WO2017087846A1 - Microorganisms for the production of insect pheromones and related compounds - Google Patents

Microorganisms for the production of insect pheromones and related compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017087846A1
WO2017087846A1 PCT/US2016/062852 US2016062852W WO2017087846A1 WO 2017087846 A1 WO2017087846 A1 WO 2017087846A1 US 2016062852 W US2016062852 W US 2016062852W WO 2017087846 A1 WO2017087846 A1 WO 2017087846A1
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Prior art keywords
acyl
fatty
coa
recombinant microorganism
acetate
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PCT/US2016/062852
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French (fr)
Inventor
Leonard EFFENDI
Peter Meinhold
Keith WAMPLER
Pedro COELHO
Micah SHEPPARD
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Provivi, Inc.
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Priority to BR112018010108A priority Critical patent/BR112018010108A2/en
Priority to CN201680079219.2A priority patent/CN108697072A/en
Priority to EP16867255.8A priority patent/EP3376859B1/en
Priority to DK16867255.8T priority patent/DK3376859T3/en
Priority to JP2018525739A priority patent/JP6737885B2/en
Priority to EP20216824.1A priority patent/EP3868890A1/en
Priority to ES16867255T priority patent/ES2864102T3/en
Publication of WO2017087846A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017087846A1/en
Priority to US15/983,706 priority patent/US10308962B1/en
Priority to US16/420,566 priority patent/US11109596B2/en
Priority to US17/408,050 priority patent/US11844353B2/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
    • A01N31/02—Acyclic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/52—Genes encoding for enzymes or proenzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0008—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0071—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/62—Carboxylic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
    • C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
    • C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
    • C12P7/6445—Glycerides
    • C12P7/6472—Glycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA] residues, i.e. having two or more double bonds in their backbone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y102/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2)
    • C12Y102/01—Oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors (1.2) with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor (1.2.1)
    • C12Y102/0105—Long-chain-fatty-acyl-CoA reductase (1.2.1.50)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y114/00—Oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • C12Y114/19—Oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (1.14) with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water (1.14.19)
    • C12Y114/19001—Stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase (1.14.19.1), i.e. DELTA9-desaturase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y114/00—Oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (1.14)
    • C12Y114/19—Oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (1.14) with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water (1.14.19)
    • C12Y114/19005—DELTA11-fatty-acid desaturase (1.14.19.5)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/645—Fungi ; Processes using fungi

Definitions

  • This application relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates which may be useful as insect pheromones, fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates.
  • the application further relates to methods of producing unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates using the recombinant microorganisms, as well as compositions comprising one or more of these compounds and/or the recombinant microorganisms.
  • the present application relates to recombinant microorganisms having a biosynthesis pathway for the production of one or more compounds selected from unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates.
  • the recombinant microorganisms described herein may be used for the production of at least one compound, such as an insect pheromone, a fragrance, or a flavoring agent, selected from unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates.
  • the recombinant microorganism comprises a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
  • the application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated C6--C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty acyi-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses (a): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the
  • the mono- or poly-unsaturated C-6-C24 fatty alcohol is an insect pherornone. In some embodiments, the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol is a fragrance or flavoring agent.
  • the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, wherein the alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (b) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C 6 -C 24 fatty aldehyde, !n some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C 24 fatty alcohol from (b) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty acetate.
  • the fatty-acyl desaturase is a desaturase capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
  • the fatty-acyl desaturase is capable of generating a double bond at position C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C1 1 , C12, or C13 in the fatty acid or its derivatives, such as, for example, fatty acid CoA esters.
  • the fatty-acyl desaturase is a Z1 1 desaturase.
  • the Z1 1 desaturase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it can be isolated from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Amye!ois transitel!a, Argyrotaenia velutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capiteila, Trichopiusia ni, elicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana.
  • Z1 1 -desaturases or the nucleic acid sequences encoding them, can be isolated from Bombyx mors, Manduca sexta, Diatraea grandioseiia, Earias insuiana, Earias vitteiia, Piuteila xyiosielia, Bombyx mori or Diaphania nitidaiis.
  • the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. JX679209, JX964774, AF416738, AF545481 , EU 152335, AAD03775, AAF81787, and AY493438.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z1 1 desaturase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Amyelois transiteila, Argyrotaenia velutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capiteila, Trichopiusia ni, Helicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana is codon optimized, !n some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9, 18, 24 and 28 from Trichopiusia ni. In other embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 18 from Agrotis segetum.
  • the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1 1 and 23 from Thalassiosira pseudonana. In certain embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 12, 17 and 30 from Amyelois transiteila. In further embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19, 25, 27 and 31 from Helicoverpa zea. In some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a chimeric polypeptide. In some embodiments, a complete or partial Z1 1 desaturase is fused to another polypeptide.
  • the N-terminal native leader sequence of a Z1 1 desaturase is replaced by an oleosin leader sequence from another species.
  • the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 15, 28 and 29.
  • the Z1 1 desaturase catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyi-CoA into a mono- or poly-unsaturated product selected from Z1 1 ⁇ 13:Acyl-CoA, E1 1 ⁇ 13:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-7, 1 1 -13:Acyi-CoA, Z1 1 -14:Acyl-CoA, E1 1 -14:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-9, 1 1 -14:Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 - 14:Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9, 1 1 -14:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -14:Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 - 15:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-9,1 1 -15: Acyl-CoA, Z1 1 -16:
  • the fatty-acyl desaturase is a Z9 desaturase.
  • the Z9 desaturase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it can be isolated from organisms of the species Ostrinia furnacalis,, Ostrinia nobiiaiis, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capiteiia, Helicoverpa assulta, or Helicoverpa zea.
  • the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. AY057862, AF243047, AF518017, EU152332, AF482906, and AAF81788.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z9 desaturase is codon optimized.
  • the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20 from Ostrinia furnacalis.
  • the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 from Lampronia capiteiia.
  • the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 from Helicoverpa zea.
  • the Z9 desaturase catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into a monounsaturated or polyunsaturated product selected from Z9-1 1 :Acyl-CoA, Z9-12:Acyl-CoA, E9-12:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-7,9- 12: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-7,9-12:Acyi-CoA, (Z,E)-7,9-12: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-7, 9-12: Acyl- CoA, Z9-13:Acyi ⁇ CoA, E9-13:Acyl ⁇ CoA, (E,Z)-5,9-13: Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-5,9- 13:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-5,9-13: Acyl-CoA, Z9-14:Acyl-CoA, E9-14: Acyl
  • the recombinant microorganism may express a bifunctiona! desaturase capable of catalyzing the subsequent desaturation of two double bonds.
  • the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty acyl-CoA.
  • the recombinant microorganism may express an exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a Z1 1 desaturase and another exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a Z9 desaturase.
  • the recombinant microorganism may express a fatty-acyl conjugase that acts independently or together with a fatty-acyl desaturase to catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA.
  • the disclosure provides a recombinant microorganism capable of producing a polyunsaturated C-6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated or monounsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyi conjugase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C 6 -C 24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the polyunsaturated Ce- C-24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24
  • the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl conjugases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA.
  • the disclosure provides a recombinant microorganism capable of producing a polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated or monounsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyi conjugase that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated C 6 - C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the polyunsaturated C
  • the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl desaturases and at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl conjugases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated Ce-C-24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6 ⁇ C 2 4 fatty acyi- CoA,
  • the fatty-acyl conjugase is a conjugase capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
  • the conjugase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it can be isolated from organisms of the species Cydia pomonelia, Cydia nigricana, Lobesia botrana, Myelois cribrella, Plodia interpunctella, Dendrolimus punctatus, Lampronia capitella, Spodoptera litura, Amyelois iransitella, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, Calendula officinalis, Trichosanthes kudiowii, Punica granatum, Momordica charantia, Impatiens balsamina, and Epiphyas postvittana.
  • the conjugase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession No, or Uniprot database: A0A059TBF5, A0A0M3L9E8, A0A0M3L9S4, A0A0M3LAH8, AQA0M3LAS8, A0A0M3LAH8, B6CBS4, XP__013183656.1 , XP_ 004923568.2, ALA65425.1 , NP_001296494.1 , NP_001274330.1 , G4A181 , Q75PL7, Q9FPP8, AY178444, AY178446, AF182521 , AF182520, Q95UJ3.
  • the fatty alcohol forming acyi-CoA reductase i.e., fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyi reductase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Spodoptera littoraiis, or Heiicoverpa amigera.
  • the reductase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession !Mos. JX679210 and HG423128, and UniProt Accession No. I3PN86.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fatty- acyl reductase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Spodoptera littoraiis, or Heiicoverpa amigera is codon optimized.
  • the reductase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 from Agrotis segetum.
  • the reductase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 from Spodoptera littoraiis.
  • the reductase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 32 from Heiicoverpa armigera.
  • the fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl- CoA into a fatty alcohol product selected from (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-nonenol, (Z)-5-decenoi, (E)-S-decenol, (Z)-7-dodecenol, (E)-8-dodecenol, (Z)-8- dodecenol, (Z)-9-dodecenoi, (Z)-9-tetradecenol, (Z)-9-hexadecenol, (Z)-1 1 - tetradecenol, (Z)-7-hexadecenol, (Z) ⁇ 1 -hexadecenol, (E)-1 1 -tetradecenol, or (Z,Z)-1 1 ,13-hex
  • the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyi reductase that catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poly- unsaturated Ce ⁇ C24 fatty acyi-CoA to a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol.
  • Such recombinant microorganisms may be advantageously used to produce blends of various insect pheromones.
  • the present application provides an additional biosynthetic pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol utilizing a saturated Ce- C 2 4 fatty acyl-ACP intermediate derived from a C 6 -C 24 fatty acid.
  • the application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated Ce ⁇ C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of C6-C24 fatty acid, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses (a): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acyl-ACP synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty acid to a corresponding saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acy l-ACP desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty acyl-ACP; (c) one or more endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecules en
  • reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or po!y-unsaturated C8-C24 fatty acyl-ACP from (c) into a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde; and (e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C2 fatty aldehyde C6 ⁇ C 2 4 from (d) into a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce ⁇ C2 fatty alcohol.
  • the mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol is an insect pheromone. In some embodiments, the mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce-C 2 4 fatty alcohol is a fragrance or flavoring agent.
  • the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, wherein the alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol from (e) into a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde.
  • the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (e) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acetate.
  • acyl-ACP synthetase is a synthetase capable of utilizing a fatty acid as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
  • the acyl-ACP synthetase, or the nucleic acid that encodes it can be isolated from organisms of the species Vibrio harveyi, Rhodotorula glutinis, or Yarrowia !ipolytica.
  • the fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase is a soluble desaturase.
  • the fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase, or the nucleic acid that encodes it can be isolated from organisms of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asciepias syriaca, or Uncaria tomentosa.
  • the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty acyl-ACP.
  • fatty acid elongation enzymes i.e., a fatty acid synthase complex
  • a fatty acid synthase complex can be utilized to extend the chain length of a mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP by two additional carbons at the alpha carbon.
  • the two additional carbons are derived from endogenous malonyi-CoA.
  • the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex are endogenous nucleic acid molecules, i.e., the nucleic acid molecule(s) is/are native to the recombinant microorganism.
  • the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex are exogenous nucleic acid molecules,
  • the fatty aldehyde forming acyi-ACP reductase i.e., fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species can be isolated from organisms of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asclepias syriaca, and Uncaria fomentosa.
  • the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or polyunsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty aldehyde.
  • Such recombinant microorganisms may be advantageously used to produce blends of various insect pheromones.
  • An exemplary blend according to the instant invention comprises of (Z)-1 1 - hexadecenal (Z1 1 -16: Aid) and (Z)-9-hexadecenai (Z9-16:Ald).
  • the ratio of the blend is 90: 10, 91 :9, 92:8, 93:7, 94:6, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, or 99: 1 ratio of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenal (Z1 1 -16: Aid) to (Z)-9- hexadecenal (Z9-16:Ald).
  • the blend is a 97:3 ratio of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenal (Z1 1 -16: Aid) to (Z)-9 ⁇ hexadecenal (Z9-16:Ald), corresponding to key components of the Heiicoverpa female virgin.
  • the recombinant microorganism according to the second aspect comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde from (d) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
  • the dehydrogenase is encoded by an endogenous nucleic acid molecule.
  • the dehydrogenase is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule.
  • the endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase is isolated from organisms of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Yarrowia iipoiytica, or Candida tropicalis.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Escherichia coli
  • Yarrowia iipoiytica Candida tropicalis.
  • the application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of G6-C2 fatty acid, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses (a): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acyl-ACP synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of a Ce ⁇ C24 fatty acid to a corresponding saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C15-G24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (c) at least one exogenous fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase that
  • the mono- or polyunsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol is an insect pheromone. In some embodiments, the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C2 fatty alcohol is a fragrance or flavoring agent.
  • the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, wherein the alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (e) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde.
  • the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (e) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acetate
  • a fatty acyi- ACP thioesterase can be utilized to convert a mono- or poly-unsaturated Ge- C 2 4 fatty acyl-ACP into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C 6 -C 24 fatty acid.
  • soluble fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases can be used to release free fatty acids for reactivation to a CoA thioester.
  • Fatty acyl- ACP thioesterases including Q41635, Q39473, P05521.2, AE 72519, AEM72520, AEM72521 , AEM72523, AAC49784, CAB60830, EER87824, EER96252, ABN54268, AA077182, CAH09238, ACL08376, and homoiogs thereof may be used.
  • the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyi-CoA may serve as a substrate for an elongase, which can be utilized to extend the chain length of a mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA by two additional carbons at the alpha carbon.
  • the two additional carbons are derived from endogenous maionyi-CoA.
  • the recombinant microorganism according to the first, second, or third aspect further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase capable of catalyzing the conversion of a mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde.
  • the alcohol oxidase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it can be isolated from organisms of the species Candida boidinii, Komagataella pastoris, Tanacefum vulgare, Simmondsia chinensis, Arabidopsis thaiiana, Lotus japonicas, or Candida iropicalis.
  • the alcohol oxidase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. Q00922, F2QY27, Q6QIR6, Q8LDP0, and L7VFV2.
  • the fatty alcohol may be converted into a fatty aldehyde using chemical methods, including but not limited to, the use of TEMPO-bleach, TEMPO-copper-air, TEMPO-Phi(OAc) 2 , Swern oxidation, or noble rneta!-air,
  • the recombinant microorganism according to the first or second aspect further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding C 6 -C 24 fatty acetate.
  • the acetyl transferase or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Danaus piexippus, Heliotis virescens, Bombyx mori, Agrotis ipsiion, Agrotis segetum, Euonymus aiatus.
  • the acetyl transferase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos.
  • the fatty alcohol may be converted into a fatty acetate using chemical methods, e.g., via chemical catalysis utilizing a chemical agent such as acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, butyryi chloride, butyric anhydride, propanoyl chloride and propionic anhydride.
  • chemical agents such as acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, butyryi chloride, butyric anhydride, propanoyl chloride and propionic anhydride.
  • the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated Ce-C2 4 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express one or more nucleic acids encoding protein or polypeptide which, when expressed, is toxic to an insect.
  • Exemplary toxicant producing genes suitable for the present disclosure can be obtained from entomopathogenic organism, such as Baciiius thuringiensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and members of the genus Streptomyces.
  • the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express a nucleic acid encoding a Baciiius thuringiensis ("Bf ) toxin.
  • the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express a nucleic acid encoding other toxic proteins such as spider venom.
  • the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express an RNAi molecule which, when expressed, produces an oligonucleotide that is toxic to an insect.
  • the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C-6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express a metabolic pathway which, when expressed, produces a small molecule that is toxic to an insect.
  • toxic small molecules include azadirachtin, spinosad, avermectin, pyrethrins, and various terpenoids.
  • the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may be a eukaryotic microorganism, such as a yeast, a filamentous fungi, or an algae, or alternatively, a prokaryotic microorganism, such as a bacterium.
  • suitable host ceils can include ceils of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenu!a, Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibaciiius, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevi bacterium, and Streptomyces,
  • the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is a yeast.
  • suitable yeasts include yeasts of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Kiuyveromyces, issatchenkia, Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Pachysoien, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotoruia, or Myxozyma.
  • the yeast is an oleaginous yeast.
  • exemplary oleaginous yeasts suitable for use in the present disclosure include members of the genera Yarrowia,, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodospondium, Cryptococcus, Thchosporon, and Lipomyces, including, but not limited to the species of Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida tropicaiis, Rhodospondium toruloides, Lipomyces starkey, L iipoferus, C. revêti, C. pulcherrima, C, utiiis, Rhodotorula minuta, Thchosporon pullans, T. cutaneum, Cryptococcus curvatus, R. giutinis, and R. graminis.
  • endogenous enzymes can convert critical substrates and/or intermediates upstream of or within the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate biosynthesis pathway into unwanted by-products. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate biosynthesis pathway.
  • the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acid into a ⁇ - hydroxyfatty acid.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from XP_504406, XP__504857, XP__50431 1 , XP_500855, XP_S0Q856, XP_500402, XP__500097, XP_501748, XP_500560, XP_501 148, XP__501667, XP_500273, BAA02041 , CAA39366, CAA39367, BAA02210, BAA0221 1 , BAA02212, BAA02213, BAA02214, AA073952, AA073953, AA073954, AA073955, AA073956, AA073958, AA073959, AAO73960, AA073981 , AA073957
  • the recombinant bacterial microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from BAM49649, AAB80867, AAB17462, ADL27534, AAU24352, AAA87602, CAA34612, ABM17701 , AAA25760, CAB51047, AAC82967, WP_01 1027348, or homoiogs thereof.
  • the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into ⁇ , ⁇ -enoyl-CoA.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from CAA04659, CAA04660, CAA04861 , CAA04662, CAA04683, CAG79214, AAA34322, AAA34361 , AAA34363, CAA29901 , BAA04761 , AAA34891 , or homoiogs thereof.
  • the recombinant bacterial microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from AAB08643, CAB15271 , BAN55749, CAC44516, ADK16968, AEI37634, WP_000973047, WPJ325433422, WP_035184107, WPJ328484842, CEL80920, WPJ32681 S657, WP_005293707, WP_005883960, or homoiogs thereof.
  • the recombinant microorganism is a yeast microorganism
  • the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme involved in peroxisome assembly and/or peroxisome enzyme import.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from XP_505754, XP__501986, XP_50131 1 , XP__504S45, XP__503326, XP_504029, XPJ302549S6S, XPJ3G2547156, XPJ3Q2545227, XPJ3Q2547350, XP_002546990, E1W1 1539, EIW08094, EIW1 1472, EIW09743, EIW08286, or homoiogs thereof.
  • the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous reductase or desaturase enzymes that interferes with the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate, i.e., catalyzes the conversion of a pathway substrate or product into an unwanted by-product.
  • the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes that catalyzes the unwanted conversion of the desired product, e.g., unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol into a corresponding unsaturated C 6 -C 24 fatty aldehyde.
  • one or more endogenous alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes that catalyzes the unwanted conversion of the desired product, e.g., unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol into a corresponding unsaturated C 6 -C 24 fatty aldehyde.
  • the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the biosynthesis pathway for one or more unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA intermediates.
  • the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more diacylgiycerol acyitransferases.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more diacylgiycerol acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YAU0E32769g, YALI0D07988g and CTRG_06209, or homolog thereof.
  • the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more glycerolphospholipid acyitransferases.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more glycerolphospholipid acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YALI0E16797g and CTG_04390, or homolog thereof.
  • the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more acyl-CoA/sterol acyitransferases.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more acyl ⁇ CoA/steroi acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YALI0F08578g, CTRGJD1764 and CTRGJ31785, or homolog thereof.
  • the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that oxidizes fatty aldehyde intermediates.
  • the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases selected from the group consisting of YALI0A17875g, YALI0E15400g, YALI0B01298g, YAUGF23793g, CTRGJ35G10 and CTRGJ34471 , or homolog thereof.
  • the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that consumes fatty acetate products.
  • the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more sterol esterases.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more sterol esterases selected from the group consisting of YALI0E32035g, YALI0E00528g, CTRGJ31 138, CTRG_01683 and CTRGJ3463Q, or homolog thereof.
  • the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more triacylglycerol lipases.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more triacylglycerol lipases selected from the group consisting of YAL!0D17534g, YALI0F10010g, CTRG__00057 and CTRG__08185, or homolog thereof.
  • the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more monoacylgiycerol lipases.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more monoacylgiycerol lipases selected from the group consisting of YAL!0C14520g, CTRG_03360 and CTRG__05049, or homolog thereof.
  • the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more extracellular lipases.
  • the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more extracellular lipases selected from the group consisting of YALI0A20350g, YALI0D19184g, YALI0B09361 g, CTRGJ3S930, CTRGJ34188, CTRGJ32799, CTRG_03052 and CTRGJ33885, or homolog thereof.
  • one or more of the exogenous unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate pathway genes encodes an enzyme that is localized to a yeast compartment selected from the group consisting of the cytosol, the mitochondria, or the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • one or more of the exogenous pathway genes encodes an enzyme that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • at least two exogenous pathway genes encode an enzyme that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • all exogenous pathway genes encodes an enzyme that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • the present application provides methods of producing an unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate using a recombinant microorganism as described herein.
  • the method includes cultivating the recombinant microorganism in a culture medium containing a feedstock providing a carbon source until the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is produced and optionally, recovering the unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate.
  • the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may be isolated from the fermentation medium using various methods known in the art including, but not limited to, distillation, membrane-based separation gas stripping, solvent extraction, and expanded bed adsorption.
  • the recombinant microorganism e.g., a yeast
  • the yeast may be recovered and produced in dry particulate form.
  • the yeast may be dried to produce powdered yeast.
  • the process for producing powdered yeast comprises spray drying a liquid yeast composition in air, optionally followed by further drying.
  • the recombinant microorganism composition will comprise the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate when dried.
  • preferred recombinant microorganisms of the disclosure will have the ability to utilize aikanes and fatty acids as carbon sources.
  • carbon sources including but not limited to, various sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, or sucrose), glycerol, alcohols (e.g., ethanol), organic acids, lignocellulose, proteins, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, as well as the aforementioned alkanes and fatty acids.
  • the recombinant microorganism will convert the carbon source to the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate under aerobic conditions.
  • the present application provides methods of producing one or more unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, or acetates using a recombinant microorganism as described herein.
  • the product is an insect pheromone.
  • exogenous and endogenous enzymes can be expressed in a recombinant host microorganism to produce a desired insect pheromone.
  • Exemplary insect pheromones in the form of fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, or fatty acetates capable of being generated using the recombinant microorganisms and methods described herein include, but are not limited to, (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenal, (Z)-1 1 hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyi acetate, (Z,Z)-1 1 , 3- hexadecadienal, (9Z, 1 1 E)-hexadecadienal, (E, E)-8, 10-dodecadien-1 -ol, (7E,9Z) ⁇ dodecadienyl acetate, (Z)-3-nonen-1 -ol, (Z)-5-decen-1 -ol, (Z)-5- decenyi acetate, (E)-5-decen-1 -ol, (E)-S-decenyl
  • the present application provides compositions comprising one of more of the insect pheromone-producing recombinant microorganisms described herein.
  • the composition may further comprise one or more insect pheromones produced by the recombinant microorganism.
  • the may additionally comprise one or more toxic proteins or poiypeptides produced by the recombinant microorganism.
  • Figure 1 illustrates the conversion of a saturated fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty alcohol
  • Figure 2 illustrates the conversion of a saturated fatty acid to a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty aldehyde, alcohol, or acetate.
  • Figure 3 illustrates an additional pathway for the conversion of a saturated fatty acid to a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty aldehyde, alcohol, or acetate
  • Figure 4 illustrates a pathway for the conversion of a saturated fatty acid to various trienes, dienes, epoxides, and odd-numbered pheromones.
  • Figure 5 shows Z1 1 -hexadecenol production from W303A and BY4742 ⁇ 1.
  • Figure 6A- Figure 6B shows sample chromatograms of biotransformation product of Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid using S. cerevisiae expressing either an empty vector (Figure 6A), or Helicoverpa armigera alcohol-forming reductase (Figure 6B). Black lines: no substrate added. Purple line: Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was added as substrate.
  • Figure 7A- Figure 7B shows a comparison of GC-IVIS fragmentation pattern of Z1 1 -hexadecenol authentic compound (Figure 7A), and Z1 1 - hexadecenol biologically derived ( Figure 7B).
  • Figure 8 shows biomass at the time of harvesting for product analysis of W303A (wild type) and BY4742 ⁇ 1 (beta-oxidation deletion mutant).
  • Figure 10 shows a pOLE1 cassette comprising an extended OLE1 promoter sequence (light yellow), OLE1 promoter (orange), OLE1 leader sequence (dark grey), a synthon such as an insect desaturase sequence (light grey), and the VSP13 terminator sequence (blue).
  • Figure 11A- Figure 11 E shows validation of the pOLE1 cassette, and complementation assay.
  • Figure 11 A YPD + palmitoieic acid
  • Figure 11 B YPD - palmitoieic acid
  • Figure 11C CM-Ura glucose + palmitoieic acid
  • Figure 11 D CM-Ura glucose - palmitoieic acid
  • Figure 12A shows complementation of ⁇ . ⁇ 1 growth without UFA on YPD.
  • Figure 12B shows complementation of ⁇ , ⁇ growth without UFA on CM-Ura glucose
  • Figure 13A shows the full fatty acid spectrum of a ⁇ . ⁇ 1 strain expressing: S, cerevisiae OLE1 desaturase (blue), chimeric 7. ni desaturase (red),
  • Figure 13B shows a focused fatty acid spectrum within 5.5-min - 8- min retention time of S. cerevisiae ⁇ _ ⁇ 1 strain expressing S, cerevisiae OLE1 desaturase (red) and chimeric 7. ni desaturase (blue).
  • Figure 14A- Figure 14B shows a comparison of GC-MS fragmentation pattern of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid from an authentic compound ( Figure 14A) and biologically derived ( Figure 14B).
  • Figure 15 shows C18 fatty alcohol production from ⁇ _ ⁇ 1 expressing various fatty alcohol pathway variants in culture supplemented with palmitic and palmitoleic acid. Error bars represent 5% uncertainty of metabolite quantification accuracy.
  • Figure 16 shows representative chromatograms of biotransformation product C16 fatty acids using S. cerevisiae expressing fatty alcohol pathways TN__desat - HA_reduc when fed with palmitic acid (black) and when fed with palmitic and palmitoleic acids (orange). Profile of a negative control strain (harboring an empty vector) fed with palmitic acid (purple).
  • Figure 17 shows that (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was detected in the ceil pellets of S. cerevisiae expressing fatty alcohol pathways TN_desat-SL_reduc (blue), SC__desat-HA__reduc (red), TN_desat-HA_reduc (green), SC_desat-SL_reduc (pink).
  • Figure 18 shows C16 fatty alcohol production from AOLE1 expressing various fatty alcohol pathway variants in culture supplemented with palmitic acid only. Error bars represent 5% uncertainty of metabolite quantification accuracy.
  • Figure ISA- Figure 19C shows detection of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenol.
  • Figure 19A Fragmentation pattern of an authentic standard. The m/z 297.3 was used in follow up experiments to selectively detect the alcohol. To also detect the internal standard, the masses 208 and 387.3 were included too.
  • Figure 19B In addition to the detection of the specific mass fragment, the retention time was used as second stage confirmation. The retention time is 6.22.
  • Figure 19C Comparison of the two different regioisomers 9Z- and 1 1 Z-hexadecenol when detected in Sl!vl mode (297.3) with the same method.
  • Figure 20 shows pXICL expression cassette architecture. The C. albicans OLE1 leader-A segetum desaturase fusion is also shown.
  • Figure 21A ⁇ Figure 21 D shows mCherry control integration.
  • Figure 21 A Negative (water-only) control transformation plate.
  • Figure 21 B pPV0137 mCherry transformation plate.
  • Figure 21C Patch plates from negative control clones.
  • Figure 21 D Patch plates from pPV0137 clones.
  • Figure 22 shows integration efficiency as a function of total observed colonies.
  • a control plate with no DNA added to the transformation was observed to have 350 colonies (indicated by orange line).
  • the fraction of clones confirmed to be positive integrants is positively correlated with total colony count. A sharp increase is observed above 6,000 total colonies. The data suggests that the presence of positive integrants increases the observed background growth. For some transformations the efficiency was high enough that the background population was small relative to the positive integrant population.
  • Figure 23 shows a chromatogram overlay of Candida iropicaiis SPV053 strains. Compared to the mCherry (red) control experiment a clear peak at 6.22 min is observable for the A. transitella (blue) and H. zea (green) desaturase. Therefore, the formation of Z- 1 ⁇ hexadecenoic acid is only observable in strains expressing an active Z1 1 -desaturase.
  • Figure 24A- Figure 24E shows confirmation of the 1 1 Z-regioisomer.
  • Figure 24A The specific peak with an ion fragment of 245 m/z was only observed in C, iropicaiis SPV053 expressing either the Z1 1 -desaturase from A. transitella or H. zea.
  • Figure 24B The fragmentation patterns of the authentic standard.
  • Figure 24D The fragmentation patterns of the newly formed compound in samples with expressed desaturase from H. zea match those of the standard.
  • Figure 24E The fragmentation patterns of the newly formed compound in samples with expressed desaturase from A. transitella match those of the standard.
  • Figure 24C The fragmentation patterns of the mCherry control siqnificantiy differ from those of Figure 24B, Figure 24D and Figure 24E.
  • Figure 25A ⁇ Figure 25B shows a GC-F!D chromatogram of different C. iropicaiis SPV053 strains incubated with methyl tretradecanoate.
  • Figure 25A Overall spectrum. The occurrence of the Z 1 -C16: 1 peak is observable for the strains expressing the Z1 1 -desaturases from A. transiteila and H. zea.
  • Figure 25B Zoom of the C14 to C18 area. A new peak is visible at 4.8 min, which could correspond to Z1 1 -C14: 1 . Another peak near Z9-C18: 1 is also visible, which could correspond to Z1 1 -C18: 1 .
  • Figure 26 shows only codon optimized H. zea desaturase variants produce detectable Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid in SPV140 screen.
  • Figure 27 shows only codon optimized H. zea desaturase variants produce detectable Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid in SPV300 screen. Labels indicate parent strain and piasmid of desaturase expression cassette.
  • pPV200 H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with Homo sapiens codon optimization and swapped Y. Iipolytica OLE1 leader sequence
  • pPV201 A. transiteila Z1 1 desaturase with native codon usage.
  • Figure 28 shows final cell densities for desaturase screen in SPV140 and SPV300 backgrounds. SPV300 strains with integrated desaturase cassettes grew to higher ceil densities.
  • Figure 29 shows individual isolate Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid titers for SPV140 and SPV300 strains expressing H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with hi. sapiens codon optimization.
  • Figure 30 shows a chromatogram overlay of extracted metabolites for Z1 1 -160H producing strain (SPV0490) versus control strain (SPV0488) of Candida viswanathii (tropicaiis).
  • Figure 31 illustrates pathways that can be deleted or disrupted to reduce or eliminate competition with the biosynthesis pathway for the production of a mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate.
  • H, zea desaturase under the TEF promoter and H. armigera reductase under the TAL promoter were compared to a parental negative control (SPV300) and positive Bdr pathway controls using the EXP promoter to drive H. armigera FAR expression (SPV575, SPV578).
  • the 16-carbon lipid profiles of 5 select clones expressing the H. zea desaturase under the TEF promoter and H. armigera reductase under the EXP promoter are compared to a parental negative control (SPV300) and positive Bdr pathway controls using the EXP promoter to drive H, armigera FAR expression (SPV575, SPV578).
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 - ⁇ SEQ ID NO: 38 A sequence listing for SEQ ID NO: 1 - ⁇ SEQ ID NO: 38 is part of this application and is incorporated by reference herein. The sequence listing is provided at the end of this document.
  • compositions comprising, “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having, “contains,” “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
  • a composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.
  • “or” refers to an inclusive “or” and not to an exclusive “or.”
  • microbial As used herein, the terms "microbial,” “microbial organism,” and “microorganism” include any organism that exists as a microscopic cell that is included within the domains of archaea, bacteria or eukarya, the latter including yeast and filamentous fungi, protozoa, algae, or higher Protista. Therefore, the term is intended to encompass prokaryotic or eukaryotic ceils or organisms having a microscopic size and includes bacteria, archaea, and eubacteria of all species as well as eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeast and fungi. Also included are ceil cultures of any species that can be cultured for the production of a chemical.
  • the recombinant microorganisms are prokaryotic microorganism.
  • the prokaryotic microorganisms are bacteria.
  • Bacteria or “eubacteria”, refers to a domain of prokaryotic organisms.
  • Bacteria include at least eleven distinct groups as follows: (1 ) Gram-positive (gram+) bacteria, of which there are two major subdivisions: (1 ) high G+C group (Actinomycetes, Mycobacteria, Micrococcus, others) (2) low G+C group (Bacillus, Clostridia, Lactobacillus, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Mycoplasmas); (2) Proteobacteria, e.g., Purple photosynthetic +non-photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria (includes most "common” Gram-negative bacteria); (3) Cyanobacteria, e.g., oxygenic phototrophs; (4) Spirochetes and related species; (5) P!anctomyces; (6) Bacteroides, Flavobacteria; (7) Chlamydia; (8) Green sulfur bacteria; (9) Green non-sulfur bacteria (also anaerobic phototrophs); (10) Radioresistant micrococci and relatives; (1 1
  • Gram-negative bacteria include cocci, nonenteric rods, and enteric rods.
  • the genera of Gram-negative bacteria include, for example, Neisseria, Spirillum, Pasteurella, Brucella, Yersinia, Francisella, Haemophilus, Bordetella, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Acetobacter, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Azotobacter, Spirilla, Serratia, Vibrio, Rhizobium, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Treponema, and Fusobacterium.
  • Gram positive bacteria include cocci, nonsporulating rods, and sporuiating rods.
  • the genera of gram positive bacteria include, for example, Actinomyces, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebactehum, Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Myxococcus, Nocardia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Streptomyces.
  • recombinant microorganism and “recombinant host ceil” are used interchangeably herein and refer to microorganisms that have been genetically modified to express or to overexpress endogenous enzymes, to express heterologous enzymes, such as those included in a vector, in an integration construct, or which have an alteration in expression of an endogenous gene.
  • alteration it is meant that the expression of the gene, or level of a RNA molecule or equivalent RNA molecules encoding one or more polypeptides or polypeptide subunits, or activity of one or more polypeptides or polypeptide subunits is up regulated or down regulated, such that expression, level, or activity is greater than or less than that observed in the absence of the alteration.
  • alter can mean “inhibit,” but the use of the word “alter” is not limited to this definition.
  • the terms “recombinant microorganism” and “recombinant host cell” refer not only to the particular recombinant microorganism but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a microorganism. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.
  • expression refers to transcription of the gene and, as appropriate, translation of the resulting mRNA transcript to a protein.
  • expression of a protein results from transcription and translation of the open reading frame sequence.
  • the level of expression of a desired product in a host cell may be determined on the basis of either the amount of corresponding mRNA that is present in the cell, or the amount of the desired product encoded by the selected sequence.
  • mRNA transcribed from a selected sequence can be quantitated by qRT-PCR or by Northern hybridization (see Sambrook et ai., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989)).
  • Protein encoded by a selected sequence can be quantitated by various methods, e.g., by ELISA, by assaying for the biological activity of the protein, or by employing assays that are independent of such activity, such as western blotting or radioimmunoassay, using antibodies that recognize and bind the protein. See Sambrook et ai., 1989, supra.
  • polynucleotide is used herein interchangeably with the term “nucleic acid” and refers to an organic polymer composed of two or more monomers including nucleotides, nucleosides or analogs thereof, including but not limited to single stranded or double stranded, sense or antisense deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of any length and, where appropriate, single stranded or double stranded, sense or antisense ribonucleic acid (RNA) of any length, including siRNA.
  • DNA single stranded or double stranded
  • RNA ribonucleic acid
  • nucleotide refers to any of several compounds that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a purine or a pyrimidine base and to a phosphate group, and that are the basic structural units of nucleic acids.
  • nucleoside refers to a compound (as guanosine or adenosine) that consists of a purine or pyrimidine base combined with deoxyribose or ribose and is found especially in nucleic acids.
  • nucleotide analog or “nucleoside analog” refers, respectively, to a nucleotide or nucleoside in which one or more individual atoms have been replaced with a different atom or with a different functional group. Accordingly, the term polynucleotide includes nucleic acids of any length, DNA, RNA, analogs and fragments thereof. A polynucleotide of three or more nucleotides is also called nucieotidic oligomer or oligonucleotide.
  • the polynucleotides described herein include “genes” and that the nucleic acid molecules described herein include “vectors” or “piasmids.”
  • the term “gene”, also called a “structural gene” refers to a polynucleotide that codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, which comprise all or part of one or more proteins or enzymes, and may include regulatory (non-transcribed) DNA sequences, such as promoter sequences, which determine for example the conditions under which the gene is expressed.
  • the transcribed region of the gene may include untranslated regions, including introns, 5'-untranslated region (UTR), and S'-UTR, as well as the coding sequence.
  • enzyme refers to any substance that catalyzes or promotes one or more chemical or biochemical reactions, which usually includes enzymes totally or partially composed of a polypeptide or polypeptides, but can include enzymes composed of a different molecule including polynucleotides.
  • non-naturally occurring when used in reference to a microorganism organism or enzyme activity of the disclosure, is intended to mean that the microorganism organism or enzyme has at least one genetic alteration not normally found in a naturally occurring strain of the referenced species, including wild-type strains of the referenced species.
  • Genetic alterations include, for example, modifications introducing expressible nucleic acids encoding metabolic polypeptides, other nucleic acid additions, nucleic acid deletions and/or other functional disruption of the microorganism's genetic material.
  • modifications include, for example, coding regions and functional fragments thereof, for heterologous, homologous, or both heterologous and homologous polypeptides for the referenced species.
  • Additional modifications include, for example, non-coding regulatory regions in which the modifications alter expression of a gene or operon.
  • Exemplary non-naturally occurring microorganism or enzyme activity includes the hydroxylation activity described above.
  • exogenous refers to molecules that are not normally or naturally found in and/or produced by a given yeast, bacterium, organism, microorganism, or ceil in nature.
  • endogenous or “native” as used herein with reference to various molecules refers to molecules that are normally or naturally found in and/or produced by a given yeast, bacterium, organism, microorganism, or cell in nature,
  • heterologous refers to various molecules, e.g. , polynucleotides, polypeptides, enzymes, etc. , wherein at least one of the following is true: (a) the molecule(s) is/are foreign ("exogenous") to (i.e. , not naturally found in) the host cell; (b) the moiecule(s) is/are naturally found in (e.g.
  • the molecuie(s) differ(s) in nucleotide or amino acid sequence from the endogenous nucleotide or amino acid sequence(s) such that the molecule differing in nucleotide or amino acid sequence from the endogenous nucleotide or amino acid as found endogenously is produced in an unnatural (e.g. , greater than naturally found) amount in the ceil,
  • homoiog refers to distinct enzymes or genes of a second family or species which are determined by functional, structural, or genomic analyses to be an enzyme or gene of the second family or species which corresponds to the original enzyme or gene of the first family or species. Homologs most often have functional, structural, or genomic similarities. Techniques are known by which homologs of an enzyme or gene can readily be cloned using genetic probes and PGR. Identity of cloned sequences as homologs can be confirmed using functional assays and/or by genomic mapping of the genes.
  • a protein has "homology” or is “homologous " to a second protein if the amino acid sequence encoded by a gene has a similar amino acid sequence to that of the second gene.
  • a protein has homology to a second protein if the two proteins have "similar” amino acid sequences.
  • the term “homologous proteins” is intended to mean that the two proteins have similar amino acid sequences. In certain instances, the homology between two proteins is indicative of its shared ancestry, related by evolution.
  • fatty acid refers to a compound of structure R-COOH, wherein R is a C 6 to C 24 saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon and the carboxyl group is at position 1 .
  • R is a Ce to C 24 saturated or unsaturated linear hydrocarbon and the carboxyl group is at position 1.
  • fatty alcohol refers to an aliphatic alcohol having the formula R-OH, wherein R is a C 6 to C 24 saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon. In a particular embodiment, R is a Ce to C 24 saturated or unsaturated linear hydrocarbon.
  • fatty acyl-CoA refers to a compound having the structure R-(CO)-S-R
  • fatty acyi-AGP refers to a compound having the structure R-(CO) ⁇ S ⁇ Ri , wherein Ri is an acyi carrier protein ACP.
  • the present disclosure addresses the need for novel technologies for the cost-efficient production of valuable products from low-cost feedstocks. Specifically, the present inventors have addressed this need with the development of recombinant microorganisms capable of producing a wide- range of unsaturated Ce-C 2 4 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates including synthetic insect pheromones, fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates from low-cost feedstocks.
  • aspects of the disclosure are based on the inventors' discovery that recombinant microorganisms can be engineered in order to produce valuable products from low-cost feedstocks, which circumvents conventional synthetic methodologies to produce valuable products.
  • recombinant microorganisms can be engineered to synthesize mono- or poly-unsaturated C 6 -C 24 fatty alcohols.
  • Mono- or poly-unsaturated C 6 -C 24 fatty alcohols synthesized as described herein can be further converted into the corresponding aldehydes or acetates.
  • various embodiments of the present disclosure can be used to synthesize a variety of insect pheromones selected from fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates.
  • embodiments described herein can also be used for the synthesis of fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates. eromones
  • embodiments of the disclosure provide for the synthesis of one or more insect pheromones using a recombinant microorganism.
  • a pheromone is a volatile chemical compound that is secreted by a particular insect for the function of chemical communication within the species. That is, a pheromone is secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.
  • alarm pheromones there are, inter alia, alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, aggregation pheromones, epideictic pheromones, releaser pheromones, primer pheromones, and territorial pheromones, that affect behavior or physiology.
  • Non-limiting examples of insect pheromones which can be synthesized using the recombinant microorganisms and methods disclosed herein include linear alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates listed in Table 1.
  • the pheromones synthesized as taught in this disclosure include at least one pheromone listed in Table 2a to modulate the behavior of an insect listed in Table 2a.
  • non-limiting examples of insect pheromones which can be synthesized using the recombinant microorganisms and methods disclosed herein include alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates listed in Table 2a.
  • the microorganisms described herein are not limited to the synthesis of C6-C20 pheromones listed in Table 1 and Table 2a.
  • the disclosed microorganisms can also be utilized in the synthesis of various C6-C24 mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates, including fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates.
  • Table 2a Exemplary pheromones that can be synthesized according to methods described in the present disclosure.
  • each double bond is represented by a numeral corresponding to thai of the carbon from which it begins, with each carbon numbered from that attached to the functional group.
  • the carbon to which the functional group is attached is designated Pheromones may have, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon chain lengths numbering 10 (deca-), 12 (dodeca-), 14 (tefradeca- ), 16 (hexadeca-), or 18 (octadeca-) carbons long.
  • the presence of a double bond has another effect. It precludes rotation of the molecule by fixing it in one of two possible configurations, each representing geometric isomers that are different molecules. These are designated either E (from the German word Entismus, opposite) or Z (Zusammen, together), when the carbon chains are connected on the opposite (trans) or same (cis) side, respectively, of the double bond.
  • (1 1Z)-hexadecen-1 -ai can also be written as Z-1 1 - hexadecen-1 ⁇ ai, Z-1 1 - hexadecenai, or Z-x-y:Aid, wherein x represents the position of the double bond and y represents the number of carbons in the hydrocarbon skeleton.
  • the fatty acyl-CoA precursors of (1 1Z)- hexadecen-1 -ai can be identified as (1 1 Z)-hexadecenyl-CoA or Z-1 1 -16:Acyi- CoA.
  • the present disclosure relates to the synthesis of mono- or polyunsaturated Ce ⁇ C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates using a recombinant microorganism comprised of one or more heterologous enzymes, which catalyze substrate to product conversions for one or more steps in the synthesis process, aturase
  • the present disclosure describes enzymes that desaturate fatty acyl substrates to corresponding unsaturated fatty acyl substrates.
  • a desaturase is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP to a corresponding unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP.
  • a desaturase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond in a saturated fatty acid or fatty acid derivative, e.g., fatty acyl-CoA or fatty acyl-ACP (collectively referred to herein as "fatty acyl”), by removing at least two hydrogen atoms to produce a corresponding unsaturated fatty acid/acyl.
  • Desaturases are classified with respect to the ability of the enzyme to selectively catalyze double bond formation at a subterminal carbon relative to the methyl end of the fatty acid/acyl or a subterminal carbon relative to the carbonyi end of the fatty acid/acyl.
  • Omega ( ⁇ ) desaturases catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond at a fixed subterminal carbon relative to the methyl end of a fatty acid/acyl.
  • an ⁇ 3 desaturase catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the third and fourth carbon relative the methyl end of a fatty acid/acyl.
  • Delta ( ⁇ ) desaturases catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond at a specific position relative to the carboxyl group of a fatty acid or the carbonyi group of a fatty acyl CoA.
  • a ⁇ 9 desaturase catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the Cg and do carbons with respect to the carboxyl end of the fatty acid or the carbonyl group of a fatty acyl CoA.
  • a desaturase can be described with reference to the location in which the desaturase catalyzes the formation of a double bond and the resultant geometric configuration (i.e. , E/Z) of the unsaturated hydrocarbon.
  • a Z9 desaturase refers to a ⁇ desaturase that catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the Cg and C-i o carbons with respect to the carbonyl end of a fatty acid/acyl, thereby orienting two hydrocarbons on opposing sides of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the cis or Z configuration.
  • a Z1 1 desaturase refers to a ⁇ desaturase that catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the Cn and C12 carbons with respect to the carbonyl end of a fatty acid/acyl.
  • Desaturases have a conserved structural motif. This sequence motif of transmembrane desaturases is characterized by [HX3 ⁇ 4HX7- ⁇ 41 (3 non- His)HX2-3(1 nonHis)HHX61 -189(40 non-His)HX2-3(1 non-His)HH]. The sequence motif of soluble desaturases is characterized by two occurrences of [D/EEXXH],
  • the desaturase is a fatty acyl-CoA desaturase that catalyzes the formation of a double bond in a fatty acyl-CoA.
  • the fatty acyl-CoA desaturase described herein is capable of utilizing a fatty acy!-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
  • the desaturase used in the recombinant microorganism can be selected based on the chain length of the substrate.
  • the fatty acyl desaturase described herein is capable of catalyzing the formation of a double bond at a desired carbon relative to the terminal CoA on the unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA.
  • a desaturase can be selected for use in the recombinant microorganism which catalyzes double bond insertion at the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, or 13 position with respect to the carbonyl group on a fatty acyi- CoA.
  • the fatty acyi desaturase described herein is capable of catalyzing the formation of a double bond in a saturated fatty acyi- CoA such that the resultant unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA has a cis or trans (i.e., Z or E) geometric configuration.
  • the desaturase is a fatty acyl-ACP desaturase that catalyzes the formation of a double bond in a fatty acyl-ACP.
  • the fatty acyl-ACP desaturase described herein is capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
  • the desaturase used in the recombinant microorganism can be selected based on the chain length of the substrate.
  • the fatty acyi-ACP desaturase described herein is capable of catalyzing the formation of a double bond at a desired carbon relative to the terminal carbonyl on the unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP.
  • a desaturase can be selected for use in the recombinant microorganism which catalyzes double bond insertion at the 3, 4, 5, 8, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, or 13 position with respect to the carbonyl group on a fatty acyi-ACP.
  • the fatty acyi desaturase described herein is capable of catalyzing the formation of a double bond in a saturated fatty acyi- CoA such that the resultant unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP has a cis or trans (i.e., Z or E) geometric configuration.
  • the fatty acyi desaturase is a Z1 1 desaturase.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z1 1 desaturase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Amyelois transitella, Argyrotaenia velutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capitella, Trichoplusia ni, Helicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana is codon optimized.
  • the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9, 18, 24 and 26 from Trichoplusia ni.
  • the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 16 from Agrotis segetum. In some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1 1 and 23 from Thalassiosira pseudonana. In certain embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 12, 17 and 30 from Amyelois transitella. In further embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19, 25, 27 and 31 from Heiicoverpa zea. In some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a chimeric polypeptide.
  • a complete or partial Z1 1 desaturase is fused to another polypeptide.
  • the N-terminal native leader sequence of a Z1 1 desaturase is replaced by an oieosin leader sequence from another species.
  • the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 15, 28 and 29.
  • the fatty acyi desaturase is a Z9 desaturase.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z9 desaturase is codon optimized.
  • the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20 from Ostrinia furnacalis.
  • the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 from Lampronia capitella.
  • the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 from Heiicoverpa zea.
  • the present disclosure describes enzymes that reduce fatty acyl substrates to corresponding fatty alcohols or aldehydes.
  • a fatty alcohol forming fatty acyi-reductase is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty acy!-CoA to a corresponding fatty alcohol.
  • a fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl-reductase is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty acyl ⁇ ACP to a corresponding fatty aldehyde,
  • a fatty acyl reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a fatty acyi-CoA to a corresponding fatty alcohol or the reduction of a fatty acyi- ACP to a corresponding fatty aldehyde.
  • a fatty acyl-CoA and fatty acyl-ACP has a structure of R-(CO)-S-Ri , wherein R is a Ce to C24 saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon, and Ri represents CoA or ACP. In a particular embodiment, R is a Ce to C24 saturated or unsaturated linear hydrocarbon.
  • CoA is a non-protein acyl carrier group involved in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids
  • ACP is an acyl carrier protein, i.e., a polypeptide or protein subunit, of fatty acid synthase used in the synthesis of fatty acids.
  • the disclosure provides for a fatty alcohol forming fatty acyl-reductase which catalyzes the reduction of a fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding fatty alcohol.
  • a fatty alcohol forming fatty acyl-reductase which catalyzes the reduction of a fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding fatty alcohol.
  • R-(CO)-S-CoA is converted to R-CH 2 OH and CoA-SH when two molecules of NAD(P)H are oxidized to NAD(P) ⁇ .
  • a recombinant microorganism described herein can include a heterologous fatty alcohol forming fatty acyl-reductase, which catalyzes the reduction a fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding fatty alcohol.
  • a recombinant microorganism disclosed herein includes at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase which catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA into the corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C 6 -C 2 4 fatty alcohol.
  • the disclosure provides for a fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl-reductase which catalyzes the reduction of a fatty acyi-ACP to the corresponding fatty aldehyde.
  • R-(CO)-S-ACP is converted to R ⁇ (CO) ⁇ H and ACP-SH when one molecule of NAD(P)H is oxidized to NAD(P) + .
  • a recombinant microorganism described herein can include a heterologous fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl-reductase, which catalyzes the reduction a fatty acyl-ACP to the corresponding fatty aldehyde.
  • a recombinant microorganism disclosed herein includes at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase which catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce ⁇ C24 fatty acyl-ACP into the corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde.
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fatty- acyl reductase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Spodoptera iittoraiis, or Heiicoverpa amigera is codon optimized.
  • the fatty acyl reductase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 from Agrotis segetum.
  • the fatty acyl reductase comprises a sseeqquueennccee sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSEEQQ IIDD NNOO:: 22 ffrroomm SSppooddoopptteerraa !iittttoorraalliiss..
  • IInn ssoommee eemmbbooddiimmeennttss aann aaccyyll--AACCPP ssyynntthheettaassee ccaann bbee uusseedd ttoo ccaattaallyyzzee tthhee ccoonnvveerrssiioonn ooff aa ffaattttyy aacciidd ttoo aa ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ffaattttyy aaccyyll-- AACCPP..
  • IInn ssoommee eemmbbooddiimmeennttss tthhee aaccyyll--AACCPP ssyynntthheettaassee iiss aa ssyynntthheettaassee ccaappaabbllee ooff uuttiilliizziinngg aa ffaattttyy aacciidd aass aa ssuubbssttrraattee tthhaatt hhaass aa cchhaaiinn lleennggtthh ooff 66,, 77,, 88,, 99,, 1100,, 11 11 ,, 1122,, 1133,, 1144,, 1155,, 1166,, 1177,, 1188,, 1199, 2200,, 2211 ,, 2222,, 2233,, oorr 2244
  • the present disclosure describes enzymes that catalyze the elongation of a carbon chain in fatty acid.
  • a fatty acid synthase complex is used to catalyze initiation and elongation of a carbon chain in a fatty acid.
  • a "fatty acid synthase complex” refers to a group of enzymes that catalyzes the initiation and elongation of a carbon chain on a fatty acid.
  • the ACP along with the enzymes in the fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway control the length, degree of saturation, and branching of the fatty acids produced.
  • the steps in this pathway are catalyzed by enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis (fab) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc) gene families.
  • one or more of these genes can be attenuated, expressed or over- expressed. In exemplary embodiments, one or more of these genes is over- expressed.
  • Type I FAS I
  • Type II FAS II
  • Fatty acids are synthesized by a series of decarboxylative Ciaisen condensation reactions from acetyl-CoA and maionyi-CoA.
  • the steps in this pathway are catalyzed by enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis (fab) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc) gene families.
  • fab fatty acid biosynthesis
  • acc acetyl-CoA carboxylase
  • acetyi-CoA is carboxylated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc, a multi- subunit enzyme encoded by four separate genes, accABCD), to form maionyl- CoA.
  • acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by the yeast equivalents of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase, encoded by ACC1 and ACC2.
  • the maionate group is transferred to ACP by malonyl-CoA:ACP transacyiase (FabD) to form malonyl-ACP.
  • a malonyl-palmityi tranferase domain adds malonyl from malonyl-CoA to the ACP domain of the FAS complex.
  • a condensation reaction then occurs, where malonyl-ACP merges with acyl-CoA, resulting in ⁇ -ketoacyl-ACP.
  • the hydrocarbon substrate is elongated by 2 carbons.
  • the ⁇ -keto group is reduced to the fully saturated carbon chain by the sequential action of a keto-reductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), and enol reductase (ER).
  • KR keto-reductase
  • DH dehydratase
  • ER enol reductase
  • the elongated fatty acid chain is carried between these active sites while attached covIERly to the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of ACP.
  • the ⁇ -ketoacyl-ACP is reduced by NADPH to form ⁇ -hydroxyacyi-ACP. In bacteria, this step is catalyzed by ⁇ -ketoacyl-ACP reductase (FabG).
  • the equivalent yeast reaction is catalyzed by the ketoreductase (KR) domain of FAS, ⁇ -hydroxyacyl-ACP is then dehydrated to form trans-2-enoyl-ACP, which is catalyzed by either ⁇ - hydroxyacyi-ACP dehydratase/isomerase (FabA) or ⁇ hydroxyacyl ⁇ ACP dehydratase (FabZ) in bacteria or the dehydratase (DH) domain of FAS in yeast.
  • KR ketoreductase
  • IMADPH-dependent trans ⁇ 2-enoyi-ACP reductase I, ⁇ , or HI in bacteria and the enol reductase (ER) domain of FAS in yeast reduces trans-2-enoyl-AGP to form acyi-ACP.
  • Subsequent cycles are started by the condensation of malonyl-ACP with acyi-ACP by ⁇ -ketoacyl-ACP synthase I or ⁇ -ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (FabB and FabF, respectively, in bacteria or the beta-ketoacyl synthase (KS) domain in yeast).
