic vision, with spectral sensitivity in the blue and green regions of the
• dichromatic light can be produced using QDs. This may provide a more efficient lighting system than a white light source, where light emitted in the red region of the spectrum is not wasted.
• Blue/green light can be produced using a combination of blue LEDs and green QDs. Certain studies have shown that the optimum wavelength of spectral sensitivity to green light lies in the region of 537 - 557 nm, for example, 539 nm for horses.
• a lighting fixture comprises a blue LED backlight and a green QD lens, wherein the green QDs emit in the region of 537 - 557 nm.
• a QD lens may be prepared by depositing a QD resin on a suitable substrate, followed by encapsulation.
• the preparation of QD resin materials and films therefrom are well-known in the art, for example as disclosed in the following patents and published patent applications, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety: U.S. Patent No. 9,082,941 entitled “Semiconductor Nanoparticle-Based Materials for Use in Light Emitting Diodes, Optoelectronic Displays and the Like"; U.S. Patent No. 9,082,941 entitled "Semiconductor Nanoparticle-Based Materials for Use in Light Emitting Diodes, Optoelectronic Displays and the Like"; U.S. Patent No. 9,082,941 entitled "Semiconductor Nanoparticle-Based Materials for Use in Light Emitting Diodes, Optoelectronic Displays and the Like"; U.S. Patent No. 9,082,941 entitled "Semiconductor Nanoparticle-Based Materials
• Suitable substrates may include, but are not restricted to, glass, quartz and plastic materials such as acrylic polymers.
• Suitable QD materials include those emitting across the visible spectrum, including, but not restricted to, those based on ll-VI materials such as CdS, CdSe and CdTe, lll-V materials such as InP and GaP, and l-ll l-VI materials such as CulnS 2 and AglnS 2 , and including core/(multi-)shell, alloyed and doped derivatives thereof.
• ll-VI materials such as CdS, CdSe and CdTe
• lll-V materials such as InP and GaP
• l-ll l-VI materials such as CulnS 2 and AglnS 2
• a particularly suitable example includes InPZnS-based QDs, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0264172, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• an embodiment of the invention using the standard T8 style power adapter may be a direct replacement for the fluorescent tubes used in the current lighting system in place in most aquariums.
• a quantum dot-containing film may be positioned in front of and around an LED array sealed in a watertight tube.
• the tube may be made in a variety of lengths to allow for direct replacement of the fluorescent tubes in the current aquarium light fixtures on the market.
• the tubes incorporate electronic power supplies that convert the AC power in a conventional fluorescent lighting fixture to the voltages and/or frequencies required by the LEDs.
• the QD-containing resin film can be optimized to provide varying light intensity at different wavelengths to promote the correct levels of photosynthesis and also the visible qualities of the fish. This may be done by selecting the concentration and/or
• the light emitted by the device will be a selected mixture of the light directly emitted by the LEDs and the light down-converted by the QDs.
• FIG. 4 An alternative embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 4, covers the same levels of variations and may be used in new aquariums as a complete replacement for the current lighting systems.
• This larger, sealed, watertight array may provide good overall light coverage for new aquariums of various sizes and may be retrofitted after purchase or provided during manufacture.
• These embodiments of the invention may provide the ideal wavelengths to promote photosynthesis and plant growth within an aquarium as well as bring out the best colors in the fish, similar to the fluorescent tube systems while having the extended lifetime and low operating costs of LEDs.
• Red QD resin was prepared as follows:
• Blank resin was prepared as follows:
• LMA/IRGACURE 819 stock solution in an amber Schott bottle, and left to stir. 4.05 g PIB/LMA was weighed out into a 1 00-mL amber Schott bottle. The LMA/IRGACURE. 819/TMPTM was added to the PIB/LMA and stirred, before adding 0.79 g Cab-O-Sil fumed silica and stirring to complete the resin.
• the QD lens was prepared as follows:
• a glass pane was adhered to an aluminum ring using OPTOCAST resin [Electronic Materials, Inc., Breckenridge, Colorado, U.S.A.], then cured for 30 seconds in a UV oven. 370 ⁇ - red QD resin and 430 ⁇ - blank resin were mixed, then deposited onto the glass pane using a syringe. The resin was cured in a glove box under a mercury lamp for 3 minutes. The edge of the aluminum ring was coated in OPTOCAST resin, then a plain glass pane was lowered onto it and cured for 30 seconds, under a mercury lamp, in a glove box.
• OPTOCAST resin Electro Materials, Inc., Breckenridge, Colorado, U.S.A.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Environmental Sciences (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• Animal Husbandry (AREA)
• Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
• Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
• Birds (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
• Hydroponics (AREA)
• Securing Globes, Refractors, Reflectors Or The Like (AREA)
• Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
• Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

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• 2017
  • 2017-01-20 US US15/411,653 patent/US10655815B2/en active Active
  • 2017-01-23 WO PCT/GB2017/050163 patent/WO2017125764A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2017-01-23 EP EP17701918.9A patent/EP3405027A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2017-01-23 JP JP2018537786A patent/JP6704054B2/ja active Active
  • 2017-01-23 CN CN201780007368.2A patent/CN108471728A/zh active Pending
  • 2017-01-23 KR KR1020187022903A patent/KR102120303B1/ko active Active
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