  • a fatty acid synthase complex can be used to catalyze elongation of a fatty acyi-ACP to a corresponding fatty acyi-ACP with a two carbon elongation relative to the substrate.
  • the present disclosure describes enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a fatty aldehyde to a fatty alcohol.
  • an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, Table 3) is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty aldehyde to a fatty alcohol.
  • a number of ADHs identified from alkanotrophic organisms Pseudomonas fiuorescens NRRL B-1244 (Hou et a!, 1983), Pseudomonas butanovora ATCC 43655 (Vangnai and Arp 2001 ), and Acinetobacter sp, strain M-1 (Tani et ai, 2000), have shown to be active on short to medium-chain aikyi alcohols (C-2 to C14).
  • commercially available ADHs from Sigma, Horse liver ADH and Baker's yeast ADH have detectable activity for substrates with length C10 and greater. The reported activities for the longer fatty alcohols may be impacted by the difficulties in soiubilizing the substrates.
  • Adh P 10807 Scaptodrosophila lebanonensis
  • Adh Q00870 (Drosophila crassifemur)
  • Drosophila mayaguana (Fruit fly) Adh, Adh2 P25721
  • Drosophila simulans (Fruit fly) Adh, GD23968 Q24641
  • Staphylococcus aureus (strain MW2) adh, MW0568 Q8NXU1
  • Staphylococcus aureus (strain bovine RF122
  • Staphylococcus aureus (strain COL) adh Staphylococcus aureus (strain COL) adh
  • SACOL0660 Q5HI63 adh Staphylococcus aureus adh
  • Staphylococcus aureus (strain 1V1RSA252) adh, SAR0613 Q6GJ63
  • Staphylococcus aureus (strain MSSA476) adh, SAS0573 Q6GBM4 adh,
  • Staphylococcus aureus (strain u50 / ATCC
  • ADH1 P19631 (Coturnix japonica)
  • ADH1 Q9Z2M2 (Geomys bursarius attwateri)
  • ADH1 P14219 (Pennisetum giaucum)
  • Trifolium repens (Creeping white clover) ADH1 P 13603
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ATCC ADH1 , ADC1 ,
  • Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) At1 g77120, P06525
  • ADM ADH2
  • Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74- adh-1 ,
  • Candida albicans (Yeast) ADH1 , CAD P43067
  • Kluyveromyces Iactis strain ATCC 8585 /
  • Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) (Pongo
  • Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque) ADH1A, ADH1 P28469
  • ADH2 P28032 (Lycopersicon esculentum)
  • Candida albicans (strain SC5314 / ATCC Ca41 C10.04,
  • Kluyveromyces lactis strain ATCC 8585 /
  • Kluyveromyces iactis (strain ATCC 8585 /
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ATCC ADH3, YMR083W,
  • Kluyveromyces Iactis strain ATCC 8585 /
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain YJIV1789) ADH4, ZRG5,
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ATCC ADH5, YBR145W,
  • Rattus norvegicus (Rat) Adh7 P41682 us musculus (Mouse) Adh7, Adh-3, Adh3 Q64437
  • Rhizobium meliioti strain 1021
  • Ensifer adhA RA0704
  • Mycobacterium bovis (strain ATCC BAA-935
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain ATCC adhB, Rv0761 c
  • Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain ATCC
  • Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC
  • Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC
  • Bacillus subtilis strain 168
  • gbsB Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
  • gbsB Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
  • gbsB Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
  • BSU31050 Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
  • the present disclosure describes enzymes that oxidize fatty alcohols to fatty aldehydes.
  • an alcohol oxidase is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty alcohol to a fatty aldehyde.
  • Alcohol oxidases catalyze the conversion of alcohols into corresponding aldehydes (or ketones) with electron transfer via the use of molecular oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.
  • AOX enzymes utilize flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as an essential cofactor and regenerate with the help of oxygen in the reaction medium, Catalase enzymes may be coupled with the AOX to avoid accumulation of the hydrogen peroxide via catalytic conversion into water and oxygen.
  • FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
  • AOXs may be categorized into four groups: (a) short chain alcohol oxidase, (b) long chain alcohol oxidase, (c) aromatic aicohoi oxidase, and (d) secondary alcohol oxidase (Goswami et a/. 2013). Depending on the chain length of the desired substrate, some members of these four groups are better suited than others as candidates for evaluation.
  • Short chain alcohol oxidases (including but not limited to those currently classified as EC 1 .1 .3.13, Tab!e 4) catalyze the oxidation of lower chain length alcohol substrates in the range of C1 -C8 carbons (van der Kiel et ai. 1991 ) (Ozimek et al. 2005).
  • Aliphatic alcohol oxidases from methylotrophic yeasts such as Candida boidinii and Komagataeiia pastoris (formerly Pichia pastoris) catalyze the oxidation of primary alkanols to the corresponding aldehydes with a preference for unbranched short-chain aliphatic alcohols.
  • hexanal production from hexanol using Pichia pastoris alcohol oxidase coupled with bovine liver catalase was achieved in a bi-phasic system by taking advantage of the presence of a stable alcohol oxidase in aqueous phase (Karra-Chaabouni et al, 2003).
  • alcohol oxidase from Pichia pastoris was able to oxidize aliphatic alcohols of C6 to C1 1 when used biphasic organic reaction system (Murray and Duff 1990).
  • Methods for using alcohol oxidases in a biphasic system according to (Karra-Chaabouni et al. 2003) and (Murray and Duff 1990) are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Long chain alcohol oxidases include fatty alcohol oxidases, long chain fatty acid oxidases, and long chain fatty alcohol oxidases that oxidize alcohol substrates with carbon chain length of greater than six (Goswami et al, 2013). Banthorpe et ai, reported a long chain alcohol oxidase purified from the leaves of Tanacetum vuigare that was able to oxidize saturated and unsaturated long chain alcohol substrates including hex-trans-2- en-1 -oi and octan-1 -oi (Gardemil 1978).
  • Fatty alcohol oxidases from yeast species that degrade and grow on long chain alkanes and fatty acid catalyze the oxidation of fatty aicohois Fatty alcohol oxidase from Candida tropicalis has been isolated as microsomal ceil fractions and characterized for a range of substrates (Eirich et al. 2004) (Kemp et a/. 1988) (Kemp et al. 1991 ) (Mauersberger et al. 1992). Significant activity is observed for primary alcohols of length C 8 to C-ie with reported KM in the 10-50 ⁇ range (Eirich et al. 2004).
  • Alcohol oxidases described may be used for the conversion of medium chain aliphatic alcohols to aldehydes as described, for example, for whole-cells Candida boidinii (Ga mecanican and Luzio 1997), and Pichia pastoris (Duff and Murray 1988) (Murray and Duff 1990).
  • Long chain alcohol oxidases from filamentous fungi were produced during growth on hydrocarbon substrates (Kumar and Goswami 2006) (Savitha and Ratledge 1991 ).
  • the long chain fatty alcohol oxidase (LjFAOI ) from Lotus japonicas has been heteroiogousiy expressed in E. coli and exhibited broad substrate specificity for alcohol oxidation including 1 -dodecanoi and 1 -hexadecanol (Zhao et al. 2008).
  • Alcohol oxidase enzymes capable of oxidizing short chain alcohols (EC 1 .1.3.13)
  • I7CMK2 disease fungus (Marasmius perniciosus)
  • Ixodes scapularis Black-legged tick
  • Alcohol oxidase enzymes capable of oxidizing long chain alcohols including fatty alcohols (EC 1 .1.3.20)
  • GNLVRS01_PISO0K16268g G8Y5E1 7064 / NBRC 10061 / NRRL Y-
  • Candida parapsilosis strain CDC CPAR2__204420 G8BG15 317 / ATCC MYA-4646) (Yeast) Accession
  • Candida parapsilosis (strain CDC
  • Rhizopus deiemar (strain RA 99- 880 / ATCC MYA-4621 / FGSC
  • Rhizopus deiemar (strain RA 99- 880 / ATCC MYA-4621 / FGSC
  • Penicillium roqueforti PROQFM164 overcome S02g0G1772 W6QPY1

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Abstract

The present application relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates which may be useful as insect pheromones, fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates. The C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates described herein may be used as substrates for metathesis reactions to expand the repertoire of target compounds and pheromones. The application further relates to recombinant microorganisms co-expressing a pheromone pathway and a pathway for the production of a toxic protein, peptide, oligonucleotide, or small molecule suitable for use in an attract-and-kill pest control approach. Also provided are methods of producing unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates using the recombinant microorganisms, as well as compositions comprising the recombinant microorganisms and/or optionally one or more of the product alcohols, aldehydes, or acetates.

Description

[0001] This application claims a priority benefit to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/257,054, filed November 18, 2015, and claims a priority benefit to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62/351 ,605, filed June 17, 2016; each of the aforementioned applications is herein expressly incorporated by reference, a rA l fcra tl ! fctsAr UIrsU ί n s UUtlMU Li ι Ι ϋ
[0002] The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided in text format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is PRVI_007_02WO_SeqList_ST25.txt. The text file is about 54 KB, was created on November 15, 2016, and is being submitted electronically via EFS-Web.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This application relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates which may be useful as insect pheromones, fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates. The application further relates to methods of producing unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates using the recombinant microorganisms, as well as compositions comprising one or more of these compounds and/or the recombinant microorganisms.
BACKGROUND
[0004] As the global demand for food grows, there is an increasing need for effective pest control. Conventional insecticides are among the most popular chemical control agents because they are readily available, rapid acting, and highly reliable. However, the overuse, misuse, and abuse of these chemicals have led to resistant pests, alteration of the natural ecology, and in some cases, environmental damage. [0005] The use of insect pheromones to control pest populations has gained increasing popularity as a viable, safe, and environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional insecticides. Since their discovery in the late 1950s, these molecules have shown efficacy in reducing insect populations through a variety of methods, including mass trappings, attract and kill, and mating disruption. The latter method in particular represents a non-toxic means of pest control and utilizes the ability of synthetic pheromones to mask naturally occurring pheromones, thereby causing confusion and mating disruption.
[0006] Although pheromones have significant potential in agricultural insect control, the cost of synthesizing pheromones using currently available techniques is very high, which prohibits widespread use of this sustainable technology beyond high-value crops. Thus, there is an existing need to develop novel technologies for the cost-efficient production of insect pheromones and related fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates. The present inventors address this need with the development of recombinant microorganisms capable of producing a wide-range of unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates including synthetic insect pheromones from low-cost feedstocks.
MARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0007] The present application relates to recombinant microorganisms having a biosynthesis pathway for the production of one or more compounds selected from unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates. The recombinant microorganisms described herein may be used for the production of at least one compound, such as an insect pheromone, a fragrance, or a flavoring agent, selected from unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates.
[0008] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism comprises a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol. Accordingly, in a first aspect, the application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated C6--C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated C6-C24 fatty acyi-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses (a): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated -C24 fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, the mono- or poly-unsaturated C-6-C24 fatty alcohol is an insect pherornone. In some embodiments, the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol is a fragrance or flavoring agent. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, wherein the alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (b) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde, !n some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (b) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acetate.
[0009] !n some embodiments, the fatty-acyl desaturase is a desaturase capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
[0010] In some embodiments, the fatty-acyl desaturase is capable of generating a double bond at position C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C1 1 , C12, or C13 in the fatty acid or its derivatives, such as, for example, fatty acid CoA esters.
[0011] In one exemplary embodiment, the fatty-acyl desaturase is a Z1 1 desaturase. In various embodiments described herein, the Z1 1 desaturase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Amye!ois transitel!a, Argyrotaenia velutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capiteila, Trichopiusia ni, elicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana. Further Z1 1 -desaturases, or the nucleic acid sequences encoding them, can be isolated from Bombyx mors, Manduca sexta, Diatraea grandioseiia, Earias insuiana, Earias vitteiia, Piuteila xyiosielia, Bombyx mori or Diaphania nitidaiis. !n exemplary embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. JX679209, JX964774, AF416738, AF545481 , EU 152335, AAD03775, AAF81787, and AY493438. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z1 1 desaturase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Amyelois transiteila, Argyrotaenia velutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capiteila, Trichopiusia ni, Helicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana is codon optimized, !n some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9, 18, 24 and 28 from Trichopiusia ni. In other embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 18 from Agrotis segetum. In some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1 1 and 23 from Thalassiosira pseudonana. In certain embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 12, 17 and 30 from Amyelois transiteila. In further embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19, 25, 27 and 31 from Helicoverpa zea. In some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a chimeric polypeptide. In some embodiments, a complete or partial Z1 1 desaturase is fused to another polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the N-terminal native leader sequence of a Z1 1 desaturase is replaced by an oleosin leader sequence from another species. In certain embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 15, 28 and 29.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyi-CoA into a mono- or poly-unsaturated product selected from Z1 1 ~13:Acyl-CoA, E1 1 ~13:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-7, 1 1 -13:Acyi-CoA, Z1 1 -14:Acyl-CoA, E1 1 -14:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-9, 1 1 -14:Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 - 14:Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9, 1 1 -14:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -14:Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 - 15:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-9,1 1 -15: Acyl-CoA, Z1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, E1 1 ~16:Acy!-CoA, (E,Z)-6, 1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-7, 1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-8, 1 1 -18: Acyl-CoA, (E, E)-9, 1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -16:Acyl-CoA, (Z, E)-9, 1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E, E)-1 1 , 13-16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-1 1 , 13-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z, E)-1 1 , 13-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-1 1 , 13-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z, E)-1 1 , 14-18: Acyl-CoA, (E, E,Z)-4,6, 1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z, E)-7, 1 1 ,13-18: Acyl-CoA, (E, E,Z,Z)-4,6, 1 1 , 13- 18:Acyi-CoA, Z1 1 -17:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-8, 1 1 -17: Acyl-CoA, Z1 1 -18: Acyl-CoA, E1 1 -18: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-1 1 , 13-18: Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-1 1 , 14-18: Acyl-CoA, or combinations thereof,
[0013] In another exemplary embodiment, the fatty-acyl desaturase is a Z9 desaturase. In various embodiments described herein, the Z9 desaturase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Ostrinia furnacalis,, Ostrinia nobiiaiis, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capiteiia, Helicoverpa assulta, or Helicoverpa zea. In exemplary embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. AY057862, AF243047, AF518017, EU152332, AF482906, and AAF81788. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z9 desaturase is codon optimized. In some embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20 from Ostrinia furnacalis. In other embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 from Lampronia capiteiia. In some embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 from Helicoverpa zea.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the Z9 desaturase catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into a monounsaturated or polyunsaturated product selected from Z9-1 1 :Acyl-CoA, Z9-12:Acyl-CoA, E9-12:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-7,9- 12: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-7,9-12:Acyi-CoA, (Z,E)-7,9-12: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-7, 9-12: Acyl- CoA, Z9-13:Acyi~CoA, E9-13:Acyl~CoA, (E,Z)-5,9-13: Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-5,9- 13:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-5,9-13: Acyl-CoA, Z9-14:Acyl-CoA, E9-14: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)- 4,9-14:Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-9, 1 1 -14: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -14: Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9, 1 1 - 14: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -14: Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-9, 12-14: Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9, 12- 14:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 12-14: Acyl-CoA, Z9-15:Acyl-CoA, E9-15: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)- 6,9-15:Acyl-CoA, Z9-16:Acyl-CoA, E9~16:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-9, 1 1 -18:Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -16:Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9,1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -16:Acyi-CoA, Z9- 17:Acyi-CoA, E9-18:Acyl-CoA, Z9-18: Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-5,9-18:Acyl-CoA, (E,E)- 9, 12-18:Acy!-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 12-18:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-18:Acy!-CoA, (Ε,Ε,Ε)- 9, 12, 15-18:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z,Z)-9, 12, 15-18: Acyl-CoA, or combinations thereof.
[0015] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express a bifunctiona! desaturase capable of catalyzing the subsequent desaturation of two double bonds.
[0016] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA. For instance, the recombinant microorganism may express an exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a Z1 1 desaturase and another exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a Z9 desaturase.
[0017] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express a fatty-acyl conjugase that acts independently or together with a fatty-acyl desaturase to catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA.
[0018] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a recombinant microorganism capable of producing a polyunsaturated C-6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated or monounsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyi conjugase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the polyunsaturated Ce- C-24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol. [0019] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl conjugases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA.
[0020] !n a further embodiment, the disclosure provides a recombinant microorganism capable of producing a polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated or monounsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyi conjugase that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated C6- C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
[0021] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl desaturases and at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl conjugases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated Ce-C-24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6~C24 fatty acyi- CoA,
[0022] In yet a further embodiment, the fatty-acyl conjugase is a conjugase capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the conjugase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Cydia pomonelia, Cydia nigricana, Lobesia botrana, Myelois cribrella, Plodia interpunctella, Dendrolimus punctatus, Lampronia capitella, Spodoptera litura, Amyelois iransitella, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, Calendula officinalis, Trichosanthes kiriiowii, Punica granatum, Momordica charantia, Impatiens balsamina, and Epiphyas postvittana. In exemplary embodiments, the conjugase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession No, or Uniprot database: A0A059TBF5, A0A0M3L9E8, A0A0M3L9S4, A0A0M3LAH8, AQA0M3LAS8, A0A0M3LAH8, B6CBS4, XP__013183656.1 , XP_ 004923568.2, ALA65425.1 , NP_001296494.1 , NP_001274330.1 , G4A181 , Q75PL7, Q9FPP8, AY178444, AY178446, AF182521 , AF182520, Q95UJ3.
[0024] In various embodiments described herein, the fatty alcohol forming acyi-CoA reductase, i.e., fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyi reductase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Spodoptera littoraiis, or Heiicoverpa amigera. In exemplary embodiments, the reductase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession !Mos. JX679210 and HG423128, and UniProt Accession No. I3PN86. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fatty- acyl reductase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Spodoptera littoraiis, or Heiicoverpa amigera is codon optimized. In some embodiments, the reductase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 from Agrotis segetum. In other embodiments, the reductase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 from Spodoptera littoraiis. In some embodiments, the reductase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 32 from Heiicoverpa armigera.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl- CoA into a fatty alcohol product selected from (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-nonenol, (Z)-5-decenoi, (E)-S-decenol, (Z)-7-dodecenol, (E)-8-dodecenol, (Z)-8- dodecenol, (Z)-9-dodecenoi, (Z)-9-tetradecenol, (Z)-9-hexadecenol, (Z)-1 1 - tetradecenol, (Z)-7-hexadecenol, (Z)~1 -hexadecenol, (E)-1 1 -tetradecenol, or (Z,Z)-1 1 ,13-hexadecadienoi, (1 1 Z, 13E)-hexadecadienol, (E,E)-8,10- dodecadienol, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienol, (Z)-13-octadecenol, or combinations thereof.
[0026] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyi reductase that catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poly- unsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acyi-CoA to a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol. Such recombinant microorganisms may be advantageously used to produce blends of various insect pheromones.
[0027] In addition to the biosynthetic pathway described in the first aspect above, the present application provides an additional biosynthetic pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol utilizing a saturated Ce- C24 fatty acyl-ACP intermediate derived from a C6-C24 fatty acid. Accordingly, in a second aspect, the application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated Ce~C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of C6-C24 fatty acid, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses (a): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acyl-ACP synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty acid to a corresponding saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acy l-ACP desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (c) one or more endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated Ce-C24 fatty acyl-ACP from (b) to a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP with a two carbon elongation relative to the product of (b); (d): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acy! reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or po!y-unsaturated C8-C24 fatty acyl-ACP from (c) into a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde; and (e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C2 fatty aldehyde C6~C24 from (d) into a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce~ C2 fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, the mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol is an insect pheromone. In some embodiments, the mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce-C24 fatty alcohol is a fragrance or flavoring agent. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, wherein the alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (e) into a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (e) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acetate.
[0028] In some embodiments, acyl-ACP synthetase is a synthetase capable of utilizing a fatty acid as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
[0029] In various embodiments described herein, the acyl-ACP synthetase, or the nucleic acid that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Vibrio harveyi, Rhodotorula glutinis, or Yarrowia !ipolytica.
[0030] In some embodiments, the fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase is a soluble desaturase. In various embodiments described herein, the fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase, or the nucleic acid that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asciepias syriaca, or Uncaria tomentosa.
[0031] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP.
[0032] As described above, fatty acid elongation enzymes, i.e., a fatty acid synthase complex, can be utilized to extend the chain length of a mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP by two additional carbons at the alpha carbon. In some embodiments, the two additional carbons are derived from endogenous malonyi-CoA. In one embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex are endogenous nucleic acid molecules, i.e., the nucleic acid molecule(s) is/are native to the recombinant microorganism. In another embodiment, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex are exogenous nucleic acid molecules,
[0033] In various embodiments described herein, the fatty aldehyde forming acyi-ACP reductase, i.e., fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species can be isolated from organisms of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asclepias syriaca, and Uncaria fomentosa.
[0034] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde. Such recombinant microorganisms may be advantageously used to produce blends of various insect pheromones. An exemplary blend according to the instant invention comprises of (Z)-1 1 - hexadecenal (Z1 1 -16: Aid) and (Z)-9-hexadecenai (Z9-16:Ald). In one embodiment, the ratio of the blend is 90: 10, 91 :9, 92:8, 93:7, 94:6, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, or 99: 1 ratio of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenal (Z1 1 -16: Aid) to (Z)-9- hexadecenal (Z9-16:Ald). In an exemplary embodiment, the blend is a 97:3 ratio of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenal (Z1 1 -16: Aid) to (Z)-9~hexadecenal (Z9-16:Ald), corresponding to key components of the Heiicoverpa female virgin.
[0036] As noted above, the recombinant microorganism according to the second aspect comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde from (d) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol. In one embodiment, the dehydrogenase is encoded by an endogenous nucleic acid molecule. In another embodiment, the dehydrogenase is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. In exemplary embodiments, the endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase is isolated from organisms of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Yarrowia iipoiytica, or Candida tropicalis. [0036] In addition to the biosynthetic pathway described in the first and second aspects above, the present application provides an additional biosynthetic pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol utilizing a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP intermediate derived from a C6-C24 fatty acid. Accordingly, in a third aspect, the application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of G6-C2 fatty acid, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses (a): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acyl-ACP synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of a Ce~C24 fatty acid to a corresponding saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C15-G24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (c) at least one exogenous fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP from (b) to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acid; (d) one or more endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding an elongase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C2 fatty acyi- CoA derived from CoA activation of the mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acid from (c) to a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C2 fatty acyi- CoA with a two carbon or greater elongation relative to the product of (c); and (e): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyi reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C2 fatty acyi-CoA from (d) into a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, the mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol is an insect pheromone. In some embodiments, the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C2 fatty alcohol is a fragrance or flavoring agent. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, wherein the alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (e) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from (e) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acetate
[0037] !n some embodiments according to this third aspect, a fatty acyi- ACP thioesterase can be utilized to convert a mono- or poly-unsaturated Ge- C24 fatty acyl-ACP into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acid. In a particular embodiment, soluble fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases can be used to release free fatty acids for reactivation to a CoA thioester. Fatty acyl- ACP thioesterases including Q41635, Q39473, P05521.2, AE 72519, AEM72520, AEM72521 , AEM72523, AAC49784, CAB60830, EER87824, EER96252, ABN54268, AA077182, CAH09238, ACL08376, and homoiogs thereof may be used. In some embodiments, the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyi-CoA may serve as a substrate for an elongase, which can be utilized to extend the chain length of a mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA by two additional carbons at the alpha carbon. In some embodiments, the two additional carbons are derived from endogenous maionyi-CoA.
[0038] As described above, in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism according to the first, second, or third aspect further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase capable of catalyzing the conversion of a mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde. In certain embodiments, the alcohol oxidase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Candida boidinii, Komagataella pastoris, Tanacefum vulgare, Simmondsia chinensis, Arabidopsis thaiiana, Lotus japonicas, or Candida iropicalis. In exemplary embodiments, the alcohol oxidase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. Q00922, F2QY27, Q6QIR6, Q8LDP0, and L7VFV2.
[0039] In alternative embodiments, the fatty alcohol may be converted into a fatty aldehyde using chemical methods, including but not limited to, the use of TEMPO-bleach, TEMPO-copper-air, TEMPO-Phi(OAc)2, Swern oxidation, or noble rneta!-air,
[0040] As described above, in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism according to the first or second aspect further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding C6-C24 fatty acetate. In certain embodiments, the acetyl transferase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Danaus piexippus, Heliotis virescens, Bombyx mori, Agrotis ipsiion, Agrotis segetum, Euonymus aiatus. In exemplary embodiments, the acetyl transferase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. AY242066, AY242065, AY242064, AY242063, AY242062, EHJ65205, ACX53812, NP_001 182381 , EHJ65977, EHJ68573, KJ579226, GU594061 .
[0041] !n alternative embodiments, the fatty alcohol may be converted into a fatty acetate using chemical methods, e.g., via chemical catalysis utilizing a chemical agent such as acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, butyryi chloride, butyric anhydride, propanoyl chloride and propionic anhydride.
[0042] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated Ce-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express one or more nucleic acids encoding protein or polypeptide which, when expressed, is toxic to an insect. Exemplary toxicant producing genes suitable for the present disclosure can be obtained from entomopathogenic organism, such as Baciiius thuringiensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and members of the genus Streptomyces. In an exemplary embodiment, the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express a nucleic acid encoding a Baciiius thuringiensis ("Bf ) toxin. In additional or alternative embodiments, the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express a nucleic acid encoding other toxic proteins such as spider venom.
[0043] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express an RNAi molecule which, when expressed, produces an oligonucleotide that is toxic to an insect.
[0044] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C-6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may further be engineered to express a metabolic pathway which, when expressed, produces a small molecule that is toxic to an insect. Non-limiting examples of toxic small molecules include azadirachtin, spinosad, avermectin, pyrethrins, and various terpenoids.
[0045] In various embodiments described herein, the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may be a eukaryotic microorganism, such as a yeast, a filamentous fungi, or an algae, or alternatively, a prokaryotic microorganism, such as a bacterium. For instance, suitable host ceils can include ceils of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenu!a, Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibaciiius, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevi bacterium, and Streptomyces,
[0046] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism comprising a biosynthesis pathway for the production of an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is a yeast. Examples of suitable yeasts include yeasts of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Kiuyveromyces, issatchenkia, Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Pachysoien, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotoruia, or Myxozyma. In certain embodiments, the yeast is an oleaginous yeast. Exemplary oleaginous yeasts suitable for use in the present disclosure include members of the genera Yarrowia,, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodospondium, Cryptococcus, Thchosporon, and Lipomyces, including, but not limited to the species of Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida tropicaiis, Rhodospondium toruloides, Lipomyces starkey, L iipoferus, C. revkaufi, C. pulcherrima, C, utiiis, Rhodotorula minuta, Thchosporon pullans, T. cutaneum, Cryptococcus curvatus, R. giutinis, and R. graminis.
[0047] As will be understood in the art, endogenous enzymes can convert critical substrates and/or intermediates upstream of or within the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate biosynthesis pathway into unwanted by-products. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate biosynthesis pathway.
[0048] In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acid into a ω- hydroxyfatty acid. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from XP_504406, XP__504857, XP__50431 1 , XP_500855, XP_S0Q856, XP_500402, XP__500097, XP_501748, XP_500560, XP_501 148, XP__501667, XP_500273, BAA02041 , CAA39366, CAA39367, BAA02210, BAA0221 1 , BAA02212, BAA02213, BAA02214, AA073952, AA073953, AA073954, AA073955, AA073956, AA073958, AA073959, AAO73960, AA073981 , AA073957, XP_002546278, or homoiogs thereof. In the context of a recombinant bacterial microorganism, the recombinant bacterial microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from BAM49649, AAB80867, AAB17462, ADL27534, AAU24352, AAA87602, CAA34612, ABM17701 , AAA25760, CAB51047, AAC82967, WP_01 1027348, or homoiogs thereof. [0049] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into α,β-enoyl-CoA. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from CAA04659, CAA04660, CAA04861 , CAA04662, CAA04683, CAG79214, AAA34322, AAA34361 , AAA34363, CAA29901 , BAA04761 , AAA34891 , or homoiogs thereof. In the context of a recombinant bacterial microorganism, the recombinant bacterial microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from AAB08643, CAB15271 , BAN55749, CAC44516, ADK16968, AEI37634, WP_000973047, WPJ325433422, WP_035184107, WPJ328484842, CEL80920, WPJ32681 S657, WP_005293707, WP_005883960, or homoiogs thereof.
[0050] In embodiments where the recombinant microorganism is a yeast microorganism, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme involved in peroxisome assembly and/or peroxisome enzyme import. The recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more enzyme selected from XP_505754, XP__501986, XP_50131 1 , XP__504S45, XP__503326, XP_504029, XPJ302549S6S, XPJ3G2547156, XPJ3Q2545227, XPJ3Q2547350, XP_002546990, E1W1 1539, EIW08094, EIW1 1472, EIW09743, EIW08286, or homoiogs thereof.
[0051] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous reductase or desaturase enzymes that interferes with the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate, i.e., catalyzes the conversion of a pathway substrate or product into an unwanted by-product.
[0052] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes that catalyzes the unwanted conversion of the desired product, e.g., unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde.
[0053] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the biosynthesis pathway for one or more unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA intermediates. In one embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more diacylgiycerol acyitransferases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more diacylgiycerol acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YAU0E32769g, YALI0D07988g and CTRG_06209, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more glycerolphospholipid acyitransferases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more glycerolphospholipid acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YALI0E16797g and CTG_04390, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more acyl-CoA/sterol acyitransferases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more acyl~CoA/steroi acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YALI0F08578g, CTRGJD1764 and CTRGJ31785, or homolog thereof.
[0054] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that oxidizes fatty aldehyde intermediates. In one embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases selected from the group consisting of YALI0A17875g, YALI0E15400g, YALI0B01298g, YAUGF23793g, CTRGJ35G10 and CTRGJ34471 , or homolog thereof.
[0055] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that consumes fatty acetate products. In one embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more sterol esterases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more sterol esterases selected from the group consisting of YALI0E32035g, YALI0E00528g, CTRGJ31 138, CTRG_01683 and CTRGJ3463Q, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more triacylglycerol lipases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more triacylglycerol lipases selected from the group consisting of YAL!0D17534g, YALI0F10010g, CTRG__00057 and CTRG__08185, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more monoacylgiycerol lipases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more monoacylgiycerol lipases selected from the group consisting of YAL!0C14520g, CTRG_03360 and CTRG__05049, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more extracellular lipases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more extracellular lipases selected from the group consisting of YALI0A20350g, YALI0D19184g, YALI0B09361 g, CTRGJ3S930, CTRGJ34188, CTRGJ32799, CTRG_03052 and CTRGJ33885, or homolog thereof.
[0066] In embodiments where the recombinant microorganism is a yeast microorganism, one or more of the exogenous unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate pathway genes encodes an enzyme that is localized to a yeast compartment selected from the group consisting of the cytosol, the mitochondria, or the endoplasmic reticulum. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more of the exogenous pathway genes encodes an enzyme that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. In another embodiment, at least two exogenous pathway genes encode an enzyme that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. In yet another embodiment, all exogenous pathway genes encodes an enzyme that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
[0057] In a fourth aspect, the present application provides methods of producing an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate using a recombinant microorganism as described herein. In one embodiment, the method includes cultivating the recombinant microorganism in a culture medium containing a feedstock providing a carbon source until the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is produced and optionally, recovering the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate. Once produced, the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate may be isolated from the fermentation medium using various methods known in the art including, but not limited to, distillation, membrane-based separation gas stripping, solvent extraction, and expanded bed adsorption.
[0058] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism, e.g., a yeast, may be recovered and produced in dry particulate form. In embodiments involving yeast, the yeast may be dried to produce powdered yeast. In some embodiments, the process for producing powdered yeast comprises spray drying a liquid yeast composition in air, optionally followed by further drying. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism composition will comprise the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate when dried.
[0059] As described herein, preferred recombinant microorganisms of the disclosure will have the ability to utilize aikanes and fatty acids as carbon sources. However, as will be understood in the art, a variety of carbon sources may be utilized, including but not limited to, various sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, or sucrose), glycerol, alcohols (e.g., ethanol), organic acids, lignocellulose, proteins, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, as well as the aforementioned alkanes and fatty acids. In an exemplary embodiment, the recombinant microorganism will convert the carbon source to the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate under aerobic conditions.
[0060] As highlighted above, the present application provides methods of producing one or more unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, or acetates using a recombinant microorganism as described herein. In some embodiments, the product is an insect pheromone. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan equipped with the instant disclosure, a variety of different exogenous and endogenous enzymes can be expressed in a recombinant host microorganism to produce a desired insect pheromone. Exemplary insect pheromones in the form of fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, or fatty acetates capable of being generated using the recombinant microorganisms and methods described herein include, but are not limited to, (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenal, (Z)-1 1 hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyi acetate, (Z,Z)-1 1 , 3- hexadecadienal, (9Z, 1 1 E)-hexadecadienal, (E, E)-8, 10-dodecadien-1 -ol, (7E,9Z)~ dodecadienyl acetate, (Z)-3-nonen-1 -ol, (Z)-5-decen-1 -ol, (Z)-5- decenyi acetate, (E)-5-decen-1 -ol, (E)-S-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecen-1 -ol, (Z)~7-dodecenyi acetate, (E)~8-dodecen-1 ~oi, (E)-8~dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8- dodecen-1 -oi, (Z)-S-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecen-1 -ol, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1 -ol, (Z)-1 1 -tetraceden-1 -ol, (Z)-1 1 -tetracedenyl acetate, (E)-1 1 -tetradecen-1 -ol, (E)-1 1 -tetradecenyi acetate, (Z)-7-hexadecen- 1 -ol, (Z)-7-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecen-1 -oi, (Z)-9-hexadecenai, (Z)-9- hexadecenyi acetate, (Z)-1 1 -hexadecen-1 -ol, (Z)-13-octadecen-1 -ol, and (Z)- 13-octadecenal.
[0061] In a fifth aspect, the present application provides compositions comprising one of more of the insect pheromone-producing recombinant microorganisms described herein. In certain embodiments, the composition may further comprise one or more insect pheromones produced by the recombinant microorganism. In further embodiments, the may additionally comprise one or more toxic proteins or poiypeptides produced by the recombinant microorganism.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0062] Illustrative embodiments of the disclosure are illustrated in the drawings, in which:
[0063] Figure 1 illustrates the conversion of a saturated fatty acyl-CoA to an unsaturated fatty alcohol,
[0064] Figure 2 illustrates the conversion of a saturated fatty acid to a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty aldehyde, alcohol, or acetate.
[0066] Figure 3 illustrates an additional pathway for the conversion of a saturated fatty acid to a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty aldehyde, alcohol, or acetate
[0066] Figure 4 illustrates a pathway for the conversion of a saturated fatty acid to various trienes, dienes, epoxides, and odd-numbered pheromones.
[0067] Figure 5 shows Z1 1 -hexadecenol production from W303A and BY4742 ΔΡΟΧ1. Strain expressing empty vector (EV), S. littoralis reductase (FAR-SL), H, armigera reductase (FAR-HA), A. segetum reductase (FAR-AS). Error bars represent standard deviation derived from N=2 biologically- independent samples.
[0068] Figure 6A-Figure 6B shows sample chromatograms of biotransformation product of Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid using S. cerevisiae expressing either an empty vector (Figure 6A), or Helicoverpa armigera alcohol-forming reductase (Figure 6B). Black lines: no substrate added. Purple line: Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was added as substrate.
[0069] Figure 7A-Figure 7B shows a comparison of GC-IVIS fragmentation pattern of Z1 1 -hexadecenol authentic compound (Figure 7A), and Z1 1 - hexadecenol biologically derived (Figure 7B). [0070] Figure 8 shows biomass at the time of harvesting for product analysis of W303A (wild type) and BY4742 ΔΡΟΧ1 (beta-oxidation deletion mutant). Strain expressing empty vector (EV), S. littoralis reductase (FAR-SL), H. armigera reductase (FAR-HA), A. segetum reductase (FAR-AS). Error bars represent standard deviation derived from N=2 biologically-independent samples,
[0071] Figure 9 shows a Z1 1 -hexedecenoi calibration curve constructed using an authentic standard. The samples were generated with the extraction and analysis method described in Materials and Methods of Example 3. Error bars represent standard deviation derived from N = 3 samples.
[0072] Figure 10 shows a pOLE1 cassette comprising an extended OLE1 promoter sequence (light yellow), OLE1 promoter (orange), OLE1 leader sequence (dark grey), a synthon such as an insect desaturase sequence (light grey), and the VSP13 terminator sequence (blue).
[0073] Figure 11A-Figure 11 E shows validation of the pOLE1 cassette, and complementation assay. Figure 11 A: YPD + palmitoieic acid; Figure 11 B: YPD - palmitoieic acid; Figure 11C: CM-Ura glucose + palmitoieic acid; Figure 11 D: CM-Ura glucose - palmitoieic acid; Figure 11 E: Map of strains in Figure 1 1A-Figure 1 1 D. Dasher = GFP synthon.
[0074] Figure 12A shows complementation of ΔΟί.Ε1 growth without UFA on YPD.
[0075] Figure 12B shows complementation of ΔΟί,ΕΙ growth without UFA on CM-Ura glucose,
[0076] Figure 13A shows the full fatty acid spectrum of a ΔΟΙ.Ε1 strain expressing: S, cerevisiae OLE1 desaturase (blue), chimeric 7. ni desaturase (red),
[0077] Figure 13B shows a focused fatty acid spectrum within 5.5-min - 8- min retention time of S. cerevisiae ΔΟΙ_Ε1 strain expressing S, cerevisiae OLE1 desaturase (red) and chimeric 7. ni desaturase (blue). [0078] Figure 14A-Figure 14B shows a comparison of GC-MS fragmentation pattern of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid from an authentic compound (Figure 14A) and biologically derived (Figure 14B).
[0079] Figure 15 shows C18 fatty alcohol production from ΔΟΙ_Ε1 expressing various fatty alcohol pathway variants in culture supplemented with palmitic and palmitoleic acid. Error bars represent 5% uncertainty of metabolite quantification accuracy.
[0080] Figure 16 shows representative chromatograms of biotransformation product C16 fatty acids using S. cerevisiae expressing fatty alcohol pathways TN__desat - HA_reduc when fed with palmitic acid (black) and when fed with palmitic and palmitoleic acids (orange). Profile of a negative control strain (harboring an empty vector) fed with palmitic acid (purple).
[0081] Figure 17 shows that (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was detected in the ceil pellets of S. cerevisiae expressing fatty alcohol pathways TN_desat-SL_reduc (blue), SC__desat-HA__reduc (red), TN_desat-HA_reduc (green), SC_desat-SL_reduc (pink).
[0082] Figure 18 shows C16 fatty alcohol production from AOLE1 expressing various fatty alcohol pathway variants in culture supplemented with palmitic acid only. Error bars represent 5% uncertainty of metabolite quantification accuracy.
[0083] Figure ISA-Figure 19C shows detection of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenol. Figure 19A: Fragmentation pattern of an authentic standard. The m/z 297.3 was used in follow up experiments to selectively detect the alcohol. To also detect the internal standard, the masses 208 and 387.3 were included too. Figure 19B: In addition to the detection of the specific mass fragment, the retention time was used as second stage confirmation. The retention time is 6.22. Figure 19C: Comparison of the two different regioisomers 9Z- and 1 1 Z-hexadecenol when detected in Sl!vl mode (297.3) with the same method.
[0084] Figure 20 shows pXICL expression cassette architecture. The C. albicans OLE1 leader-A segetum desaturase fusion is also shown. [0085] Figure 21A~Figure 21 D shows mCherry control integration. Figure 21 A: Negative (water-only) control transformation plate. Figure 21 B: pPV0137 mCherry transformation plate. Figure 21C: Patch plates from negative control clones. Figure 21 D: Patch plates from pPV0137 clones.
[0086] Figure 22 shows integration efficiency as a function of total observed colonies. A control plate with no DNA added to the transformation was observed to have 350 colonies (indicated by orange line). The fraction of clones confirmed to be positive integrants is positively correlated with total colony count. A sharp increase is observed above 6,000 total colonies. The data suggests that the presence of positive integrants increases the observed background growth. For some transformations the efficiency was high enough that the background population was small relative to the positive integrant population.
[0087] Figure 23 shows a chromatogram overlay of Candida iropicaiis SPV053 strains. Compared to the mCherry (red) control experiment a clear peak at 6.22 min is observable for the A. transitella (blue) and H. zea (green) desaturase. Therefore, the formation of Z- 1 ~hexadecenoic acid is only observable in strains expressing an active Z1 1 -desaturase.
[0088] Figure 24A-Figure 24E shows confirmation of the 1 1 Z-regioisomer. Figure 24A: The specific peak with an ion fragment of 245 m/z was only observed in C, iropicaiis SPV053 expressing either the Z1 1 -desaturase from A. transitella or H. zea. Figure 24B: The fragmentation patterns of the authentic standard. Figure 24D: The fragmentation patterns of the newly formed compound in samples with expressed desaturase from H. zea match those of the standard. Figure 24E: The fragmentation patterns of the newly formed compound in samples with expressed desaturase from A. transitella match those of the standard. Figure 24C: The fragmentation patterns of the mCherry control siqnificantiy differ from those of Figure 24B, Figure 24D and Figure 24E.
[0089] Figure 25A~Figure 25B shows a GC-F!D chromatogram of different C. iropicaiis SPV053 strains incubated with methyl tretradecanoate. Figure 25A: Overall spectrum. The occurrence of the Z 1 -C16: 1 peak is observable for the strains expressing the Z1 1 -desaturases from A. transiteila and H. zea. Figure 25B: Zoom of the C14 to C18 area. A new peak is visible at 4.8 min, which could correspond to Z1 1 -C14: 1 . Another peak near Z9-C18: 1 is also visible, which could correspond to Z1 1 -C18: 1 .
[0090] Figure 26 shows only codon optimized H. zea desaturase variants produce detectable Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid in SPV140 screen. control=pPV101 integrants of SPV140, 7. ni native =T. ni Z1 1 desaturase with native codon usage (pPV195), 7. ni HS opt = 7. ni Z1 1 desaturase with Homo sapiens codon optimization (pPV196), 7. ni HS opt Yl leader = 7 ni Z1 1 desaturase with Homo sapiens codon optimization and swapped V. !ipolyiica OLE1 leader sequence (pPV197), H. zea native =H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with native codon usage (pPV198), H. zea HS opt = H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with Homo sapiens codon optimization (pPV199), H, zea HS opt Yi leader = H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with Homo sapiens codon optimization and swapped Y, iipolytica OLE1 leader sequence (pPV200), A. transiteila native =A. transiteila Z1 1 desaturase with native codon usage (pPV201 ). All data average of 3 biological replicates. Error bars represent standard deviation.
[0091] Figure 27 shows only codon optimized H. zea desaturase variants produce detectable Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid in SPV300 screen. Labels indicate parent strain and piasmid of desaturase expression cassette. pPV1 Q1 ~hrGFP control, pPV198= H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with native codon usage, ρΡΥΙ ΘΘ^ H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with Homo sapiens codon optimization, pPV200= H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with Homo sapiens codon optimization and swapped Y. Iipolytica OLE1 leader sequence, pPV201 = A. transiteila Z1 1 desaturase with native codon usage.
[0092] Figure 28 shows final cell densities for desaturase screen in SPV140 and SPV300 backgrounds. SPV300 strains with integrated desaturase cassettes grew to higher ceil densities. [0093] Figure 29 shows individual isolate Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid titers for SPV140 and SPV300 strains expressing H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with hi. sapiens codon optimization.
[0094] Figure 30 shows a chromatogram overlay of extracted metabolites for Z1 1 -160H producing strain (SPV0490) versus control strain (SPV0488) of Candida viswanathii (tropicaiis).
[0095] Figure 31 illustrates pathways that can be deleted or disrupted to reduce or eliminate competition with the biosynthesis pathway for the production of a mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate.
[0096] Figure 32A-Fsgure 32B shows Z9-160H and Z1 1 -160H titers in YPD (Figure 32A) and Semi-Defined C:N=80 (Figure 32B) media for pEXP clones. Ten isolates expressing the H. zea desaturase under the TEF promoter and H. armigera reductase under the EXP promoter from two independent competent ceil preparations (Comp. Cell Preparation 1 , Comp. Cell Preparation 2) were compared to a parental negative control (SPV300) and a desaturase only negative control (SPV459 Hzjdesat only). Error bars represent the SEM (standard error of the mean) measured from technical replicates for each strain and condition (N=2). One replicate from Clone 5 and Clone 18 under the Semi-Defined CilM^SQ condition was lost during sample work-up so the titers for that condition are from a single data point (N=1 , Comp. Ceil Preparation 1 Clone 18 and Comp. Cell Preparation 2 Clone 5).
[0097] Figure 33A-Fsgure 33B shows profiles of 16-carbon fatty acid species in YPD (Figure 33A) and Semi-Defined C:N=80 (Figure 33B) media for pEXP1 clones. The 18-carbon lipid profiles of 5 select clones expressing the H. zea desaturase under the TEF promter and hi. armigera reductase under the EXP promoter are compared to a parental negative control (SPV300) and a desaturase only negative control (SPV459 Hz__desat only). Error bars represent the SEM (standard error of the mean) measured from technical replicates for each strain and condition (N=2). [0098] Figure 34 shows Z9-160H and Z1 1 -160H titers in Semi-Defined C:N=80 media for pTAL1 clones. Nine isolates expressing the H, zea desaturase under the TEF promoter and H. armigera reductase under the TAL promoter were compared to a parental negative control (SPV300) and positive Bdr pathway controls using the EXP promoter to drive H. armigera FAR expression (SPV575, SPV578). Error bars represent the SEM (standard error of the mean) measured from technical replicates for each strain and condition (N=2).
[0099] Figure 35 shows profiles of 16-carbon fatty acid species in Semi- Defined C:N=80 medium for pTAL1 clones. The 16-carbon lipid profiles of 5 select clones expressing the H. zea desaturase under the TEF promoter and H. armigera reductase under the EXP promoter are compared to a parental negative control (SPV300) and positive Bdr pathway controls using the EXP promoter to drive H, armigera FAR expression (SPV575, SPV578). Error bars represent the SEM (standard error of the mean) measured from technical replicates for each strain and condition (N=2).* indicates clones for which one of the replicates was lost during sample processing, N=1 .
[00100] Figure 36 shows full Bdr pathway pTAL1 screen (strains expressing H. zea Z1 1 desaturase (pTEF) and H. armigera FAR) full lipid profiles in Semi- Defined C:N=80 medium after 48 hours of bioconversion. Error bars represent the SEM (standard error of the mean) measured from technical replicates for each strain and condition (N=2).* indicates clones for which one of the replicates was lost during sample processing, N=1 .
[00101] Figure 37A- gure 37B shows SPV471 (H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ expressing native Y. iipolytica OLE1 and H. armigera FAR) Z9-180H (Figure 37A) and fatty acid (Figure 37B) titers in Semi-Defined C:N=80 medium after 24 hours of bioconversion. Error bars represent the SEM (standard error of the mean) measured from technical replicates for each strain and condition (N=2).
[00102] Figure 38 shows SPV471 (H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ expressing native Y. iipolytica OLE1 and H. armigera FAR) full lipid profiles in Semi-Defined C:N=80 medium after 24 hours of bioconversion. [00103] Figure 39A~Figure 39B shows SPV471 (H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ expressing native Y, !ipolytica OLE1 and H. armigera FAR) Z9-180H (Figure 39A) and Z9-16Acid (Figure 39B) titer time courses. Bioconversion of 16Acid was conducted in Semi-Defined C: N=80 medium using a methyl palmitate (16Acid) substrate.
Figure imgf000031_0001
[00104] A sequence listing for SEQ ID NO: 1 -■ SEQ ID NO: 38 is part of this application and is incorporated by reference herein. The sequence listing is provided at the end of this document.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions
[00106] The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the disclosure.
[00106] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a pheromone" includes a plurality of such pheromones and reference to "the microorganism" includes reference to one or more microorganisms, and so forth.
[00107] As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having, "contains," "containing," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. A composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive "or" and not to an exclusive "or." [00108] The terms "about" and "around," as used herein to modify a numerical value, indicate a close range surrounding that explicit value. If "X" were the value, "about X" or "around X" would indicate a value from 0.9X to 1 .1X, or, in some embodiments, a value from 0.95X to 1 .05X. Any reference to "about X" or "around X" specifically indicates at least the values X, 0.95X, 0.96X, 0.97X, 0.98X, 0.99X, 1 .01X, 1 .02X, 1 .03X, 1.04X, and 1 .05X. Thus, "about X" and "around X" are intended to teach and provide written description support for a claim limitation of, e.g., "0.98X."
[00109] As used herein, the terms "microbial," "microbial organism," and "microorganism" include any organism that exists as a microscopic cell that is included within the domains of archaea, bacteria or eukarya, the latter including yeast and filamentous fungi, protozoa, algae, or higher Protista. Therefore, the term is intended to encompass prokaryotic or eukaryotic ceils or organisms having a microscopic size and includes bacteria, archaea, and eubacteria of all species as well as eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeast and fungi. Also included are ceil cultures of any species that can be cultured for the production of a chemical.
[00110] As described herein, in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganisms are prokaryotic microorganism. In some embodiments, the prokaryotic microorganisms are bacteria. "Bacteria", or "eubacteria", refers to a domain of prokaryotic organisms. Bacteria include at least eleven distinct groups as follows: (1 ) Gram-positive (gram+) bacteria, of which there are two major subdivisions: (1 ) high G+C group (Actinomycetes, Mycobacteria, Micrococcus, others) (2) low G+C group (Bacillus, Clostridia, Lactobacillus, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Mycoplasmas); (2) Proteobacteria, e.g., Purple photosynthetic +non-photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria (includes most "common" Gram-negative bacteria); (3) Cyanobacteria, e.g., oxygenic phototrophs; (4) Spirochetes and related species; (5) P!anctomyces; (6) Bacteroides, Flavobacteria; (7) Chlamydia; (8) Green sulfur bacteria; (9) Green non-sulfur bacteria (also anaerobic phototrophs); (10) Radioresistant micrococci and relatives; (1 1 ) Thermotoga and Thermosipho thermophiles.
[00111] "Gram-negative bacteria" include cocci, nonenteric rods, and enteric rods. The genera of Gram-negative bacteria include, for example, Neisseria, Spirillum, Pasteurella, Brucella, Yersinia, Francisella, Haemophilus, Bordetella, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Acetobacter, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Azotobacter, Spirilla, Serratia, Vibrio, Rhizobium, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Treponema, and Fusobacterium.
[00112] "Gram positive bacteria" include cocci, nonsporulating rods, and sporuiating rods. The genera of gram positive bacteria include, for example, Actinomyces, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebactehum, Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Myxococcus, Nocardia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Streptomyces.
[00113] The term "recombinant microorganism" and "recombinant host ceil" are used interchangeably herein and refer to microorganisms that have been genetically modified to express or to overexpress endogenous enzymes, to express heterologous enzymes, such as those included in a vector, in an integration construct, or which have an alteration in expression of an endogenous gene. By "alteration" it is meant that the expression of the gene, or level of a RNA molecule or equivalent RNA molecules encoding one or more polypeptides or polypeptide subunits, or activity of one or more polypeptides or polypeptide subunits is up regulated or down regulated, such that expression, level, or activity is greater than or less than that observed in the absence of the alteration. For example, the term "alter" can mean "inhibit," but the use of the word "alter" is not limited to this definition. It is understood that the terms "recombinant microorganism" and "recombinant host cell" refer not only to the particular recombinant microorganism but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a microorganism. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.
[00114] The term "expression" with respect to a gene sequence refers to transcription of the gene and, as appropriate, translation of the resulting mRNA transcript to a protein. Thus, as will be clear from the context, expression of a protein results from transcription and translation of the open reading frame sequence. The level of expression of a desired product in a host cell may be determined on the basis of either the amount of corresponding mRNA that is present in the cell, or the amount of the desired product encoded by the selected sequence. For example, mRNA transcribed from a selected sequence can be quantitated by qRT-PCR or by Northern hybridization (see Sambrook et ai., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989)). Protein encoded by a selected sequence can be quantitated by various methods, e.g., by ELISA, by assaying for the biological activity of the protein, or by employing assays that are independent of such activity, such as western blotting or radioimmunoassay, using antibodies that recognize and bind the protein. See Sambrook et ai., 1989, supra.
[00115] The term "polynucleotide" is used herein interchangeably with the term "nucleic acid" and refers to an organic polymer composed of two or more monomers including nucleotides, nucleosides or analogs thereof, including but not limited to single stranded or double stranded, sense or antisense deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of any length and, where appropriate, single stranded or double stranded, sense or antisense ribonucleic acid (RNA) of any length, including siRNA. The term "nucleotide" refers to any of several compounds that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a purine or a pyrimidine base and to a phosphate group, and that are the basic structural units of nucleic acids. The term "nucleoside" refers to a compound (as guanosine or adenosine) that consists of a purine or pyrimidine base combined with deoxyribose or ribose and is found especially in nucleic acids. The term "nucleotide analog" or "nucleoside analog" refers, respectively, to a nucleotide or nucleoside in which one or more individual atoms have been replaced with a different atom or with a different functional group. Accordingly, the term polynucleotide includes nucleic acids of any length, DNA, RNA, analogs and fragments thereof. A polynucleotide of three or more nucleotides is also called nucieotidic oligomer or oligonucleotide.
[00116] It is understood that the polynucleotides described herein include "genes" and that the nucleic acid molecules described herein include "vectors" or "piasmids." Accordingly, the term "gene", also called a "structural gene" refers to a polynucleotide that codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, which comprise all or part of one or more proteins or enzymes, and may include regulatory (non-transcribed) DNA sequences, such as promoter sequences, which determine for example the conditions under which the gene is expressed. The transcribed region of the gene may include untranslated regions, including introns, 5'-untranslated region (UTR), and S'-UTR, as well as the coding sequence.
[00117] The term "enzyme" as used herein refers to any substance that catalyzes or promotes one or more chemical or biochemical reactions, which usually includes enzymes totally or partially composed of a polypeptide or polypeptides, but can include enzymes composed of a different molecule including polynucleotides.
[00118] As used herein, the term "non-naturally occurring," when used in reference to a microorganism organism or enzyme activity of the disclosure, is intended to mean that the microorganism organism or enzyme has at least one genetic alteration not normally found in a naturally occurring strain of the referenced species, including wild-type strains of the referenced species. Genetic alterations include, for example, modifications introducing expressible nucleic acids encoding metabolic polypeptides, other nucleic acid additions, nucleic acid deletions and/or other functional disruption of the microorganism's genetic material. Such modifications include, for example, coding regions and functional fragments thereof, for heterologous, homologous, or both heterologous and homologous polypeptides for the referenced species. Additional modifications include, for example, non-coding regulatory regions in which the modifications alter expression of a gene or operon. Exemplary non-naturally occurring microorganism or enzyme activity includes the hydroxylation activity described above.
[00119] The term "exogenous" as used herein with reference to various molecules, e.g., polynucleotides, polypeptides, enzymes, etc., refers to molecules that are not normally or naturally found in and/or produced by a given yeast, bacterium, organism, microorganism, or ceil in nature.
[00120] On the other hand, the term "endogenous" or "native" as used herein with reference to various molecules, e.g., polynucleotides, polypeptides, enzymes, etc., refers to molecules that are normally or naturally found in and/or produced by a given yeast, bacterium, organism, microorganism, or cell in nature,
[00121] The term "heterologous" as used herein in the context of a modified host cell refers to various molecules, e.g. , polynucleotides, polypeptides, enzymes, etc. , wherein at least one of the following is true: (a) the molecule(s) is/are foreign ("exogenous") to (i.e. , not naturally found in) the host cell; (b) the moiecule(s) is/are naturally found in (e.g. , is "endogenous to") a given host microorganism or host cell but is either produced in an unnatural location or in an unnatural amount in the cell; and/or (c) the molecuie(s) differ(s) in nucleotide or amino acid sequence from the endogenous nucleotide or amino acid sequence(s) such that the molecule differing in nucleotide or amino acid sequence from the endogenous nucleotide or amino acid as found endogenously is produced in an unnatural (e.g. , greater than naturally found) amount in the ceil,
[00122] The term "homoiog," as used herein with respect to an original enzyme or gene of a first family or species, refers to distinct enzymes or genes of a second family or species which are determined by functional, structural, or genomic analyses to be an enzyme or gene of the second family or species which corresponds to the original enzyme or gene of the first family or species. Homologs most often have functional, structural, or genomic similarities. Techniques are known by which homologs of an enzyme or gene can readily be cloned using genetic probes and PGR. Identity of cloned sequences as homologs can be confirmed using functional assays and/or by genomic mapping of the genes.
[00123] A protein has "homology" or is "homologous" to a second protein if the amino acid sequence encoded by a gene has a similar amino acid sequence to that of the second gene. Alternatively, a protein has homology to a second protein if the two proteins have "similar" amino acid sequences. Thus, the term "homologous proteins" is intended to mean that the two proteins have similar amino acid sequences. In certain instances, the homology between two proteins is indicative of its shared ancestry, related by evolution. [00124] The term "fatty acid" as used herein refers to a compound of structure R-COOH, wherein R is a C6 to C24 saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon and the carboxyl group is at position 1 . In a particular embodiment, R is a Ce to C24 saturated or unsaturated linear hydrocarbon and the carboxyl group is at position 1.
[00125] The term "fatty alcohol" as used herein refers to an aliphatic alcohol having the formula R-OH, wherein R is a C6 to C24 saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon. In a particular embodiment, R is a Ce to C24 saturated or unsaturated linear hydrocarbon.
[00126] The term "fatty acyl-CoA" refers to a compound having the structure R-(CO)-S-R|, wherein R is Coenzyme A, and the term "fatty acyi-AGP" refers to a compound having the structure R-(CO)~S~Ri , wherein Ri is an acyi carrier protein ACP. reduction
[00127] The present disclosure addresses the need for novel technologies for the cost-efficient production of valuable products from low-cost feedstocks. Specifically, the present inventors have addressed this need with the development of recombinant microorganisms capable of producing a wide- range of unsaturated Ce-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates including synthetic insect pheromones, fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates from low-cost feedstocks. Thus, aspects of the disclosure are based on the inventors' discovery that recombinant microorganisms can be engineered in order to produce valuable products from low-cost feedstocks, which circumvents conventional synthetic methodologies to produce valuable products.
[00128] As discussed above, recombinant microorganisms can be engineered to synthesize mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols. Mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols synthesized as described herein can be further converted into the corresponding aldehydes or acetates. Thus, various embodiments of the present disclosure can be used to synthesize a variety of insect pheromones selected from fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates. Additionally, embodiments described herein can also be used for the synthesis of fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates. eromones
[00129] As described above, embodiments of the disclosure provide for the synthesis of one or more insect pheromones using a recombinant microorganism. A pheromone is a volatile chemical compound that is secreted by a particular insect for the function of chemical communication within the species. That is, a pheromone is secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. There are, inter alia, alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, aggregation pheromones, epideictic pheromones, releaser pheromones, primer pheromones, and territorial pheromones, that affect behavior or physiology.
[00130] Non-limiting examples of insect pheromones which can be synthesized using the recombinant microorganisms and methods disclosed herein include linear alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates listed in Table 1.
Table 1. C6-C2o Linear Pheromones
Figure imgf000038_0001
Name Name
(E)~4-Decenyl acetate (Z)-8-Pentadecen-1 -ol
(Z)-4-Decenyl acetate (Z)-8-Pentadeceny! acetate
(Z)~4-Decenai (Z)~9~Pentadecenyl acetate
(E)-5-Decen-1 -ol (E)-9-Pentadecenyi acetate
(E)~5-Decenyl acetate (Z)-10-Pentadecenyl acetate
(Z)-5-Decen-1 -ol (Z)-10-Pentadecenal
(Z)-5-Deceny! acetate (E)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate
(Z)-5-Decenal (Z)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate
(E)-7-Deceny! acetate (Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadien-1 -ol
(Z)-7-Decenyl acetate (Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadienyl acetate
(E)-8-Decen-1 -ol (Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadienal
(E, E)~2,4-Decadienal (E, E)-8, 10~Pentadecadienyl acetate
(E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal (E,Z)-8, 10-Pentadecadien-1 -ol
(Z,Z)-2,4-Decadienai (E,Z)-8, 10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
(E,E)-3,5-Decadienyi acetate (Z, E)-8, 10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
(Z,E)-3,5~Decadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-8, 10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
(Z,Z)-4,7-Decadien-1 -ol (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -Pentadecadienal
(Z,Z)-4,7-Decadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -Pentadecadienal
(E)-2-Undecenyl acetate (Z)-3-Hexadecenyl acetate
(E)~2-Undecenal (E)-5-Hexadecen-1 -o!
(Z)-5-Undecenyl acetate (E)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate
(Z)-7-Undeceny! acetate (Z)-5-Hexadecen-1 -ol
(Z)-8-Undecenyl acetate (Z)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate
(Z)-9-Undecenyl acetate (E)-6-Hexadecenyl acetate
(E)-2~Dodecenal (E)-7~Hexadecen~1 -ol Name Name
(Z)-3~Dodecen~1 -ol (E)~7-Hexadecenyl acetate
(E)-3-Dodeceny1 acetate (E)-7-Hexadecena!
(Z)~3-Dodecenyl acetate (Z)~7~Hexadecen-1 ~ol
(E)-4-Dodecenyl acetate (Z)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate
(E)~5-Dodecen-1 ~ol (Z)-7-Hexadecenal
(E)-5-Dodecenyl acetate (E)-S-Hexadecenyl acetate
(Z)-5-Dodecen-1 -o! (E)-9-Hexadecen-1 -ol
(Z)-5-Dodecenyl acetate (E)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate
(Z)-5-Dodecena! (E)-9-Hexadecena!
(E)-6-Dodecen-1 -ol (Z)-9-Hexadecen-1 -ol
(Z)-6-Dodeceny! acetate (Z)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate
(E)~6-Dodecenal (Z)~9-Hexadecenal
(E)-7-Dodecen-1 -ol (E)-10-Hexadecen-1 -ol
(E)-7~Dodecenyi acetate (E)- 0-Hexadecenal
(E)-7-Dodecenal (Z)-I O-Hexadecenyl acetate
(Z)-7~Dodecen~1 -ol (Z)-10-Hexadecenal
(Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate (E)-1 1 -Hexadecen-1 -ol
(Z)-7-Dodecenal (E)-1 1 -Hexadecenyl acetate
(E)-8-Dodecen-1 -ol (E)-1 1 -Hexadecenal
(E)-8-Dodeceny! acetate (Z)-1 1 -Hexadecen-1 -ol
(E)-8-Dodecenal (Z)-1 1 -Hexadecenyl acetate
(Z)-8-Dodecen-1 -o! (Z)-1 1 -Hexadecenal
(Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate (Z)-12-Hexadecenyl acetate
(E)-9-Dodecen-1 -ol (Z)-12-Hexadecenal
(E)-9~Dodecenyi acetate (E)- 4-Hexadecenal Name Name
(E)~9-Dodecenal (Z)~14~Hexadecenyl acetate
(Z)-9-Dodecen-1 -ol (E,E)-1 ,3-Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(Z)~9-Dodecenyl acetate (E!Z)~4,6~Hexadecadien~1 -ol
(Z)-9-Dodecenal (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(E)~10~Dodecen~1 -ol (E!Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienal
(E)-I O-Dodecenyi acetate (E,Z)-6, 1 1 -Hexadecadienyl acetate
(E)-I O-Dodecenal (E,Z)-6, 1 1 -Hexadecadienal
(Z)-10-Dodecen-1 -ol (Z,Z)-7, 10-Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(Z)- 0-Dodeceny! acetate (Z,Z)-7, 10-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(E,Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate (Z, E)-7, 1 1 -Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(Z,E)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate (Z,E)-7,1 1 -Hexadecadienyl acetate
(Z,Z)~3,6~Dodecadien~1 -ol (Z, E)-7, 1 1 -Hexadecadienal
(E,E)-4, 10-Dodecadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-7, 1 1 -Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(E,E)-5,7~Dodecadien-1 ~ol (Z,Z)~7, 1 1 -Hexadecadienyl acetate
(E,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-7, 1 1 -Hexadecadienal
(E,Z)-5,7~Dodecadien-1 -ol (Z,Z)-8, 10-Hexadecadienyi acetate
(E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate (E,Z)-8, 1 1 -Hexadecadienal
(E,Z)~5,7-Dodecadienai (E, E)-9, 1 1 -Hexadecadienal
(Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1 -ol (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -Hexadecadienyl acetate
(Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -Hexadecadienal
(Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienal (Z, E)-9, 1 1 -Hexadecadienal
(Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -Hexadecadienal
(Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal (E,E)-10, 12-Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(E,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate (E, E)-10, 12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(E,Z)~7,9-Dodecadien~1 -ol (E, E)-10, 12~Hexadecadienai Name Name
(E,Z)-7,9~Dodecadienyl acetate (E,Z)- 0, 12-Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienal (E,Z)-10, 12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(Z,E)~7,9-Dodecadien~1 -oi (E,Z)-10, 12~Hexadecadienal
(Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate (Z,E)-10, 12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(Z,Z)~7,9~Dodecadien~1 -ol (Z, E)-10, 12-Hexadecadienal
(Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-10, 12-Hexadecadienal
(E, E)-8, 10-Dodecadien-1 -ol (E, E)- 1 , 13-Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(E,E)-S, 1 G-Dodecadienyl acetate (E,E)-1 1 ,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(E, E)-8, 1 Q-Dodecadienal (E,E)-1 1 , 13-Hexadecadienai
(E,Z)-8, 1 O-Dodecadien-1 -ol (E,Z)-1 1 , 13-Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(E,Z)-8, 10-Dodecadieny! acetate (E,Z)-1 1 , 13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(E,Z)-8, 10-Dodecadienal (E,Z)- 1 , 13-Hexadecadienal
(Z, E)-8, 10-Dodecadien-1 -ol (Z, E)-1 1 , 13-Hexadecadien-1 -ol
(Z,E)~8, 10~Dodecadienyl acetate (Z, E)~1 1 , 13~Hexadecadienyl acetate
(Z, E)-8, 10-Dodecadienal (Z, E)-1 1 , 13-Hexadecadienal
(Z,Z)-8, 10-Dodecadieri-1 -ol (Z,Z)-1 1 , 13~Hexadecadien~1 -ol
(Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-1 1 , 13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(Z, E, E)-3,6,8-Dodecatrien-1 -o! (Z,Z)-1 1 , 13-Hexadecadienai
(Ζ,Ζ,Ε)-3,6,8-ϋθ(.θθ3ίΓΪΘη-1 -οΙ (E, E)-10, 14-Hexadecadienai
(E)-2-Tridecenyl acetate (Z, E)-1 1 , 14-Hexadecadienyl acetate
(Z)-2-Tridecenyl acetate (E, E,Z)-4,6, 10-Hexadecatrien-1 -ol
(E)-3-Trideceny! acetate (E,E,Z)-4,6, 10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
(E)-4-Tridecenyl acetate (E,Z,Z)-4,6, 10-Hexadecatrien-1 -ol
(Z)-4-Tridecenyi acetate (E,Z,Z)-4,6, 10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
(Z)~4-Tridecenal (E,E,Z)-4,6, 1 1 -Hexadecatrienyl acetate Name Name
(E)~6-Tridecenyl acetate ( E, E,Z)-4,6, 1 1 -Hexadecatrienal
(Z)-7-Tridecenyi acetate (Z,Z, E)-7, 1 1 , 13-Hexadecatrienal
(E, E, E)-10, 12,14-Hexadecatrienyl
(E)-8-Tridecenyl acetate acetate
(Z)~8-Tridecenyi acetate (E, E, E)-10, 12,14-Hexadecatrienal
(E, E,Z)-10, 12, 1 -Hexadecatrienyl
(E)-9~Tridecenyl acetate acetate
(Z)-9-Tridecenyi acetate (E, E,Z)-10, 12, 1 -Hexadecatrienal
(Z)-1 G-Tridecenyi acetate (E, E,Z,Z)~4,6, 1 1 , 13-Hexadecatetraenal
(E)-1 1 -Tridecenyl acetate (E)-2-Heptadecenal
(Z)-1 1 -Trideceny! acetate (Z)-2-Heptadecenal
(E,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate (E)-8-Heptadecen-1 -ol
(Z,Z)-4,7-Tridecadien-1 -o! (E)-8-Heptadecenyi acetate
(Z,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyi acetate (Z)-8-Heptadecen-1 -ol
(E,Z)-S,9-Tridecadienyi acetate (Z)-9-Heptadecenal
(Z,E)-5,9~Tridecadienyi acetate (E)~10~Heptadecenyi acetate
(Z!Z)-5,9-Tridecadienyi acetate (Z)-1 1 -Heptadecen-1 -oi
(Z,Z)-7,1 1 ~Tridecadienyl acetate (Z)-1 1 -Heptadecenyi acetate
(E,Z,Z)-4,7, 10-Tridecatrienyl acetate (E,E)-4,8-Heptadecadienyl acetate
(E)~3-Tetradecen~1 -oi (Z,Z)-8, 10-Heptadecadien-1 ~oi
(E)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate (Z,Z)-8, 1 1 -Heptadecadienyi acetate
(Z)-3-Tetradecen-1 -ol (E)-2-Octadecenyl acetate
(Z)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate (E)-2-Octadecenal
(E)-5-Tetradecen-1 -ol (Z)-2-Octadecenyl acetate
(E)-S-Tetradecenyl acetate (Z)-2-Octadecenai
(E)-5-Tetradecenal (E)-9-Octadecen-1 -oi Name Name
(Z)-5~Tetradecen-1 -ol (E)~9-Octadecenyl acetate
(Z)-5-Teiradeceny! acetate (E)-9-Octadecenal
(Z)~5-Tetradecenal (Z)~9~Octadecen~1 -ol
(E)-6-Tetradecenyi acetate (Z)-9-Octadecenyl acetate
(Z)-8~Tetradecenyl acetate (Z)~9-Octadecenal
(E)-7-Tetradecen-1 -ol (E)-1 1 -Octadecen-1 -ol
(E)-7-Tetradeceny! acetate (E)-1 1 -Octadecenal
(Z)-7-Tetradecen-1 -ol (Z)-1 1 -Octadecen-1 -ol
(Z)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate (Z)-1 1 -Octadecenyl acetate
(Z)-7-Tetradecenal (Z)-1 1 -Octadecenal
(E)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate (E)-13-Octadecenyl acetate
(Z)-8~Tetradecen~1 -ol (E)~13~Octadecenal
(Z)-S-Tetradeceny! acetate (Z)-13-Octadecen-1 -ol
(Z)~8-Tetradecenal (Z)~13~Octadecenyl acetate
(E)-9-Tetradecen-1 -ol (Z)-13-Octadecenal
(E)~9-Tetradecenyl acetate (E)~14~Octadecenal
(Z)-9-Tetradecen-1 -ol (E,Z)-2, 13-Octadecadien-1 -ol
(Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate (E,Z)-2, 13-Octadecadienyl acetate
(Z)-9-Tetradecenal (E,Z)-2, 13-Octadecadienal
(E)-I O-Tetradecenyl acetate (Z, E)-2, 13-Octadecadienyl acetate
(Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate (Z,Z)-2, 13-Octadecadien-1 -ol
(E)-1 1 -Tetradecen-1 -ol (Z,Z)-2, 13-Octadecadienyl acetate
(E)-1 1 -Tetradecenyl acetate (E,E)-3, 13-Octadecadienyl acetate
(E)-1 1 -Tetradecenal (E,Z)-3, 13-Octadecadienyl acetate
(Z)~1 1 ~Tetradecen-1 -ol (E,Z)-3, 13-Octadecadienal Name Name
(Z)-1 1 -Tetradecenyl acetate (Z, E)-3, 13~Octadecadienyl acetate
(Z)-1 1 -Tetradecenai (Z,Z)-3, 13-Octadecadienyl acetate
(E)-12-Tetradecenyi acetate (Z,Z)~3, 13~Octadecadienai
(Z)-12-Tetradeceny! acetate (E,E)-5,9-Octadecadien-1 -ol
(E, E)~2,4-Tetradecadienai (E,E)~5!9-Octadecadienyl acetate
(E,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate (E, E)-9, 12-Octadecadien-1 -ol
(E,Z)-3,5-Tetradecadieny! acetate (Z,Z)-9, 12-Octadecadienyl acetate
(Z,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-9, 12-Octadecadienal
(E,Z)-3,7-Tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,Z)-1 1 , 13-Octadecadienal
( E , Z)-3, 8-Tetradecadien I acetate (E, E)-1 1 , 14-Octadecadienal
(E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadieny! acetate (Z,Z)-13, 15-Octadecadiena!
(E,Z)-4,9~Tetradecadienai (Z,Z,Z)~3,6,9~Octadecatrienyl acetate
(E,Z)-4, 10-Tetradecadieny! acetate (E, E, E)-9, 12, 15-Octadecatrien-1 -ol
(E,E)-5,8~Tetradecadienal (Z,Z,Z)-9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienyl acetate
(Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadien-1 -ol (Z,Z,Z)-9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienal
(Z,Z)~5,8~Tetradecadienyl acetate
(Z,Z)-5,S-Tetradecadienal
(E, E)-8, 10-Tetradecadien-1 -o!
(E, E)-8, 10-Tetradecadienyl acetate
(E, E)-8, 10-Tetradecadiena!
(E,Z)-8, 10-Tetradecadienyl acetate
(E,Z)-8, 10-Tetradecadiena!
(Z, E)-8, 10-Tetradecadien-1 -ol
(Z, E)-8, 10-Tetradecadienyi acetate
(Z,Z)-8, 10-Tetradecadienal Name Name
(E,E)-9, 1 1 ~Tetradecadieny1 acetate
(E,Z)-9, 1 1 -Tetradecadienyi acetate
(Z, E)-9, 1 1 ~Tetradecadien~1 -ol
(Z,E)-9, 1 1 -Tetradecadien l acetate
(Z, E)-9, 1 1 -Tetradecadienai
(Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -Tetradecadien-1 -ol
(Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -Tetradecadienyl acetate
(Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -Tetradecadienai
(E, E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienyi acetate
(Z, E)-9, 12-Tetradecadien-1 -ol
(Z, E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
(Z, E)-9, 12-Tetradecadienai
(Z,Z)-9, 12-Tetradecadien-1 -ol
(Z,Z)-9, 12~Tetradecadienyl acetate
[00131] In some aspects, the pheromones synthesized as taught in this disclosure include at least one pheromone listed in Table 2a to modulate the behavior of an insect listed in Table 2a. In other aspects, non-limiting examples of insect pheromones which can be synthesized using the recombinant microorganisms and methods disclosed herein include alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates listed in Table 2a. However, the microorganisms described herein are not limited to the synthesis of C6-C20 pheromones listed in Table 1 and Table 2a. Rather, the disclosed microorganisms can also be utilized in the synthesis of various C6-C24 mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates, including fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates. Table 2a. Exemplary pheromones that can be synthesized according to methods described in the present disclosure.
Figure imgf000047_0001
Examp!!e of BioSogseaS
Name StraetLsre
importance
pheromone component
(Z)~9-bexadecenyl Naranga aenescens sex acetate pheromone component
(Z)-1 1 -hexadecen-1 -ol
Platyptila carduidactyla, Heliothis virescens sex pheromone Helicoverpa zea, Helicoverpa armigera, Pluteila xylostelia,
(Z)-1 1 -hexadecenal — — Diatraea considerate, Diatraea grandiosella, Diatraea saccharalis, Acroiepiopsis asseotella sex pheromone component
Discestra trifolii sex pheromone Heliothis virescens, Pluteila
(Z)-1 1 -hexadecenyl xylostelia, Acroiepiopsis acetate — — — assectella, Crocidolornia
pavonana, Naranga aenescens sex pheromone component
(Z,Z)-1 1 ,13-
Amyelosis transitella
hexadecadiena!
(Z,Z)-1 1 ,13-
Amyelosis transitella
bexadecadien-1 -ol
(1 1 Z.13E)-
Amyelosis transitella
hexadecadien-1 -ol
(9Z.1 1 E)- hexadecadienal
(Z)-13-octadecen-1 -ol
Diatraea considerate, Diatraea
(Z)-13-octadecenal grandiosella sex pheromone component
(Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,12,15-
Amyelosis transitella
tricosapentaene
[00132] Most pheromones comprise a hydrocarbon skeleton with the terminal hydrogen substituted by a functional group (Ryan !VIF (2002). Insect Chemoreception. Fundamental and Applied, Kluwer Academic Publishers). Table 2b shows some common functional groups, along with their formulas, prefixes and suffixes. The presence of one or more double bonds, generated by the loss of hydrogens from adjacent carbons, determines the degree of unsaturation of the molecule and alters the designation of a hydrocarbon from -ane (no multiple bonds) to -ene. The presence of two and three double bonds is indicated by ending the name with -diene and -triene, respectively. The position of each double bond is represented by a numeral corresponding to thai of the carbon from which it begins, with each carbon numbered from that attached to the functional group. The carbon to which the functional group is attached is designated Pheromones may have, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon chain lengths numbering 10 (deca-), 12 (dodeca-), 14 (tefradeca- ), 16 (hexadeca-), or 18 (octadeca-) carbons long. The presence of a double bond has another effect. It precludes rotation of the molecule by fixing it in one of two possible configurations, each representing geometric isomers that are different molecules. These are designated either E (from the German word Entgegen, opposite) or Z (Zusammen, together), when the carbon chains are connected on the opposite (trans) or same (cis) side, respectively, of the double bond.
Table 2b. Prefixes and suffixes for common functional groups
Functional group Formula Prefix Suffix
Alcohol -OH Hydroxy- -ol
Aldehyde -CH— O Formyl- ~3.!
Amine -NHj Amino- -amine
Car oxyiic acid -COOH Carboxy- -oic acid
Ester -COOR R-oxycarbonyi- - -oate
Ketone >c=o Oxo- -one
From Howse, PE, Stevens, IDR and Jones, OT (1998). Insect pheromones and their use in pest management. London: Chapman and Hall.
[00133] Pheromones described herein can be referred to using lUPAC nomenclature or various abbreviations or variations known to one skilled in the art. For example, (1 1Z)-hexadecen-1 -ai, can also be written as Z-1 1 - hexadecen-1 ~ai, Z-1 1 - hexadecenai, or Z-x-y:Aid, wherein x represents the position of the double bond and y represents the number of carbons in the hydrocarbon skeleton. Abbreviations used herein and known to those skilled in the art to identify functional groups on the hydrocarbon skeleton include "Aid," indicating an aldehyde, "OH," indicating an alcohol, and "Ac," indicating an acetyl. Also, the number of carbons in the chain can be indicated using numerals rather than using the written name. Thus, as used herein, an unsaturated carbon chain comprised of sixteen carbons can be written as hexadecene or 18.
[00134] Similar abbreviation and derivations are used herein to describe pheromone precursors. For example, the fatty acyl-CoA precursors of (1 1Z)- hexadecen-1 -ai can be identified as (1 1 Z)-hexadecenyl-CoA or Z-1 1 -16:Acyi- CoA.
[00135] The present disclosure relates to the synthesis of mono- or polyunsaturated Ce~C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates using a recombinant microorganism comprised of one or more heterologous enzymes, which catalyze substrate to product conversions for one or more steps in the synthesis process, aturase
[00136] The present disclosure describes enzymes that desaturate fatty acyl substrates to corresponding unsaturated fatty acyl substrates.
[00137] In some embodiments, a desaturase is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP to a corresponding unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP. A desaturase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond in a saturated fatty acid or fatty acid derivative, e.g., fatty acyl-CoA or fatty acyl-ACP (collectively referred to herein as "fatty acyl"), by removing at least two hydrogen atoms to produce a corresponding unsaturated fatty acid/acyl. Desaturases are classified with respect to the ability of the enzyme to selectively catalyze double bond formation at a subterminal carbon relative to the methyl end of the fatty acid/acyl or a subterminal carbon relative to the carbonyi end of the fatty acid/acyl. Omega (ω) desaturases catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond at a fixed subterminal carbon relative to the methyl end of a fatty acid/acyl. For example, an ω3 desaturase catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the third and fourth carbon relative the methyl end of a fatty acid/acyl. Delta (Δ) desaturases catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon double bond at a specific position relative to the carboxyl group of a fatty acid or the carbonyi group of a fatty acyl CoA. For example, a Δ9 desaturase catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the Cg and do carbons with respect to the carboxyl end of the fatty acid or the carbonyl group of a fatty acyl CoA.
[00138] As used herein, a desaturase can be described with reference to the location in which the desaturase catalyzes the formation of a double bond and the resultant geometric configuration (i.e. , E/Z) of the unsaturated hydrocarbon. Accordingly, as used herein, a Z9 desaturase refers to a Δ desaturase that catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the Cg and C-i o carbons with respect to the carbonyl end of a fatty acid/acyl, thereby orienting two hydrocarbons on opposing sides of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the cis or Z configuration. Similarly, as used herein, a Z1 1 desaturase refers to a Δ desaturase that catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the Cn and C12 carbons with respect to the carbonyl end of a fatty acid/acyl.
[00139] Desaturases have a conserved structural motif. This sequence motif of transmembrane desaturases is characterized by [HX3~4HX7-~41 (3 non- His)HX2-3(1 nonHis)HHX61 -189(40 non-His)HX2-3(1 non-His)HH]. The sequence motif of soluble desaturases is characterized by two occurrences of [D/EEXXH],
[00140] In some embodiments, the desaturase is a fatty acyl-CoA desaturase that catalyzes the formation of a double bond in a fatty acyl-CoA. In some such embodiments, the fatty acyl-CoA desaturase described herein is capable of utilizing a fatty acy!-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms. Thus, the desaturase used in the recombinant microorganism can be selected based on the chain length of the substrate.
[00141] In some embodiments, the fatty acyl desaturase described herein is capable of catalyzing the formation of a double bond at a desired carbon relative to the terminal CoA on the unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA. Thus, in some embodiments, a desaturase can be selected for use in the recombinant microorganism which catalyzes double bond insertion at the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, or 13 position with respect to the carbonyl group on a fatty acyi- CoA.
[00142] In some embodiments, the fatty acyi desaturase described herein is capable of catalyzing the formation of a double bond in a saturated fatty acyi- CoA such that the resultant unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA has a cis or trans (i.e., Z or E) geometric configuration.
[00143] In some embodiments, the desaturase is a fatty acyl-ACP desaturase that catalyzes the formation of a double bond in a fatty acyl-ACP. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl-ACP desaturase described herein is capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms. Thus, the desaturase used in the recombinant microorganism can be selected based on the chain length of the substrate.
[00144] In some embodiments, the fatty acyi-ACP desaturase described herein is capable of catalyzing the formation of a double bond at a desired carbon relative to the terminal carbonyl on the unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP. Thus, in some embodiments, a desaturase can be selected for use in the recombinant microorganism which catalyzes double bond insertion at the 3, 4, 5, 8, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, or 13 position with respect to the carbonyl group on a fatty acyi-ACP.
[00145] In some embodiments, the fatty acyi desaturase described herein is capable of catalyzing the formation of a double bond in a saturated fatty acyi- CoA such that the resultant unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP has a cis or trans (i.e., Z or E) geometric configuration.
[00146] In one embodiment, the fatty acyi desaturase is a Z1 1 desaturase. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z1 1 desaturase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Amyelois transitella, Argyrotaenia velutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capitella, Trichoplusia ni, Helicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana is codon optimized. In some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9, 18, 24 and 26 from Trichoplusia ni. In other embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 16 from Agrotis segetum. In some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1 1 and 23 from Thalassiosira pseudonana. In certain embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 12, 17 and 30 from Amyelois transitella. In further embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19, 25, 27 and 31 from Heiicoverpa zea. In some embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a chimeric polypeptide. In some embodiments, a complete or partial Z1 1 desaturase is fused to another polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the N-terminal native leader sequence of a Z1 1 desaturase is replaced by an oieosin leader sequence from another species. In certain embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 15, 28 and 29.
[00147] !n one embodiment, the fatty acyi desaturase is a Z9 desaturase. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z9 desaturase is codon optimized. In some embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20 from Ostrinia furnacalis. In other embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 from Lampronia capitella. In some embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 from Heiicoverpa zea.
Fatty Acyl Reductase
[00148] The present disclosure describes enzymes that reduce fatty acyl substrates to corresponding fatty alcohols or aldehydes.
[00149] In some embodiments, a fatty alcohol forming fatty acyi-reductase is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty acy!-CoA to a corresponding fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, a fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl-reductase is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty acyl~ACP to a corresponding fatty aldehyde, A fatty acyl reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a fatty acyi-CoA to a corresponding fatty alcohol or the reduction of a fatty acyi- ACP to a corresponding fatty aldehyde. A fatty acyl-CoA and fatty acyl-ACP has a structure of R-(CO)-S-Ri , wherein R is a Ce to C24 saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon, and Ri represents CoA or ACP. In a particular embodiment, R is a Ce to C24 saturated or unsaturated linear hydrocarbon. "CoA" is a non-protein acyl carrier group involved in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, "ACP" is an acyl carrier protein, i.e., a polypeptide or protein subunit, of fatty acid synthase used in the synthesis of fatty acids.
[00160] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides for a fatty alcohol forming fatty acyl-reductase which catalyzes the reduction of a fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding fatty alcohol. For example, R-(CO)-S-CoA is converted to R-CH2OH and CoA-SH when two molecules of NAD(P)H are oxidized to NAD(P)÷. Accordingly, in some such embodiments, a recombinant microorganism described herein can include a heterologous fatty alcohol forming fatty acyl-reductase, which catalyzes the reduction a fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding fatty alcohol. In an exemplary embodiment, a recombinant microorganism disclosed herein includes at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase which catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA into the corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
[00151] In other embodiments, the disclosure provides for a fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl-reductase which catalyzes the reduction of a fatty acyi-ACP to the corresponding fatty aldehyde. For example, R-(CO)-S-ACP is converted to R~(CO)~H and ACP-SH when one molecule of NAD(P)H is oxidized to NAD(P)+. In some such embodiments, a recombinant microorganism described herein can include a heterologous fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl-reductase, which catalyzes the reduction a fatty acyl-ACP to the corresponding fatty aldehyde. In an exemplary embodiment, a recombinant microorganism disclosed herein includes at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase which catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acyl-ACP into the corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde.
[00152] In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fatty- acyl reductase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Spodoptera iittoraiis, or Heiicoverpa amigera is codon optimized. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl reductase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 from Agrotis segetum. In other embodiments, the fatty acyl reductase comprises a sseeqquueennccee sseett ffoorrtthh iinn SSEEQQ IIDD NNOO:: 22 ffrroomm SSppooddoopptteerraa !!iittttoorraalliiss.. IInn ssoommee eemmbbooddiimmeennttss,, tthhee ffaattttyy aaccyyll rreedduuccttaassee ccoommpprriisseess aa sseeqquueennccee sseelleecctteedd ffrroomm SSEEQQ IIDD NNOOss:: 33 aanndd 3322 ffrroomm HHeelliiccoovveerrppaa aarrmmiiggeerraa..
AAccyyff--AACCPP SSyynntthheettaassee
[[0000115533]] TThhee pprreesseenntt ddiisscclloossuurree ddeessccrriibbeess eennzzyymmeess tthhaatt lliiggaattee aa ffaattttyy aacciidd ttoo tthhee ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ffaattttyy aaccyyll--AACCPP..
[[0000115544]] IInn ssoommee eemmbbooddiimmeennttss,, aann aaccyyll--AACCPP ssyynntthheettaassee iiss uusseedd ttoo ccaattaallyyzzee tthhee ccoonnvveerrssiioonn ooff aa ffaattttyy aacciidd ttoo aa ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ffaattttyy aaccyyll--AACCPP.. AAnn aaccyyll--AACCPP ssyynntthheettaassee iiss aann eennzzyymmee ccaappaabbllee ooff lliiggaattiinngg aa ffaattttyy aacciidd ttoo AACCPP ttoo pprroodduuccee aa ffaattttyy aacciidd aaccyyll--AACCPP.. IInn ssoommee eemmbbooddiimmeennttss,, aann aaccyyll--AACCPP ssyynntthheettaassee ccaann bbee uusseedd ttoo ccaattaallyyzzee tthhee ccoonnvveerrssiioonn ooff aa ffaattttyy aacciidd ttoo aa ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ffaattttyy aaccyyll-- AACCPP.. IInn ssoommee eemmbbooddiimmeennttss,, tthhee aaccyyll--AACCPP ssyynntthheettaassee iiss aa ssyynntthheettaassee ccaappaabbllee ooff uuttiilliizziinngg aa ffaattttyy aacciidd aass aa ssuubbssttrraattee tthhaatt hhaass aa cchhaaiinn lleennggtthh ooff 66,, 77,, 88,, 99,, 1100,, 11 11 ,, 1122,, 1133,, 1144,, 1155,, 1166,, 1177,, 1188,, 1199,, 2200,, 2211 ,, 2222,, 2233,, oorr 2244 ccaarrbboonn aattoommss.. IInn oonnee ssuucchh eemmbbooddiimmeenntt,, aa rreeccoommbbiinnaanntt mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmm ddeessccrriibbeedd hheerreeiinn ccaann iinncclluuddee aa hheetteerroollooggoouuss aaccyyll--AACCPP ssyynntthheettaassee,, wwhhiicchh ccaattaallyyzzeess tthhee ccoonnvveerrssiioonn ooff aa ffaattttyy aacciidd ttoo aa ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ffaattttyy aaccyyll--AACCPP.. !!nn aann eexxeemmppllaarryy eemmbbooddiimmeenntt,, aa rreeccoommbbiinnaanntt mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmm ddiisscclloosseedd hheerreeiinn iinncclluuddeess aatt lleeaasstt oonnee eexxooggeennoouuss nnuucclleeiicc aacciidd mmoolleeccuullee wwhhiicchh eennccooddeess aann aaccyyll--AACCPP ssyynntthheettaassee tthhaatt ccaattaallyyzzeess tthhee ccoonnvveerrssiioonn ooff aa ssaattuurraatteedd CC66--CC2244 ffaattttyy aacciidd ttoo aa ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ssaattuurraatteedd CC66~~CC2244 ffaattttyy aaccyyll--AACCPP..
Figure imgf000055_0001
[00155] The present disclosure describes enzymes that catalyze the elongation of a carbon chain in fatty acid.
[00156] In some embodiments, a fatty acid synthase complex is used to catalyze initiation and elongation of a carbon chain in a fatty acid. A "fatty acid synthase complex" refers to a group of enzymes that catalyzes the initiation and elongation of a carbon chain on a fatty acid. The ACP along with the enzymes in the fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway control the length, degree of saturation, and branching of the fatty acids produced. The steps in this pathway are catalyzed by enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis (fab) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc) gene families. Depending upon the desired product, one or more of these genes can be attenuated, expressed or over- expressed. In exemplary embodiments, one or more of these genes is over- expressed.
[00167] There are two principal classes of fatty acid synthases. Type I (FAS I) systems utilize a single large, multifunctional polypeptide and are common to both mammals and fungi (although the structural arrangement of fungal and mammalian synthases differ). The Type I FAS system is also found in the CMN group of bacteria (corynebacteria, mycobacteria, and nocardia). The Type !! FAS (FAS II) is characterized by the use of discrete, monofunctional enzymes for fatty acid synthesis, and is found in archaea and bacteria.
[00158] The mechanism of FAS ! and FAS II elongation and reduction is the substantially similar, as the domains of the FAS I multienzyme polypeptides and FAS !! enzymes are largely conserved.
[00169] Fatty acids are synthesized by a series of decarboxylative Ciaisen condensation reactions from acetyl-CoA and maionyi-CoA. The steps in this pathway are catalyzed by enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis (fab) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc) gene families. For a description of this pathway, see, e.g. , Heath et ai., Prog. Lipid Res. 40:467, 2001 , which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Without being limited by theory, in bacteria, acetyi-CoA is carboxylated by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc, a multi- subunit enzyme encoded by four separate genes, accABCD), to form maionyl- CoA. In yeast, acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by the yeast equivalents of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase, encoded by ACC1 and ACC2. In bacteria, the maionate group is transferred to ACP by malonyl-CoA:ACP transacyiase (FabD) to form malonyl-ACP. In yeast, a malonyl-palmityi tranferase domain adds malonyl from malonyl-CoA to the ACP domain of the FAS complex. A condensation reaction then occurs, where malonyl-ACP merges with acyl-CoA, resulting in β-ketoacyl-ACP. In this manner, the hydrocarbon substrate is elongated by 2 carbons.
[00160] Following elongation, the β-keto group is reduced to the fully saturated carbon chain by the sequential action of a keto-reductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), and enol reductase (ER). The elongated fatty acid chain is carried between these active sites while attached covaiently to the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of ACP. First, the β-ketoacyl-ACP is reduced by NADPH to form β-hydroxyacyi-ACP. In bacteria, this step is catalyzed by β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (FabG). The equivalent yeast reaction is catalyzed by the ketoreductase (KR) domain of FAS, β-hydroxyacyl-ACP is then dehydrated to form trans-2-enoyl-ACP, which is catalyzed by either β- hydroxyacyi-ACP dehydratase/isomerase (FabA) or β~hydroxyacyl·ACP dehydratase (FabZ) in bacteria or the dehydratase (DH) domain of FAS in yeast. IMADPH-dependent trans~2-enoyi-ACP reductase I, Π, or HI (Fabl, FabK, and FabL, respectively) in bacteria and the enol reductase (ER) domain of FAS in yeast reduces trans-2-enoyl-AGP to form acyi-ACP. Subsequent cycles are started by the condensation of malonyl-ACP with acyi-ACP by β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I or β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (FabB and FabF, respectively, in bacteria or the beta-ketoacyl synthase (KS) domain in yeast).
[00161] In some embodiments, a fatty acid synthase complex can be used to catalyze elongation of a fatty acyi-ACP to a corresponding fatty acyi-ACP with a two carbon elongation relative to the substrate.
[00162] The present disclosure describes enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a fatty aldehyde to a fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, Table 3) is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty aldehyde to a fatty alcohol. A number of ADHs identified from alkanotrophic organisms, Pseudomonas fiuorescens NRRL B-1244 (Hou et a!, 1983), Pseudomonas butanovora ATCC 43655 (Vangnai and Arp 2001 ), and Acinetobacter sp, strain M-1 (Tani et ai, 2000), have shown to be active on short to medium-chain aikyi alcohols (C-2 to C14). Additionally, commercially available ADHs from Sigma, Horse liver ADH and Baker's yeast ADH have detectable activity for substrates with length C10 and greater. The reported activities for the longer fatty alcohols may be impacted by the difficulties in soiubilizing the substrates. For the yeast ADH from Sigma, little to no activity is observed for C12 to C14 aldehydes by (Tani et ai. 2000), however, activity for C12 and C16 hydroxy-uj-fatty acids has been observed (Lu et ai. 2010). Recently, two ADHs were characterized from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NGSO-2, an organism that degrades C-1 5 to C36 alkanes using the LadA hydroxylase. Activity was detected from methanol to 1 -triacontanol (C30) for both ADHs, with 1 -octanol being the preferred substrate for ADH2 and ethanol for ADH1 (Liu et ai. 2009).
[00163] The use of ADHs in whole-ceil bioconversions has been mostly focused on the production of chiral alcohols from ketones (Ernst et al. 2005) (Schroer et ai. 2007). Using the ADH from Lactobacillus brevis and coupled cofactor regeneration with isopropanol, Schroer et al. reported the production of 797 g of (R)-methyl-3 hydroxybutanoate from methyl acetoacetate, with a space time yield of 29 g/L/h (Schroer et ai, 2007). Examples of aliphatic alcohol oxidation in whole-cell transformations have been reported with commercially obtained S. cerevisiae for the conversion of hexanol to hexanal (Presecki et ai. 2012) and 2-heptanoi to 2-heptanone (Cappaert and Larroche 2004).
[00164] Table 3. Exemplary alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes.
Figure imgf000058_0001
Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Drosophila guanche (Fruit fly) Adh Q09009
Drosophila hawaiiensis (Fruit fly) Adh P51549
Drosophila heteroneura (Fruit fly) Adh P21898
Drosophila immigrans (Fruit fly) Adh Q07588
Drosophila insularis (Fruit fly) Adh Q9NG40
Drosophila lebanonensis (Fruit fly)
Adh P 10807 (Scaptodrosophila lebanonensis)
Drosophila mauritiana (Fruit fly) Adh P07162
Drosophila madeirensis (Fruit fly) Adh Q09010
Drosophila mimica (Fruit fly) (Idiomyia
Adh Q00871 mimica)
Drosophila nigra (Fruit fly) (Idiomyia nigra) Adh Q00672
Drosophila orena (Fruit fly) Adh P07159
Drosophila pseudoobscura bogotana (Fruit
Adh P84328 fly)
Drosophila picticornis (Fruit fly) (Idiomyia
Adh P23361 picticornis)
Drosophila planitibia (Fruit fly) Adh P23277
Drosophila paulistorum (Fruit fly) Adh Q9U8S9
Drosophila siivestris (Fruit fly) Adh P23278
Drosophila subobscura (Fruit fly) Adh Q03384
Drosophila teissieri (Fruit fly) Adh P28484
Drosophila tsacasi (Fruit fly) Adh P51550
Fragaria ananassa (Strawberry) ADH P 17648
Maius domestica (Apple) (Pyrus malus) ADH P48977
Scaptomyza aibovittata (Fruit fly) Adh P25988 Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Scaptomyza crassifemur (Fruit fly)
Adh Q00870 (Drosophila crassifemur)
Suifolobus sp. (strain RC3) adh P50381
Zaprionus tuberculatus (Vinegar fly) Adh P51552
Geobacillus stearothermophiius (Bacillus
adh P42327 stearothermophiius)
Drosophila mayaguana (Fruit fly) Adh, Adh2 P25721
Drosophila me!anogaster (Fruit fly) Adh, CG3481 P00334
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Adh, GA17214 Q6LCE4 (Fruit fly)
Drosophila simulans (Fruit fly) Adh, GD23968 Q24641
Drosophila yakuba (Fruit fly) Adh, GE19037 P26719
Drosophila ananassae (Fruit fly) Adh, GF14888 Q50L96
Drosophila erecta (Fruit fly) Adh, GG25120 P28483
Drosophila grimshawi (Fruit fly) (Idiomyia
Adh, GH13025 P51551 grimshawi)
Drosophila willistoni (Fruit fly) Adh, GK18290 Q051 14
Drosophila persimiiis (Fruit fly) Adh, GL25993 P37473
Drosophila secheiiia (Fruit fly) Adh, GM15656 Q9GN94
Cupriavidus necator (strain ATCC 17899 /
H16 / DSM 428 / Stanier 337) (Raistonia adh, H16__AQ757 Q0KDL6 eutropha)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC
adh, MT1581 P9WQC2 1551 / Oshkosh)
Staphylococcus aureus (strain MW2) adh, MW0568 Q8NXU1
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC
adh, Rv1530 P9WQC3 25618 H37Rv) Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Staphylococcus aureus (strain N315) adh, SA0562 Q7A742
Staphylococcus aureus (strain bovine RF122
adh, SAB0557 Q2YSX0 / ET3-1 )
Su!folobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC
33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 adh, Saci_2057 Q4J781 / NCIMB 1 1770)
Staphylococcus aureus (strain COL) adh, SACOL0660 Q5HI63 adh,
Staphylococcus aureus (strain NCTC 8325) Q2G0G1
SAOUHSCJ30608
Staphylococcus aureus (strain 1V1RSA252) adh, SAR0613 Q6GJ63
Staphylococcus aureus (strain MSSA476) adh, SAS0573 Q6GBM4 adh,
Staphylococcus aureus (strain USA300) Q2FJ31
SAUSA300_0594
Staphylococcus aureus (strain u50 / ATCC
adh, SAV0605 Q99W07 700699)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (strain ATCC
adh, SE_0375 Q8CQ56 12228)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (strain ATCC
adh, SERP0257 Q5HRD6 35984 / RP62A)
Sulfo!obus soifataricus (strain ATCC 35092 /
adh, SS02536 P39462 DSM 1617 / JCM 1 1322 / P2)
Suifoiobus tokodaii (strain DSM 16993 / JCM
adh, STK_25770 Q96XE0 10545 / NBRC 100140 / 7)
Anas platyrhynchos (Domestic duck) (Anas
ADH1 P30350 boschas)
Apteryx australis (Brown kiwi) ADH1 P49645
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)
ADH1 P48814 (Tephritis capitata)
Ceratitis cosyra (Mango fruit fly) (Trypeta ADH1 Q70UIM9 Accession
Organism Gene Name
No, cosyra)
Gal!us gal!us (Chicken) ADH1 P23991
Columba livia (Domestic pigeon) ADH1 P86883
Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quail)
ADH1 P19631 (Coturnix japonica)
Drosophiia hydei (Fruit fly) Adh1 P 23236
Drosophiia montana (Fruit fly) Adh1 P48586
Drosophiia mettleri (Fruit fly) Adh1 P22248
Drosophiia mulleri (Fruit fly) Adh1 P07161
Drosophiia navojoa (Fruit fly) Adh1 P 12854
Geomys attwateri (Attvvater's pocket gopher)
ADH1 Q9Z2M2 (Geomys bursarius attwateri)
Geomys bursarius (Plains pocket gopher) ADH1 Q64413
Geomys knoxjonesi (Knox Jones's pocket
ADH1 Q64415 gopher)
Hordeum vulgare (Barley) ADH1 P05336
Kiuyveromyces marxianus (Yeast) (Candida
ADH1 Q07288 kefyr)
Zea mays (Maize) ADH1 P00333
Mesocricetus auratus (Golden hamster) ADH1 P86885
Pennisetum americanum (Pearl millet)
ADH1 P14219 (Pennisetum giaucum)
Petunia hybrida (Petunia) ADH1 P25141
Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) ADH1 Q03505
Soianum tuberosum (Potato) ADH1 P 14673
Struthio camelus (Ostrich) ADH1 P80338 Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Trifolium repens (Creeping white clover) ADH1 P 13603
Zea iuxurians (Guatemalan teosinte)
ADH1 Q07264 (Euchlaena Iuxurians)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC ADH1 , ADC1 ,
P00330 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast) YOL086C, O0947
ADH1 , ADH,
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) At1 g77120, P06525
F22K20.19
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / adhl , adh,
P00332 ATCC 24843) (Fission yeast) SPCC13B1 1 .01
Drosophila lacicola (Fruit fly) Adh1 , Adh-1 Q27404
Mus musculus (Mouse) Adh1 , Adh-1 P00329
Peromyscus maniculatus (North American
ADH1 , ADH-1 P41680 deer mouse)
Rattus norvegicus (Rat) Adh1 , Adh-1 P06757
Adh1 , Adh-1 ,
Drosophila virilis (Fruit fly) B4M8Y0
GJ18208
Scheffersomyces stipitis (strain ATCC 58785
ADM , ADH2,
/ CBS 6054 / NBRC 10063 / NRRL Y-1 1545) 000097
P!CST _6S5S8
(Yeast) (Pichia stipitis)
Aspergillus flavus (strain ATCC 200026 /
adhl ,
FGSC A1 120 / NRRL 3357 / JCM 12722 / P41747
AFLA_048690
SRRC 167)
Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74- adh-1 ,
OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC B17C10.210, Q9P6C8 987) NCU01754
Candida albicans (Yeast) ADH1 , CAD P43067
ADH1 , DUPR1 1.3,
Os1 1 g0210300,
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica (Rice) Q2R8Z5
LOC_Os1 1 g10480,
OsJ_032001 Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Drosophila rnojavensis (Fruit fly) Adh1 , Gl 17644 P09370
Kluyveromyces Iactis (strain ATCC 8585 /
CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / ADH1 ,
P20369 NRRL Y-1 140 / WM37) (Yeast) (Candida KLLA0F21010g
sphaerica)
ADH1 ,
Oryza sativa subsp. indica (Rice) Q75ZX4
Osl_034290
Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) (Pongo
ADH1A Q5RBP7 pygrnaeus abelii)
Homo sapiens (Human) ADH1A, ADH1 P07327
Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque) ADH1A, ADH1 P28469
Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee) ADH1 B Q5R1W2
Papio hamadryas (Hamadryas baboon) ADH1 B P14139
Homo sapiens (Human) ADH1 B, ADH2 P00325
Homo sapiens (Human) ADH1 C, ADH3 P00326
Papio hamadryas (Hamadryas baboon) ADH1 C, ADH3 097959
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly)
ADH2 P48815 (Tephritis capitata)
Ceratitis cosyra (Mango fruit fly) (Trypeta
ADH2 Q70UP5 cosyra)
Ceratitis rosa (Natal fruit fly) (Pterandrus
ADH2 Q70UP6 rosa)
Drosophila arizonae (Fruit fly) Adh2 P27581
Drosophila buzzatii (Fruit fly) Adh2 P25720
Drosophila hydei (Fruit fly) Adh2 P23237
Drosophila montana (Fruit fly) Adh2 P48587
Drosophila mu!!eri (Fruit fly) Adh2 P07160 Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Drosophila wbeeleri (Fruit fly) Adh2 P24267
Entamoeba histolytica ADH2 Q24803
Hordeum vulgare (Barley) ADH2 P 10847
K!uyveromyces marxianus (Yeast) (Candida
ADH2 Q9P4C2 kefyr)
Zea mays (Maize) ADH2 P04707
Oryza saiiva subsp. indica (Rice) ADH2 Q4R1 E8
So!anum lycopersicum (Tomato)
ADH2 P28032 (Lycopersicon esculentum)
So!anum tuberosum (Potato) ADH2 P 14674
Scheffersomyces stipitis (strain ATCC 58785
ADH2, ADH1 ,
/ CBS 6054 / NBRC 10063 / NRRL Y-1 1545) 013309
PICST_27980
(Yeast) (Pichia stipitis)
ADH2, ADHIiL
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) FDH1 , At5g43940, Q96533
MRH10.4
ADH2, ADR2,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC
YMR303C, P00331 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast)
YM9952.05C
ADH2,
Candida albicans (strain SC5314 / ATCC Ca41 C10.04,
094038 MYA-2876) (Yeast) Ca019.12579,
Ca019.51 13
ADH2, DUPR1 1.1 ,
Oryza saiiva subsp. japonica (Rice) Os1 1 g0210500, Q0ITW7
LOC_Os1 1 g10510
Drosophila mojavensis (Fruit fly) Adh2, GI17643 P09369
Kluyveromyces lactis (strain ATCC 8585 /
CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / ADH2,
P49383 NRRL Y-1 140 / WM37) (Yeast) (Candida KLLA0F18260g
sphaerica) Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Orycto!agus cunicuius (Rabbit) ADH2-1 046649
Oryctolagus cunicuius (Rabbit) ADH2-2 046650
Hordeum vulgare (Barley) ADH3 P 10848
Solanum tuberosum (Potato) ADH3 P 14675
Kluyveromyces iactis (strain ATCC 8585 /
CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / ADH3,
P49384 NRRL Y-1 140 / WM37) (Yeast) (Candida KLLA0B09064g
sphaerica)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC ADH3, YMR083W,
P07246 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast) YM9582.08
Homo sapiens (Human) ADH4 P08319
Mus musculus (Mouse) Adh4 Q9QYY9
Rattus norvegicus (Rat) Adh4 Q64563
Strutbio cameius (Ostrich) ADH4 P80468
Kluyveromyces Iactis (strain ATCC 8585 /
CBS 2359 / DSM 70799 / NBRC 1267 / ADH4,
P49385 NRRL Y-1 140 / WIV137) (Yeast) (Candida KLLA0F13530g
sphaerica)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (strain 972 / adb.4,
Q09669 ATCC 24843) (Fission yeast) SPAC5H10.06c
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain YJIV1789) ADH4, ZRG5,
A6ZTT5 (Baker's yeast) SCYJ 818
ADH4, ZRG5,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC
YGL256W, P10127 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast)
NRC465
Saccharomyces pastorianus (Lager yeast)
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae x ADH5 Q6XQ67 Saccharomyces eubayanus)
Bos taurus (Bovine) ADH5 Q3ZC42 Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Equus caballus (Horse) ADH5 P 19854
IVIus muscu!us (Mouse) Adh5, Adh-2, Adh2 P28474
Rattus norvegicus (Rat) Adh5, Adh-2, Adh2 P1271 1
Orycto!agus cunicu!us (Rabbit) ADH5, ADH3 019053
Homo sapiens (Human) ADH5, ADHX, FDH P1 1766 adh5,
Dictyostelium discoideum (Slime mold) Q54TC2
DDBJ30281865
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC ADH5, YBR145W,
P381 13 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast) YBR1 122
Homo sapiens (Human) ADH6 P28332
Peromyscus maniculatus (North American
ADH6 P41681 deer mouse)
Pongo abeiii (Sumatran orangutan) (Pongo
ADH6 Q5R7Z8 pygmaeus abeiii)
Rattus norvegicus (Rat) Adh6 Q5X195
Homo sapiens (Human) ADH7 P40394
Rattus norvegicus (Rat) Adh7 P41682 us musculus (Mouse) Adh7, Adh-3, Adh3 Q64437
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC
adhA, MT191 1 P9WQC0 1551 / Oshkosh)
Rhizobium meliioti (strain 1021 ) (Ensifer adhA, RA0704,
031 186 meliloti) (Sinorhizobium meliioti) SMa1296
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC
adhA, Rv1862 P9WQC1 25618 / H37RV)
Zymomonas mobiiis subsp. mobilis (strain
adhA, ZM01236 P20368 ATCC 31821 / ZM4 / CP4)
Mycobacterium bovis (strain ATCC BAA-935
adhB, Mb0784c Q7U1 B9 / AF2122/97) Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC
adhB, MT0786 P9WQC6 1551 / Oshkosh)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC adhB, Rv0761 c,
P9WQC7 25618 / H37Rv) MTCY369.06C
Zymomonas mobiiis subsp. mobiiis (strain
adhB, ZM01596 P0DJA2 ATCC 31821 / ZM4 / CP4)
Zymomonas mobiiis subsp. mobiiis (strain
ATCC 10988 / DSM 424 / LMG 404 / NCIMB adhB, Zmob_1541 F8DVL8 8938 / NRRL B-806 / ZM1 )
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain CDC
adhD, MT3171 P9WQB8 1551 / Oshkosh)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC
adhD, Rv3086 P9WQB9 25618 / H37RV)
Clostridium acetobutyiicum (strain ATCC
adhE, aad,
824 / DSM 792 / JCM 1419 / LMG 5710 / P33744
CA__P0162
VKM B-1787)
adhE, ana, b1241 ,
Escherichia coli (strain K12) P0A9Q7
JW1228
adhE, Z2016,
Escherichia coli O157:H7 P0A9Q8
ECs1741 adhl,
Rhodobacter sphaeroides (strain ATCC
RHOS4J 1650, P72324 17023 / 2.4.1 / IMC!B 8253 / DSM 158)
RSP_2576
ADH!I!,
Oryza sativa subsp. indica (Rice) A2XAZ3
Osl_009236
adhP, yddN,
Escherichia coli (strain K12) P39451 b1478, JW1474
Geobacil!us stearothermophilus (Bacillus
adhT P1231 1 stearothermophilus)
Emericel!a nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC aicA, AN8979 P08843 38163 / CBS 1 12.46 / NRRL 194 / M139) Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
(Aspergillus nidulans)
Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC
38163 / CBS 1 12.46 / NRRL 194 / M139) ale, AN3741 P54202 (Aspergillus nidulans)
Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC A4 / ATCC
alcC, adh3,
38163 / CBS 1 12.46 / NRRL 194 / M139) P07754
AN2286
(Aspergillus nidulans)
At1 g22430,
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) Q9SK86
F12K8.22
At1 g22440,
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) Q9SK87
F12K8.21
At1 g32780,
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) A1 L4Y2
F6N18.16
At1 g64710,
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) Q8VZ49
F1301 1.3
At4g221 10,
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) Q0V7W6
F1 N20.210
At5g24760,
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) Q8LE B2
T4C12J30
At5g42250,
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) Q9FH04
K5J14.5
Zea mays (Maize) FDH P93629
Fdh, gfd, ODH,
Drosophila meianogaster (Fruit fly) P46415
CG6598
Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) gbsB, BSU31050 P71017
Caenorhabditis eiegans H24K24.3 Q17335
Os02g0815500,
LOC_Os02g57040,
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica (Rice) Q0DWH1
OsJ_008550,
P0643F09.4 Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain ATCC
Rv1895 007737 25618 / H37Rv)
Caenorhabclitis elegans sodh-1 , K12G1 1 .3 Q 17334
Caenorhabditis elegans sodh-2, K12G1 1 .4 045687
Pseudomonas sp. terPD P33010 yiaY, b3589,
Escherichia coil (strain K12) P37686
JW5648
Moraxelia sp. (strain TAE123) P81786
Alligator mississippiensis (American
P80222 alligator)
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar
P85440 periwinkle) (Vinca rosea)
Gadus morhua subsp. caliarias (Baltic cod)
P26325 (Gadus caliarias)
Naja naja (Indian cobra) P80512
Pisum sativum (Garden pea) P 12886
Peiophylax perezi (Perez's frog) (Rana
P22797 perezi)
Saara hardwickii (Indian spiny-tailed lizard)
P25405 (Uromastyx hardwickii)
Saara hardwickii (Indian spiny-tailed lizard)
P25406 (Uromastyx hardwickii)
Equus caballus (Horse) P00327
Equus caballus (Horse) P00328
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (Bacillus
P42328 stearothermophilus)
Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) P81600
Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) P81601 Accession
Organism Gene Name
No,
Myxine glutinosa (Atlantic hagfish) P80360
Octopus vulgaris (Common octopus) P81431
Pisum sativum (Garden pea) P80572
Saara hardwickii (Indian spiny-tailed lizard)
P80467 (Uromastyx hardwickii)
Scyliorhinus canicula (Small-spotted
P86884 catshark) (Squaius canicula)
Sparus aurata (Gilthead sea bream) P79896
A!cohol Oxidase
[00165] The present disclosure describes enzymes that oxidize fatty alcohols to fatty aldehydes.
[00166] In some embodiments, an alcohol oxidase (AOX) is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty alcohol to a fatty aldehyde. Alcohol oxidases catalyze the conversion of alcohols into corresponding aldehydes (or ketones) with electron transfer via the use of molecular oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. AOX enzymes utilize flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as an essential cofactor and regenerate with the help of oxygen in the reaction medium, Catalase enzymes may be coupled with the AOX to avoid accumulation of the hydrogen peroxide via catalytic conversion into water and oxygen.
[00167] Based on the substrate specificities, AOXs may be categorized into four groups: (a) short chain alcohol oxidase, (b) long chain alcohol oxidase, (c) aromatic aicohoi oxidase, and (d) secondary alcohol oxidase (Goswami et a/. 2013). Depending on the chain length of the desired substrate, some members of these four groups are better suited than others as candidates for evaluation.
[00168] Short chain alcohol oxidases (including but not limited to those currently classified as EC 1 .1 .3.13, Tab!e 4) catalyze the oxidation of lower chain length alcohol substrates in the range of C1 -C8 carbons (van der Kiel et ai. 1991 ) (Ozimek et al. 2005). Aliphatic alcohol oxidases from methylotrophic yeasts such as Candida boidinii and Komagataeiia pastoris (formerly Pichia pastoris) catalyze the oxidation of primary alkanols to the corresponding aldehydes with a preference for unbranched short-chain aliphatic alcohols. The most broad substrate specificity is found for alcohol oxidase from the Pichia pastoris including propargyl alcohol, 2-chloroethanol, 2-cyanoethanol (Dienys et ai. 2003). The major challenge encountered in alcohol oxidation is the high reactivity of the aldehyde product. Utilization of a two liquid phase system (water/solvent) can provide in-situ removal of the aldehyde product from the reaction phase before it is further converted to the acid. For example, hexanal production from hexanol using Pichia pastoris alcohol oxidase coupled with bovine liver catalase was achieved in a bi-phasic system by taking advantage of the presence of a stable alcohol oxidase in aqueous phase (Karra-Chaabouni et al, 2003). For example, alcohol oxidase from Pichia pastoris was able to oxidize aliphatic alcohols of C6 to C1 1 when used biphasic organic reaction system (Murray and Duff 1990). Methods for using alcohol oxidases in a biphasic system according to (Karra-Chaabouni et al. 2003) and (Murray and Duff 1990) are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[00169] Long chain alcohol oxidases (including but not limited to those currently classified as EC 1 .1 .3.20; Table 5) include fatty alcohol oxidases, long chain fatty acid oxidases, and long chain fatty alcohol oxidases that oxidize alcohol substrates with carbon chain length of greater than six (Goswami et al, 2013). Banthorpe et ai, reported a long chain alcohol oxidase purified from the leaves of Tanacetum vuigare that was able to oxidize saturated and unsaturated long chain alcohol substrates including hex-trans-2- en-1 -oi and octan-1 -oi (Banthorpe 1976) (Gardemil 1978). Other plant species, including Simmondsia chinensis (Moreau, R.A., Huang 1979), Arabidopsis thaliana (Cheng et ai, 2004), and Lotus japonicas (Zhao et al. 2008) have also been reported as sources of long chain alcohol oxidases. Fatty alcohol oxidases are mostly reported from yeast species (Hommei and Ratiedge 1990) (Vanhanen et ai. 2000) (Hommei et ai. 1994) (Kemp et ai. 1990) and these enzymes play an important role in long chain fatty acid metabolism (Cheng et al. 2005). Fatty alcohol oxidases from yeast species that degrade and grow on long chain alkanes and fatty acid catalyze the oxidation of fatty aicohois. Fatty alcohol oxidase from Candida tropicalis has been isolated as microsomal ceil fractions and characterized for a range of substrates (Eirich et al. 2004) (Kemp et a/. 1988) (Kemp et al. 1991 ) (Mauersberger et al. 1992). Significant activity is observed for primary alcohols of length C8 to C-ie with reported KM in the 10-50 Μ range (Eirich et al. 2004). Alcohol oxidases described may be used for the conversion of medium chain aliphatic alcohols to aldehydes as described, for example, for whole-cells Candida boidinii (Gabeiman and Luzio 1997), and Pichia pastoris (Duff and Murray 1988) (Murray and Duff 1990). Long chain alcohol oxidases from filamentous fungi were produced during growth on hydrocarbon substrates (Kumar and Goswami 2006) (Savitha and Ratledge 1991 ). The long chain fatty alcohol oxidase (LjFAOI ) from Lotus japonicas has been heteroiogousiy expressed in E. coli and exhibited broad substrate specificity for alcohol oxidation including 1 -dodecanoi and 1 -hexadecanol (Zhao et al. 2008).
Table 4, Alcohol oxidase enzymes capable of oxidizing short chain alcohols (EC 1 .1.3.13)
Figure imgf000073_0001
Accession
Organism Gene names
No,
Candida boidinii (Yeast) AOD1 Q00922
Pichia angusta (Yeast) (Hansenula
MOX P04841 polymorpha)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) AOD1 BN14_10802 M5CC52 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) MOX BN14J 2214 M5CF32 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) AOD1 BN14J 0691 M5CAV1 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) AOD1 BN14_09479 M5C7F4 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) AOD1 BN14__10803 M5CB66 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) AOD1 BN 14_09900 M5C9N9 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) AOD1 BN 14_08302 M5C2L8 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) MOX BN14_09408 M5C784 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) MOX BN14_09478 M5C8F8 (Rhizoctonia soiani)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (strain AG1 -IB /
isolate 7/3/14) (Lettuce bottom rot fungus) AOD1 BN14_1 1356 M5CH40 (Rhizoctonia soiani) Accession
Organism Gene names
No,
Ogataea heriricii AOD1 A5LGF0
Candida methanosorbosa AOD1
Candida methanolovescens AOD1 A5LGE4
Candida succiphi!a AOD1 A5LGE6
Aspergillus niger (strain CBS 513.88 /
An15g02200 A2R501 FGSC A1513)
Aspergillus niger (strain CBS 513.88 /
An18g05480 A2RB46 FGSC A1513)
Moniiiophthora perniciosa (Witches'-broom
I7CMK2 disease fungus) (Marasmius perniciosus)
Candida cariosilignicola AOD1 A5LGE3
Candida pignaliae AOD1 A5LGE1
Candida pignaliae AOD2 / 5LG ΕΞ2
Candida sonorensis AOD1 A5LGD9
Candida sonorensis AOD2 A5LGE0
Pichia naganishii AOD1 A5LGF2
Ogataea minuta AOD1 A5LGF1
Ogataea philodendra AOD1 A5LGF3
Ogataea wickerhamii AOD1 A5LGE8
Kuraishia capsulate AOD1 A5LGE7
Talaromyces stipitatus (strain ATCC 10500
/ CBS 375.48 / QM 6759 / NRRL 1006) TSTAJ321940 B8MHF8 (Peniciilium stipitatum)
Talaromyces stipitatus (strain ATCC 10500
/ CBS 375.48 / QM 6759 / NRRL 1006) TSTAJ365150 B8LTH7 (Peniciilium stipitatum) Accession
Organism Gene names
No,
Talaromyces stipitaius (strain ATCC 10500
/ CBS 375.48 / QM 6759 / NRRL 1006) TSTAJ365150 B8LTH8 (Peniciilium stipitatum)
Talaromyces stipitaius (strain ATCC 10500
/ CBS 375.48 / QM 6759 / NRRL 1006) TSTAJ3Q0410 B8MSB1 (Peniciilium stipitatum)
Ogataea g!ucozyma AOD1 L, Εΐ 9
Ogaiaea parapoiymorpha (strain DL-1 /
ATCC 26012 / NRRL Y-7S60) (Yeast) HPODL_Q3S86 W1 QCJ3 (Hansenuia poiymorpha)
Gloeophyllum trabeum (Brown rot fungus) AOX A8DPS4
Pichia angusta (Yeast) (Hansenuia
rnoxl A6PZG8 poiymorpha)
Pichia trehalophila AOD1 A5LGF4
Pichia angusta (Yeast) (Hansenuia
rnoxl A6PZG9 poiymorpha)
Pichia angusta (Yeast) (Hansenuia
rnoxl A6PZG7 poiymorpha)
Ixodes scapularis (Black-legged tick) (Deer
lscW_ISCW017898 B7PIZ7 tick)
Table 5. Alcohol oxidase enzymes capable of oxidizing long chain alcohols including fatty alcohols (EC 1 .1.3.20)
Figure imgf000076_0001
Accession
Organism Gene names
No. corniculatus var. japonicus)
Arabidopsis ihaliana (Mouse-ear FA03 At3g23410 MLIVI24.14
Q9LW56 cress) MLM24.23
Arabidopsis ihaliana (Mouse-ear FA04A At4g 19380
065709 cress) T5K18.160
Arabidopsis ihaliana (Mouse-ear
FA04B At4g28570 T5F17.20 Q94BP3 cress)
Microbotryum violaceum (strain
p1A1 Lamole) (Anther smut MVLG_06864 U5HIL4 fungus) (Ustilago violacea)
Ajellomyces dermatitidis ATCC
BDFG_03507 T5BNQ0 28199
Gibberella zeae (strain PH-1 /
ATCC MYA-4620 / FGSC 9075 /
FG06918.1 FGSG_06918 M RS14 NRRL 31084) (Wheat head blight
fungus) (Fusarium graminearum)
Pichia sorbitophila (strain ATCC
Piso0__004410
MYA-4447 / BCRC 22081 / CBS
GNLVRS01_PISO0K16268g G8Y5E1 7064 / NBRC 10061 / NRRL Y-
GNLVRS01__PISO0L16289g
12695) (Hybrid yeast)
Emericella nidulans (strain FGSC
A4 / ATCC 38163 / CBS 1 12.46 /
AN0623.2 ANIA_00623 Q5BFQ7 NRRL 194 / M139) (Aspergillus
nidulans)
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (strain
Pt-1 C-BFP) (Wheat tan spot
PTRGJ 0154 B2WJW5 fungus) (Drechsiera tritici- repentis)
Paracoccidioides lutzii (strain
ATCC MYA-826 / Pb01 ) PAAG_091 17 C1 HEC6 (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis)
Candida parapsilosis (strain CDC CPAR2__204420 G8BG15 317 / ATCC MYA-4646) (Yeast) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
(Monilia parapsilosis)
Pseudozyma brasiliensis (strain
PSEUBRA__SCAF2g03010 V5GPS6 GHG001 ) (Yeast)
Candida parapsilosis (strain CDC
317 / ATCC MYA-4646) (Yeast) CPAR2_204430 G8BG16 (Monilia parapsilosis)
Scierotinia borealis F-4157 SBOR_5750 W9CDE2
Sordaria macrospora (strain
ATCC MYA-333 / DS!Vf 997 / SMAC_06361 F7W6K4 K(L3346) / K-hell)
Sordaria macrospora (strain
ATCC MYA-333 / DSM 997 / SMAC_01933 F7VSA1 K(L3346) / K-hell)
Meyerozyma guiiiiermondii (strain
ATCC 6260 / CBS 566 / DSM
6381 / JCM 1539 / NBRC 10279 / PGUGJ33467 A5DJL6 NRRL Y-324) (Yeast) (Candida
guiiiiermondii)
Trichophyton rubrum CBS 202.88 H 107_00669 A0A023ATC5
Arthrobotrys oiigospora (strain
ATCC 24927 / CBS 1 15.81 / DSM
1491 ) (Nematode-trapping AOL_s00097g516 G1 XJI9 fungus) (Didymozoophaga
oiigospora)
Scheffersomyces stipitis (strain
ATCC 58785 / CBS 6054 / NBRC
FA01 PICST_90828 A3LYX9 10063 / RRL Y-1 1545) (Yeast)
(Pichia stipitis)
Scheffersomyces stipitis (strain
ATCC 58785 / CBS 6054 / NBRC
FA02 PICST_32359 A3LW61 10063 / NRRL Y-1 1545) (Yeast)
(Pichia stipitis) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Aspergillus oryzae (strain 3.042)
Ao3042__091 14 I8TL25 (Yellow koji mold)
Fusarium oxysporum (strain
FOXBJ 7532 F9GFU8 Fo5176) (Fusarium vascular wilt)
Rhizopus deiemar (strain RA 99- 880 / ATCC MYA-4621 / FGSC
9543 / RRL 43880) R03GJ3S271 I1 C536 (Mucormycosis agent) (Rhizopus
arrhizus var. deiemar)
Rhizopus deiemar (strain RA 99- 880 / ATCC MYA-4621 / FGSC
9543 / RRL 43880) RO3GJ30154 M BGXQ (Mucormycosis agent) (Rhizopus
arrhizus var. deiemar)
Fusarium oxysporum (strain
FOXB__07532 F9FMA2 Fo5178) (Fusarium vascular wilt)
Penicillium roqueforti PROQFM164„S02g0G1772 W6QPY1
Aspergillus clavatus (strain ATCC
1007 / CBS 513.65 / DSM 816 / AC LA__018400 A1 CNB5 IMCTC 3887 / NRRL 1 )
Arthroderma otae (strain ATCC
MYA-4605 / CBS 1 13480) MCYGJ38732 C5G1 B0 (Microsporum canis)
Trichophyton tonsurans (strain
CBS 1 12818) (Scalp ringworm TESGJ37214 F2S8I2 fungus)
Colietotrichum higginsianum
(strain I Ml 349063) (Crucifer CH063J 3441 H1VUE7 anthracnose fungus)
Ajellomyces capsuiatus (strain
H143) (Darling's disease fungus) HCDG__07658 C6HN77 (Histopiasma capsulatum) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Trichophyton rubrum (strain
ATCC MYA-4607 / CBS 1 18892) TERGJ38235 F2T096 (Athlete's foot fungus)
Cochlioboius heterostrophus
(strain CS / ATCC 48332 / race
COCHEDRAFTJ 201414 1V12UIV1T9 0) (Southern corn leaf blight
fungus) (Bipolaris maydis)
Candida orthopsitosis (strain 90-
CGRT_0D04510 H8X643 125) (Yeast)
Candida orthopsitosis (strain 90-
CGRT_0D04520 H8X644 125) (Yeast)
Candida orthopsitosis (strain 90-
CGRT_0D04530 H8X645 125) (Yeast)
Pseudozyma aphidis DSM 70725 PaGJ33Q27 W3VP49
Coccidioides posadasii (strain
CPC735J30038Q C5P005 C735) (Valley fever fungus)
Magnaporthe oryzae (strain
P131 ) (Rice blast fungus) OOV „P131 scaffoid01214g15 L71Z92 (Pyricuiaria oryzae)
IMeurospora tetrasperma (strain
FGSC 2508 / ATCC MYA-4615 / NEUTE1 DRAFTJ32541 F8MKD1 P0657)
Hypocrea virens (strain Gv29-8 /
FGSC 10586) (Giiocladium TR!VIDRAFT__54537 G9IV1IV1Y7 virens) (Trichoderma virens)
Hypocrea virens (strain Gv29-8 /
FGSC 10586) (Giiocladium TRIVIDRAFT__53801 G9 T89 virens) (Trichoderma virens)
Aspergillus niger (strain CBS
An01 g09620 A2Q9Z3 513,88 / FGSC A1513)
Verticiliium dahliae (strain VDAGJ35780 G2X6J8 VdLs.17 / ATCC MYA-4575 / Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
FGSC 10137) (Verticiilium wilt)
Ustiiago maydis (strain 521 /
UM02023.1 Q4PCZ0 FGSC 9021 ) (Corn smut fungus)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
FOWGJ 3G06 W9LNI9 lycopersici MN25
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
FOWG_02542 W9N9Z1 lycopersici MN25
Candida tropicaiis (Yeast) FA01 Q6QIR6
Magnaporthe oryzae (strain 70-15
/ ATCC MYA-4617 / FGSC 8958)
MGGJ 1317 G4MVK1 (Rice blast fungus) (Pyricuiaria
oryzae)
Candida tropicaiis (Yeast) faot Q9P8D9
Candida tropicaiis (Yeast) FA02a Q6Q1R5
Phaeosphaeria nodorum (strain
SIM 15 / ATCC MYA-4574 / FGSC
SNOG_02371 Q0V0U3 10173) (Glume blotch fungus)
(Septoria nodorum)
Candida tropicaiis (Yeast) FA02b Q6QIR4
Pestalotiopsis fici W106-1 PFICM 1209 W3WU04
Magnaporthe oryzae (strain Y34)
(Rice blast fungus) (Pyricuiaria OOU_Y34scaffoid00240g57 L71FT5 oryzae)
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
(strain ATCC MYA-4855 / 20631 -
GMDG__01756 L8G0G6 21 ) (Bat white-nose syndrome
fungus) (Geomyces destructans)
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
(strain ATCC MYA-4855 / 20631 -
GMDG_04950 L8GCY2 21 ) (Bat white-nose syndrome
fungus) (Geomyces destructans) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
IVfycosphaere!ia fjiensis (strain
CIRAD86) (Black ieaf streak
MYCFIDRAFT_52380 M2Z831 disease fungus)
(Pseudocercospora fijiensis)
Bipolaris oryzae ATCC 44560 COCMIDRAFT__84580 W7A0I8
Cladophialophora psammophila
A1 O5_08147 W9WTM9 CBS 1 10553
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
FOMGJ35173 X0AEE6 meionis 26406
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
FOMG_17829 W9ZBB7 meionis 26406
Cyphellophora europaea CBS
HMPREF1541J32174 W2S2S5 101466
Aspergillus kawachii (strain
NBRC 4308) (White koji mold)
AKAW__00147 G7X626 (Aspergillus awamori var.
kawachi)
Aspergillus terreus (strain I
ATEG_05086 Q0CMJ8 2624 / FGSC A1 156)
Coccidioides immitis (strain RS)
CIMG_02987 J3KA18 (Valley fever fungus)
Ajellomyces dermatitidis (strain
ER-3 / ATCC MYA-2586) BDCG_04701 C5GLS5 (Blastomyces dermatitidis)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
cubense (strain race 1 ) (Panama FOC1_g10013865 N4U732 disease fungus)
Rhodotorula giutinis (strain ATCC
204091 / IIP 30 / MTCC 1 151 ) RTG_00643 G0SVU8 (Yeast)
Aspergillus niger (strain ATCC
1015 / CBS 1 13.46 / FGSC ASPNIDRAFT_35778 G3XTIV16
A1 144 / LSHB Ac4 / NCTC 3858a Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
/ NRRL 328 / USDA 3528,7)
Candida cloacae faol Q9P8D8
Candida cloacae fao2 Q9P8D7
Fusarium oxysporum f, sp,
cubense (strain race 1 ) (Panama FOC1_g 10006358 N4TUH3 disease fungus)
Candida albicans (strain SC5314 FA01 Ca019.13562
Q59RS8 / ATCC MYA-2876) (Yeast) orf19.13562
Candida albicans (strain SC5314 FA01 Ca019.6143
Q59RP0 / ATCC MYA-2876) (Yeast) orf19.6143
Chaetomium thermophilum (strain
DS!VI 1495 / CBS 144.50 / IMI CTHT_0018560 G0S2U9 039719)
Mucar circinel!oides f,
circinelloides (strain 1006PhL)
H PREF1544__05296 S2JDN0 (Mucormycosis agent)
(Calyptromyces circinelloides)
Mucor circinelloides f.
circinelloides (strain 1006PhL)
HMPREF1544_05295 S2JYP5 (Mucormycosis agent)
(Calyptromyces circinelloides)
Mucar circinelloides f,
circinelloides (strain 1006PhL)
H PREF1 S44J36348 S2JVK9 (Mucormycosis agent)
(Calyptromyces circinelloides)
Botryotinia fucke!iana (strain
BcDW1 ) (Noble rot fungus) BcDW1_6807 M7UD26 (Botrytis cinerea)
Podospora anserina (strain S /
ATCC MYA-4624 / DSM 980 /
PODANS_5_13040 B2AFD8 FGSC 10383) (Pleurage
anserina) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Neosartorya fumigata (strain
ATCC MYA-4609 / Af293 / CBS
AFUAJ G171 10 Q4WR91 101355 / FGSC A1 100)
(Aspergillus fumigatus)
Fusarium oxysporurn f. sp.
FOTG_00686 X0MEE6 vasinfectum 25433
Fusarium oxysporurn f. sp.
FOTGJ 2485 X0LE98 vasinfectum 25433
Trichophyton interdigitaie H6 H101_06625 A0A022U717
Beauveria bassiana (strain
ARSEF 2860) (White muscardine
BBAJ341 G0 J4UNY3 disease fungus) (Tritirachium
shiotae)
Fusarium oxysporurn f. sp.
FOCG_00843 X0GQ62 radicis-lycopersici 26381
Fusarium oxysporurn f. sp.
FOCG_15170 X0F4T1 radicis-lycopersici 26381
Neurospora tetrasperma (strain
NEUTE2DRAFTJ3867G G4UNN6 FGSC 2509 / P0656)
Pseudozyma hubeiensis (strain
PHSY_000086 R9NVU1 SY62) (Yeast)
Lodderomyces elongisporus
(strain ATCC 1 1503 / CBS 2605 /
JCM 1781 / NBRC 1676 / NRRL LELG_03289 A5E102 YB-4239) (Yeast)
(Saccharomyces elongisporus)
Maiassezia globosa (strain ATCC
MYA-4612 / CBS 7966) MGL_3855 A8QAY8 (Dandruff-associated fungus)
Byssochlamys spectabi!is (strain
No. 5 / NBRC 109023) PVAR5__7014 V5GBL6 (Paeciiomyces variotii) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Ajel!omyces capsulatus (strain
H88) (Darling's disease fungus) HCEGJ33274 F0UF47 (Histoplasma capsuiatum)
Trichosporon asahii var. asahii
(strain ATCC 90039 / CBS 2479 /
A1 Q1__03669 J6FBP4 JCM 2466 / KCTC 7840 / NCYC
2677 / UAMH 7654) (Yeast)
Peniciliium oxalicum (strain 1 14-2
/ CGMCC 5302) (Peniciliium PDEJ30Q27 S7Z8U8 decumbens)
Fusarium oxysporum f, sp,
FOPGJ32304 X0IBE3 conglutinans race 2 54008
Fusarium oxysporum f, sp,
FOPG_13066 X0H540 conglutinans race 2 54008
Fusarium oxysporum f, sp,
FOQGJ3Q7Q4 X0D1 G8 raphani 54005
Fusarium oxysporum f, sp,
FOQGJ Q4Q2 X0C482 raphani 54005
IVfetarhizium acridum (strain
IV1ACJD31 15 E9DZR7 CQMa 102)
Arthroderma benhamiae (strain
ATCC MYA-4681 / CBS 1 12371 ) ARBJD2250 D4B1 C1 (Trichophyton mentagrophytes)
Fusarium oxysporum f, sp,
FOIGJ 2161 X0JFI6 cubense tropical race 4 54006
Fusarium oxysporum f, sp,
FOIG_12751 X0JDU5 cubense tropical race 4 54006
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
(strain C4 / ATCC 48331 / race T)
COGC4DRAFT _52836 N4 ZZ0 (Southern corn leaf blight fungus)
(Bipolaris maydis)
Trichosporon asahii var. asahii A1 Q2_00631 K1VZW1 Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
(strain CBS 8904) (Yeast)
Mycosphaerella graminicola
(strain CBS 1 15943 / IP0323)
MYCGRDRAFT_37086 F9X375 (Speckled leaf blotch fungus)
(Septoria tritici)
Botryotinia fuckeiiana (strain T4)
(Noble rot fungus) (Botrytis BofuT4__P072020.1 G2XQ18 cinerea)
Metarhizium anisopliae (strain
MAA_05783 E9F014 ARSEF 23 / ATCC MYA-3075)
Cladophiaiophora carrionii CBS
G647_05801 V9DAR1 160.54
Coccidioides posadasii (strain
RMSCC 757 / Silveira) (Valley CPSGJ39174 E9DH75 fever fungus)
Rhodosporidium toruloides (strain
NP1 1 ) (Yeast) (Rhodotorula RHTO_06879 M7X159 gracilis)
Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici
(strain CRL 75-36-700-3 / race PGTG_10521 E3KIL8 SCCL) (Black stem rust fungus)
Trichophyton rubrum CBS 288.86 H 1 Q3J3Q624 A0A022WG28
Colletotrichum fio iniae PJ7 CFIO01_08202 A0A010RKZ4
Trichophyton rubrum CBS 289.86 H104_0061 1 A0A022XB46
Cladophiaiophora yegresii CBS
A107__02579 W9WC55 1 14405
Colletotrichum orbicuiare (strain
104-T / ATCC 96160 / CBS
514.97 / LARS 414 / MAFF
Cob_10151 N4VFP3 240422) (Cucumber anthracnose
fungus) (Colletotrichum
lagenarium) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Drecbslereila stenobrocha 248 DREJ33459 W7IDL6
Neosartorya fumigaia (strain
CEA10 / CBS 144.89 / FGSC AFUB_016500 B0XP90 A1 163) (Aspergillus fumigatus)
Thieiavia terrestris (strain ATCC
38088 / NRRL 8126) TH!TE_ 21 17674 G2R8H9 (Acremonium alabamense)
Gibberelia fujikuroi (strain CBS
195,34 / IMI 58289 / NRRL A- 6831 ) (Bakanae and foot rot FFUJ_02948 S0DZP7 disease fungus) (Fusarium
fujikuroi)
Gibberelia fujikuroi (strain CBS
195.34 / IMI 58289 / NRRL A- 6831 ) (Bakanae and foot rot FFUJ J 2030 S0EMC6 disease fungus) (Fusarium
fujikuroi)
Aspergillus flavus (strain ATCC
200026 / FGSC A1 120 / NRRL AFLA_109870 B8N941 3357 / JCM 12722 / SRRC 167)
Togninia minima (strain UCR- PA7) (Esca disease fungus) UCRPA7J 719 R8BTZ6 (Pbaeoacremonium aieophilum)
Ajellomyces dermatitidis (strain
ATCC 18188 / CBS 674,68) BDDG_09783 F2TUC0 (Blastomyces dermatitidis)
Macrophomina phaseolina (strain
MPH J 0582 K2RHA5 MS6) (Charcoal rot fungus)
Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC
24698 / 74-OR23-1 A / CBS NCU08977 Q 7* S 2 < ϋ.2 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987)
Neosartorya fischeri (strain ATCC
1020 / DSM 3700 / FGSC A1 164 NFIA_008260 A1 D156 / NRRL 181 ) (Aspergillus Accession
Organism Gene names
No. fischerianus)
Fusarium pseudograminearum
(strain CS3096) (Wheat and FPSEJ 1742 K3U9J5 barley crown-rot fungus)
Spathaspora passalidarum (strain
SPAPADRAFT_54193 G3AJP0 NRRL Y-27907 / 1 1 -Y1 )
Spathaspora passalidarum (strain
SPAPADRAFT_67198 G3ANX7 NRRL Y-27907 / 1 1 -Y1 )
Trichophyton verrucosum (strain
TRV_07960 D4DL86 HKI 0517)
Arthroderma gypseum (strain
ATCC MYA-4604 / CBS 1 18893) MGYG_07264 E4V2J0 (Microsporum gypseum)
Hypocrea jecorina (strain Q!V16a)
TRIREDRAFT_43893 G0R7P8 (Trichoderma reesei)
Trichophyton rubrum MR1448 H1 10_00629 A0A022Z1 G4
Aspergillus ruber CBS 135680 EURHEDRAFT_512125 A0A017SPR0
G!area lozoyensis (strain ATCC
GLARE A_04397 S3D6C1 20868 / MF5171 )
Setosphaeria turcica (strain 28A)
(Northern leaf blight fungus) SETTUDRAFT_20639 R0K6H8 (Exserohi!um turcicum)
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
PADG_06552 C1 GH16 (strain Pb18)
Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 FOZG_13577 W9JPG9
Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 FOZG__05344 W9KPH3
Trichophyton rubrum MR1459 H1 13_00628 A0A022ZY09
Peniciliium marneffei (strain PMAA__075740 B6QBY3 ATCC 18224 / CBS 334.59 / QM Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
7333)
Sphaerulina musiva (strain
SO2202) (Poplar stem canker SEPMUDRAFTJ 54026 M3DAK6 fungus) (Septoria musiva)
Gibbereila moniliformis (strain
M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear
FVEGJ 0S26 W7N4P8 and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium
verticiilioides)
Gibbereila moniliformis (strain
M3125 / FGSC 7600) (Maize ear
FVEG_08281 VV7MVR9 and stalk rot fungus) (Fusarium
verticiilioides)
Pseudozyma anfarctica (strain T-
PANT_22d00298 M9MGF2 34) (Yeast) (Candida antarctica)
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
PABG_07795 C0SJD4 (strain Pb03)
Rhizophagus irregularis (strain
DAOM 181602 / DAOM 197198 /
MUCL 43194) (Arbuscular GLOINDRAFT_82554 U9TF61 mycorrhizal fungus) (Glomus
infraradices)
Penicillium cbrysogenum (strain
ATCC 28089 / DSM 1075 / Pc21 g23700
B6HJ58 Wisconsin 54-1255) (Penicillium PCH_Pc21 g23700
notatum)
Baudoinia compniacensis (strain
UAMH 10762) (Angels' share BAUCODRAFT__274597 M2IV16Z5 fungus)
Hypocrea atroviridis (strain ATCC
20476 / 1 Ml 206040) TRIATDRAFT_280929 G9NJ32 (Trichoderma atroviride)
Colietotricbum gloeosporioides CGLOm06642 T0LPH0 (strain Cg-1 ) (Anthracnose Accession
Organism Gene names
No. fungus) (Glomerella cingu!ata)
Cordyceps militaris (strain CM01 )
CCM_02665 G3JB34 (Caterpillar fungus)
Pyronema omphaiodes (strain
CBS 100304) (Pyronema PCON J 3062 U4LKE9 confiuens)
Colletotrichum graminicola (strain
M1 .001 / M2 / FGSC 10212)
GLRGJ38499 E3QR67 (Maize anthracnose fungus)
(Glomerelia graminicola)
Glarea lozoyensis (strain ATCC
M7L21 17 H0EHX4 74030 / MF5533)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
cubense (strain race 4) (Panama FGC4_g 10002493 N1 S969 disease fungus)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
cubense (strain race 4) (Panama FOC4__g 1001 1461 N1 RT80 disease fungus)
Cochlioboius sativus (strain
ND90Pr / ATCC 201652)
COCSADRAFT_295770 IV12TBE4 (Common root rot and spot blotch
fungus) (Bipolaris sorokiniana)
Mixia osmundae (strain CBS
9802 / IAM 14324 / JCM 22182 / Mo05571 E5GJ35571 G7E7S3 KY 12970)
Mycosphaerella pini (strain
NZE10 / CBS 128990) (Red band
DOTSEDRAFT_69651 IM1 PXR0 needle blight fungus)
(Dothistroma septosporum)
Grosmannia ciavigera (strain
kw1407 / UAMH 1 1 150) (Blue
CMC 1 13 F0XC64 stain fungus) (Graphiocladiella
ciavigera) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Fusarium oxysporum FOSC 3-a FOYGJ33004 W9IUE5
Fusarium oxysporum FOSC 3-a FOYGJ 6040 W9HNP0
Fusarium oxysporum FOSC 3-a FOYG__17058 W9HB31
Nectria haematococca (strain 77- 13-4 / ATCC MYA-4622 / FGSC
NECHADRAFTJ37686 C7YQL1 9596 / MPVI) (Fusarium soiani
subsp. pisi)
Nectria haematococca (strain 77- 13-4 / ATCC MYA-4622 / FGSC
NECHADRAFT_77262 C7ZJI0 9596 / MPVI) (Fusarium soiani
subsp, pisi)
Tuber melanosporum (strain
GSTUM_00010376001 D5GLS0 Me!28) (Perigord black truffle)
Ajel!omyces dermatitidis (strain
SLH 14081 ) (Blastomyces BDBGJ37633 C5JYI9 dermatitidis)
Chaetomium globosum (strain
ATCC 6205 / CBS 148.51 / DSM
CHGG_09885 Q2GQ69 1962 / NBRC 6347 / NRRL 1970)
(Soil fungus)
Candida tenuis (strain ATCC
10573 / BCRC 21748 / CBS 615 /
CANTED RAFTJ 08652 G3B9Z1 JCM 9827 / NBRC 10315 / NRRL
Y-1498 / VKM Y-70) (Yeast)
Trichophyton rubrum CBS
H102__00622 A0A022VKY4 100081
Pyrenophora teres f. teres (strain
0-1 ) (Barley net blotch fungus) PTTJ39421
(Drechslera teres f. teres)
Colietotrichum gloeosporioides
(strain Nara gcS) (Anthracnose CGGC5__4608 L2GB29 fungus) (Glomerella cingulata) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Gibbereila zeae (Wheat head
blight fungus) (Fusarium FG05_06918 A0A016PCS4 graminearum)
Trichophyton soudanense CBS
H 1 Q5J3Q612 A0A022Y6A6 452,61
Sclerotica sclerotiorum (strain
ATCC 18683 / 1980 / Ss-1 )
SS1 G_07437 A7EQ37 (White mold) (Whetzelinia
sclerotiorum)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi
FOVGJ4401 W9NWU8 HDV247
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi
FOVG_02874 W9G5V3 HDV247
Ustiiago hordei (strain Uh4875~4)
UHGRJ33G09 I2G1 Z4 (Barley covered smut fungus)
Sporisorium reilianum (strain
sr12985 E6ZYF7 SRZ2) (Maize head smut fungus)
Bipolaris zeicoia 26-R-13 COCCADRAFT_81 154 W6YIP8
Meiampsora larici-populina (strain
98AG31 / pathotype 3-4-7) MELLADRAFT_78490 F4RUZ8 (Poplar leaf rust fungus)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lycopersici (strain 4287 / CBS
123668 / FGSC 9935 / NRRL FOXG_01901 J9IV1G95 34936) (Fusarium vascular wilt of
tomato)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lycopersici (strain 4287 / CBS
123668 / FGSC 9935 / NRRL FOXGJ 1941 J9N9S4 34936) (Fusarium vascular wilt of
tomato)
Bipolaris victoriae FI3 COCVIDRAFT_39053 W7EIV1J8 Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Debaryornyces hansenii (strain
ATCC 36239 / CBS 767 / JCM
DEHA2E04268g Q6BQL4 1990 / NBRC 0083 / !GC 2968)
(Yeast) (Torulaspora hansenii)
Clavispora lusiianiae (strain
ATCC 42720) (Yeast) (Candida CLUGJ31505 C4XZX3 lusitaniae)
Candida albicans (strain WO-1 )
CAWGJ32023 C4YME4 (Yeast)
Trichophyton rubrum MR850 H1 QQJ30625 A0A022U0Q2
Candida dubliniensis (strain
CD36 / ATCC MYA-646 / CBS
CD36J32890 B9WMC7 7987 / NCPF 3949 / RRL Y- 17841 ) (Yeast)
Starmerella bornbicoia AOX1 A0A024FB95
Thielavia beterothallica (strain
ATCC 42464 / BCRC 31852 /
MYCTH__103590 G2QJL7 DSM 1799) (Myceiiophthora
thermophiia)
Claviceps purpurea (strain 20.1 )
(Ergot fungus) (Sphacelia CPURJ37614 M1WFI4 segetum)
Aspergillus oryzae (strain ATCC
42149 / RIB 40) (Yellow koji AO090023000571 Q2UH61 mold)
Dictyosteiium discoideum (Slime DDBJ3184181
Q54DT6 mold) DDB__G0292042
Triticum urartu (Red wild einkorn)
TRIUR3_ 22733 M7YME5 (Crithodium urartu)
Soianum tuberosum (Potato) PGSC0003DMG40001721 1 M1 BG07
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica OSJNBb0044B19.5
Q8W5P8 (Rice) LOC__Os10g33540 Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Oryza sativa subsp, japonica OJ1234_B 1 1 .20
Q6K9N5 (Rice) Os02g0621800
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica OSJNBa0001 K12.5
Q8W5P3 (Rice) LOCj3s10g33520
Zea mays (Maize) ZEAMMB73_809149 C0P3J6
Citrus Clementina CICLE_v1001 1 1 1 1 mg V4S9P4
Citrus Clementina CICLE_v10018992mg V4U4C9
Citrus Clementina CICLE__v10004405mg V4S9D3
Citrus Clementina CICLE_v10004403mg V4RZZ6
Morus notabilis L484J31 1703 W9RIK0
Morus notabilis L484_005930 W9RET7
Medicago truncatuia (Barrel
IV1TR__1 g07565Q G7I4U3 medic) (Medicago tribuloides)
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear
Q8LDP0 cress)
Medicago truncatuia (Barrel
IVlTR__4g081080 G7JF07 medic) (Medicago tribuloides)
Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba)
L7VFV2 (Buxus chinensis)
Prunus persica (Peach)
PRUPE__ppa018458mg M5VXL1 (Amygdalus persica)
Aphanomyces astaci H257J3741 1 W4GI89
Aphanomyces astaci H257_07412 W4G144
Aphanomyces astaci H257_0741 1 W4GKE3
Aphanomyces astaci H257_0741 1 W4GK29
Aphanomyces astaci H257_0741 1 W4GJ79
Aphanomyces astaci H257__0741 1 W4G138 Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Phaeodaciylum tricornutum
PHATRDRAFT_482G4 B7G6C1 (strain CCAP 1055/1 )
Hordeum vulgare var. distichum
F2E4R4 (Two-rowed barley)
Hordeum vulgare var. distichum
F2DZG1 (Two-rowed barley)
Hordeum vulgare var. distichum
M0YPG7 (Two-rowed barley)
Hordeum vulgare var. distichum
M0YPG6 (Two-rowed barley)
Hordeum vulgare var. distichum
F2CUY4 (Two-rowed barley)
Ricinus communis (Castor bean) RCOM_0867830 B9S1 S3
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis
(Chinese cabbage) (Brassica B RA014947 M4DEM5 pekinensis)
Ricinus communis (Castor bean) RCOM_0258730 B9SV13
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis
(Chinese cabbage) (Brassica BRA001912 M4CCI2 pekinensis)
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis
(Chinese cabbage) (Brassica B RA012548 M4D7T8 pekinensis)
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis
(Chinese cabbage) (Brassica BRA024190 M4E5Y6 pekinensis)
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis
(Chinese cabbage) (Brassica B RA015283 M4DFL0 pekinensis)
Ricinus communis (Castor bean) RCOMJ 168730 B9SS54
Zea mays (Maize) C4J691 Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Oryza giaberrima (African rice) I1 P2B7
Zea mays (Maize) B6SXM3
Zea mays (Maize) C0HFU4
Aegi!ops tauschii (Tausch's
F775J 9577 R7W4J3 goaigrass) (Aegilops squarrosa)
Solarium habrochaiies (Wild
R9R6T0 tomato) (Lycopersicon hirsutum)
Physcomiirella patens subsp.
PHYPADRAFTJ 24285 A9S535 patens (Moss)
Physcomitrella patens subsp.
PHYPADRAFTJ 13581 A9RG13 patens (Moss)
Physcomitrella patens subsp.
PHYPADRAFTJ 82504 A9S9A5 patens (Moss)
Solanum pennei!ii (Tomato)
R9R6Q1 (Lycopersicon pennellii)
Vitis vinifera (Grape) V!T__02s0087g00830 F6HJ27
Vitis vinifera (Grape) VITJ37s0G05g03780 F6HZM3
Vitis vinifera (Grape) VIT_05s0049g01400 F6H8T4
Vitis vinifera (Grape) VmSV _019349 A5AH38
Capsella rubella CARUB__v10013046m g R0HIT3
Capsella rubella CARUB__v10004212mg R0GUX4
Capsella rubella CARUB„v10004208m g R0F3X6
Capsella rubella CARUB_v10012453mg R0ILD0
Capsella rubella CARUB__v10Q04208mg R0GUX1
Eutrema salsugineum (Saltwater
EUTSA__v10024496mg V4MD54 cress) (Sisymbrium salsugineum)
Eutrema salsugineum (Saltwater EUTSA__v10020141 mg V4IMM59 Accession
Organism Gene names
No. cress) (Sisymbrium saisugineum)
Eutrema saisugineum (Saltwater
EUTSA__v1 G024496mg V4LUR9 cress) (Sisymbrium saisugineum)
Eutrema saisugineum (Saltwater
EUTSA_v10024528mg V4P767 cress) (Sisymbrium saisugineum)
Eutrema saisugineum (Saltwater
EUTSA_v10006882mg V4L2P6 cress) (Sisymbrium saisugineum)
Selagineiia moellendorffii
SELMODRAFT_87684 D8R6Z6 (Spikemoss)
Selagineiia moellendorffii
SELMODRAFT_87621 D8R6Z5 (Spikemoss)
Selagineiia moellendorffii
SELMODRAFT_74601 D8QN81 (Spikemoss)
Selagineiia moellendorffii
SELMODRAFT_73531 D8QN82 (Spikemoss)
Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) Sb04g026390
C5XXS4 (Sorghum vuigare) S 0 RB I D RAFT__04g026390
Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) Sb04g026370
C5XXS1 (Sorghum vuigare) SORBIDRAFT__04g026370
Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) Sb01 g019470
C5WYH6 (Sorghum vuigare) SORBIDRAFTJ31 g019470
Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) Sb01 g019480
C5WYH7 (Sorghum vuigare) SORBIDRAFTJ31 g019480
Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) Sb01 g019460
C5WYH5 (Sorghum vuigare) SORBIDRAFT__01 g019460
Solanum pimpineiiifolium (Currant
tomato) (Lycopersicon R9R6J2 pimpineiiifolium)
Phaseoius vulgaris (Kidney bean)
PHAVU__007G124200g V7BGIV17 (French bean) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney bean)
PHAVU__01 1 G136600g V7A135 (French bean)
Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney bean)
PHAVU__001 G162800g V7D063 (French bean)
Solanum tuberosum (Potato) PGSC0003DMG400024294 M1 C923
Solanum tuberosum (Potato) PGSC0003DMG400018458 M1 BKV4
Solanum tuberosum (Potato) PGSC0003D1V1G400018458 M1 BKV3
Glycine max (Soybean) (Glycine
K7LK61 hispida)
Glycine max (Soybean) (Glycine
K7KXQ9 hispida)
Populus trichocarpa (Western
balsam poplar) (Populus POPTR_0008s16920g B9HKS3 balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa)
Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce)
B8LQ84 (Pinus sitchensis)
Populus trichocarpa (Western
balsam poplar) (Populus POPTR_0004s24310g U5GKQ5 balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa)
Populus trichocarpa (Western
balsam poplar) (Populus POPTR_0010s07980g B9HSG9 balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa)
Glycine max (Soybean) (Glycine
I1 N9S7 hispida)
Glycine max (Soybean) (Glycine
I1 LSK5 hispida)
Setaria italica (Foxtail millet)
Si034362m.g K4A658 (Panicum italicum)
Solanum iycopersicum (Tomato)
Solyc09g072610.2 K4CUT7 (Lycopersicon esculentum) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Setaria italica (Foxtail millet)
Si016380m.g K3YQ38 (Panicum italicum)
Solarium lycopersicum (Tomato)
R9R6I9 (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)
Solyc09g090350.2 K4CW81 (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)
Solyc08g005630.2 K4CI54 (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)
Solyc08g075240.2 K4CMP1 (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Setaria italica (Foxtail millet)
Si034359m.g K4A655 (Panicum italicum)
Setaria italica (Foxtail millet)
Si034354m.g K4A650 (Panicum italicum)
Mimuius guttatus (Spotted
monkey flower) (Yellow monkey MIMGU__mgv1 a001896mg A0A022PU07 flower)
Mimuius guttatus (Spotted
monkey flower) (Yellow monkey MIMGU_mgv1 a022390mg A0A022RAV4 flower)
Mimulus guttatus (Spotted
monkey flower) (Yellow monkey MIMGU_mgv1 a001868mg A0A022S2E6 flower)
Mimulus guttatus (Spotted
monkey flower) (Yellow monkey MIMGU_mgv1 a001883mg A0A022S275 flower)
Mimulus guttatus (Spotted
monkey flower) (Yellow monkey MIMGU__mgv1 a001781 mg A0A022QNF0 flower)
Musa acuminata subsp.
maiaccensis (Wild banana) (Musa M0SNA8 maiaccensis) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Musa acuminata subsp.
malaccensis (Wild banana) (Musa M0RUT7 malaccensis)
Musa acuminata subsp.
malaccensis (Wild banana) (Musa M0RUK3 malaccensis)
Saprolegnia diclina VS20 SDRGJ 0901 T0RG89
Brachypodium distachyon (Purple
false brome) (Trachynia BRADI3G49085 I1 IBP7 distachya)
Brachypodium distachyon (Purple
false brome) (Trachynia BRADI3G28677 I1 I4N2 distachya)
Brachypodium distachyon (Purple
false brome) (Trachynia BRADI3G286S7 I1 I4N0 distachya)
Oryza sativa subsp. indica (Rice) Osl_34012 B8BHG0
Oryza sativa subsp. indica (Rice) Osl_081 18 B8AFT8
Oryza sativa subsp. indica (Rice) Osl_34008 A2Z8H1
Oryza sativa subsp. indica (Rice) Osl_34014 B8BHG1
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica
LOC__Os10g33460 Q7XDG3 (Rice)
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica
Os10g0474800 Q0IX12 (Rice)
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica
Os10g0474966 C7J7R1 (Rice)
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica
OSJNBa0001 K12.13 Q8W5N7 (Rice)
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica
OsJ__31873 B9G683 (Rice) Accession
Organism Gene names
No.
Oryza sativa subsp, japonica
OsJ_31875 B9G684
(Rice)
Oryza sativa subsp. japonica
OSJNBa0001 K12.3 Q8W5P5 (Rice)
Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. Iyrata
ARALYDRAFT_470376 D7KDA3 (Lyre-leaved rock-cress)
Arabidopsis iyrata subsp. iyrata
ARALYDRAFT_479855 D7L3B6
(Lyre-leaved rock-cress)
Arabidopsis iyrata subsp. iyrata
ARALYDRAFT_491906 D7MDA9 (Lyre-ieaved rock-cress)
Arabidopsis iyrata subsp. iyrata
ARALYDRAFT__914728 D7MGS9 (Lyre-leaved rock-cress)
Acety! Transferase
[00170] The present disclosure describes enzymes that convert alcohols to fatty acetates.
[00171] In some embodiments, an acetyl transferase is used to catalyze the conversion of a fatty alcohol to a fatty acetate. An acetyl transferase is an enzyme that has the ability to produce an acetate ester by transferring the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to an alcohol. In some embodiments, the acetyl transferase may have an EC number of 2.3.1 .84.
[00172] The acetyl transferase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from various organisms, including but not limited to, organisms of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Danaus plexippus, Heiiotis virescens, Bombyx mori, Agrotis ipsilon, Agrotis segetum, Euonymus alatus. In exemplary embodiments, the acetyl transferase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. AY242066, AY242065, AY242064, AY242063, AY242062, EHJ65205, ACX53812, NP_001 182381 , EHJ65977, EHJ68573, KJ579226, GU594061 . Additional exemplary acetyl transferase peptides may be found in US2010/0199548, which is herein incorporated by reference.
Fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase
[00173] Acyl-ACP thioesterase releases free fatty acids from Acyl-ACPs, synthesized from de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. The reaction terminates fatty acid biosynthesis. In plants, fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the plastid and thus requires plastid-localized acyl-ACP thioesierases. The main products of acyl-ACP thioesterase are oieate (C18:0) and to a lesser extent palmitate (C16:0) in the vegetative tissues of ail plants. The released free fatty acids are re-esterified to coenzyme A in the plastid envelope and exported out of plastid.
[00174] There are two isoforms of acyl-ACP thioesterase, FatA and FatB. Substrate specificity of these isoforms determines the chain length and level of saturated fatty acids in plants. The highest activity of FatA is with C18: 1 -ACP. FatA has very low activities towards other acyl-ACPs when compared with C18: 1 -ACP. FatB has highest activity with C16:0-ACP. It also has significant high activity with C18: 1 -ACP, followed by C18:0-ACP and C16: 1 -ACP. Kinetics studies of FatA and FatB indicate that their substrate specificities with different acyl-ACPs came from the Kcat values, rather than from Km. Km values of the two isoforms with different substrates are similar, in the micromolar order. Domain swapping of FatA and FatB indicates the N-terminus of the isoforms determines their substrate specificities (Salas JJ and Ohirogge JB (2002) Characterization of substrate specificity of plant FatA and FatB acyl-ACP thioesierases. Arch Biochem Biophys 403(1 ): 25-34). For those plants which predominantly accumulate medium-chain length saturated fatty acids in seeds, they evolved with specialized FatB and/or FatA thioesierases (Voelker T and Kinney AJ (2001 ) Variations in the biosynthesis of seed-storage lipids. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52: 335-361 ). For example, laurate (12:0) is the predominant seed oil in coconut. Correspondingly, the medium-chain specific acyl-ACP thioesterase activity was detected in coconut seeds.
[00175] In one embodiment, one or more fatty acyi~ACP thioesierases are selected from the group consisting of Q41635, Q39473, P0552 2, AEM72519, AEM72520, AEM72521 , AEM72523, AAC49784, CAB60830, EER87824, EER96252, ABIM54268, AA077182, CAH09236, ACL08376, and homoiogs thereof.
[00176] The present disclosure describes a toxic protein, peptide, or small molecule that can be encoded by a recombinant microorganism. In some embodiments, the toxic protein, peptide, or small molecule is biosyntheticaiiy produced along with an insect pheromone.
[00177] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a protein or polypeptide which is toxic to an insect. In some embodiments, the toxic protein or polypeptide is from an entomopathogenic organism. In some embodiments, the entomopathogenic organism is selected from Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serrafia marcescens. In a particular embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin.
[00178] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism is engineered to express a metabolic pathway which, when expressed, produces a small molecule that is toxic to an insect.
[00179] In exemplary embodiments, an insect pheromone produced by a recombinant microorganism described herein may be used to attract a pest insect, and subsequently, the pest insect is eradicated with a toxic substance, such as a toxic protein, peptide, or small molecule, which has been co- produced by a recombinant microorganism described herein.
[00180] As discussed above, in a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing a mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA. An illustrative embodiment of the first aspect is shown in Figure 1. The blue lines designate biochemical pathways used to produce a saturated acyl-CoA, which acts as a substrate for unsaturated fatty- acyi CoA conversion. The substrate to unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA conversion can be performed by endogenous or exogenous enzymes in a host. Green lines indicate conversions catalyzed by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding for an enzyme. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the conversion of a saturated fatty acyl-CoA to a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA is catalyzed by at least one desaturase, which is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. In further embodiments, the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty alcohol is catalyzed by at least one reductase, which is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. The dashed grey lines indicate downstream steps for the synthesis of pheromones, fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates, such as using an alcohol oxidase or oxidant to produce a mono- or polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde, and an acetyl transferase or a chemical such as acety!chloride to produce a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acetate. The red crosses indicate deleted or down regulated pathways native to the host, which increase flux towards the engineered pathway.
[00181] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyi desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated Ce-C24 fatty acyi- CoA to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyi reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated C6~C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, the saturated Ce- C24 fatty acyl-CoA can be produced using endogenous enzymes in the host microorganism. In other embodiments, the saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA can be produced using one or more exogenous enzymes in the host microorganism.
[00182] As described above, a fatty acyi desaturase catalyzes the desaturation of the hydrocarbon chain on, e.g., a saturated fatty acyl-CoA molecule to generate a corresponding unsaturated fatty acyi CoA molecule, !n some embodiments, an exogenous fatty acyi desaturase can be selected and expressed in a recombinant microorganism to catalyze the formation of at least one double bond in fatty acyl-CoA molecule having from 6 to 24 carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the fatty-acyi desaturase is a desaturase capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
[00183] An exogenous fatty acyi desaturase described herein can be selected to catalyze the desaturation at a desired position on the hydrocarbon chain. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the fatty-acyi desaturase is capable of generating a double bond at position C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C1 1 , C12, or C13, in the fatty acid or its derivatives, such as, for example, fatty acid CoA esters.
[00184] One or more than one fatty acyl-CoA desaturase can be expressed in the host to catalyze desaturation at multiple positions on the hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl-CoA desaturase is heterologous to the host microorganism. Accordingly, various embodiments provide for recombinant microorganism comprised of at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule, which encodes a fatty acyi desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated Ce~C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA.
[00185] In one exemplary embodiment, the fatty-acyi desaturase is a Z1 1 desaturase. The Z1 1 fatty-acyi desaturase catalyze double bond formation between the 1 1th and 12th carbons in the substrate relative to the carbonyl group. In various embodiments described herein, the Z1 1 desaturase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Amyeiois iransitel!a, Argyrotaenia veiutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capitella, Trichopiusia ni, elicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana. Further Z1 1 -desaturases, or the nucleic acid sequences encoding them, can be isolated from Bombyx mors, Manduca sexta, Diatraea grandioselia, Earias insuiana, Earias vitteiia, Plutelia xyiostella, Bombyx mori or Diap ania nitidaiis. In exemplary embodiments, the Z1 1 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. JX679209, JX964774, AF416738, AF545481 , EU 152335, AAD03775, AAF81787, and AY493438. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z11 desaturase from organisms of the species Agrotis segetum, Amyelois transitella, Argyrotaenia velutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capitella, Trichopiusia ni, Heiicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana is codon optimized. In some embodiments, the Z11 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 9, 18, 24 and 28 from Trichopiusia ni. In other embodiments, the Z11 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 18 from Agrotis segetum. In some embodiments, the Z11 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 23 from Thalassiosira pseudonana. In certain embodiments, the Z11 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 12, 17 and 30 from Amyelois transiteila. In further embodiments, the Z11 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 13, 19, 25, 27 and 31 from Heiicoverpa zea. In some embodiments, the Z11 desaturase comprises a chimeric polypeptide. In some embodiments, a complete or partial Z11 desaturase is fused to another polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the N-terminal native leader sequence of a Z11 desaturase is replaced by an oleosin leader sequence from another species. In certain embodiments, the Z11 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 15, 28 and 29.
[00186] In certain embodiments, the Z11 desaturase catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyi-CoA into a mono- or poly-unsaturafed product selected from Z11-13:Acyl-CoA, E11-13:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-7,11-13:Acyl-CoA, Z11-14: Acyl-CoA, E11-14:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-9,11-1 :Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9,11- 14:Acyi-CoA, (Z,E)-9,11-14:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9,11-14:Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-9,11- 15:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9,11-15:Acyl-CoA, Z11-16:Acyl-CoA, E11-16:Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-6, 11 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-7, 11 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-8, 11 -16: Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-9, 11 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 11 -16:Acyl-CoA, (Z, E)-9, 11 -16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 11 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E, E)-11,13-18: Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-11,13-18: Acyi-CoA, (Z, E)-11,13-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-11,13-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z, E)-11,14-18: Acyi-CoA, (E,E,Z)-4,6,11-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-16: Acyl-CoA, (E,E,Z,Z)-4,6,11 ,13- 16:Acyi-CoA, Z11-17:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-8,11-17: Acyl-CoA, Z11-18: Acyl-CoA, E11-18: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-11,13-18: Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-11,14-18: Acyl-CoA, or combinations thereof. [00187] In another exemplary embodiment, the fatty-acyl desaturase is a Z9 desaturase. The Z9 fatty-acyl desaturase catalyze double bond formation between the 9th and 10th carbons in the substrate relative to the carbonyl group. In various embodiments described herein, the Z9 desaturase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Ostrinia fumacaiis, Ostrinia nobilalis, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capitel!a, Helicoverpa assulta, or He!icoverpa zea. In exemplary embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. AY057862, AF243047, AF518017, EU152332, AF482906, and AAF81788. !n some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Z9 desaturase is codon optimized. In some embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20 from Ostrinia fumacaiis. In other embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 from Lampronia capiiella. In some embodiments, the Z9 desaturase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22 from Helicoverpa zea.
[00188] In certain embodiments, the Z9 desaturase catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into a monounsaturated or polyunsaturated product selected from Z9-1 1 :Acyl-CoA, Z9-12:Acyl-CoA, E9-12:Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-7,9- 12:Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-7,9-12:Acyi-CoA, (Z,E)-7,9-12:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-7,9-12:Acyl- CoA, Z9-13:Acyl-CoA, E9-13:Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-5,9-13:Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-5,9- 13:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-5,9-13:Acyi-CoA, Z9-14:Acyl-CoA, E9-14:Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)~ 4,9-14:Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-9, 1 1 -1 :Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -1 :Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9, 1 1 - 14:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -14:Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-9, 12-14:Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9, 12- 14:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 12-14:Acyl-CoA, Z9-15:Acyl-CoA, E9-15:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)- 6,9-15:Acyl-CoA, Z9-16:Acyl-CoA, E9-16:Acyi~CoA, (E,E)-9, 1 1 -16:Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -16:Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9,1 1 -16:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -16:Acyi-CoA, Z9- 17:Acyl-CoA, E9-18:Acyl-CoA, Z9-18:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-5,9-18:Acyl-CoA, (E,E)- 9, 12-18:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 12-18:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-18:Acyi-CoA, (Ε,Ε,Ε)- 9, 12, 15-18:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z,Z)-9, 12,15-18:Acyl-CoA, or combinations thereof.
[00189] Desaturation of a saturated 06~024 fatty acyi-CoA can proceed through a plurality of reactions to produce a poly-unsaturated C8-C24 fatty acyi- CoA. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express a bifunctionai desaturase capable of catalyzing the formation at least two double bonds. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express more than one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding more than one fatty- acyl desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyi- CoA to a corresponding poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA. For example, the recombinant microorganism may express an exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a Z1 1 desaturase and another exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a Z9 desaturase. Thus, the resultant poiy-unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA would have a double bond between the 9th and 10th carbon and another double bond between the 1 1ih and 12th carbon.
[00190] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism may express a fatty-acyl conjugase that acts independently or together with a fatty-acyl desaturase to catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated fatty acyl-CoA to a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA.
[00191] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a recombinant microorganism capable of producing a polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated or monounsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyl conjugase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the polyunsaturated Ce~ C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
[00192] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl conjugases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated Ce-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA.
[00193] In a further embodiment, the disclosure provides a recombinant microorganism capable of producing a polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated or monounsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyl conjugase that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated Ce- C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the polyunsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acy!-CoA from (a) into the corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
[00194] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl desaturases and at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl conjugases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyi- CoA.
[00195] In yet a further embodiment, the fatty-acyl conjugase is a conjugase capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
[00196] In certain embodiments, the conjugase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Cydia pomonelia, Cydia nigricana, Lobesia botrana, Myelois cribrella, Plodia interpunctella, Dendroiimus punctatus, Lampronia capitella, Spodoptera litura, Amyelois transiteiia, Manduca sexia, Bombyx mori, Calendula officinalis, Trichosanthes kiriiowii, Punica granatum, Momordica charantia, Impatiens balsamina, and Epiphyas postvittana. In exemplary embodiments, the conjugase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession No. or Uniprot database: A0A059TBF5, A0A0!V 3L9E8, A0A0IV13L9S4, A0A01V13LAH8, A0A0M3LAS8, A0A0M3LAH8, B6CBS4, XP_013183656.1 , XPJ304923568.2, ALA65425.1 , NPJ301296494.1 , NPJ3Q1274330, 1 , Q4A181 , Q75PL7, Q9FPP8, AY178444, AY178446, AF182521 , AF182520, Q95UJ3. [00197] As described above, a fatty acyi reductase catalyzes the reduction of a carbonyi group, e.g., on an unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA molecule to generate a corresponding unsaturated fatty acid molecule. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol forming fatty acyi CoA reductase is heterologous to the microorganism. Accordingly, various embodiments provide for recombinant microorganism comprised of at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule, which encodes a fatty alcohol forming fatty acyi reductase that catalyzes the reduction of a carbonyi group on an unsaturated fatty acy!-CoA molecule to generate a corresponding unsaturated fatty acid molecule.
[00198] In some embodiments, the fatty acyi reductase is from an organism of the species Agrotis segetum, Spodopfera littoralis, or Helicoverpa amigera. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fatty-acyl reductase is codon optimized. In some embodiments, the fatty acyi reductase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 from Agrotis segetum. In other embodiments, the fatty acyi reductase comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 from Spodoptera littoralis. In some embodiments, the fatty acyi reductase comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 32 from Helicoverpa armigera.
[00199] In exemplary embodiments, the fatty-acyl reductase catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poiy-unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA into a fatty alcohol product selected from (Z)-3-hexenoi, (Z)-3-nonenol, (Z)-5-decenol, (E)-5- decenol, (Z)-7~dodecenoi, (E)-8~dodecenoi, (Z)-8-dodecenol, (Z)-9-dodecenol, (Z)-9-tetradecenoi, (Z)-9-hexadecenol, (Z)-1 1 -tetradecenoi, (Z)-7-hexadecenol, (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoi, (E)-1 1 -tetradecenoi, or (Z,Z)-1 1 ,13-hexadecadienol, (1 1Z, 13E)-hexadecadienoi, (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadienol, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienol, (Z)-13-octadecenol, or combinations thereof.
[00200] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism described herein can include a plurality of fatty acyi reductases. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules, which encode fatty-acyl reductases that catalyze the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA into the corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce-C-24 fatty alcohol. [00201] As discussed above, in a second aspect, the application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of C6-C24 fatty acid. An illustrative embodiment of the second aspect is shown in Figure 2. The blue lines designate biochemical pathways endogenous to the host, e.g. , pathways for converting an n-aikane, fatty alcohol, or fatty aldehyde to a fatty acid, or the conversion of a fatty acid to fatty-acyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, or dicarboxylic acid. The substrate to unsaturated fatty acid conversion can be performed by endogenous or exogenous enzymes in a host. Yellow lines indicate conversions catalyzed by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding for an enzyme. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the conversion of a saturated fatty acid to a saturated fatty acyl-ACP can be catalyzed by at least one saturated fatty acyl-ACP synthetase, wherein the fatty acyl-ACP synthetase is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. In further embodiments, the conversion of the saturated fatty acyl-ACP to a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP can be catalyzed by at least one fatty acyl-ACP desaturase, wherein the fatty acyl-ACP desaturase is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. In still further embodiments, the mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP can be elongated by at least 2 carbons relative using a fatty acid synthase complex and a carbon source, e.g. , malonyl-ACP. In one such embodiment, the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding two carbon elongated mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl- ACP can be catalyzed by at least one fatty acid synthase complex, wherein the fatty acid synthase complex is encoded by one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules. In yet further embodiments, the conversion of the elongated mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP to a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty aldehyde can be catalyzed by a fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl reductase, wherein the fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl reductase is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the mono- or polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde can be converted to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty alcohol, wherein the substrate to product conversion is catalyzed by a dehydrogenase, wherein the dehydrogenase is encoded by an endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule. The dashed lines indicate downstream steps of the disclosure, such as utilizing an acetyl transferase or meiaihesis, or subsequent chemical transformations to produce functionaiized pherornones. The red crosses indicate deleted or down regulated pathways native to the host, which increase flux towards the engineered pathway.
[00202] !n one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism expresses (a): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acyl-ACP synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of a Ce-C24 fatty acid to a corresponding saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase thai catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturaied C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP; (c) one or more endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl- ACP from (b) to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl- ACP with a two carbon elongation relative to the product of (b); (d): at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty aldehyde forming fatty- acyi reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP from (c) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde; and (e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty aldehyde C6-C24 from (d) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, the C6-C24 fatty acid can be produced using endogenous enzymes in the host microorganism. In other embodiments, the saturated Ce- C24 fatty acid can be produced by one or more exogenous enzymes in the host microorganism.
[00203] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism disclosed herein includes an acyl-ACP synthetase to catalyze the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty acid to a corresponding saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP. In some embodiments the acyl-ACP synthetase is a synthetase capable of utilizing a fatty acid as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms. In exemplary embodiments, the recombinant microorganism can include a heterologous the acyl~ACP synthetase from an organism of the species Vibrio harveyi, Rhodotoruia glutinis, or Yarrowia lipoiytica,
[00204] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism includes a fatty acyi-ACP desaturase. In some embodiments, the fatty acyl~ACP desaturase is a soluble desaturase. In other embodiments, the fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase is from an organism of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asclepias syriaca, or Uncaria tomentosa.
[00206] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism includes a fatty acid synthase complex. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the fatty acid synthase complex are endogenous nucleic acid molecules. In other embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex are exogenous nucleic acid molecules.
[00206] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism disclosed herein includes a fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyi reductase which catalyzes the conversion of a C6~C24 fatty acyl~ACP to the corresponding C6~C24 fatty aldehyde. In exemplary embodiments, the fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase is from an organism of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asclepias syriaca, and Uncaria tomentosa. In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism includes a dehydrogenase to convert the unsaturated fatty aldehyde to a corresponding unsaturated fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding the dehydrogenase is endogenous to the recombinant microorganism. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase is exogenous to the recombinant microorganism. In exemplary embodiments, the endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase is isolated from organisms of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coii, Yarrowia lipoiytica, or Candida tropicalis.
[00207] As discussed above, in a third aspect, the application relates to a recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated Ce~C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of C6-C24 fatty acid. An illustrative embodiment of the second aspect is shown in Figure 3. The blue lines designate biochemical pathways endogenous to the host, e.g., pathways for converting an n-aikane, fatty alcohol, or fatty aldehyde to a fatty acid, or the conversion of a fatty acid to fatty-acyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, or dicarboxylic acid. The substrate to unsaturated fatty acid conversion can be performed by endogenous or exogenous enzymes in a host. Yellow lines indicate conversions catalyzed by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding for an enzyme. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the conversion of a saturated fatty acid to a saturated fatty acyi-ACP can be catalyzed by at least one saturated fatty acyl-ACP synthetase, wherein the fatty acyi-ACP synthetase is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. The non-native saturated fatty acyi-ACP thioesters create a substrate suitable for desaturation and distinct from CoA-fhioesters used for beta-oxidation or fatty acid elongation. In further embodiments, the conversion of the saturated fatty acyl-ACP to a mono- or poiy-unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP can be catalyzed by at least one fatty acyl-ACP desaturase, wherein the fatty acyi-ACP desaturase is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. In still further embodiments, the mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyi-ACP can be converted to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acid by a fatty-acyl-ACP thioesterase. In a particular embodiment, soluble fatty acyi-ACP thioesterases can be used to release free fatty acids for reactivation to a CoA thioester. Fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases including Q41635, Q39473, P05521 .2, AEM72519, AEM72520, AEM72521 , AEM72523, AAC49784, CAB80830, EER87824, EER96252, ABN54268, AA077182, CAH09236, ACL08376, and homologs thereof may be used. In an additional embodiment, the mono- or poiy-unsaturated fatty acyi- CoA can be elongated by at least 2 carbons relative using an elongase and a carbon source, e.g., maiony!-ACP, In yet further embodiments, the conversion of the elongated mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyi-CoA to a mono- or polyunsaturated fatty alcohol can be catalyzed by a fatty alcohol forming fatty acyi reductase, wherein the fatty alcohol forming fatty acyl reductase is encoded by an exogenous nucleic acid molecule. The dashed lines indicate downstream steps of the disclosure, such as utilizing an acetyl transferase or metathesis, or subsequent chemical transformations to produce functionaiized pheromones. The red crosses indicate deleted or down regulated pathways native to the host, which increase flux towards the engineered pathway. [00208] The fatty alcohols produced as taught herein can be further converted to produce downstream products such as insect pheromones, fragrances, flavors, and polymer intermediates, which utilize aldehydes or acetate functional groups. Thus, in some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, wherein the alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding C6-C24 fatty aldehyde. In other embodiments, the recombinant microorganism can further comprise at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding C6-C24 fatty acetate. In certain embodiments, the acetyl transferase, or the nucleic acid sequence that encodes it, can be isolated from organisms of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Danaus plexippus, Heliotis virescens, Bombyx mors, Agrofis ipsilon, Agrotis segetum, Euonymus a!atus. In exemplary embodiments, the acetyl transferase comprises a sequence selected from GenBank Accession Nos. AY242066, AY242065, AY242064, AY242063, AY242062, EHJ65205, ACX53812, NP_001 182381 , EHJ65977, EHJ68573, KJ579226, GU594061.
Figure imgf000115_0001
[00209] The disclosure provides microorganisms that can be engineered to express various exogenous enzymes.
[00210] In various embodiments described herein, the recombinant microorganism is a eukaryotic microorganism. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic microorganism is a yeast, !n exemplary embodiments, the yeast is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida,, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenu!a, K!uyvero yces, Issatchenkia, Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Pachysolen, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Myxozyma.
[00211] The present inventors have discovered that oleaginous yeast, such as Candida and Yarrowia, have a surprisingly high tolerance to the C6-C24 fatty alcohol substrates and products. Accordingly, in one such exemplary embodiment, the recombinant microorganism of the invention is an oleaginous yeast. In further embodiments, the oleaginous yeast is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotoruia, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Thchosporon, and Lipomyces, In even further embodiments, the oleaginous yeast is a member of a species selected from Yarrowia iipoiytica, Candida fropica!is, Rhodosporidium toruloides,
Lipomyces starkey, L iipoferus, C. revkaufi, C. pulcherrima, C. utilis, Rhodotoruia minuta, Thchosporon puilans, T. cutaneum, Cryptococcus curvatus, R, giutinis, and R, graminis.
[00212] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is a prokaryotic microorganism. In exemplary embodiments, the prokaryotic microorganism is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Escherichia, Clostridium, Zymomonas, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibaciiius, Arthrobacter Corynebacterium, and Brevibacterium.
[00213] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is used to produce a mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate disclosed herein.
[00214] Accordingly, in another aspect, the present inventions provide a method of producing a mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate using a recombinant microorganism described herein. In one embodiment, the method comprises cultivating the recombinant microorganism in a culture medium containing a feedstock providing a carbon source until the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is produced. In a further embodiment, the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is recovered. Recovery can be by methods known in the art, such as distillation, membrane-based separation gas stripping, solvent extraction, and expanded bed adsorption.
[00215] In some embodiments, the feedstock comprises a carbon source. In various embodiments described herein, the carbon source may be selected from sugars, glycerol, alcohols, organic acids, alkanes, fatty acids, lignoceiiulose, proteins, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. In a further embodiment, the sugar is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
[00216] The enzymes in the recombinant microorganism can be engineered to improve one or more aspects of the substrate to product conversion. Non- limiting examples of enzymes that can be further engineered for use in methods of the disclosure include a desaturase (e.g., a fatty acyl-CoA desaturase or fatty acyl-ACP desaturase), an acyl-ACP synthetase, a fatty acid synthetase, a fatty acid synthase complex, an acetyl transferase, dehydrogenase, and an alcohol oxidase, and combinations thereof. These enzymes can be engineered for improved catalytic activity, improved selectivity, improved stability, improved tolerance to various fermentations conditions (temperature, pH, etc.), or improved tolerance to various metabolic substrates, products, by-products, intermediates, etc.
[00217] Desaturase enzymes can be engineered for improved catalytic activity in the desaturation of an unsaturated substrate, for improved hydrocarbon selectivity, for improved selectivity of a Z product over an E product, or an E product over a Z product. For example, the Z9 fatty-acyl desaturase can be engineered to improve the yield in the substrate to product conversion of a saturated fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and, in addition or in the alternative, to improve selectivity of the desaturation at the 9 position to produce a corresponding Z-9 fatty acyl-CoA. In further non-limiting examples, the fatty acyl-ACP synthetase can be engineered for improved ACP ligation activity; a fatty acid synthase complex enzyme can be engineered for improved catalytic activity of elongation of a fatty acid substrate; a fatty alcohol forming fatty acyi-reductase can be engineered for improved catalytic activity in the reduction of a fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding fatty alcohol; a fatty aldehyde forming fatty acyl-reductase can be engineered for improved catalytic activity in the reduction of a fatty acyl- ACP to a corresponding fatty aldehyde; a dehydrogenase can be engineered for improved catalytic activity in the conversion of a fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding fatty alcohol; an alcohol oxidase can be engineered for improved catalytic activity in the conversion of a fatty alcohol into a corresponding faity aldehyde; and an acetyl transferase can be engineered for improved catalytic activity in the conversion of a fatty alcohol into a corresponding fatty acetate.
[00218] The term "improved catalytic activity" as used herein with respect to a particular enzymatic activity refers to a higher level of enzymatic activity than that measured relative to a comparable non-engineered enzyme, such as a non-engineered desaturase (e.g. fatty acyi-CoA desaturase or fatty acyl-ACP desaturase), fatty alcohol or aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase, acyl-ACP synthetase, fatty acid synthetase, fatty acid synthase complex, acyl transferase, dehydrogenase, or an alcohol oxidase enzyme. For example, overexpression of a specific enzyme can lead to an increased level of activity in the cells for that enzyme. Mutations can be introduced into a desaturase (e.g. fatty acyl-CoA desaturase or fatty acyl-ACP desaturase), a fatty alcohol or aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase, a acyl-ACP synthetase, a fatty acid synthetase, a fatty acid synthase complex, a acyl transferase, a dehydrogenase, or an alcohol oxidase enzyme resulting in engineered enzymes with improved catalytic activity. Methods to increase enzymatic activity are known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques can include increasing the expression of the enzyme by increasing plasm id copy number and/or use of a stronger promoter and/or use of activating riboswitches, introduction of mutations to relieve negative regulation of the enzyme, introduction of specific mutations to increase specific activity and/or decrease the KM for the substrate, or by directed evolution. See, e.g., Methods in Molecular Biology (vol. 231 ), ed. Arnold and Georgiou, Humana Press (2003).
Figure imgf000118_0001
[00219] In various embodiments described herein, the exogenous and endogenous enzymes in the recombinant microorganism participating in the biosynthesis pathways described herein may be overexpressed.
[00220] The terms "overexpressed" or "overexpression" refers to an elevated level (e.g. , aberrant level) of mRNAs encoding for a protein(s), and/or to elevated levels of protein(s) in ceils as compared to similar corresponding unmodified cells expressing basal levels of mRNAs or having basal levels of proteins. In particular embodiments, rriRNA(s) or protein(s) may be overexpressed by at least 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 8-fold, 8-fold, 10-fold, 12-fold, 15-fold or more in microorganisms engineered to exhibit increased gene mRNA, protein, and/or activity.
[00221] In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism of the disclosure is generated from a host that contains the enzymatic capability to synthesize a substrate fatty acid. In this specific embodiment it can be useful to increase the synthesis or accumulation of a fatty acid to, for example, increase the amount of fatty acid available to an engineered fatty alcohol production pathway.
[00222] In some embodiments, it may be useful to increase the expression of endogenous or exogenous enzymes involved in the fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate production pathway to increase flux from the fatty acid to the fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate, thereby resulting in increased synthesis or accumulation of the fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate.
[00223] In some embodiments, it may be useful to increase the expression of endogenous or exogenous enzymes to increase intracellular levels of a coenzyme. In one embodiment, the coenzyme is NADH. In another embodiment, the coenzyme is NADPH. In one embodiment, the expression of proteins in the pentose phosphate pathway is increased to increase the intracellular levels of NADPH. The pentose phosphate pathway is an important cataboiic pathway for supplying reduction equivalents and an important anabolic pathway for biosynthesis reactions. In one embodiment, a glucose-8- phosphate dehydrogenase that converts glucose~6-phosphate to 8~phospho D- glucono-1 ,5-lactone is overexpressed. In some embodiments, the glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase is ZWF1 from yeast. In another embodiment, the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is ZWF1 (YNL241 C) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one embodiment, a giucose-6-phosphaie-1 - dehydrogenase that converts D-giucopyranose-6-phosphate to 6-phospho D- glucono-1 ,5-lactone is overexpressed. In another embodiment, the glucose-8- phosphate-1 -dehydrogenase is zwf from bacteria. In certain embodiments, the glucose-6-phosphate-1 -dehydrogenase is zwf (NP__416366) from E. co!i. In one embodiment, a 6~phosphogluconoiactonase that converts 8~phospho D- glucono-1 ,5-lactone to D-gluconate 6-phosphate is overexpressed. In some embodiments, the 6-phosphogiuconolactonase is SOL3 of yeast. In certain embodiments, the 6-phosphoglucono!actonase is SOLS (NPJ312033) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the 6- phosphogiucono!actonase is SOL4 of yeast. In certain embodiments, the 6- phosphogluconolactonase is SOL4 (ΝΡ_0 1764) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. !n some embodiments, the 6-phosphogluconoiactonase is pgl of bacteria. In certain embodiments, the 6-phosphogluconolactonase is pgl (NP__415288) of E. coli. In one embodiment, a 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase that converts D-gluconate 6-phosphate to D-ribuiose 5- phosphate is overexpressed. In some embodiments, the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is GND1 from yeast. In certain embodiments, the 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is GND1 (YHR183W) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the 6-phosphog!uconafe dehydrogenase is GND2 from yeast. In certain embodiments, the 6-phosphogiuconate dehydrogenase is GND2 (YGR256W) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is gnd from bacteria. In certain embodiments, the 6-phosphogiuconate dehydrogenase is gnd (NP__416533) from E. coli. In one embodiment, a transaidolase that interconverts D~glyceraidehyde 3-phosphate and D-sedoheptulose 7- phosphate to β-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate and D-erythrose 4-phosphate is overexpressed. In some embodiments, the transaidolase is TAL1 of yeast. In certain embodiments, the transaidolase is TAL1 (IMP__013458) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the transaidolase is NQM1 of yeast In certain embodiments, the transaidolase is NQM1 (NP__01 1557) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the transaidolase is tal of bacteria. In certain embodiments, the transaidolase is talB (NP__414549) of E. coli. In certain embodiments, the transaidolase is talA (NP__416959) of E. coli. In one embodiment, a transketolase that interconverts D-erythrose 4~ phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate to β-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate and D-giyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and/or interconverts D-sedoheptulose 7- phosphate and D-glyceraidehyde 3-phosphate to D-ribose 5-phosphate and D- xyluiose 5-phosphate is overexpressed. In some embodiments, the transketolase is TKL1 of yeast. In certain embodiments, the transketolase is TKL1 (NP__015399) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the transketolase is TKL2 of yeast. In some embodiments, the transketolase is TKL2 (NPJ309675) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the transketolase is tkt of bacteria. In certain embodiments, the transketolase is tktA (YP_026188) of E. coii. In certain embodiments, the transketolase is tktB (NP_416960) of E, coii. In one embodiment, a ribose-5-phosphafe ketol- isomerase that interconverts D-ribose 5~phosphate and D-ribuiose 5- phosphate is overexpressed. In some embodiments, the ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase is RKI1 of yeast. In certain embodiments, the ribose-S- phosphate ketol-isomerase is RKI1 (NP__014738) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is rpi of bacteria. In certain embodiments, the ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is rpiA (IMP__417389) of E. coii. In certain embodiments, the ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is rpiB (NP__418514) of E. coii. In one embodiment, a D-ribu!ose-5- phosphate 3-epimerase that interconverts D-ribulose 5-phosphafe and D- xyiulose 5-phosphate is overexpressed. In some embodiments, the D-ribulose- 5-phosphate 3-epimerase is RPE1 of yeast. In certain embodiments, the D- ribulose~5-phosphate 3-epimerase is RPE1 (NP_012414) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase is rpe of bacteria. In certain embodiments, the D~ribulose~5-phosphate 3- epimerase is rpe (NP__417845) of E coii.
[00224] In one embodiment, the expression of an NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase is increased to increase intracellular levels of a coenzyme. In one embodiment, an NADP+ dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase oxidizes D-threo-isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate with concomitant generation of NADPH. In another embodiment, an NADP+ dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase oxidizes D-threo-isocitrate to 2-oxalosuccinate with concomitant generation of NADPH. In some embodiments, the NADP-s-- dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase is IDP from yeast. In certain embodiments, the NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase is IDP2 (YLR174W) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase is icd from bacteria. In certain embodiments, the NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase is icd (NP__415654) from E, coli,
[00226] In some embodiments, the expression of a malic enzyme that decarboxyiates malate to pyruvate with concomitant generation of NADH or NADPH is increased to increase intracellular levels of a coenzyme. In one embodiment, the malic enzyme is NAD+ dependent. In another embodiment, the malic enzyme is NADP+ dependent. In one embodiment, the malic enzyme is an NAD+ dependent malate dehydrogenase from bacteria. In some embodiments, the NAD+ dependent malate dehydrogenase is maeA (IMP__415998) from E. coli In some embodiments, the NAD+ dependent malate dehydrogenase is maeE (CAQ681 19) from Lactobacillus casei. In another embodiment, the malic enzyme is a mitochondrial NAD+ dependent malate dehydrogenase from yeast, !n some embodiments, the NAD+ dependent malate dehydrogenase is AE1 (YKL029C) from S. cerevisiae. In another embodiment, the malic enzyme is a mitochondrial NAD+ dependent malate dehydrogenase from a parasitic nematode. In some embodiments, the NAD+ dependent malate dehydrogenase is M81055 from Ascaris suum. In one embodiment, the malic enzyme is an NADP-s- dependent malate dehydrogenase from bacteria. In some embodiments, the NADP+ dependent malate dehydrogenase is maeB (NP__416958) from E. coli. In one embodiment, the malic enzyme is an NADP+ dependent malate dehydrogenase from corn. In some embodiments, the NADP+ dependent malate dehydrogenase is me1 from Zea mays.
[00226] In some embodiments, the expression of an aldehyde dehydrogenase that oxidizes an aldehyde to a carboxyiic acid with concomitant generation of NADH or NADPH is increased to increase intracellular levels of a coenzyme. In one embodiment, the aldehyde dehydrogenase is NAD+ dependent. In another embodiment, the aldehyde dehydrogenase is NADP+ dependent. !n one embodiment, the aldehyde dehydrogenase is an NAD+ dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from bacteria. In some embodiments, the NAD* dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase is aldA (NP__415933) from E. coli In another embodiment, the aldehyde dehydrogenase is a cytosoiic NADP+ dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from yeast. In some embodiments, the NADP-H dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase is ALD8 (YPL061 W) from S. cerevisiae. In another embodiment, the aldehyde dehydrogenase is a cytosoiic NADP+ dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase from bacteria. In some embodiments, the NADP+ dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase is aldB (NP_ 18045) from E. coil.
[00227] In one embodiment, overexpression of an enzyme to increase intracellular levels of a coenzyme comprises coupling supplementation of a co- substrate and overexpression of the enzyme. In one embodiment, the overexpression of an enzyme coupled with supplementation of a co-substrate of that enzyme increase flux through a biochemical pathway. In one embodiment, an NAD+ or NADP+ dependent alcohol dehydrogenase is expressed with a co-substrate. In certain embodiments, an alcohol dehydrogenase is expressed with an isopropanol co-substrate. In one embodiment, an NAD+ or NADP+ dependent glucose dehydrogenase is expressed with a co-substrate. In certain embodiments, a glucose dehydrogenase is expressed with a glucose co-substrate,
[00228] In one embodiment, the expression of a transhydrogenase is increased to interconvert IMADH and NADPH. In some embodiments, the transhydrogenase is a pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase. In some embodiments, the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is from bacteria. In certain embodiments, the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is pntAB (beta subunit: IMP__4161 19; alpha subunit: NP__418120) from E. coll. In some embodiments, the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is from human. In certain embodiments, the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is IMNT (NP__036475) from Homo sapiens. In certain embodiments, the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is from Solarium tuberosum. In certain embodiments, the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is from Spinacea o!eracea.
[00229] In some embodiments, it may be useful to increase the expression of endogenous or exogenous proteins to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane proliferation. In some embodiments, the induction of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proliferation can improve production of fatty alcohols, aldehydes, or acetates. In one embodiment, the expression of an inactivated HMG-CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryi-CoA reductase) containing one or more ER facing loops is increased. In certain embodiments, the one or more loops is between transmembrane domains 6 and 7 of an inactivated HMG-CoA reductase. In some embodiments, the inactivated HMG-CoA reductase comprises an inactivated protein or chimera which codes for the first 500 amino acids or a subsequence of the first 500 amino acids of Yarrowia lipQlytica YALI0E04807p. In other embodiments, the inactivated HMG-CoA reductase comprises an inactivated protein or chimera which codes for the first 522 amino acids or a subsequence of the first 522 amino acids of HMG1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NP_0 3638.1 ). In other embodiments, the inactivated HMG-CoA reductase comprises an inactivated protein or chimera which codes for the first 522 amino acids or a subsequence of the first 522 amino acids of H1V1G2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NP__013555, 1 ). In some embodiments, the expression of one or more regulatory proteins is increased to improve production of fatty alcohols, aldehydes, or acetates. In certain embodiments, the regulatory protein comprises HAC1 transcription factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NP_ 18622.1 ). In certain embodiments, the regulatory protein comprises HAC1 transcription factor from Yarrowia lipolytica (YALI0B12716p).
[00230] Increased synthesis or accumulation can be accomplished by, for example, overexpression of nucleic acids encoding one or more of the above- described a fatty alcohol pathway enzymes. Overexpression of a fatty alcohol pathway enzyme or enzymes can occur, for example, through increased expression of an endogenous gene or genes, or through the expression, or increased expression, of an exogenous gene or genes. Therefore, naturally occurring organisms can be readily modified to generate non-natural, fatty alcohol producing microorganisms through overexpression of one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty alcohol biosynthetic pathway enzyme. In addition, a non-naturaiiy occurring organism can be generated by mutagenesis of an endogenous gene that results in an increase in activity of an enzyme in the fatty alcohol biosynthetic pathways.
[00231] Equipped with the present disclosure, the skilled artisan will be able to readily construct the recombinant microorganisms described herein, as the recombinant microorganisms of the disclosure can be constructed using methods well known in the art as exemplified above to exogenously express at least one nucleic acid encoding a fatty alcohol pathway enzyme in sufficient amounts to produce a fatty alcohol.
[00232] Methods for constructing and testing the expression levels of a non- naturaiiy occurring fatty alcohol-producing host can be performed, for example, by recombinant and detection methods well known in the art. Such methods can be found described in, for example, Sambrook et ai., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (2001 ); Ausubo et ai., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1999).
[00233] A variety of mechanisms known in the art can be used to express, or overexpress, exogenous or endogenous genes. For example, an expression vector or vectors can be constructed to harbor one or more fatty alcohol biosynthefic pathway enzyme encoding nucleic acids as exemplified herein operably linked to expression control sequences functional in the host organism. Expression vectors applicable for use in the microbial host organisms of the invention include, for example, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, including vectors and selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host chromosome. Selectable marker genes also can be included that, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more exogenous encoding nucleic acids are to be co-expressed, both nucleic acids can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding nucleic acids can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The transformation of exogenous nucleic acid sequences involved in a metabolic or synthetic pathway can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. [00234] Expression control sequences are known in the art and include, for example, promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation signals, transcription terminators, internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), and the like, that provide for the expression of the polynucleotide sequence in a host cell. Expression control sequences interact specifically with cellular proteins involved in transcription (!Vlaniatis et ai., Science, 236: 1237-1245 (1987)). Exemplary expression control sequences are described in, for example, Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990),
[00235] In various embodiments, an expression control sequence may be operably linked to a polynucleotide sequence. By "operably linked" is meant that a polynucleotide sequence and an expression control sequence(s) are connected in such a way as to permit gene expression when the appropriate molecules (e.g., transcriptional activator proteins) are bound to the expression control sequence(s). Operably linked promoters are located upstream of the selected polynucleotide sequence in terms of the direction of transcription and translation. Operably linked enhancers can be located upstream, within, or downstream of the selected polynucleotide.
[00236] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the biosynthesis pathway for the production of a mono- or polyunsaturated Ce~C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate.
[00237] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acid into a ω-hydroxyfatty acid. In some such embodiments, the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a fatty acid into a ω-hydroxyfatty acid are selected from the group consisting of XP_504406, XP_504857, XP_50431 1 , XP_5G0855, XP_50Q856, XP_500402, XP__500097, XP__501748, XP__50G560, XP__501 148, XP_501667, XP_500273, BAA02041 , CAA39366, CAA39367, BAA02210, BAA0221 1 , BAAG2212, BAA02213, BAA02214, AAO73952, AAO73953, AAO73954, AA073955, AAO73956, AAO73958, AAO73959, AAO73960, AA073961 , AA073957, XP_002546278, BAM49649, AAB8G867, AAB17462, ADL27S34, AAU24352, AAA876Q2, CAA34612, ABM17701 , AAA25760, CAB51 Q47, AAC82967, WP_01 1027348, or homoiogs thereof.
[00238] In other embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into α,β-enoyl-CoA. In some such embodiments, the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a fatty acyi-CoA into α,β-enoyi-CoA are selected from the group consisting of CAA04859, CAA04660, CAA04681 , CAA04662, CAA04863, CAG79214, AAA34322, AAA34361 , AAA34363, CAA29901 , BAA04761 , AAA34891 , AAB08643, CAB 15271 , BAN55749, CAC44516, ADK16988, AEI37634, WP_000973047, WP_025433422, WP_035184107, WPJ326484842, CEL80920, WP_026818657, WP_005293707, WPJ3G5S83960, or homoiogs thereof,
[00239] In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis. In such embodiments, the one or more proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis are selected from the group consisting of XP_S05754, XP__501986, XP_50131 1 , XP_S04845, XP_503326, XP__504029, XP_002549868, XPJ302547156, XP_002545227, XP__002547350, XPJ3Q2S4699G, EIW1 1539, EIW08094, EIW1 1472, EIW09743, EIW0828, or homoiogs thereof.
[00240] !n some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the biosynthesis pathway for one or more unsaturated fatty acyi-CoA intermediates. In one embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more diacylgiycerol acyitransferases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more diacylgiycerol acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YAL!0E32769g, YALI0D07986g and CTRG_06209, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more glyceroiphospholipid acyliransferases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more glyceroiphospholipid acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YALI0E18797g and CTG_04390, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more acyl-CoA/sterol acyitransferases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more acyl-CoA/sterol acyitransferases selected from the group consisting of YALI0F06578g, CTRGJ31764 and CTRG__01785, or homolog thereof.
[00241] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that oxidizes fatty aldehyde intermediates. In one embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases selected from the group consisting of YALI0A17875g, YALI0E15400g, YALI0B01298g, YALI0F23793g, CTRGJ35G1 G and CTRGJ34471 , or homolog thereof.
[00242] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that consumes fatty acetate products. In one embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more sterol esterases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more sterol esterases selected from the group consisting of YALI0E32035g, YALI0E00528g, CTRGJ31 13S, CTRG_01683 and CTRG_04630, or homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more triacylglycerol lipases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more triacylglyceroi lipases selected from the group consisting of YALI0D17534g, YALI0F10010g, CTRG_00O57 and CTRG_06185, or homoiog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more monoacylgiycerol lipases. In the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more monoacylgiycerol lipases selected from the group consisting of YAL!0C14520g, CTRG_03360 and CTRG__05049, or homoiog thereof. In another embodiment, the one or more endogenous enzymes comprise one or more extracellular lipases, !n the context of a recombinant yeast microorganism, the recombinant yeast microorganism is engineered to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more extracellular lipases selected from the group consisting of YAUQA20350g, YAU0D19184g, YALI0B09361 g, CTRGJ35930, CTRG__04188, CTRG_02799, CTRG__03052 and CTRG_03885, or homoiog thereof.
[00243] In another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous reductase or desaturase enzymes that interferes with the unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate, i.e., catalyzes the conversion of a pathway substrate or product into an unwanted by-product.
[00244] The present disclosure describes chemical conversions that can be used to convert a product synthesized by recombinant microorganism into a down-stream product.
[00245] In some embodiments, an unsaturated fatty alcohol, aldehyde, acetate, or carboxylic acid produced by a microorganism can undergo subsequent chemical conversion to produce a pheromone, fragrance, flavor, polymer, or polymer intermediate. Non-limiting examples of chemical transformations include esterification, metathesis, and polymerization.
[00246] Unsaturated fatty carboxylic acids can be esterified by methods known in the art. For example, Fischer esterification can be used to covert a fatty carboxylic acid to a corresponding fatty ester. See, e.g., Komura, K. et al., Synthesis 2008. 3407-3410.
[00247] Elongation of the carbon chain can be performed by known methods to covert an unsaturated fatty alcohol into an elongated derivative thereof. Olefin metastasis catalysts can be performed to increase the number of carbons on the fatty carbon chain and impart Z or E stereochemistry on the corresponding unsaturated product.
[00248] In general, any metathesis catalyst stable under the reaction conditions and nonreactive with functional groups on the fatty substrate (e.g., alcohol, ester, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, or acetate) can be used with the present disclosure. Such catalysts are, for example, those described by Grubbs (Grubbs, R.H., "Synthesis of large and small molecules using olefin metathesis catalysts." PMSE Prepr., 2012), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Depending on the desired isomer of the olefin, as cis-selective metathesis catalyst may be used, for example one of those described by Shahane et al. (Shahane, S., et al. ChemCatChem, 2013. 5(12): p. 3436- 3459), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Specific catalysts 1 -5 exhibiting cis~selectivity are shown below (Scheme 1 ) and have been described previously (Khan, R.K., et al J, Am. Chem. Soc., 2013. 135(28): p. 10258-61 ; Hartung, J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2013. 135(28): p. 10183-5.; Rosebrugh, L.E., et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2013. 135(4): p. 1276-9.; Marx, V.M., et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2013. 135(1 ): p. 94-7.; Herbert, M.B., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2013. 52(1 ): p. 310-4; Keitz, B.K., et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2012. 134(4): p. 2040-3.; Keitz, B.K., et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2012. 134(1 ): p. 693-9.; Endo, K. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 201 1 . 133(22): p. 8525-7).
Scheme 1
Figure imgf000131_0001
[00249] Additional Z-seiective catalysts are described in (Cannon and Grubbs 2013; Bronner et a!. 2014; Hartung et a!. 2014; Pribisko et a!. 2014; Quig!ey and Grubbs 2014) and are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Due to their excellent stability and functional group tolerance, in some embodiments metathesis catalysts include, but are not limited to, neutral ruthenium or osmium metal carbene complexes that possess metal centers that are formally in the +2 oxidation state, have an electron count of 16, are penta-coordinated, and are of the general formula LL'AA'M=CRbRc or LL'AA'M=(C=)nCRbRc (Pederson and Grubbs 2002); wherein
!VI is ruthenium or osmium;
L and L' are each independently any neutral electron donor iigand and selected from phosphine, sulfonated phosphine, phosphite, phosphinite, phosphonite, arsine, stibnite, ether, amine, amide, imine, sulfoxide, carboxyl, nitrosyl, pyridine, thioether, or heterocyclic carbenes; and
A and A! are anionic iigands independently selected from halogen, hydrogen, C1-C20 a!kyi, aryi, C1 -C20 alkoxide, aryloxide, C2-C20 aikoxycarbonyl, arylcarboxylate, C1-C20 carboxylate, aryisuifonyl, C1-C20 alkyisuifonyi, C1 -C20 alkylsulfinyl; each iigand optionally being substituted with C1 -C5 aikyi, halogen, C1-C5 alkoxy; or with a phenyl group that is optionally substituted with halogen, C1-C5 alkyi, or C1-C5 alkoxy; and A and A' together may optionally comprise a bidentate iigand; and Rb and Rc are independently selected from hydrogen, Ci~C2o aikyi, aryi, Ci- C2o carboxylate, C1-C20 alkoxy, aryloxy, C1-C20 alkoxycarbonyl, CI-C2Q alkylthio, G1-C20 alkylsulfonyl and C1-C20 alkylsulfinyl, each of Rb and Rc optionally substituted with C1-C5 alkyi, halogen, C1-C5 alkoxy or with a phenyl group that is optionally substituted with halogen, C1-C5 aikyl, or C1-C5 alkoxy.
[00250] Other metathesis catalysts such as "well defined catalysts" can also be used. Such catalysts include, but are not limited to, Schrock's molybdenum metathesis catalyst, 2,6-diisopropylphenylimido neophyiidenemolybdenum (VI) bis(hexafluoro-t-butoxide), described by Grubbs et ai. (Tetrahedron 1998, 54: 4413-4450) and Basset's tungsten metathesis catalyst described by Couturier, J. L. et ai. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1992, 31 : 628),
[00251] Catalysts useful in the methods of the disclosure also include those described by Peryshkov, et ai. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 201 1 , 133: 20754-20757; Wang, et ai. Angewandte Chemie, 2013, 52: 1939-1943; Yu, et ai. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2012, 134: 2788-2799; Haiford. Chem. Eng. News, 201 1 , 89 (45): 1 1 ; Yu, et ai. Nature, 201 1 , 479: 88-93; Lee. Nature, 201 1 , 471 : 452-453; Meek, et ai. Nature, 201 1 : 471 , 461 -466; Flook, et ai. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 201 1 , 133: 1784-1786; Zhao, et ai. Org Lett, 201 1 , 13(4): 784-787; Ondi, et ai. "High activity, stabilized formulations, efficient synthesis and industrial use of Mo- and W-based metathesis catalysts" XiMo Technoiogy Updates, 2015: http://www.ximo-inc.com files/ximo/uploads/ download/Summary _3.1 1 .15.pdf; Schrock, et ai. Macromoiecuies, 2010: 43, 7515-7522; Peryshkov, et ai. Organometaiiics 2013: 32, 5256-5259; Gerber, et ai. Organometaiiics 2013: 32, 5573-5580; Marinescu, et ai. Organometaiiics 2012: 31 , 6336-6343; Wang, et ai. Angew. Chem. int. Ed. 2013: 52, 1939 - 1943; Wang, et ai. Chem. Eur. J. 2013: 19, 2726-2740; and Townsend et ai. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012: 134, 1 1334-1 1337.
[00252] Catalysts useful in the methods of the disclosure also include those described in International Pub. No. WO 2014/155185; International Pub. No. WO 2014/172534; U.S. Pat, Appl. Pub. No. 2014/0330018; international Pub. No. WO 2015/003815; and International Pub. No. WO 2015/003814. [00253] Catalysts useful in the methods of the disclosure also include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231 ,947; U.S. Pat. No. 4,245, 131 ; U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,595; U.S. Pat. No. 4,681 ,956; U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,215; International Pub. No. WO 1991/009825; U.S. Pat. No. 5,0877, 10; U.S. Pat. No. 5,142,073; U.S. Pat. No. 5, 146,033; International Pub. No. WO 1992/019631 ; U.S. Pat. No. 6, 121 ,473; U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,652; U.S. Pat. No. 8,987,531 ; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2008/01 19678; International Pub. No. WO 2008/066754; International Pub. No. WO 2009/094201 ; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 201 1/0015430; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 201 1/0065915; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 201 1/0077421 ; International Pub. No. WO 201 1/040963; International Pub. No. WO 201 1/097642; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No, 201 1 /0237815; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2012/0302710; International Pub. No. WO 2012/167171 ; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2012/0323000; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2013/01 16434; International Pub. No. WO 2013/070725; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2013/0274482; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2013/0281706; International Pub. No. WO 2014/139679; International Pub. No. WO 2014/169014; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2014/0330018; and U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2014/0378637.
[00254] Catalysts useful in the methods of the disclosure also include those described in International Pub. No. WO 2007/075427; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2007/0282148; International Pub. No. WO 2009/126831 ; International Pub. No. WO 201 1/069134; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2012/0123133; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2013/0261312; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2013/029651 1 ; International Pub. No. WO 2014/134333; and U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2015/0018557.
[00255] Catalysts useful in the methods of the disclosure also include those set forth in the following table:
dichloro[1 ,3-bis(2,6-isopropylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)(tricycli hexylphosphine)ruthenium(ll)
Figure imgf000134_0001
P /— \ f r dichloro[1 ,3-bis(2,6-isopropylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene](2- isopropoxyphenylmethyiene)ruthenium(l
Figure imgf000134_0002
dichloro[1 ,3-Bis(2-methylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)(tricycli hexylphosphine)ruthenium(ll)
Figure imgf000134_0003
dichloro[1 ,3-bis(2-methylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene](2- isopropoxyphenylmethyiene)ruthenium(l
dichloro[1 ,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)bis(3- bromopyridine)ruthenium(ll)
Figure imgf000135_0001
dichloro[1 ,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazoiidinylidene](3-methyl-2- buienylidene) (tricyc!ohexy!phosphine) ruthenium(l!) Structure Name
dichloro[1 ,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazoiidinylidene][3-(2-pyridinyi) propylidenejruthenium(l!)
Figure imgf000136_0001
dichloro[1 ,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- ini!dazo!id!ny!idene][(tricyc!ohexy!phospho ranyi)methylidenejruthenium(ll) teirafluoroborate
Figure imgf000136_0002
dichloro(3-methyi-2-buienylidene) bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(!l)
Figure imgf000136_0003
Structure Name
dichloro(3-methyl-2-butenylidene) bis(tricyclopentylphosphine)ruihenium(ll)
Figure imgf000137_0001
dichloro(iricyciohexyiphosphine)[(iricycloh exylphosphorany!)methylidene]ruihenium( H) tetrafluoroborate
Figure imgf000137_0002
bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) benzyiidine ruthenium (IV) dichioride
Figure imgf000137_0003
Figure imgf000138_0001
Structure Name
[2-(1-methylethoxy-0)phenylmethyl- C](nitrato-O, O {re/-(2R,5R,7R)- adamantane-2, 1 ~diyi[3-(2,4,6- trimethylpbenyi)-1 -imidazolidinyl-2-y iidene]}ruthenium
Figure imgf000139_0001
[00256] Catalysts useful in the methods of the disclosure also include those described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2008/0009598; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2008/0207911 ; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2008/0275247; U.S. Pat. Appi. Pub. No. 2011/0040099; U.S. Pat. App!. Pub. No. 2011/0282068; and U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2015/0038723.
[00257] Catalysts useful in the methods of the disclosure include those described in International Pub. No. WO 2007/140954; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2008/0221345; International Pub. No. WO 2010/037550; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2010/0087644; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2010/0113795; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2010/0174068; International Pub. No, WO 2011/091980; International Pub. No. WO 2012/168183; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2013/0079515; U.S. Pat. Appi. Pub. No. 2013/0144060; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2013/0211096; International Pub. No. WO 2013/135776; International Pub. No. WO 2014/001291 ; International Pub. No. WO 2014/067767; U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2014/0171607; and U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2015/0045558.
[00258] The catalyst is typically provided in the reaction mixture in a sub- stoichiometric amount (e.g., catalytic amount). In certain embodiments, that amount is in the range of about 0.001 to about 50 mol % with respect to the limiting reagent of the chemical reaction, depending upon which reagent is in stoichiometric excess. In some embodiments, the catalyst is present in less than or equal to about 40 mol % relative to the limiting reagent. In some embodiments, the catalyst is present in less than or equal to about 30 mol % relative to the limiting reagent. In some embodiments, the catalyst is present in less than about 20 mol %, less than about 10 mol %, less than about 5 mol %, less than about 2.5 mol %, less than about 1 mol %, less than about 0.5 mol %, less than about 0.1 mol %, less than about 0.015 mol %, less than about 0.01 mol %, less than about 0.0015 mol %, or less, relative to the limiting reagent. In some embodiments, the catalyst is present in the range of about 2.5 mol % to about 5 mol %, relative to the limiting reagent, !n some embodiments, the reaction mixture contains about 0.5 mol% catalyst. In the case where the molecular formula of the catalyst complex includes more than one metal, the amount of the catalyst complex used in the reaction may be adjusted accordingly.
[00259] !n some cases, the methods described herein can be performed in the absence of solvent (e.g., neat). In some cases, the methods can include the use of one or more solvents. Examples of solvents that may be suitable for use in the disclosure include, but are not limited to, benzene, p-cresol, toluene, xylene, diethyl ether, glycol, diethyl ether, petroleum ether, hexane, cyclohexane, pentane, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dioxane, fetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, hexamethyl-phosphoric triamide, ethyl acetate, pyridine, triethylamine, picoiine, and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is selected from benzene, toluene, pentane, methylene chloride, and THF. In certain embodiments, the solvent is benzene,
[00260] In some embodiments, the method is performed under reduced pressure. This may be advantageous in cases where a volatile byproduct, such as ethylene, may be produced during the course of the metathesis reaction. For example, removal of the ethylene byproduct from the reaction vessel may advantageously shift the equilibrium of the metathesis reaction towards formation of the desired product. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 760 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 700 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 650 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 600 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 550 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 500 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 450 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 400 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 350 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 300 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 250 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 200 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 150 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 100 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 90 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 80 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 70 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 60 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 50 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 40 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 30 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about less than 20 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 20 torr.
[00261] In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 19 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 18 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 17 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 16 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 15 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 14 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 13 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 12 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 1 1 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 10 torr. !n some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 10 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 9 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 8 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 7 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 6 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 5 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 4 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 3 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 2 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of about 1 torr. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a pressure of less than about 1 torr.
[00262] In some embodiments, the two metathesis reactants are present in equimolar amounts. In some embodiments, the two metathesis reactants are not present in equimolar amounts, !n certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 20:1, 19:1, 18:1, 17:1, 16:1, 15:1, 14:1, 13:1, 12:1, 11:1, 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, or 1:20. In certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 10:1. In certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 7:1. In certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 5:1. In certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 2:1, In certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 1:10. In certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 1:7. In certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 1 :5. In certain embodiments, the two reactants are present in a molar ratio of about 1 :2.
[00263] In general, the reactions with many of the metathesis catalysts disclosed herein provide yields better than 15%, better than 50%, better than 75%, or better than 90%. In addition, the reactants and products are chosen to provide at least a 5°C difference, a greater than 20°C difference, or a greater than 40°C difference in boiling points. Additionally, the use of metathesis catalysts allows for much faster product formation than byproduct, it is desirable to run these reactions as quickly as practical. In particular, the reactions are performed in less than about 24 hours, less than 12 hours, less than 8 hours, or less than 4 hours.
[00264] One of skill in the art will appreciate that the time, temperature and solvent can depend on each other, and that changing one can require changing the others to prepare the pyrethroid products and intermediates in the methods of the disclosure. The metathesis steps can proceed at a variety of temperatures and times. In general, reactions in the methods of the disclosure are conducted using reaction times of several minutes to several days. For example, reaction times of from about 12 hours to about 7 days can be used. In some embodiments, reaction times of 1 -5 days can be used. In some embodiments, reaction times of from about 10 minutes to about 10 hours can be used, !n general, reactions in the methods of the disclosure are conducted at a temperature of from about 0 °C to about 200 °C. For example, reactions can be conducted at 15-100 °C. !n some embodiments, reaction can be conducted at 20-80 °C. In some embodiments, reactions can be conducted at 100-150 °C.
[00265] Unsaturated fatty esters can be reduced using a suitable reducing agent which selectively reduces the ester to the corresponding aldehyde or alcohol but does not reduce the double bond. An unsaturated fatty ester can be reduced to the corresponding unsaturated fatty aldehyde using di-isobutyl aluminum haiide (DIBAL) or Vitride®. The unsaturated fatty aldehyde can be reduced to the corresponding fatty alcohol with, e.g., DIBAL or Vitride®. In some embodiments, the unsaturated fatty ester can be reduced to the corresponding fatty alcohol using AIH3 or 9-Borabicycio(3.3.1 )nonane (9-BBN). (See Galatis, P. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2001 . New York: John Wiley & Sons; and Carey & Sunderburg. Organic Chemistry, Part B: Reactions and Synthesis, 5th edition. 2007. New York. Springer Sciences.) r l ici ¾Jj j j<J iis sUi I j J¾J¾8 iUi so csi iU uses i i SWi WSJa
[00266] As described above, products made via the methods described herein are pheromones. Pheromones prepared according to the methods of the invention can be formulated for use as insect control compositions. The pheromone compositions can include a carrier, and/or be contained in a dispenser. The carrier can be, but is not limited to, an inert liquid or solid.
[00267] Examples of solid carriers include but are not limited to fillers such as kaolin, bentonite, dolomite, calcium carbonate, talc, powdered magnesia, Fuller's earth, wax, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, rubber, plastic, China clay, mineral earths such as silicas, silica gels, silicates, attaclay, limestone, chalk, loess, clay, dolomite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, thiourea and urea, products of vegetable origin such as cereal meals, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powders, attapuigites, montmorillonites, mica, vermiculites, synthetic silicas and synthetic calcium silicates, or compositions of these.
[00268] Examples of liquid carriers include, but are not limited to, water; alcohols, such as ethanoi, butanoi or glycol, as well as their ethers or esters, such as methylglycol acetate; ketones, such as acetone, cyciohexanone, methylethyi ketone, methyiisobutylketone, or isophorone; alkanes such as hexane, pentane, or heptanes; aromatic hydrocarbons, such as xylenes or alkyi naphthalenes; mineral or vegetable oils; aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethane or methylene chloride; aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes; water-soluble or strongly polar solvents such as dimethyiformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or N- methylpyrroiidone; liquefied gases; waxes, such as beeswax, lanolin, shellac wax, carnauba wax, fruit wax (such as bayberry or sugar cane wax) candelilia wax, other waxes such as microcrystalline, ozocerite, ceresin,or montan; salts such as monoethanolamine salt, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, ammonium hydrogen sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, ammonium oxalate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium thiosuifate, ammonium hydrogen diphosphate, ammonium dihydrogen monophosphate, ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium thiocyanate, ammonium sulfamate or ammonium carbamateand mixtures thereof. Baits or feeding stimulants can also be added to the carrier. ynergist [00269] In some embodiments, the pheromone composition is combined with an active chemical agent such that a synergistic effect results. The synergistic effect obtained by the taught methods can be quantified according to Colby's formula (i.e. (E) =X+Y-(X*Y/100). See Colby, R, S., "Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations", 1967 Weeds, vol. 15, pp. 20-22, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thus, by "synergistic" is intended a component which, by virtue of its presence, increases the desired effect by more than an additive amount. The pheromone compositions and adjuvants of the present methods can synergisticaliy increase the effectiveness of agricultural active compounds and also agricultural auxiliary compounds,
[00270] Thus, in some embodiments, a pheromone composition can be formulated with a synergist. The term, "synergist," as used herein, refers to a substance that can be used with a pheromone for reducing the amount of the pheromone dose or enhancing the effectiveness of the pheromone for attracting at least one species of insect. The synergist may or may not be an independent attractant of an insect in the absence of a pheromone.
[00271] !n some embodiments, the synergist is a volatile phytochemicai that attracts at least one species of Lepidoptera. The term, "phytochemicai," as used herein, means a compound occurring naturally in a plant species. In a particular embodiment, the synergist is selected from the group comprising β- caryophyliene, iso-caryophyliene, a-humulene, inalooi, Z3~hexenol/yi acetate, β-farnesene, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, and combinations thereof.
[00272] The pheromone composition can contain the pheromone and the synergist in a mixed or otherwise combined form, or it may contain the pheromone and the synergist independently in a non-mixed form. nsecticide
[00273] The pheromone composition can include one or more insecticides. In one embodiment, the insecticides are chemical insecticides known to one skilled in the art. Examples of the chemical insecticides include one or more of pyrethoroid or organophosphorus insecticides, including but are not limited to, cyfluthrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, bifinthrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, azinphosmethyl, methyl parathion, buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, flonicamid, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, clothianidin, acephate, malathion, quinolphos, chloropyriphos, profenophos, bendiocarb, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, diazinon, pyrethrum, fenpropathrin, kinoprene, insecticidal soap or oil, neonicotinoids, diamides, avermectin and derivatives, spinosad and derivatives, azadirachtin, pyridalyl, and mixtures thereof.
[00274] In another embodiment, the insecticides are one or more biological insecticides known to one skilled in the art. Examples of the biological insecticides include, but are not limited to, azadirachtin (neem oil), toxins from natural pyrethrins, Bacillus thuringiencis and Beauveria bassiana, viruses (e.g., CYD-X™, CYD-X HP™, Germstar™, Madex HP™ and Spod-X™), peptides (Spear-T™, Spear-P™, and Spear-C™)
[00275] In another embodiment, the insecticides are insecticides that target the nerve and muscle. Examples include acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, such as carbamates (e.g., methomyl and thiodicarb) and organophosphates (e.g., chlorpyrifos) GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists, such as cyclodiene organochlorines (e.g., endosulfan) and phenylpyrazoies (e.g., fipronii), sodium channel modulators, such as pyrethrins and pyrethroids (e.g., cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists, such as neonicotinoids (e.g., acetamiprid, tiacloprid, thiamethoxam), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators, such as spinosyns (e.g., spinose and spinetoram), chloride channel activators, such as avermectins and milbemycins (e.g., abamectin, emamectin benzoate), Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) blockers, such as bensuitap and cartap, voltage dependent sodium channel blockers, such as indoxacarb and metafiumizone, ryanodine receptor modulator, such as diamides (e.g. dhlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide). In another embodiment, the insecticides are insecticides that target respiration. Examples include chemicals that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, such as chlorfenapyr, and mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors. [00276] In another embodiment, the insecticides are insecticides that target midgut. Examples include microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes, such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus.
[00277] !n another embodiment, the insecticides are insecticides that target growth and development. Examples include juvenile hormone mimics, such as juvenile hormone analogues (e.g. fenoxycarb), inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, Type 0, such as benzoylureas (e.g., flufenoxuron, lufenuron, and novaluron), and ecdysone receptor agonists, such as diacylhydrazines (e.g., methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide)
Stabilizer
[00278] According to another embodiment of the disclosure, the pheromone composition may include one or more additives that enhance the stability of the composition. Examples of additives include, but are not limited to, fatty acids and vegetable oils, such as for example olive oil, soybean oil, corn oil, saffiower oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.
Filler
[00279] According to another embodiment of the disclosure, the pheromone composition may include one or more fillers. Examples of fillers include, but are not limited to, one or more mineral clays (e.g., attapuigite). In some embodiments, the attractant-com position may include one or more organic thickeners. Examples of such thickeners include, but are not limited to, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and any combinations thereof.
Solvent
[00280] According to another embodiment, the pheromone compositions of the present disclosure can include one or more solvents. Compositions containing solvents are desirable when a user is to employ liquid compositions which may be applied by brushing, dipping, roiling, spraying, or otherwise applying the liquid compositions to substrates on which the user wishes to provide a pheromone coating (e.g., a lure). In some embodiments, the soivent(s) to be used is/ are selected so as to solubiiize, or substantially soiubilize, the one or more ingredients of the pheromone composition. Examples of solvents include, but are not limited to, water, aqueous solvent (e.g., mixture of water and ethanol), ethanol, methanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum solvents, turpentine, xylene, and any combinations thereof.
[00281] !n some embodiments, the pheromone compositions of the present disclosure comprise organic solvents. Organic solvents are used mainly in the formulation of emuisifiable concentrates, ULV formulations, and to a lesser extent granular formulations. Sometimes mixtures of solvents are used. In some embodiments, the present disclosure teaches the use of solvents including aliphatic paraffinic oils such as kerosene or refined paraffins. In other embodiments, the present disclosure teaches the use of aromatic solvents such as xylene and higher molecular weight fractions of C9 and C10 aromatic solvents. In some embodiments, chlorinated hydrocarbons are useful as co- solvents to prevent crystallization when the formulation is emulsified into water. Alcohols are sometimes used as co-solvents to increase solvent power.
Soiubilizing Agent
[00282] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions of the present disclosure comprise soiubilizing agents. A soiubilizing agent is a surfactant, which will form micelles in water at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. The micelles are then able to dissolve or solubiiize water- insoluble materials inside the hydrophobic part of the micelle. The types of surfactants usually used for solubilization are non-ionics: sorbitan monooieates; sorbitan monooleate ethoxylates; and methyl oleate esters.
Binder
[00283] According to another embodiment of the disclosure, the pheromone composition may include one or more binders. Binders can be used to promote association of the pheromone composition with the surface of the material on which said composition is coated. In some embodiments, the binder can be used to promote association of another additive (e.g., insecticide, insect growth regulators, and the like) to the pheromone composition and/or the surface of a material. For example, a binder can include a synthetic or natural resin typically used in paints and coatings. These may be modified to cause the coated surface to be friable enough to allow insects to bite off and ingest the components of the composition {e.g., insecticide, insect growth regulators, and the like), while still maintaining the structural integrity of the coating.
[00284] Non-limiting examples of binders include polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, carboxymethylceliuiose, starch, vinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers and polyvinyl acetate, or compositions of these; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, talc or polyethylene glycol, or compositions of these; antifoams such as silicone emulsions, long-chain alcohols, phosphoric esters, acetylene diois, fatty acids or organofiuorine compounds, and complexing agents such as: salts of efhylenediaminefetraacetic acid (EDTA), salts of trinitriiotriacetic acid or salts of polyphosphoric acids, or compositions of these.
[00285] In some embodiments, the binder also acts a filler and/ or a thickener. Examples of such binders include, but are not limited to, one or more of shellac, acrylics, epoxies, alkyds, poiyurethanes, linseed oil, tung oil, and any combinations thereof.
Surface-Active Agents
[00286] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions comprise surface-active agents. In some embodiments, the surface-active agents are added to liquid agricultural compositions. In other embodiments, the surface- active agents are added to solid formulations, especially those designed to be diluted with a carrier before application. Thus, in some embodiments, the pheromone compositions comprise surfactants. Surfactants are sometimes used, either alone or with other additives, such as mineral or vegetable oils as adjuvants to spray-tank mixes to improve the biological performance of the pheromone on the target. The surface-active agents can be anionic, cationic, or nonionic in character, and can be employed as emulsifying agents, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes. In some embodiments, the surfactants are non-ionics such as: alky ethoxylates, linear aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates, and aliphatic amine ethoxylates. Surfactants conventionally used in the art of formulation and which may also be used in the present formulations are described, in McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual, MC Publishing Corp., Ridgewood, N.J., 1998, and in Encyclopedia of Surfactants, Vol. Mil, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1980-81 . !n some embodiments, the present disclosure teaches the use of surfactants including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids, for example, ligno- phenol- naphthalene- and dibutyinaphthaienesu!fonic acid, and of fatty acids of aryisulfonates, of alkyl ethers, of lauryl ethers, of fatty alcohol sulfates and of fatty alcohol glycol ether sulfates, condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates of naphthalene or of the naphthaienesulfonic acids with phenol and formaldehyde, condensates of phenol or phenolsulfonic acid with formaldehyde, condensates of phenol with formaldehyde and sodium sulfite, polyoxyethylene octylphenyi ether, ethoxylated isooctyl-, octyi- or nonyiphenol, tributylphenyl polyglycoi ether, aikylaryl polyether alcohols, isotridecyl aicohol, ethoxylated castor oil, ethoxylated triarylphenols, salts of phosphated triarylphenoiethoxylates, lauryl alcohol polyglycoi ether acetate, sorbitol esters, lignin-suifite waste liquors or methyiceiiulose, or compositions of these.
[00287] In some embodiments, the present disclosure teaches other suitable surface-active agents, including salts of alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium lauryl sulfate; alkyiaryisuifonate salts, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenoi-alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonyiphenol-C18 ethoxyiate; alcohol-alkyiene oxide addition products, such as tridecyi alcohol-C16 ethoxylafe; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkyinaphthalene-sulfonate salts, such as sodium dibutyi- naphthaienesulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinate salts, such as sodium di(2-ethyihexyl)sulfosuccinate; sorbitol esters, such as sorbitol oieate; quaternary amines, such as lauryl trimethyiammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as polyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; salts of mono and dialkyl phosphate esters; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed/canola oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, saffiower oil, sesame oil, fung oil and the like; and esters of the above vegetable oils, particularly methyl esters.
Wetting Agents [00288] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions comprise wetting agents, A wetting agent is a substance that when added to a liquid increases the spreading or penetration power of the liquid by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the surface on which it is spreading. Wetting agents are used for two main functions in agrochemicai formulations: during processing and manufacture to increase the rate of wetting of powders in water to make concentrates for soluble liquids or suspension concentrates; and during mixing of a product with water in a spray tank or other vessel to reduce the wetting time of wettable powders and to improve the penetration of water into water-dispersible granules, !n some embodiments, examples of wetting agents used in the pheromone compositions of the present disclosure, including wettable powders, suspension concentrates, and water-dispersible granule formulations are: sodium lauryi sulphate; sodium dioctyl suiphosuccinate; alkyl phenol ethoxylates; and aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates. persing Agent
[00289] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions of the present disclosure comprise dispersing agents, A dispersing agent is a substance which adsorbs onto the surface of particles and helps to preserve the state of dispersion of the particles and prevents them from reaggregating. In some embodiments, dispersing agents are added to pheromone compositions of the present disclosure to facilitate dispersion and suspension during manufacture, and to ensure the particles redisperse into water in a spray tank. In some embodiments, dispersing agents are used in wettable powders, suspension concentrates, and water-dispersible granules. Surfactants that are used as dispersing agents have the ability to adsorb strongly onto a particle surface and provide a charged or steric barrier to re-aggregation of particles. In some embodiments, the most commonly used surfactants are anionic, non-ionic, or mixtures of the two types.
[00290] In some embodiments, for wettable powder formulations, the most common dispersing agents are sodium lignosulphonates. In some embodiments, suspension concentrates provide very good adsorption and stabilization using poiyeiectrolytes, such as sodium naphthalene suiphonate formaldehyde condensates. In some embodiments, tristyryiphenol ethoxylated phosphate esters are also used, In some embodiments, such as alkylarylethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO block copolymers are sometimes combined with anionics as dispersing agents for suspension concentrates.
Polymeric Surfactant
[00291] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions of the present disclosure comprise polymeric surfactants. In some embodiments, the polymeric surfactants have very long hydrophobic 'backbones' and a large number of ethylene oxide chains forming the 'teeth' of a 'comb' surfactant. In some embodiments, these high molecular weight polymers can give very good long-term stability to suspension concentrates, because the hydrophobic backbones have many anchoring points onto the particle surfaces. In some embodiments, examples of dispersing agents used in pheromone compositions of the present disclosure are: sodium lignosulphonates; sodium naphthalene suiphonate formaldehyde condensates; tristyryiphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters; aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; alky ethoxyiates; EO-PO block copolymers; and graft copolymers.
Emulsifying Agent
[00292] !n some embodiments, the pheromone compositions of the present disclosure comprise emulsifying agents. An emulsifying agent is a substance, which stabilizes a suspension of droplets of one liquid phase in another liquid phase. Without the emulsifying agent the two liquids would separate into two immiscible liquid phases. In some embodiments, the most commonly used emuisifier blends include alkylphenoi or aliphatic alcohol with 12 or more ethylene oxide units and the oil-soluble calcium salt of dodecyibenzene suiphonic acid. A range of hydrophiie-iipophiie balance ("HLB") values from 8 to 18 will normally provide good stable emulsions. In some embodiments, emulsion stability can sometimes be improved by the addition of a small amount of an EO-PO block copolymer surfactant.
Gelling Agent
[00293] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions comprise gelling agents. Thickeners or gelling agents are used mainly in the formulation of suspension concentrates, emulsions, and suspoemulsions to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of the dispersed particles or droplets. Thickening, gelling, and anti-settling agents generally fall into two categories, namely water-insoluble particulates and wafer-soluble polymers. It is possible to produce suspension concentrate formulations using clays and silicas. In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions comprise one or more thickeners including, but not limited to: montmorillonite, e.g. bentonite; magnesium aluminum silicate; and attapulgite. In some embodiments, the present disclosure teaches the use of polysaccharides as thickening agents. The types of polysaccharides most commonly used are natural extracts of seeds and seaweeds or synthetic derivatives of cellulose. Some embodiments utilize xanthan and some embodiments utilize cellulose. In some embodiments, the present disclosure teaches the use of thickening agents including, but are not limited to: guar gum; locust bean gum; carrageenam; alginates; methyl cellulose; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC); hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). In some embodiments, the present disclosure teaches the use of other types of anti- settling agents such as modified starches, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene oxide. Another good anti-settling agent is xanthan gum.
Figure imgf000153_0001
[00294] In some embodiments, the presence of surfactants, which lower interfacial tension, can cause water-based formulations to foam during mixing operations in production and in application through a spray tank. Thus, in some embodiments, in order to reduce the tendency to foam, anti-foam agents are often added either during the production stage or before filling into bottles/spray tanks. Generally, there are two types of anti-foam agents, namely silicones and nonsiiicones. Silicones are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethyl polysiloxane, while the nonsiiicone anti-foam agents are water- insoluble oils, such as octanoi and nonanoi, or silica. In both cases, the function of the anti-foam agent is to displace the surfactant from the air-water interface.
Preservative [00295] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions comprise a preservative.
AAddddiittiioonnaall AAccttiivvee AAggeenntt
[[0000229966]] AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo aannootthheerr eemmbbooddiimmeenntt ooff tthhee ddiisscclloossuurree,, tthhee pphheerroommoonnee ccoommppoossiittiioonn mmaayy iinncclluuddee oonnee oorr mmoorree iinnsseecctt ffeeeeddiinngg ssttiimmuullaannttss.. EExxaammpplleess ooff iinnsseecctt ffeeeeddiinngg ssttiimmuullaannttss iinncclluuddee,, bbuutt aarree nnoott lliimmiitteedd ttoo,, ccrruuddee ccoottttoonnsseeeedd ooiill,, ffaattttyy aacciidd eesstteerrss ooff pphhyyttooll,, ffaattttyy aacciidd eesstteerrss ooff ggeerraannyyll ggeerraanniiooll,, ffaattttyy aacciidd eesstteerrss ooff ootthheerr ppllaanntt aallccoohhoollss,, ppllaanntt eexxttrraaccttss,, aanndd ccoommbbiinnaattiioonnss tthheerreeooff..
[[0000229977]] AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo aannootthheerr eemmbbooddiimmeenntt ooff tthhee ddiisscclloossuurree,, tthhee pphheerroommoonnee ccoommppoossiittiioonn mmaayy iinncclluuddee oonnee oorr mmoorree iinnsseecctt ggrroowwtthh rreegguullaattoorrss ((""IIGGRRss"")).. IICGRRss mmaayy bbee uusseedd ttoo aalltteerr tthhee ggrroowwtthh ooff tthhee iinnsseecctt aanndd pprroodduuccee ddeeffoorrmmeedd iinnsseeccttss.. EExxaammpplleess ooff iinnsseecctt ggrroowwtthh rreegguullaattoorrss iinncclluuddee,, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,, ddiimmiilliinn.,
[[0000229988]] AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo aannootthheerr eemmbbooddiimmeenntt ooff tthhee ddiisscclloossuurree,, tthhee aattttrraaccttaanntt-- ccoommppoossiittiioonn mmaayy iinncclluuddee oonnee oorr mmoorree iinnsseecctt sstteerriillaannttss tthhaatt sstteerriilliizzee tthhee ttrraappppeedd iinnsseeccttss oorr ootthheerrwwiissee bblloocckk tthheeiirr rreepprroodduuccttiivvee ccaappaacciittyy,, tthheerreebbyy rreedduucciinngg tthhee ppooppuullaattiioonn iinn tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ggeenneerraattiioonn.. IInn ssoommee ssiittuuaattiioonnss aalllloowwiinngg tthhee sstteerriilliizzeedd iinnsseeccttss ttoo ssuurrvviivvee aanndd ccoommppeettee wwiitthh nnoonn--ttrraappppeedd iinnsseeccttss ffoorr mmaatteess iiss mmoorree eeffffeeccttiivvee tthhaann kkiilllliinngg tthheemm oouuttrriigghhtt..
Figure imgf000154_0001
[00299] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions disclosed herein can be formulated as a sprayabie composition (i.e., a sprayabie pheromone composition). An aqueous solvent can be used in the sprayabie composition, e.g., water or a mixture of water and an alcohol, glycol, ketone, or other water-miscible solvent. In some embodiments, the water content of such mixture is at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, 50%, at least about 60 %, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%. In some embodiments, the sprayabie composition is concentrate, i.e. a concentrated suspension of the pheromone, and other additives (e.g., a waxy substance, a stabilizer, and the like) in the aqueous solvent, and can be diluted to the final use concentration by addition of solvent (e.g., water),
[00300] In some embodiments, the a waxy substance can be used as a carrier for the pheromone and its positional isomer in the sprayable composition. The waxy substance can be, e.g., a biodegradable wax, such as bees wax, carnauba wax and the like, candeliiia wax (hydrocarbon wax), montan wax, shellac and similar waxes, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, such as lauric, palmitic, oleic or stearic acid, fatty acid amides and esters, hydroxylic fatty acid esters, such as hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyi fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, and low molecular weight polyesters such as polyalkyiene succinates.
[00301] In some embodiments, a stabilizer can be used with the sprayable pheromone compositions. The stabilizer can be used to regulate the particle size of concentrate and/or to allow the preparation of a stable suspension of the pheromone composition. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is selected from hydroxylic and/or ethoxylated polymers. Examples include ethylene oxide and propylene oxide copolymer, poiyaicohois, including starch, maltodextrin and other soluble carbohydrates or their ethers or esters, cellulose ethers, gelatin, polyacrylic acid and salts and partial esters thereof and the like. In other embodiments, the stabilizer can include polyvinyl alcohols and copolymers thereof, such as partly hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate. The stabilizer may be used at a level sufficient to regulate particle size and/or to prepare a stable suspension, e.g. , between 0.1 % and 15% of the aqueous solution.
[00302] In some embodiments, a binder can be used with the sprayable pheromone compositions. In some embodiments, the binder can act to further stabilize the dispersion and/or improve the adhesion of the sprayed dispersion to the target locus (e.g., trap, lure, plant, and the like). The binder can be polysaccharide, such as an alginate, cellulose derivative (acetate, alkyl, carboxym ethyl, hydroxyalkyl), starch or starch derivative, dextrin, gum (arabic, guar, locust bean, tragacanth, carrageenan, and the like), sucrose, and the like. The binder can also be a non-carbohydrate, water-soluble polymer such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or an acidic polymer such as polyacrylic acid or polymethacryiic acid, in acid and/or salt form, or mixtures of such polymers. Microencapsulated Pheromones
[00303] In some embodiments, the pheromone compositions disclosed herein can be formulated as a microencapsulated pheromone, such as disclosed in IM'lchev, AL et a/., J. Econ. Entomo!. 2006;99(6):2048-54; and Stelinki, LL et ai., J. Econ. Enfomol, 2007; 100(4): 1360-9. Microencapsulated pheromones (!VIECs) are small droplets of pheromone enclosed within polymer capsules. The capsules control the release rate of the pheromone into the surrounding environment, and are small enough to be applied in the same method as used to spray insecticides. The effective field longevity of the microencapsulated pheromone formulations can range from a few days to slightly more than a week, depending on inter alia climatic conditions, capsule size and chemical properties.
Slow-Release Formulation
[00304] Pheromone compositions can be formulated so as to provide slow release into the atmosphere, and/or so as to be protected from degradation following release. For example, the pheromone compositions can be included in carriers such as microcapsules, biodegradable flakes and paraffin wax- based matrices. Alternatively, the pheromone composition can be formulated as a slow release sprayable.
[00305] In certain embodiments, the pheromone composition may include one or more polymeric agents known to one skilled in the art. The polymeric agents may control the rate of release of the composition to the environment. In some embodiments, the polymeric attractant-composition is impervious to environmental conditions. The polymeric agent may also be a sustained- release agent that enables the composition to be released to the environment in a sustained manner.
[00306] Examples of polymeric agents include, but are not limited to, celluloses, proteins such as casein, fiuorocarbon-based polymers, hydrogenated rosins, lignins, melamine, polyurethanes, vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl acetate (PVAC), polycarbonates, poiyvinyiidene dinitrile, poiyamides, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyamide-aldehyde, polyvinyl aldehyde, polyesters, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylenes, polystyrenes, poiyvinyiidene, silicones, and combinations thereof. Examples of celluloses include, but are not limited to, methy!ce!luiose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate- butyrate, cellulose acetate-propionate, cellulose propionate, and combinations thereof.
[00307] Other agents which can be used in slow-release or sustained- release formulations include fatty acid esters (such as a sebacate, iaurate, palmitate, stearate or arachidate ester) or a fatty alcohols (such as undecanol, dodecanoi, tridecanol, tridecenol, tetradecanoi, tetradecenol, tetradecadienol, pentadecanoi, pentadecenoi, hexadecanol, hexadecenol, hexadecadienol, octadecenol and octadecadienol).
[00308] Pheromones prepared according to the methods of the invention, as well as compositions containing the pheromones, can be used to control the behavior and/or growth of insects in various environments. The pheromones can be used, for example, to attract or repel male or female insects to or from a particular target area. The pheromones can be used to attract insects away from vulnerable crop areas. The pheromones can also be used example to attract insects as part of a strategy for insect monitoring, mass trapping, lure/attract~and-kiil or mating disruption.
Lures
[00309] The pheromone compositions of the present disclosure may be coated on or sprayed on a lure, or the lure may be otherwise impregnated with a pheromone composition.
Traps
[00310] The pheromone compositions of the disclosure may be used in traps, such as those commonly used to attract any insect species, e.g., insects of the order Lepidoptera. Such traps are well known to one skilled in the art, and are commonly used in many states and countries in insect eradication programs. In one embodiment, the trap includes one or more septa, containers, or storage receptacles for holding the pheromone composition. Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a trap loaded with at least one pheromone composition. Thus, the pheromone compositions of the present disclosure can be used in traps for example to attract insects as part of a strategy for insect monitoring, mass trapping, mating disruption, or lure/attract and kill for example by incorporating a toxic substance into the trap to kill insects caught.
[00311] Mass trapping involves placing a high density of traps in a crop to be protected so that a high proportion of the insects are removed before the crop is damaged. Lure/attract~and-kiil techniques are similar except once the insect is attracted to a lure, it is subjected to a killing agent. Where the killing agent is an insecticide, a dispenser can also contain a bait or feeding stimulant that will entice the insects to ingest an effective amount of an insecticide. The insecticide may be an insecticide known to one skilled in the art. The insecticide may be mixed with the attractant-com position or may be separately present in a trap. Mixtures may perform the dual function of attracting and killing the insect.
[00312] Such traps may take any suitable form, and killing traps need not necessarily incorporate toxic substances, the insects being optionally killed by other means, such as drowning or electrocution. Alternatively, the traps can contaminate the insect with a fungus or virus that kills the insect later. Even where the insects are not killed, the trap can serve to remove the male insects from the locale of the female insects, to prevent breeding.
[00313] It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that a variety of different traps are possible. Suitable examples of such traps include water traps, sticky traps, and one-way traps. Sticky traps come in many varieties. One example of a sticky trap is of cardboard construction, triangular or wedge- shaped in cross-section, where the interior surfaces are coated with a non- drying sticky substance. The insects contact the sticky surface and are caught. Water traps include pans of water and detergent that are used to trap insects. The detergent destroys the surface tension of the water, causing insects that are attracted to the pan, to drown in the water. One-way traps allow an insect to enter the trap but prevent it from exiting. The traps of the disclosure can be colored brightly, to provide additional attraction for the insects.
[00314] In some embodiments, the pheromone traps containing the composition may be combined with other kinds of trapping mechanisms. For example, in addition to the pheromone composition, the trap may include one or more florescent lights, one or more sticky substrates and/or one or more colored surfaces for attracting moths. In other embodiments, the pheromone trap containing the composition may not have other kinds of trapping mechanisms.
[00315] The trap may be set at any time of the year in a field. Those of skill in the art can readily determine an appropriate amount of the compositions to use in a particular trap, and can also determine an appropriate density of traps/acre of crop field to be protected.
[00316] The trap can be positioned in an area infested (or potentially infested) with insects. Generally, the trap is placed on or close to a tree or plant. The aroma of the pheromone attracts the insects to the trap. The insects can then be caught, immobilized and/or killed within the trap, for example, by the killing agent present in the trap.
[00317] Traps may also be placed within an orchard to overwhelm the pheromones emitted by the females, so that the males simply cannot locate the females, !n this respect, a trap need be nothing more than a simple apparatus, for example, a protected wickable to dispense pheromone.
[00318] The traps of the present disclosure may be provided in made-up form, where the compound of the disclosure has already been applied. In such an instance, depending on the half-life of the compound, the compound may be exposed, or may be sealed in conventional manner, such as is standard with other aromatic dispensers, the seal only being removed once the trap is in place.
[00319] Alternatively, the traps may be sold separately, and the compound of the disclosure provided in dispensable format so that an amount may be applied to trap, once the trap is in place. Thus, the present disclosure may provide the compound in a sachet or other dispenser. penser
[00320] Pheromone compositions can be used in conjunction with a dispenser for release of the composition in a particular environment. Any suitable dispenser known in the art can be used. Examples of such dispensers include but are not limited to, aerosol emitters, band-applied dispensers, bubble caps comprising a reservoir with a permeable barrier through which pheromones are slowly released, pads, beads, tubes rods, spirals or bails composed of rubber, plastic, leather, cotton, cotton wool, wood or wood products that are impregnated with the pheromone composition. For example, polyvinyl chloride laminates, pellets, granules, ropes or spirals from which the pheromone composition evaporates, or rubber septa. One of skill in the art will be able to select suitable carriers and/or dispensers for the desired mode of application, storage, transport or handling.
[00321] In another embodiment, a device may be used that contaminates the male insects with a powder containing the pheromone substance itself. The contaminated males then fly off and provide a source of mating disruption by permeating the atmosphere with the pheromone substance, or by attracting other males to the contaminated males, rather than to real females.
Behavior Modification
[00322] Pheromone compositions prepared according to the methods disclosed herein can be used to control or modulate the behavior of insects. In some embodiments, the behavior of the target insect can be modulated in a tunable manner inter alia by varying the ratio of the pheromone to the positional isomer in the composition such that the insect is attracted to a particular locus but does not contact said locus or such the insect in fact contacts said locus. Thus, in some embodiments, the pheromones can be used to attract insects away from vulnerable crop areas. Accordingly, the disclosure also provides a method for attracting insects to a locus. The method includes administering to a locus an effective amount of the pheromone composition.
[00323] The method of mating disruption may include periodically monitoring the total number or quantity of the trapped insects. The monitoring may be performed by counting the number of insects trapped for a predetermined period of time such as, for example, daily, Weekly, bi-Weekiy, monthly, once- in~tbree months, or any other time periods selected by the monitor. Such monitoring of the trapped insects may help estimate the population of insects for that particular period, and thereby help determine a particular type and/or dosage of pest control in an integrated pest management system. For example, a discovery of a high insect population can necessitate the use of methods for removal of the insect. Early warning of an infestation in a new habitat can allow action to be taken before the population becomes unmanageable. Conversely, a discovery of a low insect population can lead to a decision that it is sufficient to continue monitoring the population. Insect populations can be monitored regularly so that the insects are only controlled when they reach a certain threshold. This provides cost-effective control of the insects and reduces the environmental impact of the use of insecticides.
[00324] Pheromones prepared according to the methods of the disclosure can also be used to disrupt mating. Mating disruption is a pest management technique designed to control insect pests by introducing artificial stimuli (e.g., a pheromone composition as disclosed herein) that confuses the insects and disrupts mating localization and/or courtship, thereby preventing mating and blocking the reproductive cycle.
[00325] In many insect species of interest to agriculture, such as those in the order Lepidoptera, females emit an airborne trail of a specific chemical blend constituting that species' sex pheromone. This aerial trail is referred to as a pheromone plume. Males of that species use the information contained in the pheromone plume to locate the emitting female (known as a "calling" female). Mating disruption exploits the male insects' natural response to follow the plume by introducing a synthetic pheromone into the insects' habitat, which is designed to mimic the sex pheromone produced by the female insect. Thus, in some embodiments, the synthetic pheromone utilized in mating disruption is a synthetically derived pheromone composition comprising a pheromone having a chemical structure of a sex pheromone and a positional isomer thereof which is not produced by the target insect. [00326] The general effect of mating disruption is to confuse the maie insects by masking the natural pheromone plumes, causing the males to follow "false pheromone trails" at the expense of finding mates, and affecting the males' ability to respond to "calling" females. Consequently, the male population experiences a reduced probability of successfully locating and mating with females, which leads to the eventual cessation of breeding and collapse of the insect infestation
[00327] Strategies of mating disruption include confusion, trail-masking and false-trail following. Constant exposure of insects to a high concentration of a pheromone can prevent maie insects from responding to normal levels of the pheromone released by female insects. Trail-masking uses a pheromone to destroy the trail of pheromones released by females. False-trail following is carried out by laying numerous spots of a pheromone in high concentration to present the male with many false trails to follow. When released in sufficiently high quantities, the maie insects are unable to find the natural source of the sex pheromones (the female insects) so that mating cannot occur.
[00328] In some embodiments, a wick or trap may be adapted to emit a pheromone for a period at least equivalent to the breeding season(s) of the midge, thus causing mating disruption. If the midge has an extended breeding season, or repeated breeding season, the present disclosure provides a wick or trap capable of emitting pheromone for a period of time, especially about two weeks, and generally between about 1 and 4 weeks and up to 6 weeks, which may be rotated or replaced by subsequent similar traps. A plurality of traps containing the pheromone composition may be placed in a locus, e.g., adjacent to a crop field. The locations of the traps, and the height of the traps from ground may be selected in accordance with methods known to one skilled in the art.
[00329] Alternatively, the pheromone composition may be dispensed from formulations such as microcapsules or twist-ties, such as are commonly used for disruption of the mating of insect pests.
Attract and Kill [00330] The attract and kill method utilizes an attractant, such as a sex pheromone, to lure insects of the target species to an insecticidai chemical, surface, device, etc., for mass-killing and ultimate population suppression, and can have the same effect as mass-trapping. For instance, when a synthetic female sex pheromone is used to lure male pests, e.g., moths, in an attract- and-kill strategy, a large number of male moths must be killed over extended periods of time to reduce matings and reproduction, and ultimately suppress the pest population. The attract-and-kiSI approach may be a favorable alternative to mass-trapping because no trap-servicing or other frequent maintenance is required. In various embodiments described herein, a recombinant microorganism can co-express (i) a pathway for production of an insect pheromone and (ii) a protein, peptide, oligonucleotide, or small molecule which is toxic to the insect. In this way, the recombinant microorganism can co-produce substances suitable for use in an attract-and-kiii approach.
[00331] As will be apparent to one of skill in the art, the amount of a pheromone or pheromone composition used for a particular application can vary depending on several factors such as the type and level of infestation; the type of composition used; the concentration of the active components; how the composition is provided, for example, the type of dispenser used; the type of location to be treated; the length of time the method is to be used for; and environmental factors such as temperature, wind speed and direction, rainfall and humidity. Those of skill in the art will be able to determine an effective amount of a pheromone or pheromone composition for use in a given application.
[00332] As used herein, an "effective amount" means that amount of the disclosed pheromone composition that is sufficient to affect desired results. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. For example, an effective amount of the composition may refer to an amount of the pheromone composition that is sufficient to attract a given insect to a given locus. Further, an effective amount of the composition may refer to an amount of the pheromone composition that is sufficient to disrupt mating of a particular insect population of interest in a given locality. Enzymatically-Derived Gondoic Acid through Metathesis and Chemical Conversion
[00334] This prophetic example illustrates that different fatty acids can be used as a starting material for the biosynthetic production of a pheromone or pheromone precursor. The product obtained from the biosynthetic process disclosed herein can be subject to further chemical conversions to generate different products.
Figure imgf000164_0001
[00335] Enzymatic two carbon elongation of oleic acid yields gondoic acid. After esterification, gondoic fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) can then converted via Z-selective olefin metathesis into C16 and C18 FAME products containing a C1 1 unsaturation. Upon reduction of the ester, aldehyde and fatty alcohol pheromone materials can be produced. Acetylation of the fatty alcohol product can generate the corresponding fatty acetate pheromones. Additionally, gondoic acid can be directly converted into C20 fatty aldehyde, aicohol and acetate pheromones through application of the same chemical transformation of enzymatically modified oleic acid. [00336] This prophetic example illustrates at the recombinant microorganisms disclosed herein can be used tc ate synthetic blends of insect pheromones.
Figure imgf000165_0001
:OAc E11-14:GAc Z11 -14:OAc O Z11-18:OAc
ί * 1 β
14C 16C
[00337] As shown in the above scheme, using tetradecyl-ACP (14:ACP), a blend of E- and Z- tetradecenyl acetate (E1 1 -14:OAc and Z1 1 -14 AC) pheromones can be produced with the recombinant microorganism. This blend is produced by a variety of insects, e.g., Choristoneura roseceana (a moth of the Tortricidae family).
[00338] Similarly, using hexadecyl-ACP (16:ACP), a blend of Z- and E hexadecenyl acetate pheromones (E1 1 -16:OAc and Z1 1 -16:OAc) can be produced with the recombinant microorganism.
[00339] The microorganism can be engineered with different desaturases, or other enzymes such as reductases, etc. to produce the desired blend of pheromones. One blend of particular relevance capable of being produced using the recombinant microorganisms and methods of the instant invention is a 97:3 ratio of (Z)- 1 -hexadecenal (Z1 1 -16:Ald) and (Z)~9-hexadecenal (Z9- 16:A!d).
Example 3: Expression of transmembrane alcohol-forming reductases in S. cerevisiae
Background and Rationale
[00340] Engineering microbial production of insect fatty alcohols from fatty acids entails the functional expression of a synthetic pathway. One such pathway comprises a transmembrane desaturase, and an alcohol-forming reductase to mediate the conversion of fatty acyl-CoA into regio- and stereospecific unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and subsequently into fatty alcohols, A number of genes encoding these enzymes are found in some insects (as well as some microalgae in the case of fatty alcohol reductase) and can be used to construct the synthetic pathway in yeasts, which are preferred production hosts. A number of transmembrane desaturases and alcohol- forming reductase variants will be screened to identify ensembles which allow high level synthesis of a single insect fatty alcohol or a blend of fatty alcohols. Additionally, these enzymes will be screened across multiple hosts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicaiis, and Yarrowia iipoiytica) to optimize the search toward finding a suitable host for optimum expression of these transmembrane proteins.
Summary of Approach
[00341] Three alcohol-forming reductases of insect origin were selected.
[00342] Nucleic acids encoding the reductases were synthesized (synthons) with codon optimization for expression in S. cerevisiae.
[00343] Each nucleic acid encoding a given reductase was subcloned into an episomai expression cassette under the Gail promoter,
[00344] S. cerevisiae wild-type and beta-oxidation deletion mutant were transformed with expression constructs. [00345] Heterologous protein was induced by galactose, and functional expression of the reductases was assessed in vivo via bioconversion of Z1 1 - hexadecenoic acid into Z1 1 -hexedecenol.
[00346] GC~MS analysis was used to identify and quantify metabolites. Results
[00347] Alcohol-forming reductase variants were screened for activity in S, cerevisiae W303 (wild type) and BY4742 ΔΡΟΧ1 (beta-oxidation deletion mutant). Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was chosen as a substrate in assessing enzyme activity. The in vivo bioconversion assay showed that the expression of enzyme variants derived from Spodoptera littoralis, Helicoverpa armigera, and Agrotis segetum (Ding, B-J., Lofstedt, C. Analysis of the Agrotis segetum pheromone gland transcriptome in the light of sex pheromone biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 16:71 1 (2015)) in W303A conferred Z1 1 -hexadecenol production, and reached up-to -37 μΜ (8 mg/L), -70 μΜ (-16 mg/L), and 1 1 μΜ (-3 mg/L), respectively, within 48h of protein induction (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Biologically-produced Z1 1 -hexadecenol matched authentic Z1 1 - hexadecenol standard (Bedoukian) as determined via GC-MS (Figure 7). BY4742 ΔΡΟΧ1 was also explored as an expression host since deletion in the key beta-oxidation pathway enzyme could limit the degradation of Z1 1 - hexadecenoic acid. Expressing the reductase variants in the beta-oxidation deletion mutant, however, reduced the product titer when compared to expression in the wild-type host (Figure 5). One contributing factor of titer reduction when using BY4742 ΔΡΟΧ1 as a host was the reduction of biomass when compared to W303 (Figure 8).
[00348] Therefore, functional expression of at least two alcohol-forming reductases in S. cerevisiae conferred bioconversion of Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid into Z1 1 -hexedecenol.
Conclusions
[00349] Functional expression of insect transmembrane alcohol-forming reductase in S. cerevisiae was demonstrated. Among the reductases tested, the variant derived from Helicoverpa armigera is most active toward Z1 1 - hexadecenoic acid. [00350] The bioconversiori of other fatty acid substrates can be explored to assess enzyme plasticity.
Materials & Methods
Strain construction and functional expression assay
[00351] S. cerevisiae W303 (MATA ura3-1 trp1 -1 Ieu2-3_1 12 his3-1 1_15 ade2-1 can1 -100) and BY4742 (MATa POX1 ::kanMX his3A1 leu2A0 lys2A0 ura3A0) were used as expression hosts. DNA sequences which encode fatty alcohol reductase variants were redesigned to optimize expression in S. cerevisiae (SEQ ID NOs: 1 -3). Generated synthons (Genscript) were cloned into pESC-URA vector using BamH!-Xho! sites to facilitate protein expression utilizing the Gall promoter. The resulting plasmid constructs were used to transform 303, and positive transformants were selected on CM agar medium (with 2% glucose, and lacking uracil) (Teknova). To assess functional expression, two positive transformation clones that have been patched on CM agar medium (with 2% glucose, and lacking uracil) were used to seed CM liquid medium using a 24 deep-well plate format. To induce protein expression, the overnight cultures that had been grown at 28°C were then supplemented with galactose, raffinose, and YNB to a final concentration of 2%, 1 %, and 6.7 g/L, respectively. Post 24h of protein induction, the bioconversion substrate Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid (in ethanoi) or heptadecanoic acid (in ethanol) was added to a final concentration of 300 mg/L. Bioconversion assay proceeded for 48 h at 28°C prior to GC-MS analysis.
Metabolite extraction and GC-MS detection
[00352] The lipids were extracted according to a modified procedure of Hagstrom et al. (2012) (Hagstrom, A. K,, Lienard, M. A., Groot, A. T., Hedenstrom, E. & Lofstedt, C. Semi-Selective Fatty Acyl Reductases from Four Heliothine Moths Influence the Specific Pheromone Composition. PLoS One 7: e37230 (2012)). 1 .5 mL-cell culture was transferred to a 15 mL falcon tube. The cell suspension was acidified with 1 mL 5 N HCI. 5 pL tetradecanedioic acid (10 mM in ethanol) was added as internal standard. The mixture was extracted by adding 1 .5 mL hexane, then shaken for 1 h at 37 °C, 250 rpm. To facilitate phase separation, the sample was centrifuged for 10 min at 2000 g. 1 mL of the organic hexane phase was then transferred to a 1.5 mL plastic tube. The solvent was removed by heating the sample 30 min at 90 °C. After the sample was evaporated to dryness, 50 μΙ_ of BSTFA (Ν,Ο- bis(trimethylsiiyl) trif!uoroacetamide containing 1 % of trimethylchlorosilane) was added. The 1 .5 mL plastic tubes were shaken vigorously two times for 10 s. Prior to the transfer into a screw cap GC glass vial containing a glass insert, the sample was centrifuged for 1 min (13000 rpm). The vials were capped and heated for 30 min at 90°C. The trimethylsi!y!-esters, which were generated by this method were subsequently analyzed by GC-MS analysis. GC- S parameters are specified in Table 6. The use of SIM mode (characteristic product and IS ions) increases detection sensitivity by reducing background noise, allowing defection of the product as low as 2.4 μΜ (0.8 mg/L). A further reduction in the split ratio offers the possibility to further increase the sensitivity for future applications. A Z1 1 -hexadecenoi calibration curve shown in Figure 9 was used to quantify the Z1 1 -hexadecenol produced from yeasts. The bioconversion of heptadecanoic acid was also tested since the easily distinguished heptadecanoi product could be used to benchmark successful GC-MS runs. However, none of the reductase tested showed any activity toward heptadecanoic acid.
[00353] Table 6. GC-MS parameters
System Agilent 6890 N GC, ChemStation G170IEA E.02.01.1177
Column Rtx-5 30m x 320 Lim x 25 ηι
Pressure = 11.74 psi; Flow = 7.1 mL/min
Inlet Heater = 250°C; Pressure = 11.74 psi:
Total Flow {He} = 19.5 mL/min
Carrier He @ 147 cm/sec, 11.74 psi
Signal Data rate = 2 Hz/0,1 min
Oven 150°C for I min
Ramp 12*C/min to 220% hold 3 min
Ramp 35°C/min to 300% hold 4 min
Injection Split, 250°C
Split ratio - 20:1
Detector HP 5973 MSD in SIM mode (m/z: 297.3 and 387.3}.,
100 msec Dwell, EMV mode: Gain factor 1,
3 min solvent delay, 8.33 cycles/sec
Sample injection volume = 1 uL Example 4: Expression of transmembrane clesaturases in S. cerevisiae
Background and Rationale
[00354] Engineering microbial production of insect fatty alcohols from fatty acids requires the functional expression of a synthetic pathway. One such pathway comprises a transmembrane desaturase, and an alcohol-forming reductase to mediate the conversion of fatty acyl-CoA info regio- and stereospecific unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and subsequently into fatty alcohols. A number of genes encoding these enzymes are found in some insects as well as some microalgae. A number of transmembrane desaturases and alcohol- forming reductase variants will be screened to identify ensembles which allow high level synthesis of a single insect fatty alcohol or a blend of fatty alcohols. Additionally, these enzymes will be screened across multiple hosts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicaiis, and Yarrowia lipolytica) to optimize the search toward finding a suitable host for optimum expression of these transmembrane proteins.
Summary of Approach
[00355] A small set of desaturases (insect origin: Agrotis segetum, Trichopiusia ni, Amyelois transiteila, Heiicoverpa zea, and marine diatom: Thaiassiosira pseudonana) were selected as a test case to explore and establish functional expression assays, metabolite extraction methods, and analytical chemistry.
[00356] A synthetic cassette for expression of the desaturases in S. cerevisiae was constructed. The cassette consists of the OLE1 promoter region, OLE1 N-terminal leader sequence, and VSP13 terminator.
[00357] The expression cassette was tested for functionality via expression of a GFP variant. Validation of the cassette allowed its utilization for exploring expression of insect desaturase.
[00358] S. cerevisiae AOLE1 was transformed with expression constructs containing heterologous desaturases. Functionality of the desaturases was assessed via the ability to rescue growth of AOLE1 without exogenous supplementation of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA). S, cerevisiae desaturase (OLE1 ) was used as a positive control of successful complementation. [00359] Functionality of the desaturase was validated via an in vivo bioconversion of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) into (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid (palmitvaccenic acid).
[00360] GC~MS analysis was used to identify and quantify metabolites. esuits
[00361] Transmembrane desaturase variants were screened in S. cerevisiae. Three variants were initially tested to explore and establish functional expression assays, metabolite extraction methods, and analytical chemistry. To allow functional expression of these desaturases in S. cerevisiae, an episomal synthetic expression cassette termed pOLE1 cassette (Figure 10) was constructed, which consisted of an OLE1 promoter region, an N-terminal leader sequence encoding for the first 27 amino acids of S. cerevisiae OLE1 , and a terminator region of VPS13 (a protein involved in the protospore membrane formation, the terminator of which has been previously characterized to increase heterologous protein expression potentially by extending mRNA half-life). The functionality of the pOLE1 cassette was validated via its ability to express a GFP (Figure 11A-Figure 11 E). Subsequently, insect desaturase synthons, and yeast OLE1 synthon were cloned into the pOLE1 cassette, and expressed in S. cerevisiae AOLE1 strain. This strain was chosen since deletion of the OLE1 allele (which encodes for palmitoyl:CoA/stearoyl:CoA (z)-9-desaturase) allows its utilization as a tool to screen for functional insect desaturase. Specifically, an active desaturase would allow complementation of growth without requiring exogenous supplementation of UFAs, Expression of OLE1 using pOLE1 cassette complemented growth of AOLE1 growth without UFA (Figure 11A-Figure 11 E); therefore, it serves as a positive control in the complementation assays. When insect desaturases were expressed, we observed that they rescued AOLE1 growth without UFA at varying degree. On rich medium (YPD) agar plate, expression of S. cerevisiae OLE1 conferred the highest level of growth, followed by 7 ni desaturase (Figure 12A). The latter indicated that production of unsaturated fatty acyLCoA by 7. ni desaturase could act as a surrogate to the missing (Z)-9-hexadecenoyi:CoA biosynthesis in ΔΟΙ.Ε1 . Expression of 7 pesudonana and A. segetum desaturases did not appear to rescue growth on YPD very well (Figure 12A). When patched on minimal medium (CM-Ura glucose) agar plate, only expression of S, cerevisiae OLE1 and 7 ni desaturase rescued AOLE1 growth without exogenous UFA (Figure 12B). Expression of 7 pseudonana and A. segetum desaturases did not confer growth of AOLE1 on minimal medium agar, suggesting their limited activity in producing UFA (results not shown). Screening a desaturase library in Candida tropicaiis identified functional expression of A. transitella and H. zea desaturases. When these desaturases were expressed in ΔΟΙ-Ε1 , they conferred growth without UFA on both YPD and CM-Ura glucose media similar to expression of 7. ni desaturase (Figure 12B).
[00362] Functional expression of the heterologous desaturases was further characterized via in vivo bioconversion of palmitic acid into insect-specific UFA. Post -96h~cultivation in minimal medium containing palmitic acid, total fatty acid analysis of S, cerevisiae ΔΟΙ_Ε1 expressing 7 ni desaturase revealed production of a new fatty acid species (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid that is not present in the control strain which expresses native yeast OLE1 desaturase (Figure 13A-Figure 13B). (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid is not detected in strains expressing A. segetum, or 7 pseudonana desaturase (results not shown). In addition to (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid, (Z)-9- hexadecenoic acid was also detected in ΔΟί,ΕΙ strain expressing 7. ni desaturase (Figure 13A-Figure 13B). Under the cultivation condition, C16- fatty acid in the ΔΟί,ΕΙ expressing 7 ni desaturase is composed of approximately 84,7% hexadecanoic acid, 5.6% (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid and 9.8% (Z)-1 1 -hexadeceneoic acid. In comparison, the C16 fatty acid fraction of AOLE1 expressing OLE1 desaturase is composed of approximately 68.8% hexadecanoic acid and 31 .4% (Z)~9-hexadecenoic acid. (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid biosynthesis in AOLE1 expressing 7. ni desaturase account for -1 .5 mg/L. The amount of total fatty acids and each fatty acid within this mixture can be quantified. The biologically produced (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid also match the retention time and fragmentation pattern of authentic standard (Z)-1 1 - hexadecenoic acid (Larodan) as determined by GC-MS (Figure 14A~Figure 14B). Therefore, the regio- and stereoisomer of the biologically produced (Z)- 1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was confirmed. In vivo characterization of A. transitella and H. zea desaturase can also be done,
[00363] In summary, at least three insect desaturases capable of rescuing growth of S. cerevisiae AOLE1 without exogenous supplementation of UFA, i.e. (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid (pa!mito!eic acid), were identified.
[00364] The extent of growth on rich medium (YPD) of S. cerevisiae AOLE1 bearing the expression construct was in the following order of desaturase content: OLE1 , 7 ni, T. pseudonana, and A. segetum.
[00365] The extent of growth on minimal medium (CM Glucose w/out uracil) of S. cerevisiae AOLE1 bearing the expression construct was in the following order of desaturase content: OLE1 , 7. ni.
[00366] Complementation assays using A. transitella and H. zea desaturases were also done, demonstrating functional expression in Candida tropicaiis shown via in vivo bioconversion assay. These desaturases also complemented S. cerevisiae ΔΟί.Ε1 growth on rich and minimal media at least as well as 7, ni desaturase.
[00367] Expression of 7. pseudonana and A. segetum desaturases did not confer growth of S. cerevisiae AOLE1 on minimal medium without UFAs even after an extended incubation period up to 14 days. No (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was observed in strains harboring 7 pseudonana or A. segetum desaturase.
CoHciusions
[00368] Functional expression of transmembrane desaturases of insect origin in S. cerevisiae has been achieved.
[00369] The activity of a given heterologous desaturase can be assessed from its ability to complement growth of S. cerevisiae AOLE1 without exogenous palmitoleic supplementation, and its ability to convert palmitic acid into insect pheromone precursors (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid.
[00370] Functional expression and/or activity of insect desaturase in S. cerevisiae varies widely depending on sequence origin. Variants derived from T. ni exhibited the best activity compared to A. segetum and 7 pseudonana, as measured by the above criteria.
[00371] Desaturases derived from A. transitel!a and H. zea complemented AOLE1 as well as 7 ni desaturase. Bioconversion assays using these desaturases can be done.
[00372] The bioconversion of other fatty acid substrates can be explored to assess enzyme plasticity.
Materials & Methods
Strain construction and functional expression assay
[00373] S, cerevisiae AOLE1 (MATA OLE1 ::LEU2 ura3-52 his4) was used as an expression host. A synthetic expression cassette termed pOLE1 (Figure 10, SEQ ID NO: 4) which comprises the OLE1 promoter region (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6), nucleotides encoding for 27 IM~terminal amino acids of the OLE1 leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7), and a VPS13 terminator sequence (SEQ D MO: 8) was created, and cloned into pESC-URA vector in between Sac! and EcoRI sites. To test the functionality of the pOLE1 cassette, Dasher GFP synthon was inserted in between Spel and Not! sites to create pGLE1 -GFP p!asmid. Competent AOLE1 was transformed with pOLE1 -GFP, and plated on CM-Ura glucose agar plate (Teknova) containing UFA (20mm CM-URA glucose agar plate was coated with 100 μί CfVl-Ura glucose medium containing 1 % tergitol, and 3 μί, palmitoleic acid). After incubation at 30°C for 5 days, Dasher GFP expression was apparent as displayed by green coloration of ΔΟΙ-Ε1 transformants. This result showed that the pOLE1 cassette was capable of driving heterologous protein expression. Validation of AOLE1 complementation was performed by restoring OLE1 activity. Specifically, native S. cerevisiae OLE1 synthon was inserted into pOLE1 cassette devoid of the leader sequence to create pOLE1 -OLE1 plasmid. After transformation of ΔΟ!_Ε1 , and selection on CM-Ura glucose agar containing UFA, single colonies were patched onto YPD and CIVl-Ura glucose without UFA. After incubation at 30°C for 5 days, growth was observed (Figure 11A-Flgure 11 E). As expected, Dasher GFP expression could not complement ΔΟί.Ε1 growth without UFA (Figure 11A-Figure 11 E). DNA sequences which encode for desaturase variants were synthesized (to include nucleotide changes which remove restriction sites used for cloning purposes), and cloned into pOLE1 using Spel-Notl sites (Genscript, SEQ ID NOs: 9-13). Complementation assay of AOLE1 with insect desaturases were performed in the same way as with OLE1 desaturase.
[00374] To assess functional expression, two positive transformation clones that had been patched on C!Vl-Ura glucose agar medium containing UFA were inoculated in 1 .5 mL CM-Ura glucose liquid medium containing palmitic acid (in ethanoi) at a final concentration of 300 mg/L, and with 6.7 g/L of YNB. For (z)~ 1 1 -hexadecenoic isomer confirmation, a 20 mL culture was generated. Bioconversion assay proceeded for 96 h at 28°C prior to GC-IV1S analysis.
Metabolite extraction and GC-MS detection
[00376] Total lipid composition as well as the (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid quantification was based on modified procedures by Moss et ai. (1982) (Moss, C. W., Shinoda, T. & Samuels, J. W. Determination of cellular fatty acid compositions of various yeasts by gas-liquid chromatography. J. C!in, Microbiol. 16: 1073-1079 (1982)) and Yousuf et al (2010) (Yousuf, A., Sannino, F., Addorisio, V. & Pirozzi, D. Microbial Conversion of Olive Oil Mill Wastewaters into Lipids Suitable for Biodiesel Production. J. Agric, Food Chem. 58: 8630-8635 (2010)). The pelleted cells (in 1.5 mL plastic tubes), usually about 10 mg to 80 mg, were resuspended in methanol containing 5 % (w/w) of sodium hydroxide. The alkaline cell suspension was transferred into a 1 .8 mL screw-cap GC-vial. The mixture was heated for 1 h in the heat block at 90°C. Prior to acidification with 400 2.5 N HCI the vial was allowed to cool to room temperature. 500 μί chloroform containing 1 mM heptadecanoic were added and the mixture was shaken vigorously, then both aqueous and organic phase were transferred into a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm, afterwards 450 μί of the organic phase were transferred into a new 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The aqueous phase was extracted a second time with 500 μί chloroform, this time without heptadecanoic acid. The combined organic phases were evaporated at 90°C. After cooling to room temperature, residual fatty acid methyl esters and free fatty acids were dissolved and derivatized in methanol containing 0,2 M TMSH (trimethylsulfonium hydroxide). [00376] The regiose!ectiviiy of biologically produced (Z)~1 1 ~hexadecenoic acid was determined by comparing the fragmentation patterns of the dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) derivative with the DMDS derivative of an authentic standard. A yeast culture was split into 12 aiiquots (to not change any parameters in the developed procedure). The cells were pelleted, which yielded 63 mg ceils (ccw) on average (755 mg from 18 mL culture). The pellets were subjected to base methanolysis as described above. However, after acidification the samples were combined in a 50 mL Falcon tube. The combined sample was extracted two times with 10 mL chloroform. The mixture was centrifuged 10 min at 3000 rpm to achieve a better phase separation. The combined organic phases, which were combined in a new 50 mL Falcon and were washed consecutively with 10 mL brine and 10 mL water. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated oil was dissolved in 1 .5 mL chloroform and transferred to a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The chloroform was evaporated at 90°C. The remaining sample was the dissolved in 50 μί methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The 50 μί were split into 1 , 5, 10 and 20 μί and transferred into GC~vials without insert. To each vial 200 μί DMDS (dimethyl disulfide) and 50 ί MTBE (containing 80 rng/mL iodine) were added. After the mixture was heated 48 h at 50°C, excess iodine was removed by the addition of 100 μΐ saturated sodium thiosuifate solution. The samples were transferred to plastic vials and extracted to times with 500 μί dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were transferred to a new 1 .5 mL plastic vial and evaporated at 90°C. The samples were taken up in 50 μί DC!VI and transferred to a GC-viai. The sample was analyzed by GC-MS (Table 7) using the method of Hagstrom et ai. (2013) (Hagstrom, A. K. et al. A moth pheromone brewery: production of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenol by heterologous co-expression of two biosynthetic genes from a noctuid moth in a yeast cell factory. Microb. Ceil Fact. 12: 125 (2013)).
[00377] Table 7. Analytical parameters used for GC-IVIS analysis of DM DS-deri vats ves System Agilent 6890 H GC, ChemStation G1701EA E.02.01.1177
Column Rtx-5 30m x 320 μηι x 25 j.im
Pressure = 11.74 psi; Flow = 7.1 ml/min
Inlet Heater = 250°C; Pressure = 11.74 psi;
Total Flow {He} = 19.5 mL/min
Carrier He @ 147 cm/sec, 11.74 psi
Signai Data rate = 2 Hz/0.1 mm
Oven SOT for 2 min
Ramp 10°C/min to 180°C
Ramp 3fJC/min to 260°C
Ramp 20°C/min to 280°C, hold 10 min
Injection Split, 250fJC
Split ratio -1:1
Detector H P 5973 SD in SCAN mode (mass range: 41 to 550 amuj
100 msec Dwell, EMV mode: Gain factor 1,
3 min solvent delay, 8.33 cycles/sec
Sample injection volume = 1 ul
Example 5: ί 3. cerevisiae as a production platform for insect fatty alcohol synthesis
Background and Rationale
[00378] Engineering microbial production of insect fatty alcohols from fatty acids requires the functional expression of a synthetic pathway. One such pathway comprises a transmembrane desaturase, and an alcohol-forming reductase to mediate the conversion of fatty acyi-CoA into regio- and stereospecific unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and subsequently into fatty alcohols. A number of genes encoding these enzymes are found in some insects as well as some microalgae. A number of gene variants were screened to identify enzyme activities that allow the creation of pathways capable of high level synthesis of a single or a blend of insect fatty alcohols. Additionally, these enzymes were screened across multiple hosts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicaiis, and Yarrowia iipolytica) in order to find a suitable host for optimum expression of these transmembrane proteins.
Summary of Approach
[00379] S. cerevisiae was engineered previously to express select functional transmembrane desaturase variants to allow synthesis of (Z)~1 1 ~hexadecenoic acid from palmitic acid. This allowed the identification and rank-ordering of the variants based on their bioconversion performance (see Example 4).
[00380] S. cerevisiae was engineered previously to express select functional transmembrane reductase variants to allow synthesis of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenol (Z1 1 -160H) from (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid. This allowed the identification and rank-ordering of the variants based on their bioconversion performance (see Example 3).
[00381] Several fatty alcohol pathways comprised of the most active variant desaturases and reductases identified in the previous screens were assembled.
[00382] S. cerevisiae W303A and ΔΟΙ_Ε1 were transformed with the pathway constructs. Functionality of the pathway was assessed via the ability of the recombinant yeasts to synthesize Z1 1 -160H from palmitic acid.
[00383] GC-MS analysis was used to identify and quantify metabolites. esults
[00384] The goal was to engineer one or more insect fatty alcohol biosynthetic pathways in S. cerevisiae. Previously, the functional expression of several transmembrane desaturases of insect origin in S. cerevisiae was demonstrated (see Example 4). Briefly, heterologous desaturase expression was enabled by designing an expression cassette which consists of an OLE1 promoter region, an N-terminai leader sequence encoding the first 27 amino acids of S. cerevisiae OLE1 , and a terminator region of VPS13. Screening for active desaturases was done by using two approaches. First, active desaturases were screened for their ability to rescue AOLE1 growth without exogenous addition of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), and second, active desaturases were screened via an in vivo screen for bioconversion of palmitic acid into (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid. These screening strategies allowed the identification of several active variants, and the rank ordering of their relative activity. Based on these screening results, desaturases from Trichopiusia ni (TN_desat) and S. cerevisiae (SC_desat) were selected for combinatorial expression in fatty alcohol pathways. S, cerevisiae desaturase is known to form paimitoleic acid and oleic acid. [00385] The functional expression of several transmembrane alcohol forming reductases of insect origin in S. cerevisiae had also been previously demonstrated (see Example 3). An expression cassette comprising the GAL1 promoter and CYC terminator was used to enable the functional expression of the reductases in S. cerevisiae. Screening several reductases via in vivo bioconversion of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid into Z1 1 -160H allowed the identification of active variants and rank ordering of their relative activity. Based on this screen, reductases from Heiicoverpa armigera (HA__reduc), and Spodoptera littoralis (SL_reduc) were chosen for assembly of the fatty alcohol pathways.
[00386] Combinatorial assembly created four fatty alcohol pathways, i.e. TN_desat - HA_reduc, TN__desat - SL__reduc, SC_desat - HA__reduc, and SC_desat - SL_reduc. Pathways with SC_desat served as negative control for insect Z1 1 -160H synthesis. S. cerevisiae AOLE1 and W303A were transformed with constructs harboring these pathways, and transformants that grew on CM-Ura with 2% glucose and coated with paimitoleic acid were isolated. To test for fatty alcohol production, individual clones were inoculated into CM-Ura medium containing 2% glucose, 1 % raffinose, 2% galactose. 300 mg/L palmitic acid, and 360 mg/L paimitoleic acid were added as bioconversion substrates. Bioconversion using palmitic acid without paimitoleic was also tested. Post ~96h-cultivation in the presence of palmitic and paimitoleic acid, culture broth analysis revealed synthesis of Z1 1 -90H as a major C16 alcohol product at -0.2 mg/L, and -0.3 mg/L in cultivation of AOLE1 strains harboring SC_desat-HA_reduc, and TN_desat-HA_reduc, respectively (Figure 16, Figure 16). A minute amount of Z1 1 -160H was also detected in pathways with T. ni or S. cerevisiae desaturase, and H, armigera reductase. In general, it was expected that in the presence of palmitic acid and paimitoleic acid, Z9-160H synthesis was more favorable than Z1 1 -160H synthesis because (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid must be biosynthesized from T . ni desaturase, whereas exogenous addition of paimitoleic acid resulted in a more readily available substrate for synthesis of Z9-180H. Fatty acid analysis was also performed. The results showed higher accumulation of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid (Figure 17) in pathways containing insect desaturase than in pathways expressing S. cerevisiae desaturase. Albeit at minute quantities, detection of Z1 1 -160H, and (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid from pathways harboring S. cerevisiae desaturase (which was unexpected) opens the possibility of a minor Δ1 1 desaturation activity by S. cerevisiae desaturase. Low level synthesis of Z1 1 -16COOH fatty acid moieties can also be derived from elongation of Z9-14COOH fatty acyl intermediate. The data shown in Figure 15 also showed that in comparison to pathways with H, armigera reductase, the inclusion of S. lateralis reductase resulted in the reduction of (up~to -30 fold) in Z9-160H titer. No Z1 1 - 60H could be detected in pathways employing S. littoralis reductase. These results are consistent with the reductase screening assay, which showed superior bioconversion of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid using H. armigera reductase in comparison to S. littoralis reductase.
[00387] The bioconversion of palmitic acid was also tested alone (without exogenous addition of paimitoleic acid) by AOLE1 strains expressing TN_desat-HA_reduc and TN_desat-SL_reduc (Figure 18). Culture broth analysis determined the synthesis of Z1 1 -16QH as the dominant unsaturated C16 fatty acid product (Figure 16). In this assay, up to 0.22 mg/L, and 0.05 rng/L Z1 1 -160H was synthesized by a pathway harboring H. armigera reductase and S. littoralis reductase, respectively. The biologically produced Z1 1 -160H also matched the retention time and exhibited the characteristic 297.3 m/z peak like the authentic standard Z1 1 -160H as determined by GC-MS (SIM). Therefore, the regio- and stereoisomer of the biologically produced Z1 1 -160H was confirmed (Figure 19). Furthermore, Z9-160H (0.01 mg/L) was also observed in the cultivation of strain co-expressing 7. ni desaturase and H. armigera reductase. This suggested that T. ni desaturase may also possess Δ9 desaturation activity.
[00388] OLE1 deletion impairs growth. Therefore, pathway expression was also explored in W303A, a host with intact OLE1 allele. However, despite growth improvement, pathway expression in this host resulted in more than two-fold reduction of Z1 1 -160H titers. This result was likely due to the repression of OLE1 promoter (which drove heterologous desaturase expression) by endogenous unsaturated fatty acyLCoAs, the products of OLE1 . The S. cerevisiae OLE1 promoter has been previously characterized with structural regions found to be positively and negatively regulated by saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, respectively (Choi, J-Y. et al. Regulatory Elements That Control Transcription Activation and Unsaturated Fatty Acid-mediated Repression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae OLE1 Gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271 : 3581 -3589 (1996)). In addition to cis -transcriptional regulation, unsaturated fatty acids also interact with OLE1 promoter elements to regulate mRNA stability (Gonzales, C. I. et al. Fatty acid-responsive control of mRNA stability. Unsaturated fatty acid-induced degradation of the Saccharomyces OLE1 transcript. J. Biol. Chem. 271 : 25801-25809 (1996)). Due to this inherent complexity of the OLE1 promoter, the utilization of unregulated orthogonal promoters, such as the OLE1 promoter from S. k!uyveri (Kajiwara, S. Molecular cloning and characterization of the v9 fatty acid desaturase gene and its promoter region from Saccharomyces kiuyveri. FEMS Yeast. Res. 2: 333-339 (2002)) to drive insect desaturase expression can be explored to enhance fatty alcohol production.
[00389] In summary, functional expression of synthetic pheromone pathway variants in S. cerevisiae AOLE1 resulted in the synthesis of Z1 1 -160H and Z9-160H from palm oil fatty acids (palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid) up to approximately 0.2 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L, respectively.
[00390] The engineered pathway that resulted in the highest fatty alcohols is comprised of T. ni desaturase and H, armigera reductase.
[00391] Accumulation of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid, an intermediate of the pathway, was also observed in strains that produced Z1 1 -160H.
[00392] No Z1 1 -160H was produced and only trace Z9-160H was detected in the negative control strain (harboring vector only).
[00393] The regie- and stereochemistry of the biologically produced Z1 1 -160H were confirmed by comparing the retention time and fragmentation pattern to the authentic standard compound via GC-MS.
Conciusions [00394] The engineering of Baker's yeast for synthesis of Z1 1 -160H and Z9-16GH, fatty alcohol precursors of insect pheromones, was demonstrated.
[00395] Fatty alcohol production varies depending on the selection of the desaturase and reductase variants.
[00396] Accumulation of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid suggested the possibility of further fatty alcohol improvement by increasing the performance of alcohol forming reductase. However, it is also possible that detection of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was due to its incorporation as phospholipid into any membrane other than the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (such as mitochondrial membranes, peroxisome, nuclear envelope, etc), therefore inaccessible to alcohol forming reductase (presumably translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum) which must utilize (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid in its CoA thioester moiety as its substrate.
[00397] Culture conditions can be explored to increase fatty alcohol titers. The 7. ni desaturase can be replaced in the pathway by A. transitella desaturase, another variant that also showed high activity and rescued AOLE1 growth faster than 7. ni desaturase. The synthetic pathway can be imported into Candida tropicalis and Yarrowia lipolytica, which are yeasts with high adhesion property to hydrophobic substrates such as palmitic and paimitoleic acid. By increasing substrate accessibility to the microbial production platform, it is foreseeable that product titer and yield can be improved.
Materials & Methods
Strain construction and functional expression assay
[00398] S. cerevisiae AOLE1 (MATA OLE1 ::LEU2 ura3-52 his4), and W303A (!VIATA ura3-1 trp1 -1 Ieu2-3__1 12 his3-1 1__15 ade2-1 can1 -100) were used as expression hosts. Modular design allows combinatorial pathway assembly utilizing Bam HI and Xhol to excise reductase synthons (see Example 3) and subcloning into plasmids containing pOLE1 -desaturase constructs (see Example 4). Competent yeasts were transformed with pathway constructs and plated on CM-Ura glucose agar plate (Teknova). In the case of AOLE1 transformation, colony plating utilized 20mM CM-Ura glucose agar plates that were coated with 100 μί. CM-Ura glucose medium containing 1 % tergitol and 3 μί_ palmitoleic acid.
[00399] To assess functional expression, transformants were inoculated in "~20 mL CM-Ura liquid medium containing 6.7 g/L of YNB, 2% glucose, 1 % raffinose, and 2% galactose. Fatty acid substrates, i.e. palmitic acid (in ethanoi), was added at a final concentration of 300 mg/L. Palmitoleic acid was added at a final concentration of 360 mg/L. Bioconversion assay proceeded for 96 h at 28°C prior to GC-MS analysis.
Metabolite extraction and GC-MS detection
[00400] Fatty acid analysis was as described in Example 4, except that instead of extracting the sample two times, the sample was only extracted once with chloroform containing 1 mM methyl heptadecanoate (C17:0Me). Fatty alcohol analysis was as described in Example 3, except that instead of hexane (containing tetradecanedioic acid), chloroform (containing 1 m!Vl methyl heptadecanoate) was used. The extraction time was reduced from 1 h to 20 s. Afterwards the samples were collected in a 1.8 mL GC vial and not in a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The mass spectrometer was used in SIM mode (m/z 208, 297.3 and 387.3).
Example 6: Expression of transmembrane desaturases in Candida tropicaiis
Background and Rationale
[00401] Engineering microbial production of insect fatty alcohols from fatty acids requires the functional expression of a synthetic pathway. One such pathway comprises a transmembrane desaturase, and an alcohol-forming reductase to mediate the conversion of fatty acyi-CoA into regio- and stereospecific unsaturated fatty acyi-CoA, and subsequently into fatty alcohols. A number of genes encoding these enzymes are found in some insects as well as some microaigae. A number of gene variants were screened to identify enzyme activities that allow the creation of pathways capable of high level synthesis of a single or a blend of insect fatty alcohols. Additionally, these enzymes can be screened across multiple hosts (Saccha myces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, and Yarrowia lipolytica) to optimize the search toward finding a suitable host for optimum expression of these transmembrane proteins.
Summary of Approach
[00402] A small set of desaturases (insect origin: Agrotis segetum, Amyelois transitella, Helicoverpa zea, Trichoplusia ni, Ostrinia furnacalis, and Lampronia capitelia and marine diatom: Thaiassiosira pseudonana) were selected as a test case to explore and establish functional expression assays, metabolite extraction methods, and analytical chemistry.
[00403] Successful integration and functional expression of mCherry control from pXICL expression cassette in SPV053 were confirmed.
[00404] A recombinant desaturase library using the same pXICL vector in SPV053 background was integrated (Figure 20). One variant, the Z1 1 desaturase of Agrotis segetum, was also cloned to produce a protein product with the first 27 amino acids of Candida albicans Oiel p fused to the N- terminus of the insect desaturase (SEQ ID NO: 15).
[00405] Functionality of the desaturase was validated via an in vivo bioconversion of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) into (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid (palmifvaccenic acid).
[00406] GC-HD and GC-IVIS analyses were used to identify and quantify metabolites.
Results
Library construction
[00407] This study focused on the screening for transmembrane desaturase variants in C, tropicalis (SPVG53). Five insect desaturases with reported Z1 1 desaturase activity on palmitoyl-CoA (C16:0) (SEQ !D NOs: 16-19, 23) and three insect desaturases with reported Z9 desaturase activity (SEQ ID HQs: 20-22) were included in the screen. One variant, the Z1 1 desaturase from A. segetum (SEQ ID HQ: 16), was also cloned with 27 amino acids of the Candida albicans OLE1 N-terminus fused upstream of the insect sequence (Figure 20, SEQ ID NO: 15). At the time of construction, the A, segetum Z1 1 desaturase was believed to be a positive control and the C. albicans OLE1 fusion was constructed to test if inclusion of a Candida leader sequence would improve functional expression. The construct was designed to mimic those used in Saccharomyces cerevisiae desaturase screening (See Example 4), Finally, a control construct expressing mCherry red fluorescent protein (SEQ ID HQ: 14) was included to act as a positive control for integration and expression and a negative control for recombinant desaturase activity (Figure 21A~Figure 21 D).
[00408] Transformation efficiencies of linearized plasm ids into SPV053 varied greatly across constructs. Despite low efficiencies, at least 3 clonal isolates were identified for each variant (Tables 8 and 9). It had been hypothesized that larger colonies on transformation plates were more likely to be positive integrants because the presence of the Zeocin resistance marker should increase growth rate under Zeocin selection. Analysis of the screening results suggested that the number of large colonies is not correlated to transformation efficiency. Instead total colony (small and large) count correlated best with observed efficiency (Figure 22). In addition, in some cases positive clones were found among the small colonies. It is possible that at lower plating density growth rate may be correlated with integration events (i.e. positive integrants grow faster). A secondary screen of repatching colonies on YPD+Zeocin proved effective in enriching for positive integrants. Fast growing patches were more likely to be positive integrants than the general population of colonies on transformation plates.
[00409] Table 8: Desaturase transformations m SPV053. Efficiency of transformation varied across constructs with a relatively high degree of background under Zeocin selection. sgecifcty SGWS'CS species $ <¾atrs^ piate)
Figure imgf000186_0001
[00410] Table 9: Desaturase SPV053 library construction. Five insect desaturases with putative Z1 1 desaturation activity and 3 insect desaturases with putative Z9 desaturation activity were integrated into the SPV053 background using the pXICL vector. In addition, a control strain expressing m Cherry was constructed with the same vector.
Figure imgf000186_0002
Functional expression assay [00411] Functional expression of the heterologous desaturases was characterized by a series of in vivo bioconversion experiments, C, tropicaiis SPV053 derived stains expressing insect desaturases were cultured in rich (YPD) or defined (CM glucose) media supplemented with ethanoi (for induction) and saturated acid substrates (palmitic acid, methyl palmitate, methyl myristate). Small scale (2 mi) cultures were cultivated for a total of 72 hours in 24 deep well plates with substrate added after the initial 24 hours.
[00412] The first screen examined multiple bioconversion media with supplementation of a palmitic acid substrate. Two functional palmitoyi-CoA (Z)~ 1 1 desaturases were identified by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis of the cellular lipid content. Strains expressing A. transitelia or H. zea Z1 1 desaturases (SPV0305-SPVQ310) produced a fatty acid species not observed in the mCherry control strains (SPV0302-SPV0304) which eluted with the (Z)~ 1 1 -hexadecenoic acid standard (Figure 23). No other tested strains produced non-native fatty acid species (data not shown). Approximate fatty acid composition of the C16-fraction is listed in Table 10. The native paimitoyl-CoA (Z)-9 desaturase is still present in the SPV053 background which means the (Z)-9/(Z)-1 1 specificity of the desaturases cannot be rigorously determined. Supplementation of palmitic acid in the media increased the (Z)-1 1 /(Z)-9 hexadecenoic acid ratio from 0.6 to 1.4 for H. zea desaturase expressing strains. (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid titers were observed to be approximately 5.62 mg/L for strains expressing A. transitelia desaturase and 5.96 mg/L for strains expressing H. zea desaturase. Similar performance was observed with methyl palmitate supplementation (data not shown).
[00413] Table 10: Composition of the C16-fatty acid fraction in different C. tropicaiis SPV053 expressing different desaturases. *NS = no substrate (hexadecanoic acid) was added.
Figure imgf000187_0001
[00414] The bioconversion assay was scaled~up to 20 ml in shake flasks in order to generate enough biomass for additional characterization of the putative (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid species. While the observed species eluted with the (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid standard and independently of the (Z)-9- hexadecenoic acid standard, it was possible that a different fatty acid isomer (e.g. (E)-9-hexadecenoic acid) could have a similar retention time to (Z)-1 1 - hexadecenoic acid. As different stereoisomers elute differently on the DB-23 the occurrence of (E)~1 1 -hexadecenoic could be excluded. Final confirmation of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid production was completed by using mass spectroscopy detection of DMDS derivatized fatty acids to confirm the 1 1 - regioselectivity. Using this derivatization technique (Z)-1 1 and (E)-1 1 isomers could in principle also be resolved. The fragmentation pattern of experimental samples could be matched to the (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid standard (Figure 24A-24E). Using this technique, production of the specific (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid regio- and stereoisomer was confirmed for both A. transitelia and H. zea desaturase expressing strains.
[00415] Finally, methyl myristate (C14:0) was tested as substrate for the entire desaturase library. A non-native fatty acid species which elutes between myristate (C14:0) and (Z)-9-fetradecenoic acid (Z9-C14: 1 ) was observed in strains expressing either A. transitelia or H. zea Z1 1 desaturases (Figure 25A). It is hypothesized that this non-native species is (Z)-1 1 -tetradecenoic acid, and this can be confirmed with an authentic standard. In addition, A. segetum Z1 1 desaturase, O. furnacalis Z9 desaturase, and H, zea Z9 desaturase ail produced a shoulder peak which eluted just after the myristate (C14:0) peak (Figure 25B). Other C14 derived species (e.g. tetradecanedioic acid) were observed in all strains. These results suggest that A. transitelia and H. zea desaturases have some activity on myristoyl-CoA. Confirmation of unknown species and quantification is required to draw further conclusions about desaturase substrate specificity in vivo.
[00416] In summary, two desaturases from Helicoverpa zea (AAF81787) and from Amyelois transitelia (JX964774), were expressed in SPV053 and conferred synthesis of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid from either endogenousiy produced or supplemented palmitic acid. [00417] Functional expression of H. zea and A. transitella desaturases in C. tropicaiis SPV053 was confirmed using an in vivo bioconversion assay in both rich (YPD) and defined (CM glucose) media. The active desaturases generated intracellular (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid which was not observed in mCherry expressing control strains. C16-fatty acid composition of SPV053 expressing H. zea desaturase is approximately 50.0% hexadecanoic acid, 30.91 % (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid and 19.1 % (Z)-1 1 -hexadeceneoic acid. With palmitic acid supplementation the composition is 58.1 % hexadecanoic acid, 17.5% (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid and 24.4% (Z)-1 1 -hexadeceneoic acid. The C16-fatty acid composition of SPV053 expressing A. transitella desaturase is 55.5% hexadecanoic acid, 14.5% (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid and 30.0% (Z)-1 1 - hexadeceneoic acid. In comparison, SPV053 expressing mCherry produced a C16-fatty acid composition of approximately 72.9% hexadecanoic acid, 27.1 % (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid and no (Z)-1 1 -hexadeceneoic acid. (Z)-1 1 - hexadecenoic acid was produced at approximately 5.5 mg/L in both strains expressing functional Z1 1 desaturases.
[00418] No (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was observed in strains harboring T. ni, T. pseudonana, or A. segetum desaturase.
[00419] No difference in fatty acid composition was observed for strains expressing Z9 insect desaturases from H. zea, O. furnacalis, or L capiteiia.
[00420] The regio- and stereoisomer of the biologically produced (Z)-1 1 - hexadecenoic acid were confirmed by comparing the retention time and fragmentation pattern of the authentic standard compound via GC-MS after D DS derivatization.
[00421] Bioconversions of SPV053 expressing A. transitella and H. zea desaturases with supplementation of methyl myristate produced an unidentified metabolite not observed in the mCherry expressing negative control strain. The GC retention time of this metabolite is found between myristate (C14:0) and (Z)-9-tetradecenoic acid.
CoHciusions
[00422] Functional expression of transmembrane desaturase of insect origin in C. tropicaiis SPV053 has been achieved. [00423] The active desaturases identified via screening in C. tropica!is also complemented OLE1 function when expressed in S, cerevisiae ΔΟΙ_Ε1 (See Example 4).
[00424] An in vivo assay can be used to assay desaturase activity in C. tropicaiis for non-native fatty acid isomers (e.g. (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid). Enhanced ratios of non-native fatty acids can be produced with supplementation of saturated acid substrates such as palmitic acid or methyl myristate.
[00425] Functional expression and/or activity of insect desaturases varies widely in C. tropicaiis SPV053 depending on sequence origin. Similar to results observed in the S. cerevisiae screen (See Example 4), A. segetum and 7. pseudonana variants did not produce detectable (Z)- 1 -hexadecenoic acid. Interestingly, T. ni desaturase also failed to produce detectable (Z)-1 1 - hexadecenoic acid under assay conditions. Unlike in the S. cerevisiae assay, the 7. ni expression construct did not include a chimeric OLE1 leader sequence.
[00426] The inclusion of the C. albicans OLE1 leader sequence on the functional H. zea variant and non-functional T. ni variant can be tested.
[00427] The functional expression of additional desaturase variants to identify C14-specific desaturases can be explored.
[00428] Expression of functional desaturase with reductase variants can be done and subsequent screen for unsaturated fatty alcohol production can be performed.
Materials & Methods
Strain construction
[00429] A conservative approach was used for recoding of genes. Native sequences were unaltered except for replacement of CTG leucine codons with TTA. Ail genes were cloned into pPV0053 using Ncol and Not! restriction sites by Genscript. After transformation into E. coli ΝΕΒ10β, plasmids were miniprepped using the Zyppy Piasmid Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA), Plasmids were linearized by digestion with BsiWI (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) before transformation into SPV053. After digestion, DNA was isolated using Clean and Concentrator Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Approximately 1 of DNA was transformed by electroporation. Instead of incubation with TE+100 mM lithium acetate+DTT, cells were incubated in only TE+100 mM lithium acetate for 2 hours. Positive integrants were found to be site-specific and genotyping was conducted by check PCR. A two-stage approach was adopted for further screening of low efficiency transformations. Approximately 60 colonies were re-patched on YPD+300 g/ml Zeocin and grown overnight. The subset of patches which grew quickly (dense growth within 24 hours) were screened by coiony PCR. The vast majority of rapid growing patches were identified as positive integrants.
Functional expression assay
[00430] Palmitic acid supplementation in YPD and CM glucose
[00431] Positive isolates were re-patched onto YPDn-300 pg/ml Zeocin and grown overnight and then stored at 4°C. Strains were inoculated from patch plates into 2 ml of YPD in 24 deep well plates (square well, pyramid bottom). Three positive clones were inoculated for each desaturase variant and the mCherry expressing control strain. Deep well plates were incubated at 30°C, 1000 rpm, and 80% humidity in the Infors HT Multitron Pro plate shaker for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs of incubation, cultures were split into equal 1 ml volumes to make two sets of identical plates. Both sets of plates were pelleted by centrifugafion at 500xg. One set of plates was resuspended in 2 ml of YPD+0.3% (v/v) ethanoi and the second set was resuspended in 2 mi of CM glucose+0.3% ethanoi. Ethanoi was added at this stage to induce recombinant enzyme expression from the ICL promoter. Cultures were incubated for another 24 hours under the same conditions before 300 mg/L palmitic acid was added to cultures from a 90 g/L stock solution in ethanoi. The result was the addition of a fresh 0.3% ethanoi in conjunction with the palmitic acid. A subset of strains was also cultured without palmitic acid addition. These cultures had 0.3% ethanoi added instead. All cultures were incubated for an additional 24 hrs before a final addition of 0.3% ethanoi. After another 24 hr period of incubation, 1.5 ml of each culture was harvested in 1.7 ml microcentrifuge tubes and pelleted. Supernatant was saved in fresh tubes and pellets were processed as described below. A subset of supernatant samples was also extracted to look for free acid in the extracellular medium.
[00432] Repeated screening with alternate substrates
[00433] The mCherry control and confirmed positive variants were rescreened using both palmitic acid and methyl palmitate as substrates. The culturing was conducted as described above with equimoiar (1.17 mM) amounts of substrate added from ethanol stock solutions (methyl palmitate 94 g/L stock, 313 mg/L final concentration). The same protocol was also repeated with the full panel of strains using an 84 g/L stock of methyl myristate (C14:0). The final concentration of substrate was again 1 , 17 mM.
[00434] Confirmation of (Z)-11 -hexadecenoic acid isomer
[00435] The in vivo bioconversion assay was scaled up for confirmation of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid synthesis. 2 mi YPD seed cultures of strains SPV0302, SPV03Q3, and SPV0304 (mCherry), SPV0304, SPV0305, and SPV0306 (A, transitella Z1 1 desaturase), and SPV03G7, SPV0308, and SPV0309 (H. zea Z1 1 desaturase) were grown overnight at 30°C, 1000 rpm, 80% humidity in the Infors HT Multitron plate shaker. 200 μΙ of overnight culture from each of the three clonal isolates was pooled and inoculated into a single 125 ml baffled flask containing 20 mi YPD. The resulting three flasks were grown for 24 hrs at 30°C and 250 rpm (Infors Flask shaker). Cultures were pelleted by centrifugation at 500xg and resuspended in 20 mi of YPD+0.3%(v/v) ethanol and returned to 125 mi baffled shake flasks. Cultures were incubated for an additional 24 hours before addition of 300 mg/L palmitic acid in a 90 g/L stock in ethanol (221 μΙ per flask). After 24 hours of incubation another 0.3% (v/v) ethanol (221 μΙ) was added to each flask for sustained induction. Flasks were incubated for an additional 24 hours before cells were harvested for FAME analysis and DMDS derivatization.
Metabolite extraction and GC-MS detection
[00436] Total lipid composition as well as the (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid quantification was based on modified procedures by Moss et ai. (1982) and Yousuf et al (2010). The pelleted cells (in 1 .5 mL plastic tubes), usually about 10 mg to 80 mg, were resuspended in methanol containing 5 % (w/w) of sodium hydroxide. The alkaline cell suspension was transferred into a 1 .8 mL screw-cap GC-vial. The mixture was heated for 1 h in the heat block at 90°C. Prior to acidification with 400 2.5 N HCI the vial was allowed to cool to room temperature. 500 μί chloroform containing 1 m!VI heptadecanoic were added and the mixture was shaken vigorously, then both aqueous and organic phase were transferred into a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm, afterwards 450 μί of the organic phase were transferred info a new 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The aqueous phase was extracted a second time with 500 μί chloroform, this time without heptadecanoic acid. The combined organic phases were evaporated at 90°C. After cooling to room temperature, residual fatty acid methyl esters and free fatty acids were dissolved and derivatized in methanol containing 0.2 M TMSH (trimethylsulfonium hydroxide).
[00437] The regioseiectivity of biologically produced (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid was determined by comparing the fragmentation patterns of the dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) derivative with the DMDS derivative of an authentic standard. A yeast culture was split into 12 aiiquots (to not change any parameters in the developed procedure). The ceils were pelleted, which yielded 63 mg ceils (ccw) on average (755 mg from 18 mL culture). The pellets were subjected to base methanolysis as described above. However, after acidification the samples were combined in a 50 mL falcon tube. The combined sample was extracted two times with 10 mL chloroform. The mixture was centrifuged 10 min at 3000 rpm to achieve a better phase separation. The combined organic phases were combined in a new 50 mL falcon and were washed consecutively with 10 mL brine and 10 mL water. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated oil was dissolved in 1 .5 mL chloroform and transferred to a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The chloroform was evaporated at 90°C. The remaining sample was the dissolved in 50 μί methyl te/f-butyl ether (MTBE). The 50 μί were split into 1 , 5, 10 and 20 μί and transferred into GC-vials without insert. To each vial 200JL DMDS (dimethyl disulfide) and 50 μΐ MTBE (containing 80 mg/mL iodine) were added. After the mixture was heated 48 h at 50oC, excess iodine was removed by the addition of 100 μί saturated sodium thiosulfate solution; however, due to excessive formation of detergents from the Candida strain, the layer did not mix properly. The samples were therefore diluted in a 15 mL falcon tube to a final sample composition of 200 μί, 3.55 mL TBE (containing iodine and anaiyte), 500 μί. dichloromethane, 1.5 mL wafer and 1 mL ethanol. The organic phase was evaporated stepwise at 85°C in a 1 .8 mL glass vial. The samples were taken up in 500 μί dichloromethane and the sample was analyzed by GC-MS using the method of Hagstrom et al. (2013) as in Example 4.
Example 7: Expression of transmembrane desaturases in Yarrowia !ipolytica
Background and Rationale
[00438] Engineering microbial production of insect fatty alcohols from fatty acids requires the functional expression of a synthetic pathway. One such pathway comprises a transmembrane desaturase, and an alcohol-forming reductase to mediate the conversion of fatty acyi-CoA into regio- and stereospecific unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, and subsequently into fatty alcohols. A number of genes encoding these enzymes are found in some insects as well as some microaigae. Alternatively, regio- and stereospecific desaturases can be used to produce a microbial oil rich in fatty acid precursors. The microbial oil can then be derivatized and reduced to active ingredients. A number of gene variants were screened to identify enzyme activities that allow the creation of pathways capable of high level synthesis of a single or a blend of insect fatty acids and alcohols. Additionally, these enzymes were screened across multiple hosts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida viswanathii (tropicalis), and Yarrowia iipoiytica) to optimize the search toward finding a suitable host for optimum expression of these transmembrane proteins.
[00439] Initial screening of desaturases in S. cerevisiae and C. viswanathii {tropicalis) identified three active Z1 1 -C16: 1 desaturase variants from Amyelois iransitella, Heiicoverpa zea, and Trichopiusia ni. The S. cerevisiae screening used coding sequences with an N-terminal leader sequence of the S. cerevisiae Oiel p Z9 desaturase fused to the full length insect Z1 1 desaturase sequence. This strategy has been used previously in the scientific literature to express eukaryotic desaturases in S. cerevisiae. All three of the above desaturases displayed Z1 1 desaturase activity with the Olel p leader fusion when expressed in a OLE1 deletion background. An analogous design with a C. albicans Olel p leader sequence was used with the Z1 1 desaturase from H. zea. While active, this Olel p-/-/. zea desaturase fusion did not significantly increase Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid titer. Additionally, a conservatively optimized A. transitella Z1 1 desaturase was active in both S. cerevisiae and C. viswanathii. The following study focused on testing the functional expression of the H. zea, T. ni, and A. transitella Z1 1 desaturases in two different Y. lipolytica strains, SPV140 and SPV300. Both native and Homo sapiens codon optimized sequences were used for the H. zea and T. ni desaturases while only the native sequence was used for A. transitella. Finally, the N-terminus of the V. lipolytica Olel p Z9 stearoly-CoA desaturase aligns more closely with insect desaturases than the N-terminus of Olel p from either S. cerevisiae or C. albicans. Based on this alignment two additional desaturase versions were created. A putative leader sequence was swapped from the Y, lipolytica Olel p onto the T. ni and H. zea desaturases.
Summary of Approach
[00440] A focused library of Z1 1 desaturases (insect origin: Amyelois transitella, Helicoverpa zea, Trichoplusia ni), which had observed activity in either S. cerevisiae or C. viswanathii were cloned into a double crossover cassette targeting the XPR2 locus with a URA3 selection marker. Protein coding sequences use either the native insect sequence (SEQ !D NOs: 24, 25), Homo sapiens optimized coding sequence (SEQ D NOs: 26, 27), or the Homo sapiens optimized sequence with the N-terminal 84 bases (H. zea, SEQ ID NO: 29) or 81 bases (7. ni, SEQ ID NO: 28) swapped for the N-terminal 96 bases of the V. lipolytica OLE1 (YALI0C05951 ) gene. Unlike in the S. cerevisiae and C. viswanathii screens, the leader sequence chimeras test a direct swap of leader sequences instead of concatenating a host leader sequence to the N-terminus of the full length desaturase coding sequence. Only the native coding sequence was used for the A. transitella desaturase (SEQ ID NO: 30). [00441] Each of the / desaturase constructs was transformed into SPV140 (P01f) and SPV300 (H222 ΔΡ ΔΑ ΔΡ AURAS) and site-specific integrants were confirmed.
[00442] Desaturase activity was tested via an in vivo bioconversion of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) into (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid (palmitvaccenic acid) in YPD medium.
[00443] GC-F!D analyses were used to identify and quantify metabolites. R@suits
Strain construction
[00444] Desaturase variants were cloned into the pPV101 vector which contains a V. lipoiytica expression cassette targeting integration into the XPR2 locus.
[00445] The T. ni and H. zea desaturases were each synthesized with the native insect sequence (SEQ \D HQs: 24, 25), full length insect sequence codon optimized for Homo sapiens (SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27), or with the putative leader sequence replaced by the leader sequence from V. lipoiytica OLE1 desaturase (SEQ ID NOs: 28, 29). The A. transitelia desaturase was also synthesized using the native insect coding sequence (SEQ ID MO: 30). All seven desaturase variants were transformed into SPV140. Based on previous activity results, only the H. zea and A. transitelia desaturase variants were transformed into SPV300.
Functional expression assay
[00446] Functional activity was assessed by a modification of the protocol used for transmembrane desaturase expression in C, viswanathii SPV053 (See Example 6). Briefly, V. lipoiytica SPV140 and SPV300 derived stains expressing insect desaturases were cultured in rich (YPD) to generate biomass. Using the YPD generated biomass, small scale (2 ml) cultures were cultivated with palmitic acid for a total of 48 hours in 24 deep well plates (See Materials & Methods for detail). [00447] In the initial screen of 7. ni, H. zea, and A. transitella variants, only H. zea desaturase variants that were codon optimized for Homo sapiens produced detectable Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid (Figure 26). Expression of native H. zea desaturase conferred production of 100 ± 5 mg/L Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid and the version with a V. lipolytics OLE1 leader sequence produced 83 ± 1 1 mg/L. As seen in Figure 26, the distribution of the other major fatty acid species was relatively unaffected by functional desaturase expression. In the active strains, Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid made up -10% (g/g) of the fatty acid species (including palmitic acid substrate which may be adsorbed to the outer ceil surface).
[00448] A follow up experiment was conducted comparing active variants in the SPV140 background to SPV300 derived desaturase strains. The parent SPV300 and SPV140 expressing hrGFP were used as negative controls. The same bioconversion assay protocol was used. As in SPV140, only H. sapiens optimized variants produced detectable activity (Figure 27). SPV300 strains grew to higher final cell densities (SPV300 OD600=26-2S, SPV140 OD600= 19-22) (Figure 28). The highest titers were observed for strains expressing the native H. zea Z1 1 -desaturase with H. sapiens codon optimization (pPV199). The retested SPV140 strains produced 1 13 ± 1 mg/L (5.5 ± 0.2 mg/L/OD) Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid which is 13% higher than titers observed in the first experiment (Figure 29). SPV300 strains expressing the same desaturase generated a wider range of productivity. On average they produced 89 ± 18 mg/L (3.3 ± 1 .2 mg/L/OD) Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid, but one done produced 124 mg/L (4.6 mg/L/OD) Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid.
[00449] In summary, only the H. zea Z1 1 desaturase variants with Homo sapiens codon optimization produced detectable Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid. Under the current assay condition, marginally higher titers were observed in the SPV140 background over SPV300. Tab e 11 summarizes the Z1 1 - hexadecenoic acid titers.
[00450] Table 11 : Z11-hexadecenoic acid titers obtained from expression of exemplary desaturases in Yarrowia lipolytica Zll-hexadecenoic acid
Figure imgf000198_0001
[00451] In SPV300, one non-siie-specific integrant of pPV200 (Y. iipolytica OLE1 -H. zea Z1 1 desaturase with Homo sapiens codon optimization) was tested. This integrant did not produce detectable Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid, while the two site-specific integrants produced 55 ± 1 mg/L.
[00452] No major hydroxy or diacid peaks were observed from pellets of SPV140 or SPV300 derived strains, and deletion of p-oxidation/co-oxidation genes in SPV300 did not increase Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid accumulation under the current assay condition (relatively low substrate concentration, rich medium).
Conciusions
[00453] The H. zea Z1 1 desaturase is active and confers production of -100 mg/L Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid, from -500 mg/L palmitic acid substrate. The functional expression was demonstrated across three positive integrants and replicate experiments in a 24 well plate assay.
[00454] H. zea desaturase required codon optimization (Homo sapiens or potentially Y. iipolytica) for activity in Y. iipolytica.
[00455] The T. ni Z1 1 desaturase, while active in S. cerevisiae, does not produce detectable Z1 1 -hexadecenoic acid in Y. iipolytica,
[00456] The reproducibility of the assay for Y iipolytica strains can be confirmed starting from glycerol stock.
[00457] A. transitella desaturase can be codon optimized for expression in Y iipolytica. [00458] Since V. lipolytica is a candidate production host, additional copies of active desaturases can be integrated in Y, lipolytica,, culture conditions to improve bioconversion can be identified, and substrate conversion can be quantified.
Materials & Methods
Strain construction
[00459] Ail desaturase genes were synthesized (Genscript). Either native sequences or Homo sapiens codon optimization was used. Synthesized genes were subcioned into pPV101 . Plasmids were transformed and prepped from E. coli EPI400 using the Zyppy P!asmid Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Approximately -1 -2 pg of linearized DNA was transformed using Frozen- EZ Yeast Transformation Π Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). The entire transformation mixture was plated on CM glucose -ura agar plates. Positive integrants were found to be site-specific and genotyping was conducted by check PGR.
Functional expression assay
[00460] Palmitic acid supplementation in YPD
[00461] Positive isolates were re-patched onto YPD, grown overnight, and then stored at 4°C. Strains were inoculated from patch plates into 2 ml of YPD in 24 deep well plates (square well, pyramid bottom). Three positive clones were inoculated for each desaturase variant. Three isolates of pPV101 in SPV140 and the parent SPV300 were used as negative controls. Deep well plates were incubated at 28°C and 250 rpm in the Infors fVluititron refrigerated flask shaker for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs of incubation, a 1 ml volume of each culture was pelleted by centrifugation at 500xg. Each pellet was resuspended in 2 ml of YPD. 500 mg/L palmitic acid was added to cultures from a 90 g/L stock solution in ethanol. The result was the addition of 0.5% ethanoi with the palmitic acid substrate. Ail cultures were incubated for 48 hours before endpoint sampling. Final cell densities were measured with the Tecan Infinite 200pro plate reader. 0.75 or 0.8 mi of each culture was harvested in 1.7 mi microcentrifuge tubes and pelleted. Supernatant was removed and pellets were processed as described below. Metabolite extraction and GC-FID analysis
[00462] Total lipid composition as well as the (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoic acid quantification was based on modified procedures by Moss et ai. (1982) and Yousuf et al (2010). The pelleted cells (in 1 .5 mL plastic tubes), usually about 10 mg to 80 mg, were resuspended in methanol containing 5 % (w/w) of sodium hydroxide. The alkaline cell suspension was transferred into a 1 .8 mL crimp vial. The mixture was heated for 1 h in the heat block at 90°C. Prior to acidification with 400 2.5 N HCI the vial was allowed to cool to room temperature. 500 μί chloroform containing 1 mM methyl heptadecanoate were added and the mixture was shaken vigorously, then both aqueous and organic phase were transferred into a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rprn, afterwards 450 μί of the organic phase were transferred into a GC vial. For the analysis of lipids and the quantification of fatty acids 50 ί of 0.2 M TMSH (trimethylsulfonium hydroxide in methanol) was added and the sample analyzed by GC-FID.
Example 8: Candida viswanathii (tropicalis) as a production platform for insect fatty alcohol synthesis
Background and Rationale
[00463] Variants of insect transmembrane desaturases and reductases were previously screened and rank-ordered based on their functional expression in either Candida viswanathii or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (see Examples 3, 4 and 6). Helicoverpa zea desaturase and Helicoverpa armigera reductase were selected to assemble a synthetic insect fatty alcohol pathway in C. viswanathii. Simultaneous expression of codon optimized H, zea desaturase under Candida isocitrate lyase (ICL) promoter, and codon optimized H, armigera reductase under Candida transcription elongation factor (TEF) promoter was achieved via genomic integration of the full fatty alcohol pathway. Accumulation of Z1 1 -160H was achieved in cultures of the recombinant strain (SPV0490) using simple carbon sources and palmitic acid.
Summary of Approach [00464] Integration plasm ids were designed containing a functional He!icoverpa zea desaturase (See Example 6) paired with a elicoverpa armigera reductase driven by a putatively constitutive C. tropicalis promoter (pTEF).
[00465] Functionality of the full pathway was assessed via an in vivo bioconversion of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) into Z1 1 -160H.
[00466] GC-F!D and GC-MS analyses were used to identify and quantify metabolites. suits
[00467] Accumulation of Z1 1 -160H was detected in cultures of Candida engineered to express H. zea desaturase under an ICL promoter and H. armigera reductase under a TEF promoter (Table 12 and Figure 30).
[00468] Table 12, Tabulated Z1 1 -160H titers from Candida viswanathii bioconversion assay. SPV088 is C. viswanathii which was engineered to express mCherry (negative control). SPV0490 is C. viswanathii which was engineered to express the insect fatty alcohol pathway.
Figure imgf000201_0001
Materials & Methods Strain construction
[00469] The integration piasmid (ppV0228) was designed to contain two expression cassettes. The first cassette contains H. zea codon-optimized desaturase (SEQ !D NO: 31 ) that was driven by the C. viswanathii ICL promoter (SEQ D NO: 33). The second cassette contains codon-optimized H. armigera reductase (SEQ !D NO: 32) driven by the C, fropicalis TEF promoter (SEQ ID NO: 34). Gene expression in the !CL promoter cassette is terminated by the ICL terminator sequence (SEQ ID HQ: 35). Gene expression in the TEF promoter cassette is terminated by the TEF terminator sequence (SEQ ID HQ: 36). A conservative approach was used for receding of genes. Native gene sequences were unaltered except for replacement of CTG leucine codons with TTA, After transformation into E. coli ΝΕΒ10β, plasmids were miniprepped using the Zyppy Piasmid IVliniprep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Plasmids were linearized by digestion with BsiWI (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) before transformation into SPV053. After digestion, DNA was isolated using Clean and Concentrator Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Approximately 3-5 g of DNA was transformed by electroporation. Positive integrants were found to be site-specific and genotyping was conducted by check PCR. A two-stage approach was adopted for further screening of low efficiency transformations. Approximately 100 colonies were re-patched on YPD+250 g/mi Zeocin and grown overnight. The subset of patches which grew quickly (dense growth within 24 hours) were screened by colony PCR.
Functional expression assay
[00470] Palmitic acid supplementation in YPD
[00471] Positive isolates were re-patched onto YPD+300 g/mi Zeocin, grown overnight and then stored at 4°C. Strains were inoculated from patch plates into 2 mi of YPD in 24 deep well plates (square well, pyramid bottom). Four positive clones were inoculated for each desaturase and reductase variant and three positive clones were inoculated for each desaturase and mCherry expressing control strain. Deep well plates were incubated at 30°C, 1000 rpm, and 80% humidity in the Infors HT Multitron Pro plate shaker for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs of incubation, a 1 ml volume of each culture was pelleted by centrifugation at 500xg. Each pellet was resuspended in 2 ml of YPD+0.3% (v/v) ethanol. Ethanol was added at this stage to induce recombinant enzyme expression from the ICL promoter. Cultures were incubated for another 24 hours under the same conditions before 300 mg/L palmitic acid was added to cultures from a 90 g/L stock solution in ethanol. The result was the addition of a fresh 0.3% ethanol in conjunction with the palmitic acid. All cultures were incubated for an additional 24 hrs before a final addition of 0.3% ethanol. After another 24 hr period of incubation, 1 .5 ml of each culture was harvested in 1 .7 mi microcentrifuge tubes and pelleted. Supernatant was removed and pellets were processed as described below.
Metabolite extraction and GC-MS detection
[00472] The pelleted ceils (in 1 .5 mL plastic tubes), usually about 10 mg to 80 mg, were resuspended in methanol containing 5 % (w/w) of sodium hydroxide. The alkaline cell suspension was transferred into a 1 .8 mL crimp vial. The mixture was heated for 1 h in a heat block at 90°C. Prior to acidification with 400 μί 2.5 N HCI the vial was allowed to cool to room temperature. 500 μί. chloroform containing 1 m!vl methyl heptadecanoate were added and the mixture was shaken vigorously, then both aqueous and organic phase were transferred into a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The mixture was cenfrifuged at 13,000 rpm, afterwards 450 μί of the organic phase were transferred into a GC vial. The organic phase was evaporated in a heat block at 90°C for 30 min. The residue was dissolved in 50 \JL M , Q~ Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifiuoroacetamide containing 1 % trimethyichiorosiiane. Prior to transfer into glass inserts the mixture was heated 5 min at 90°C. The samples were analyzed by GC-MS (Table 13).
[00473] Table 13, Analytical parameters used for GC-MS analysis of metabolites
System Agilent 6890 N GC, ChemSfation G1701 EA
E.02.01 .1 177
Column DB23 30 m x 25 pm x 25 μιη
Pressure = 1 1 .80 psi; Flow = 0.6 mL/min
Inlet Heater = 250°C; Pressure = 1 1 .74 psi;
Total Flow {He} = 1 1 1 mL/min
Carrier He @ 29 cm/sec, 1 1 .60 psi Signal Data rate = 2 Hz/0.1 min
Oven 150°C for 1 min
Ramp 12°C/min to 220°C, hold 3 min
Ramp 35°C/min to 300°C, hold 4 min
Injection Split!ess, 250 C
Detector HP 5973 MSD in SIM mode (m/z: 208.0, 297.3 and
387,3),
100 msec Dwell, EMV mode: Gain factor 1 ,
2.4 min solvent delay, 3.09 cycles/sec
Sample Injection volume = 1 μΙ_
Example 9: Insect fatty alcohol production from Yarrowia lipo!ytica Background and Rationale
[00474] Yarrowia lipo!ytica was engineered as a production platform for insect fatty alcohol (Z1 -160H and Z9-180H) synthesis from palmitic acid.
[00475] After individually confirming functional expression of a Z1 1 desaturase (Example 7) and fatty acyi-CoA reductase (FAR), the full Z1 1 - 160H and Z9-160H pathways (Bdr) were engineered in Y. iipolytica. For the purpose of improving fatty alcohol titers, cultivations designed for promoting growth vs. for eliciting lipid storage were also explored. A growth condition favors high biomass production, but limits fatty acyl-CoA pool size used by the engineered pathway and directs fatty acyl-CoA intermediates to membrane synthesis. Conversely, a lipid storage condition creates a strong sink for production of fatty acyl-CoAs which is desirable. However, fatty acyl-CoA transport towards lipid bodies creates a strong competition for FAR activity. Under this second scenario, even though Z1 1 -16Acid or Z9-16Acid accumulates in the ceil, most of it is inaccessible to the FAR. On the other hand, there may be a continual flux of lipid remobilization under lipid storage conditions which leads to a sustained pool of ZI I -I6C0A or Z9~16CoA which is available to the FAR,
Summary of Approach
[00476] Two biodesaturation-reduction (Bar) pathway variants were tested in the H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ (SPV300) background. The first combined recombinant expression of Helicoverpa zea Z1 1 desaturase paired with a Helicoverpa armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) creating a Z1 1 -160H synthesis pathway. The second combined native V. lipolytica Z9 desaturase activity with H. armigera fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) expression creating a Z9-160H pathway.
[00477] Two integration plasm ids were constructed to express the H. zea desaturase and the H. armigera FAR. The TEF promoter was used for desaturase expression and the EXP1 (export protein) or the TAL1 (transaldolase) promoter was used for reductase expression.
[00478] Successful integration of the Z1 1 -160H pathway cassette into the H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ (SPV300) background was confirmed by colony PGR.
[00479] Functionality of the full Z1 1 -160H pathway was assessed via an in vivo bioconversion of 16Acid (palmitic acid) into Z1 1 -160H (Z-1 1 - hexadecenol).
[00480] Functionality of a full Z9-160H pathway was assessed via an in vivo bioconversion of 16Acid (palmitic acid) using previously constructed SPV471 (H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ derived) which expresses the H, armigera FAR driven by the TEF promoter.
[00481 ] GC-MS analysis was used to identify and quantify Z9-160H and Z1 1 -160H. GC-F!D analysis was used to identify and quantify fatty acids.
Summary
[00482] Ten isolates expressing the H. zea desaturase (pTEF) and H. armigera reductase (pEXP1 ) were screened. The in vivo bioconversion assay confirmed Z1 1 -160H production from all isolates.
[00483] Relatively low, detectable Z1 1 -160H titers (0.26 ± 0.09 mg/L) were observed in a YPD medium supplemented with 10 g/L methyl paimitate. The Z1 1 -16Acid precursor was measured at 220 ± 1 1 mg/L (across clones 2, 4, 9, 17, 23).
[00484] Higher Z1 1 -160H titers were observed in a semi-defined medium with C:N ratio of -80. Across all 10 isolates Z1 1 -160H was produced at 2.65 ± 0.36 mg/L. The Z1 1 -16Acid precursor titer was 900 ± 30 mg/L. One isolate (SPV578) produced 3.68 ± 0.31 mg/L Z1 1 -160H (Z1 1 ~16Acid 840 ± 14 mg/L).
[00485] Nine isolates expressing the H. zea desaturase (pTEF) and H. armigera reductase (pTAL1 ) were screened. The in vivo bioconversion assay confirmed Z1 1 -160H production from all isolates.
[00486] One isolate (SPV603) produced 6.82 ± 1 .1 1 mg/L Z1 1 -160H in a semi-defined medium (Z1 1 -16Acid 1 .36 g/L).
[00487] The previously tested reductase strain, SPV471 (H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ expressing H. armigera FAR), produced 4.30 ± 2.33 mg/L Z9-160H and 450 ± 80 mg/L Z9-16Acid using a semi-defined medium (C:N ratio of -80).
[00488] Table 14: Summary table of Z11/Z3-160H titers from Bdr pathway strains in in vivo bioconversion assay.
Strain Medium Zli-ISQH { g/L| ZS-1SQH (mg/L)
Figure imgf000206_0001
Results
Strain construction
[00489] Evidence in the literature suggests both insect desaturases and FARs are localized in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum with active sites oriented towards the cytoplasm. Of the functional variants, the Z1 1 desaturase from H. zea and the FAR from H. armigera were selected, one hypothesis being that using enzymes from the same genus (Heiicoverpa) could better conserve protein-protein interactions that may occur in the ER membrane.
[00490] Two new constructs were ordered from Genscript and cloned into the previously assembled H, zea desaturase piasmid, pPV0199. Two FAR synthons with either the EXP1 or TAL1 promoter from V. lipolytica were cloned into this expression cassette.
[00491] One dual expression piasmid (with EXP1 promoter) was transformed into the parent strain SPV300 (H222 Δροχΐ Δροχ2 Δροχ3 Δροχ4 Δροχ5 Δροχβ Aadhl Aadh2 Aadh3 adhA AadhS Aadh6 adhJ Maol Aura3). Two different competent cell preparations of the same parent strain were transformed to study variability in strain performance resulting from competent ceil preparation. Approximately 25% of URA+ clones were confirmed to be targeted integrants at the XPR2 locus (20% for preparation 1 , 33% for preparation 2). Two clones from Comp. Ceil Preparation 1 and all eight targeted clones from Comp. Ceil Preparation 2 were selected for screening in the functional expression assay.
[00492] The second dual expression piasmid (with TAL1 promoter) was integrated into the same parent strain (SPV300). Twenty-three colonies were screened by check PCR and 1 1 were found to be targeted integrants (48%). Nine integrants were selected for screening in the functional expression assay.
[00493] The construct of SPV471 (H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ expressing H. armigera FAR) was described previously.
Z11-160H functional expression assay
[00494] An in vivo, 24-well plate assay was used to evaluate production of Z1 1 -160H. The assay was based on designs used for screening desaturase and reductase variants as well as conditions used to increase fatty acid accumulation. A rich medium (YPD) and a semi-defined medium were used with 10 g/L methyl palmitate supplemented as bioconversion substrate. The semi-defined medium had a C:N ratio of -80 and included 5 g/L glycerol and 60 g/L glucose (See Materials & Methods for further details).
[00495] The initial screen of strains harboring the H. zea desaturase driven by the TEF promoter and the H, armigera FAR driven by the EXP1 promoter confirmed that the presence of FAR was required to produce Z1 1 -160H. No hexadecenol was observed from both the parent and desaturase-only control strains under any condition. Under both media conditions Z1 1 -160H and to a lesser extent Z9-160H were detected from clones expressing the full desaturase-reductase pathway. When the conversion was completed in rich medium, 0.26 ± 0.09 mg/L Z1 1 -160H and 0.08 ± 0.01 mg/L Z9-160H were produced (Figure 32A). A 10-fold increase in Z1 1 -180H titer and 3-fold increase in Z9-160H titer was observed when the Semi-Defined medium was used (Figure 32B). Across all pathway clones 2.65 ± 0.29 mg/L Z1 1 -160H and 0.18 ± 0.02 mg/L Z9-160H were produced. The enrichment of Z1 1 -160H over Z9-160H supports the potential for engineering a regiospecific Bdr pathway. Consistency between technical replicates varied across clones under the Semi-Defined medium condition. Titers for Clones 2, 4, 6, 9, and 17 were consistent with CVs < 20. Clones 1 , 7, and 23 have CVs > 40%. The highest consistent Z11-160H titer was observed for Clone 17, 3.68 ± 31 mg/L (Table 15).
[00496] Table 15. Summary table of Z11/Z9-160H titers for pEXPl clones. A population of ten isolates expressing the H. zea desaturase driven by pTEF and H. armigera reductase driven by pEXPl from two independent competent cell preparations, were assayed for Z1 1 -160H and Z9-160H production under two different media conditions. Alcohol production across isolates and from select clones are presented.
pTEF-Hz_deset Zll-ISOH fold Z9-160H feid p£XP-He_FAR Z11--60H Z9-160H sncfease increase
Figure imgf000208_0001
[00497] The lipid profiles of the full pathway clones were also quantified. For simplicity the 18 carbon fatty acid species are plotted for select clones in Figure 33A-33B. In general, the full Bdr pathway clones accumulated less Z1 1 -16Acid than the desaturase only control (0,2S<0.5 g/L in YPD, 0.8-1.0<1 .5 g/L in Semi-Defined). Lower Z1 1 -16Acid titers in full Bdr pathway clones may result from reduced desaturase expression in the dual expression cassette or potentially from Z1 1 -16Acid consumption by FAR and subsequent byproduct pathways. No trend in 16Acid titer was observed in YPD, while 16Acid titers were similar for desaturase only and full pathway strains in the Semi-Defined medium.
[00498] Strains using the second dual expression cassette (pTAL-Ha__FAR) were assayed under the same Semi-Defined medium condition used to evaluate the pEXP clones. Nine pTAL clones were assayed against SPV300 (parent), SPV575 (pEXP-Ha__FAR Clone 4), and SPV578 (pEXP-Ha_FAR Clone 17) controls. As expected, no alcohol products were observed from the negative control. Alcohol titers from pEXP positive control strains replicated results observed in the initial assay of pEXP clones (Figure 34, Tabie 16). Excluding one outlier clone, Clone 9, Z1 1 -160H titer was equivalent from pTAL clones (4.19 ± 0.16 mg/L) and pEXP clones (4.10 ± 0.22 mg/L). Clone 9 produced Z1 1 -160H at 6.82 ± 1 .1 1 mg/L. As in the first assay with pEXP clones, low, but detectable titers of Z9-160H were observed (Figure 34, Table 16).
[00499] Table 16. Summary table of Z11/Z9-160H titers for pTALi ciones. A population of nine isolates expressing the H. zea desaturase under the TEF promoter and H. armigera reductase under the TAL promoter were assayed for Z1 1 -160H and Z9-160H production under a Semi-Defined medium condition. Ciones were compared to positive controls expressing the H. zea desaturase under the TEF promoter and H. armigera reductase under the EXP promoter. Alcohol production across isolates and from select ciones are presented.
Figure imgf000209_0001
[00500] The lipid profiles of all strains in the second (pTAL) full pathway screen were also quantified. For simplicity the 16 carbon fatty acid species are plotted in Figure 35. As expected, Z11-16Acid is present only for strains expressing the desaturase. Complete lipid profiles were similar to those observed previously (Figure 36). Z9-18Acid (oleic acid) was the second most abundant fatty acid species after Z11-16Acid.
Z9-160H functional expression assay
[00601] An in vivo, flask scale assay was used to test for Z9-160H production. The parent control strain, H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ (SPV300), was compared to a strain expressing H. armigera FAR which relied on native Z9 desaturase activity to synthesize the Z9-16CoA precursor (SPV471 ). Biomass was generated through a YPD seed culture, mimicking the plate assay. Bioconversion flasks were inoculated at an initial 00600=1 or OD600=4 into the same Semi-Defined 0:^80 medium used in the Z1 1 -160H plate assay (See Materials & Methods for details). As expected, control flasks did not produce detectable Z9-160H while SPV471 flasks produced up to 4.30 ± 2.23 rng/L after 24 hours of incubation (Figure 37A-F§gure 37B). While there was large variability between replicates, ail SPV471 (H, armigera FAR) replicates exceeded 1 mg/L titer. Increased seeding density did not increase Z9-16Acid or Z9-160H titer. The precursor Z9-18Acid titer at 24 hours was significantly less (<0.5 g/L) than the Z1 1 -16Acid precursor observed for dual expression cassette strains used to produce Z1 1 -160H. The relative abundance of other fatty acid species was similar to previously observed profiles, with Z9~18Acid as the next most abundant species (Fsgure 38). Both lipid and alcohol samples were taken over the course of 48 hours to produce a time course of Z9-160H and lipid titers. Z9-160H titer peaked at 24 hours before decreasing over the second day (Figure 39A). Z9-16Acid increased rapidly over the first 24 hours before stabilizing or increasing slowly over the second 24 hours (Figure 39B). Since the employed analytical method utilizes only the ceil pellet, the decrease in Z9-160H titer supports the hypothesis of downstream consumption or secretion of the alcohol products. They may be oxidized (ω-oxidation), secreted as free alcohol, or derivatized and secreted as an ester. Analysis of supernatant samples using FID and MS SCAN detection revealed no detectable Z9-160H or Z9-160H derivatives supporting the hypothesis of consumption via oxidation pathways.
Conclusions
[00502] Combining expression of Helicoverpa Z1 1 desaturase and fatty acyl- CoA reductase led to production of Z1 1 -160H in Y. lipoiytica H222 ΔΡΔΑΔΡ (SPV300) at titers >1 mg/L
[00503] High C:N ratio conditions improved Z1 1 -160H titer relative to a rich medium condition.
[00604] Under lipid accumulating conditions the combination of native Z9 desaturase and H, armigera FAR activities are sufficient for synthesis of >1 mg/L Z9-160H.
[00505] Titers are increased, for example, by deleting pathways consuming fatty alcohol products and/or fatty acid precursors; identifying FAR variants which exhibit higher turn-over rate than H. armigera FAR; and/or increasing pathway copy number.
[00506] Key undesired byproducts are identified.
[00507] The possibility that some of the fatty alcohol product is converted into fatty acetate by the activity of one or more endogenous acetyitransferases is explored.
[00508] Improved host strains are engineered to eliminate the ω-oxidation pathway and components of the lipid storage pathway.
[00509] Additional copies of desaturase and FAR are integrated into V. lipoiytica.
Materials & Methods
Strain construction
[00510] Ail desaturase and reductase genes were ordered from Genscript. Homo sapiens codon optimization was used (Genscript algorithm). The newly synthesized expression cassette was subcioned into pPV199 by Genscript using the Sap! restriction site. Plasm ids were transformed and prepped from E, cols EPI400 using the Zyppy Plamsid Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Piasmids were digested with Pmel (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) and purified by gel extraction using Zymoclean Gel DNA recovery Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). DNA was further concentrated using Clean and Concentrator Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Approximately -1 -2 g of DNA was transformed using Frozen-EZ Yeast Transformation II Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). The manufacturer's protocol was modified as follows: A 2 ml YPD seed culture was inoculated at 9 am the day before competent cell preparation. The seed was grown 8 hours (until 5 pm) before 40 mi of YPD in a 250 ml baffled shake flask (or 20 ml in a 125 ml baffled flask) was inoculated to an initial OD800 of 0.0005. The culture was incubated at 28°C and 250 rpm -24 hours. Cells were harvested at an ODGGO^G.S-I . Instead of resuspending 10 mi of culture in 1 ml of Solution 2 as in the manufacturer's instructions (OD600-10), 10 ml of SPV140 culture was resuspended in 0.5 ml (OD600-20- 30). All Solution 2 aliquots were slowly frozen to -80°C by placing the tubes in a closed Styrofoam box before putting in the -80°C freezer. 50 μΙ aliquots of competent cells in 1.7 ml Eppendorf tubes were thawed on ice, DNA eiuted in water was added directly to the cells, and 500 μΙ of Solution 3 was used to suspend the cells with gentle pipetting. Tubes were incubated at 28°C for 3 hours with gentle vortexing every 30 minutes. The entire transformation mixture was plated on CM glucose -ura agar plates. Positive integrants were found to be site-specific and genotyping was conducted by check PGR.
Z11-160H functional expression assay
[00511] Positive isolates were repatched onto YPD, grown overnight, and then stored at 4°C. Strains were inoculated from patch plates into 2 mi of YPD in 24 deepweli plates (square well, pyramid bottom). Replicate inoculations were made from each patch. Negative control strains were struck out on YPD from glycerol stocks and individual colonies were used to inoculate. Deepweli plates were incubated at 28°C and 250 rpm in the Infers Multitron refrigerated flask shaker for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs of incubation, a 0.85 ml volume of each culture was pelleted by centrifugation at SOOxg, Each pellet was resuspended in either 2 mi of YPD or Semi-defined medium (described in Table 17 below). 10 g/L methyl palmitate (pre-warmed to ~50°C) was added to cultures. All cultures were incubated for 48 hours before endpoinf sampling. Final cell densities were measured with the Tecan Infinite 200pro plate reader. 1 .5 ml (alcohol analysis) or 500 μΙ (lipid analysis) was transferred to 1 .7 mi microcentrifuge tubes and pelleted. Supernatant was transferred to clean tubes and samples were processed as described below.
[00512] Table 17, Semi-defined (C:N~80) medium composition. Components of the semi-defined base medium used to induce lipid storage are described.
Yeast Extract 2 g L iPeptone 1 g/l
Potas&ium p o&phate buffer pH7 0.1 M km w o as, mm 1.7 ,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Glycero 5
Z9-160H functional expression assay
[00513] SPV300 (negative control) and SPV471 were struck out onto YPD agar plates, grown overnight, and then stored at 4°C. Strains were inoculated from colonies into 2 ml of YPD and incubated at 28°C and 250 rpm in 14 mi round bottom culture tubes for ~8 hours. After incubation, 2 ml of culture was used to inoculate 20 ml of YPD in a 125 mi baffled shake flask. Shake flasks were incubated 24 hrs at 28°C and 250 rpm. After incubation, ceil density in shake flasks was measured using a Tecan Infinite 200pro plate reader. An appropriate volume of culture was pelleted in order to resuspend cells in 25 mi of Semi-defined C:N=80 medium (see Table 17 above) at an initial OD600 = 1 (-1 gDCW/L) or 4 (~4gDCW/L). The resuspended culture was added to 250 ml baffled shake flasks. Neat methyl palmitate was added at 10 g/L final concentration after pre-heating to 50°C. After substrate addition, flasks were incubated at 28°C and 250 rpm for two days. At 12, 18, 24, 36, 42, and 48 hours 500 μΙ (lipid analysis) and 1 .5 ml (alcohol analysis) samples were taken in 1.7 mi microcentrifuge tubes. Samples were pelleted and the supernatant was transferred to a clean microcentrifuge tube.
Metabolite extraction and GC-MS detection
[00514] Alcohol analysis [00515] The pelleted cells (in 1 .5 mL plastic tubes), usually about 10 mg to 80 mg, were resuspended in methanol containing 5 % (w/w) of sodium hydroxide. The alkaline cell suspension was transferred into a 1 .8 mL crimp vial. The mixture was heated for 1 h in the heat block at 90 °C. Prior to acidification with 400 μΙ_ 2.5 N HCI the vial was allowed to cool to room temperature. 500 μΙ_ chloroform containing 1 mM methyl heptadecanoate were added and the mixture was shaken vigorously, then both aqueous and organic phase were transferred into a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm, afterwards 450 μΙ_ of the organic phase were transferred into a GC vial. The organic phase was evaporated in a heat block at 90 °C for 30 min. The residue was dissolved in 50 μΙ_ Ν,Ο- Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifiuoroacetamide containing 1 % trimethylchlorosilane. Prior to transfer into glass inserts the mixture was heated 5 min at 90 °C. The samples were analyzed by GC-MS (Table 18).
[00516] Table 18. GC-MS parameters
System Agilent 6890 U G€, C emSl ation S1701EA £,02.01.1177
Column 0823 30 m x 25 x 25 pm
Pressure = 11.60 psi; Flow = 0.6 ml/mm
Inlet Heater = 2 O ; Pressure = 11,74 ps¾
Total Ffew {He} = 111 ml/r
Carrier He @ 29 cm/sec, 11.60· p.si
Signal Data rate = 2 Hz/0,1 min
Over* I5C C for 1 m n
Ramp 12 mm to 220 , r sold 3 m r*
Rarnp 35°C min to BOOK, i iold 4 mirs
Injection Splltiess, ?r>m~
Detector [mils! strain screening &ηύ first technical triplicate: HP 5973
MSD in SIM mode {m E 208,0,, 2973 and 387.3},
5FV488/SPV49G alcohol ¾ysi¾ffication: HP 5973 MSD in M
mods {m xr 284.0 and 2973 ,,
100 msec Dwell E V mode; Gain factor 1,
2.4 mm solvers! delay, 5.09 cycles sec
Sample Inj ction vol time = 1 ui
[00517] Lipid analysis
[00518] Total lipid composition was based on modified procedures by Moss et ai. (1982) and Yousuf et al (2010). The pelleted ceils (in 1 .5 mL plastic tubes), usually about 10 mg to 80 mg, were resuspended in methanol containing 5 % (w/w) of sodium hydroxide. The alkaline cell suspension was transferred into a 1 .8 mL glass crimp GC-viai. The mixture was heated for 1 h in the heat block at 90 °C. Prior to acidification with 400 μΙ_ 2.5 N HCI, the vial was allowed to cool to room temperature. 500 μΙ_ chloroform containing 1 m!VI methyl heptadecanoate were added and the mixture was shaken vigorously, then both aqueous and organic phase were transferred into a 1 .5 mL plastic tube. The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm, afterwards 450 μΙ_ of the organic phase was transferred into a new 1.8 mL glass screw-cap GC-vial. After cooling to room temperature residual fatty acid methyl esters and free fatty acids were dissolved and derivatized in methanol containing 0.2 M T SH (trimethylsulfonium hydroxide)(Tabfe 19).
[00519] Table 19. GC-MS parameters
System Agilent 6890 G€, ChemStation Rev. 8.03.02 1341)
Column i&W DB-23 m x 25 mm x 25 μτη
Pressure = 16 psij Flow = 0,9 ml m\n; Run Time = 14.4 m¾r*
Inlet. Heater = 240°Q Pressure = 16 ps ; Total Flow {He} = 31,4 mt/msrt
Garner H∑ @ 1 fnL/m¾ 9 psi 35 cm/sec
Signa Oats rate = 2 Hz/0.I mm
Ov n: 15CTC for 1 mm
Ramp IZ^/rmrs to 22C C, hold 3 rain
Ramp 35°C/mifi to 24£ Ct hold 6 mln
Equilibration Time: 2 win
injection: Sp!¾ i f
Split ratio - 30:1; 29.1 rol/mta
Detector f !¾ 240°C
H2 @ 35.0 ml/mm, Air @ 350 mi min;; Electrometer flit Offset}
p 2.0 pA
Sam le njection volume = 1 uL
[00520] SEQUENCE LISTING
SEQ ID NO: 1 .Agrot.is segetum FAR S. ce.re/.is ae cocion opt
ATGCCAGTTTTGACTTCTAGAGAAGATGAAAAGT
TGTCAGTTCCAGAATTTTACGCTGGTAAATCTATCTTCGTTACAG
GTGGTACTGGTTTCTTGGGTAAAGTTTTTATTGAAAAGTTGTTGT
ACTGTTGTCCAGA.TA TGATAAAATCTATATGTTAA.TTAGAGAAA.
AGAAAAATΪTGΓΓC ATTGATGAAAGAATGTC.AAAGTTCTTGGATG
ATCCATTATTTTCTAGATTGAAGGAAGAAAGACCTGGTG.ACTTGG
AAAAGATTGTTTTGATTCCAGGTGACATTACAGCTCCAAATTTGG
GTTTATCAGCAGAAAACGAAAGAATTTTGTTAGAAAAAGTTTCTG T AT AT AT T CAGC GCAAC GT TAAGT TAA GAAC CA T G C
C AAT CGC T GG AAG T TAAT GT T G AAG GT AC AAG AAT G T T GT T GG
C AT T G T C T AG AAG AT G AAG AG AT C G AAG T T T T T AT T CAT AT T T
CT.ACTGCTT.ACTCAAATGCATCTTC.AGATAGAATCGTTGTTGATG
AAATCTTGTATCCA.GCTCCAGCA.GATATGGATCAAGTTTACCAA.T
TGGTTAAAGATGGTGTTACAGAAGAAGAAACTGAAA.GATTGTTGA.
ACGGTTTGCCAAACACTTACACTTTTACTAAGGCTTTGACAGA C
ATTTGGTTGCAGAACATCAAACATACGTTCCAACTATCATCATCA
GACCATCTGTTGTTGCTTCAATTAAAGA GAACCAATCAGAGGTT
GGTTATGTAATTGGTTTGGTGCTACAGGTATCTCTGTTTTTACTG
CAAAGGGTTTGAACAGAGTTTTGTTGGGTAAAGCTTCAAACATCG
TTGATGTTATCCCAGTTGATTACGTTGCAAATTTGGTTATTGTTG
CTGGTGCAAAATCTGGTGGTCAAAAATCAGATGAATTAAAGATCT
AT AAC T G T T G T T C T T C AG A T G T AAC C C AG T T AC T T T G AG AAAA
TTATTAAAGAGTTTACTGAAGATACTATTAAAAATAAGTCTCATA
TTATGCCATTGCCAGGTTGGTTCGTTTTTACTAAGTACAAGTGGT
TGTTGA.CATTGTTAACTATTATTTTTCAAATGTTACCAATGTATT
:I'G GC TG ATGT Ϊ TAG AG AGT T T T GAC AG GT A A A AT C C C A A GAT AC A
TGAAGTTGCATCATTTGGTTATTCAAACAA^ATTGGGTATCGATT
TCTTTACTTCTCATTCATGGGTTATGAAGACAGATAGAGTTAGAG
AATTN∑ CGG T T T(AYCAT GGCAGAAAAGCA ATGT YCCN1'
GTGATCCATCTTCAATCGATTGGACAGATTATTTGCAATCATACT
GT TACGG GT T AGAAG AT TTTTG GAAAAG AAG AAA ΑΆ
SEO ID NO: 2 Spodoptera littoralis FAR1 s. cerevisiae codon opt
A GGTTGTTT GAC CAAAGGAA AA C A AAC
'GTC:Ί,GΊI 'GCTCΪAΊI :]:CTAC ΪC:]:GGTAAAΊIC:] TΊ, ΊI ':['TAC:AG
GTGGTACTGGTTTCTTGGGTAAAGTTTTTATTGAAAAGTTGTTGT
AC T CAT G T C C AG AT AT T GAT AAAAT C T AT AT G T T G AT C AG AG AAA
AG AAAG GT C AAT C T AT C AG AG AAAG AT AAC AAAAT T G T T GAT G
AT CC AT T GT T TAAT AG AT T G AAG GAT AAG G C C AGAT G AT T T G G
GTAAAATCGTTTTGATCCCAGGTGACATCACAGTTCCAGGTTTGG
GT A T T C T G AAG AAAAC G AAAC AT C T T G C T G AAAAAG T T T C AG
T T GT T T T CAT T CT G C T GC AACT GT AAG T T TAAT GAAC CA T GG
CT AC GCATGGAAC GT T AC GT T GAAGGT ACAAGAA G A T C AT GG
C AT TAT CAAGAAGAAT G AAG AGA AT C GAA.GT TT T Ί ' A.T T C .AT AT TT
CTRCTG TTR£ CTI^ CACAM^ZAGRGCI^GTTRTi:GAVGAAGTTT
TGTATCCACCACCAGCTGATATCAACGATGTTCATCAACATGTTA.
AA ΑΑΓϊη GGT GT T AC AGAAGAAGAAAC T G AA A AG AT T TT GAAC GGTA
G CC:AA . CT , C A.;^'TT^AC:]:A GGC T'^'G C; ,GAA.;ATTr; iG
TTGC GAAAACCAATCATACATGCCAACAATCATTGTTAGACCAT
CTATTGTTGGTGCTATTAAAGATGATCCAATTAGAGGTTGGTTGG
CTAATTGGTATGGTGCAACAGGTTTGTCAGTTTTTACTGCAAAGG
GTTTGAACAGAGTTATATATGGTCATTCTAACCATGTTGTTGATT
TGATTCCAGTTGATTACGTTGCTAATTTGGTTATTGTTGCTGGTG
CAAAGACATACCATTCAAACGAAGTTACTATCTATAACTCTTGTT
CTTCATCTTGTAACCCAATCACTATGAAGAGATTGGTTGGTTTGT
:'I :[,^ iA.:'I i~ C:A.GI: : ACiCAl G ,CAaLACGI;^ AI iCC;. ,:[,GC: CAGGTTGGTATGTTTACTCTAACTACAAGTGGTTGGTTTTCTTGG TΪACTGTTATΪTTCCAAGTTATTCCAGCTTACTΪAGGTG GATTG GTAGAAGATTGTTAGGTAAAAATCCAAGATACTACAAGTTGCAAA ATTTGGTTGCTCAAACACAAGAAGCAGTTCATTTCTTTACATCAC ATAC rrTGGGAAA.TTAAATCAAAGAGAACT CTG.AA.TTGTT ΪTCA.T
CT['^ i C:^':]:[,GACAGA^X; A GA TG^T, C>CA[,GTTiA GCT C .
GAATCGATTGGACAGATTACATCACTGATTACTGTTCTGGTGTTA GACAATTTTTGGAAAAGATTAAATAA
SEO ID NO: 3 Helicoverpa armigera FAR3 S. cerevisiae codon opt
A GGTTGTTTTGAC CAAAGGAAACAAAGCCAT
CTGTTGCTGAATTTTACGCTGGT.AAATCA.GTTTTTATTACAGGTG
GTACTGGTTTCTTGGGTAAAGTTTTTATTGAAAAGTTGTTGTACT
CTTGTCCAGATATTGAAAATATCTATATGTTGATCAGAGAAAAGA
AAGGTTTGTCAGTTTCTGAAAGAATTAAACAATTTTTAGATGATC
CATTGTTTAC AGA GAAGGATAAGAGACCAGC GA TGGAAA
AGATTGTTT GA CCCAGG GACATCACTGCACCAGA T GGG A
TTAATTCTGAAAACGAAAAGA GTTGAT GAAAAAGT TCAG TA
TTATTCATTCTGCTGCAACTGTTAAGTTTAATGAACCATTACCAA
CAGCTTGGAAGATTAATGTTGAAGGTACTAGAATGATGTTGGCAT
TGTCAAGAAGAATG AGAGAATCGAAGΤΤΤΤΤΑΪ CATATTTC
CAGOTTACACTAACACAAAGAG.AGAAGTTGTTG TGAAATCTTGT
ATCCAGCTCCAGCAGATATCGATCAAGTTCATCAATACGTTAAGG
ATGGTATCTCAGAAGAAGAT CTGAAAAG TTTTGA CGGTAGAC
CAA CACTTACACTTTTACTAAGGCTTTGACAGAACATTTGGTTG
CTGAAAATCAAGCATACGTTCCAACTATTATTGTTAGACCATCTG
TTG GC^'GCAAT AA GA GAACG GAAAGG GGTTGGG A.
ATTGGTTTGGTGCTACAGGTTTGACTGTTTTTACAGCAAAGGGTT
TGAACAGAGTTATATATGGTCATTCTTCATACATCGTTGATTTGA
TCCCAGTTGATTACGTTGCTAATTTGGTTATTGCTGCAGGTGCAA
AATCT CAAAGTC ACAGAAT GAAGGT TACAACTGTTGTTCTT
CATCTTGTAACCCAGTTACTATCGGTAGATTGATGTCAATGTTCG
CTGATG TGCAA TAAACAAAAA CTTACGC ATGCCAT GCCAG
GTTGGTACATTTTTACAAAGTAC AGTGGTTGGTTTTGTTGTTGA
CATTTTTGTTCCAAGTTATTCCAGCATACGTTACTGATTTGTCAA
GACATTTGATCGGTAAATCTCCAAG.ATACATC.AAGTTGC.AATCAT
:]:GGT,^AA.;c A.cTAGA[ ;A^ :^ k[ iA.TiT:]:cT[,^ACAAAi ;Ari,r
CTTGGGTTATGAAAGCTGATAGAGTTAGAGAATTGTACGCTTCAT TGTCTCCAGCTGATAAGTACTTATTCCCATGTGATCCAACTGATA TCAACTGGACAC TTACATCCAAGATTACTGTTGGGGTGTTAGAC ATTTCTTGGAAAAGAAATCTTAX-GAATAA
SEQ ID NO: 4 p0LE1 casse 1e
CTTGCTGAAAAGATGATGTTCTGAGGTATTCGTATCGCTAGCTTGATACGCTTTT AACAAAAGTAAGCTTTTCGTTTGCAGGTTTGGTTACTTTTCTGTACGAGATGATA TCGCTAAGTΤΤATAGTCATCTGTGAAATΤΤCTCAAAAACCTCATGGTTTCTCCAT CACCCATTTTTCATTTCATTTGCCGGGCGGAAAAAAAAAAGGAAAAAj AAAAAA AAAAAAATAAATGACACATGGAAATAAGTCAAGGATTAGCGGATATGTAGTTCCA GTCCGGGTTATACCATCACGTGATAATAAATCCAAATGAGAATGAGGGTGTCATA TCTAATCATTATGCACGTCAAGATTCTCCGTGACTATGGCTCTTTTCTGAAGCAT TTTTCGGGCGCCCGGTGGCCAAAAACTAACTCCGAGCCCGGGCATGTCCCGGGGT TAGCGGGCCCAACAA¾GGCGCTTATCTGGTGGGCTTCCGTAGAAGiyy yyGCT GTTGAGCGAGCTATTTCGGGTATCCCAGCCTTC^
TTGGCTCTGGTGCTGTTCGTTAGCATCACATCGCCTGTGACAGGCAGAGGTAATA
ACGGCTTAAGGTTCTCTTCGCATAGTCGGCAGCTTTCTTTCGGACGTTGAACACT
CAACAAACCTTATCTAGTGCCCAACCAGGTGTGCTTCTACGAGTCTTGCTCACTC
AGACACACCTATCCCTATTGTTACGGCTATGGGGATGGCACACAAAGGTGGAAAT
AATAGTAGTTAJiCAA A ATGCAGCAAATCATCGGCTCCTGGCTCATCGAGTCTT
GCA_AATCAGCATATACATATATATATGGGGGCAGATCTTGATTCATTTATTGTTC
TATTTCCATCTTTCCTACTTCTGTTTCCGTTTATATTTTGTATTACGTAGAATAG
AACATCATAGTAA AGATAGTTGTGGTGATCATATTATAAACAGCACTAAAACAT
TACAACAAAGAATGCCAACTTCTGGAACTACTATTGAATTGATTGACGACCAATT
TCCAAAGGATGACTCTGCCAGCAGTGGCATTGTCGACACTAGTGCGGCCGCTCAC
ATATG AAGTATAT CCCGCTTTTGTAC CTAT^^
ATTGTAGCTCCGCACGACCATGCCTTAGAAATATCCGCAGCGCG
SEQ ID NO: 5 Extended OLE1 promoter region
CTTGC GAAAAGATGATGT C GAGG AT CGTATCGCTAGCTTGATACGCTTTT AACAAAAGTAAGCTTTTCGTTTGCAGGTTTGGTTACTTTTCTGTACGAGATGATA TCGCTAAGTTTATAGTCATCTGTGAAATTTCTCAAAAACCTCATGGTTTCTCCAT CACCCATTTTTCATTTCATTTGCCGGGCGGAAAAAAAAAAGGAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAATAAATGACACATGGAAATAAGTCAAGGATTAGCGGATATGTAGTTCCA GTCCGGGTTATACCATCACGTGATAATAAATCCAAATGAGAATGAGGGTGTCATA TCTAATCATTATGCACGTCAAGATTCTCCGTGACTATGGCTCTTTTCTGAAGCAT TTTTCGGGCGCCCGGTGGCCAAAAACTAACTCCGAGCCCGGGCATGTCCCGGGGT TAGCGGGCCCAACAAAGGCGCTTATCTGGTGGGCTTCCGTAGAAGAAAAAAAGCT GTTGAGCGAGCTATTTCGGGTATCCCAGCCTTCTCTGCAGACCGCCCCAGTTGGC TTGGCTCTGGTGCTGTTCGTTAGCATCACATCGCCTGTGACAGGCAGAGGTAATA ACGGCTTAAGGTTCTCTTCGCATAGTCGGCAGCTTTCTTTCGGACGTTGA
SEQ ID NO: 6 OLE1 promoter region
ACACTCAACAAACCTTATCTAGTGCCCAACCAGGTGTGCTTCTACGAGTCTTGCT CACTCAGACACACCTATCCCTATTGTTACGGCTATGGGGATGGCACACAAAGGTG GAAATAATAGTAGTTAACAATATATGCAGCAAATCATCGGCTCCTGGCTCATCGA GTCTTGCAAATCAGCATATACATATATATATGGGGGCAGATCTTGATTCATTTAT TGTTCTATTTCCATCTTTCCTACTTCTGTTTCCGTTTATATTTTGTATTACGTAG AATAGAACATCATAGTAATAGATAGTTGTGGTGATCATATTATAAACAGCACTAA AACATTACAACAAAGA
SEQ ID NO: 7 OLE1 27aa leader
ATGCCAACTTCTGGAACTACTATTGAATTGATTGACGACCAATTTCCAAAGGATG ACTCTGCCAGCAGTGGCATTGTCGAC Vspl3 terminator region
TCACA ATGAAAG ATA ACCCGCTTTTGTACACTATGTAGCTATAATTCAATCG TATTATTGTAGCTCCGCACGACCATGCCTTAGAAATATCCGCAGCGCG
T. ril desaturase
ATGGCTGTGATGGCTCAAACAGTACAAGAAACGGCTACAGTGTTGGAAGAGGAAG CTCGCACAGTGACTCTTGTGGCTCCAAAGACAACGCCAAGGAAATATAAATATAT ATACACCAACTTTCTTACATTTTCATATGCGCATTTAGCTGCATTATACGGACTT TATTTGTGCTTCACCTCTGCGAAATGGGAAACATTGCTATTCTCTTTCGTACTCT TCCACATGTCAAATATAGGCATCACCGCAGGGGCTCACCGACTCTGGACTCACAA GACTTTCAAAGCCAAATTGCCTTTGGAAATTGTCCTCATGATATTCAACTCTTTA GCCTTTCAAAACACGGCTATTACATGGGCTAGAGAACATCGGCTACATCACAAAT ACAGCGATACTGATGCTGATCCCCACAATGCGTCAAGAGGGTTCTTCTACTCGCA TGTTGGCTGGCTATTAGTAAAAAAACATCCCGATGTCCTGAAATATGGAAAAACT ATAGACATGTCGGATGTATACAATAATCCTGTGTTAAAATTTCAGAAAAAGTACG CAGTACCCTTAATTGGAACAGTTTGTTTTGCTCTGCCAACTTTGATTCCAGTCTA CTGTTGGGGCGAATCGTGGAACAACGCTTGGCACATAGCCTTATTTCGATACATA TTCAATCTTAACGTGACTTTCCTAGTCAACAGTGCTGCGCATATCTGGGGGAATA AGCCTTATGATAAAAGCATCTTGCCCGC CAAAACC GC GGT CCT CC AGC AAGTGGAGAAGGCTTCCATAATTACCATCACGTCTTTCCATGGGATTACCGCACA GCAGAATTAGGGAATAACTTCCTGAATTTGACGACGCTGTTCATTGATTTTTGTG CCTGGTTTGGATGGGCTTATGACTTGAAGTCTGTATCAGAGGATATTATAAAACA GAGAGCTAAACGAACAGGTGACGGTTCTTCAGGGGTCATTTGGGGATGGGACGAC AAAGACATGGACCGCGA A AAAATC AAAGCTAACA τTTTTA GC AAAAAGG AATGA
A. segetum desaturase
ATGGCTCAAGGTGTCCAAACAACTACGATATTGAGGGAGGAGGAGCCGTCATTGA CTTTCGTGGTACCTCAAGAACCGAGAAAGTATCAAATCGTGTACCCAAACCTTAT CACATTTGGGTACTGGCATA AGCTGGTTTATACGGGCTATATTTGTGCTT ACT TCGGCAAAATGGCAAACAATTTTATTCAGTTTCA GCTCGTTGTGTTAGCAGAGT TGGGAATAACAGCCGGCGCTCACAGGTTATGGGCCCACAAAACA ATAAAGCGAA GCTTCCCTTACAAATTATCCTGATGATACTGAACTCCATTGCCTTCCAAAATTCC GCCATTGATTGGGTGAGGG
ACCACCGTCTCCATCATAAGTACAGTGACACTGATGCAGACCCTCACAATGCTAC TCGTGGTTTCTTCTATTCTCATGTTGGATGGTTGCTCGTAAGAAAACATCCAGAA GTCAAGAGACGTGGAA GGAACT GACATGTCTGA ATTTACAACAATCCAGTGC TGAGATTTCAAAAGAAGTATGCTATACCCTTCATCGGGGCAATGTGCTTCGGATT ACCAACTTTTATCCCTGTTTACTTCTGGGGAGAAACCTGGAGTAATGCTTGGCAT ATCACCATGCTTCGGTACATCCTCAACCTAAACATTACTTTCCTGGTCAACAGTG CTGCTCATATCTGGGGATACAAACCTTATGACATCAAAATATTGCCTGCCCAAAA TATAGCAGTTTCCATAGTAACCGGCGGCGAAGTTTCCATAACTACCACCACGTTT TTTCCTTGGGATTATCGTGCAGCAGAATTGGGGAACAATTATCTTAATTTGACGA CTAAGTTCATAGATTTCTTCGCTTGGATCGGATGGGCTTACGATCTTAAGACGGT GTCCAGTGATGTTATAAAAAGTAAGGCGGAAAGAACTGGTGATGGGACGAATCTT TGGGGTTTAGAAGACAAAGGTGAAG AAGAT TTTTGAAAATCTGGAAAGAC A AA
SEQ ID NO: 11 T, pseudonana desaturase
ACTAGTATGGACTTTCTCTCCGGCGATCCTTTCCGGACAC
TCGTCCTTGCAGCACTTGTTGTCATCGGATTTGCTGCGGCGTGGC
AATGCTTCTACCCGCCGAGCATCGTCGGCAAGCCTCGTACATTAA
GCAATGGTAAACTCAATACCAGAATCCATGGCAAATTGTACGACC
TCTCATCGTTTCAGCATCCAGGAGGCCCCGTGGCTCTTTCTCTTG
TTCAAGGTCGCGACGGAACAGCTCTATTTGAGTCACACCATCCCT
TCATACCTCG AAGAATCT C TCAG CCTCTCCAAGTACG GG
TTCCGTCGACTGAAGACTCTGTTTCCTTCATCGCCACCCTAGACG
AACTCAATGGTGAATCTCCGTACGATTGGAAGGACATTGAAAATG
ATGATTTCGTATCTGACCTACGAGCTCTCGTAATTGAGCACTTTT
CTCCTCTCGCCAAGGAAAGGGGAGTTTCACTCGTTGAGTCGTCGA
AGGCAACACCTCAGCGGTGGATGGTGGTTCTACTGCTCCTTGCGT
CGTTCTTCCTCAGCATCCCATTATATTTGAGTGGTTCGTGGACTT
TCGTTGTCGTCACTCCCATCCTCGCTTGGCTGGCGGTTGTCAATT
ACTGGCACGATGCTACTCACTTTGCA TGAGCAGCAACTGGA TT
TGAATGCTGCGCTCCCATATCTCCTCCCTCTCCTATCGAGTCCGT
CAATGTGGTATCATCATCACGTCATTGGACATCACGCATACACCA
ACATTTCCAAAAGAGATCCAGATCTTGCTCACGCTCCACAACTCA
TGAGAGAACACAAGAGTATCAAATGGAGACCATCTCACTTAAATC
AAACACAGCTTCCGCGGATTCTCTTCATCTGGTCGATTGCAGTCG
GTATTGGGTTGAACTTACTGAACGACGTGAGAGCACTAACCAAGC
TTTCATACAACAACGTTGTTCGGGTGGAGAAGATGTCATCGTCGC
GAACATTACTCCATTTCCTTGGACGTATGTTGCACATCTTTGTGA
CTACACTTTGGCCCTTTTTGGCGTTTCCGGTGTGGAAGGCCATCG
TTTGGGCGACTGTACCGAATGCCATACTGAGTTTGTGCTTCATGC
TGAATACGCAAATCAATCACCTCATCAACACGTGTGCACATGCTT
CCGATAACAACTTTTACAAGCATCAAGTTGTAACTGCTCAGAACT
TTGGCCGATCAAGTGCCTTTTGCTTCATCTTCTCGGGAGGTCTCA
ACTACCAAATTGAACATCATTTGTTGCCGACGGTGAACCATTGCC
ATTTGCCAGCTTTGGCCCCGGGTGTAGAGCGTTTGTGTAAGAAAC
ACGGGGTGACATACAACTCTGTTGAAGGA ACAGAGAGGCCATCA
TTGCAGACTTTGCACATACCAAAGATATGTCGACGAAGCCTACTG
ATTGA
SEQ ID NO: 12 A. transitella desaturase
ATGGTCCCTAACAAGGGTTCCAGTGACGTTTTGTCTGAACATTCTGAGCCCCAGT TCACTAAACTCATAGCTCCACAAGCAGGGCCGAGG AA ACAAGATAGTGTATCG AAATTTGCTCACATTCGGCTATTGGCACTTATCAGCTGTTTATGGGCTCTACTTG TGCTTTACTTGTGCGAAATGGGCTACCATCTTATTTGCATTTTTCTTATACGTGA TCGCGGAAATCGG ATAACAGGTGGCGCTCATAGGCTATGGGCACATCGGACTTA TAAAGCCAAGTTGCCTTTAGAGATTTTGT ACTCA ATG
AACTCTATTGCCTTCCAAGACACTGCTTTCACCTGGGCTCGTGATCACCGCCTTC ATCACAAATATTCGGATACTGACGCTGATCCCCACAATGCTACCAGAGGGTTTTT CTATTCACATGTAGGCTGGCTTTTGGTGAAGAAACACCCTGAAGTCAAAGCAAGA GGAAAATACTTGTCGTTAGATGATCTTAAGAATAATCCATTGCTTAAATTCCAAA AGAAATACGCTATTCTAGTTATAGGCACGTTATGCTTCCTTATGCCAACATTTGT GCCCGTATACTTCTGGGGCGAGGGCATCAGCACGGCCTGGAACATCAATCTATTG CGATACGTCATGAATCTTAACATGACTTTCTTAGTTAACAGTGCAGCGCATATCT TTGGCAACAAACCATACGATAAGAGC AGCCTCAGTCCAAAATATTTCAGTTAG CTTAGCTACTTTTGGCGAAGGATTCCATAATTACCATCACACTTACCCCTGGGAT TATCGTGCGGCAGAATTAGGAAATAATAGGCTAAATATGACTACTGCTTTCATAG AT TCTTCGCTTGGATCGGCTGGGCT A GACTTGAAGTCTGTGCCACAAGAGGC CATTGCAAAAAGGTGTGCGAAAAC GGCGATGGAACGGATATGTGGGGTCGAAAA AGA AA
SEQ ID NO: 13 H. zea desaturase
A GGCCCAAAGCTATCAATCAACTACGGTTTTGAGTGAGGAGAAAGAACTAACAC TGCAACATTTGGTGCCCCAAGCATCGCCCAGGAAGTATCAAATAGTGTATCCGAA CCTCATTACG TTGGTTACTGGCACATAGCCGGACTTTATGGCCTTTACTTGTGC TTCACTTCTGCTAAATGGGCTACGATTTTATTCAGCTACATCCTCTTCGTGTTAG CAGAAATAGGAATCACGGCTGGCGCTCACAGACTCTGGGCCCACAAAACTTACAA AGCGAAACTACCATTAGAAATACTCTTAATGGTATTCAACTCCATCGCTTTTCAA AACTCAGCCATTGACTGGGTGAGGGACCACCGACTCCACCATAAGTATAGCGATA CAGATGCTGATCCCCACAATGCCAGCCGAGGGTTCTTTTATTCCCATGTAGGATG GCTACTTGTGAGAAAACATCCTGAAGTCAAAAAGCGAGGGAAAGAACTCAATATG TCCGATATTTACAACAATCCTGTCCTGCGGTTTCAGAAAAAATACGCCA ACCCT TCATTGGGGCTGTTTGTTTCGCCTTACCTACAATGATACCTGTTTACTTCTGGGG AGAAACCTGGTCCAATGCTTGGCATATCACCATGCTTCGCTACATCATGAACCTC AATGTCACCTTTTTGGTAAACAGCGCTGCTCATATATGGGGAAACAAGCCTTATG ACGCAAAAATATTACCTGCACAAAATGTAGCTGTGTCGGTCGCCACTGGTGGAGA AGGTTTCCATAATTACCACCATGTCTTCCCCTGGGATTATCGAGCAGCGGAACTC GGTAACAATAGCCTCAATCTGACGACTAAATTCA AGATTTATTCGCAGCAATCG GATGGGCATATGATCTGAAGACGGTTTCGGAGGATATGATA.AAACAAAGGATTAA ACGCACTGGAGATGGAACGGATCTTTGGGGACACGAACAAAACTGTGATGAAGTG TGGGATGTAAAAGATAAATCAAGTTAA
SEQ ID NO: 14 mCherry C. tropi calls optimized
ATGGTTTCTAAGGGTGAAGAAGACAACATGGCAATCATCAAGGAATTTATGCGTT TTAAGGTCCATATGGAAGGCTCCGTTAACGGCCACGAGTTCGAGATCGAGGGAGA AGGTGAGGGTAGACCATACGAAGGTACTCAAACCGCCAAGTTGAAAGTTACAAAG GGTGGTCCATTGCCATTTGCTTGGGATATCTTGTCCCCACAATTTATGTACGGAT CAAAGGCATATGTCAAGCATCCTGCCGACATCCCAGATTACTTGAAGTTATCCTT TCCAGAAGGTTTTAAGTGGGAGAGAGTTATGAACTTTGAAGATGGCGGAGTTGTT ACTGTTACTCAGGACTCTTCCTTGCAAGATGGTGAATTTATCTATAAAGTGAAAT TGAGAGGTACTAACTTTCCATCCGACGGTCCAGTCATGCAAAAGAAGACAATGGG TTGGGAGGCTTCTTCCGAAAGAATGTACCCAGAAGACGGTGCATTGAAAGGTGAA ATCAAGCAACGTTTAAAGTTGAAGGACGGTGGTCACTACGATGCCGAGGTCAAGA CCACTTATAAGGCTAAGAAGCCAGTCCAATTGCCAGGTGCTTATAACGTTAACAT CAAGTTAGATATTACTTCACACAACGAAGACTACACAATCGTTGAACAATATGAA AGAGCCGAAGGTAGACATTCTACCGGCGGCATGGACGAGTTA A AAGTAG
SEQ ID NO: 15 CaOLEl-A. segetum Zll desaturase AT GAG AC AG T T G AAC AAC T G AAAC G T T GAT AT C AC T AAAT G AAT GC C A T G CTGCTGGTACTAATAAGAAGGTGCCAATGGCTCAAGGTGTCCAAACAACTACGAT ATTGAGGGAGGAAGAGCCGTCATTGACTTTCGTGGTACCTCAAGAACCGAGAAAG TATCAAATCGTGTACCCAAACCTTATCACATTTGGGTACTGGCATATAGCTGGTT TATACGGGCTATATTTGTGCTTTACTTCGGCAAAATGGCAAACAATTTTATTCAG TTTCATGCTCGTTGTGTTAGCAGAGTTGGGAATAACAGCCGGCGCTCACAGGTTA TGGGCCCACAAAACA ATAAAGCGAAGCTTCCCTTACAAATTATCTTAATGATAT TAAACTCCATTGCCTTCCAAAATTCCGCCATTGATTGGGTGAGGGACCACCGTCT CCATCATAAGTACAGTGACACTGATGCAGACCCTCACAATGCTACTCGTGGTTTC TTCTATTCTCATGTTGGATGGTTGCTCGTAAGAAAACATCCAGAAGTCAAGAGAC GT GGAAAGGAAC T T G AC AT G T C T GAT AT T T AC AAC AAT C CAGT GTTAAGAT T T C A AAAGAAGTATGCTATACCCTTCATCGGGGCAATGTGCTTCGGATTACCAACTTTT ATCCCTGTTTACTTCTGGGGAGAAACCTGGAGTAATGCTTGGCATATCACCATGC TTCGGTACATCCTCAFICCTAAACATTACTTTCTTAGTCAACAGTGCTGCTCATAT CTGGGGATACAAACCTTATGACATCAAAATATTGCCTGCCCAAAATATAGCAGTT TCCATAGTAACCGGCGGCGAAGTTTCCATAACTACCACCACGTTTTTTCCTTGGG ATTATCGTGCAGCAGAATTGGGGAACAATTATCTTAATTTGACGACTAAGTTCAT AGATTTCTTCGCTTGGATCGGATGGGCTTACGATCTTAAGACGGTGTCCAGTGAT GTTATAAAAAGTAAGGCGGAAAGAACTGGTGATGGGACGAATCTTTGGGGTTTAG
AAGAC AAAGGT G AAGAAG AT T T T T T GAAAAT CT GG AAAG AC AAT T AA
SEQ ID NO: 16 A. segetum Zll desaturase
ATGGCTCAAGGTGTCCAAACAACTACGATATTGAGGGAGGAAGAGCCGTCATTGA
CTTTCGTGGTACCTCAAGAACCGAGAAAGTATCAAATCGTGTACCCAAACCTTAT
CACATTTGGGTACTGGCATATAGCTGGTTTATACGGGCTATATTTGTGCTTTACT
TCGGCAAAATGGCAAACAATTTTATTCAGTTTCATGCTCGTTGTGTTAGCAGAGT
TGGGAATAACAGCCGGCGCTCACAGGTTATGGGCCCACAAAACATATAAAGCGAA
GCTTCCCTTACAAATTATCTTAATGATATTAAACTCCATTGCCTTCCAAAATTCC
GCCATTGATTGGGTGAGGGACCACCGTCTCCATCATAAGTACAGTGACACT
GATGCAGACCCTCACAATGCTACTCGTGGTTTCTTCTATTCTCATGTTGGATGGT
TGCTCGTAAGAAAACATCCAGAAGTCAAGAGACGTGGAAAGGAACTTGACATGTC
TGATATTTACAACAfiTCCAGTGTTAAGATTTCAAAAGAAGTATGCTATACCCTTC
ATCGGGGCAATGTGCTTCGGATTACCAACTTTTATCCCTGTTTACTTCTGGGGAG
AAACCTGGAGTAATGCTTGGCATATCACCATGCTTCGGTACATCCTCAACC AAA
CATTACTTTCTTAGTCAACAGTGCTGCTCATATCTGGGGATACAAACCTTATGAC
ATCAAAATATTGCCTGCCCAAAATATAGCAGTTTCCATAGTAACCGGCGGCGAAG
TTTCCATAACTACCACCACGTTTTTTCCTTGGGATTATCGTGCAGCAGAATTGGG
GAACAATTATCTTAATTTGACGACTAAGTTCATAGATTTCTTCGCTTGGATCGGA
TGGGCTTACGATCTTAAGACGGTGTCCAGTGATGTTATAAAAAGTAAGGCGGAAA
GAACTGGTGATGGGACGAATCTTTGGGGTTTAGAAGACAAAGGTGAAGAAGATTT
T T T G AAA C T G G AA G AC AA AA
SEQ ID NO: 17 A. transitella Zll desaturase
ATGGTCCCTAACAAGGGTTCCAGTGACGTTTTGTCTGAACATTCTGAGCCCCAGT TCACTAAACTCATAGCTCCACAAGCAGGGCCGAGGAAA ACAAGATAGTGTATCG AAATTTGCTCACATTCGGCTATTGGCACTTATCAGCTGTTTATGGGCTCTACTTG TGCTTTACTTGTGCGAAATGGGCTACCATCTTATTTGCATTTTTCTTATACGTGA TCGCGGAAATCGGTATAACAGGTGGCGCTCATAGGCTATGGGCACATCGGACTTA TAAAGCCAAGTTGCCTTTAGAGATTTTGTTACTCATAATGAATTCTATTGCCTTC CAAGACACTGCTTTCACCTGGGCTCGAGA CACCGCCTTCATCACAAATA CGG ATACTGACGCTGATCCCCACAATGCTACCAGAGGGTTTTTCTATTCACATGTAGG CTGGCTTTTGGTGAAGAAACACCCTGAAGTCAAAGCAAGAGGAAAATACTTGTCG TTAGATGATCTTAAGAATAATCCATTGCTTAAATTCCAAAAGAAATACGCTATTC TAGTTATAGGCACGTTATGCTTCCTTATGCCAACATTTGTGCCCGTATACTTCTG GGGCGAGGGCATCAGCACGGCCTGGAACATCAATCTATTGCGATACGTCATGAAT CTTAACATGACTTTCTTAGTTAACAGTGCAGCGCATATCTTTGGCAACAAACCAT ACGATAAGAGCATAGCCTCAGTCCAAAATATTTCAGTTAGCTTAGCTACTTTTGG CGAAGGATTCCATAATTACCATCACACTTACCCCTGGGATTATCGTGCGGCAGAA TTAGGAAATAATAGGCTAAATATGACTACTGCTTTCATAGATTTCTTCGCTTGGA TCGGCTGGGCTTATGACTTGAAGTCTGTGCCACAAGAGGCCATTGCAAAAAGGTG TGCGAAAACTGGCGATGGAACGGATATGTGGGGTCGAAAAAGATAA
SEQ ID NO: 18 T. ni Zll desaturase
ATGGCTGTGATGGCTCAAACAGTACAAGAAACGGCTACAGTGTTGGAAGAGGAAG CTCGCACAGTGACTCTTGTGGCTCCAAAGACAACGCCAfiGGAAATATAAATATAT ATACACCAACTTTCTTACATTTTCATATGCGCATTTAGCTGCATTATACGGACTT TATTTGTGCTTCACCTCTGCGAAATGGGAAACATTGCTATTCTCTTTCGTACTCT TCCACATGTCAAATATAGGCATCACCGCAGGGGCTCACCGACTCTGGACTCACAA GACTTTCAAAGCCAAATTGCCTTTGGAAATTGTCCTCATGATATTCAACTCTTTA GCCTTTCAAAACACGGCTATTACATGGGCTAGAGAACATCGGCTACATCACAAAT ACAGCGATACTGATGCTGATCCCCACAATGCGTCAAGAGGGTTCTTCTACTCGCA TGTTGGCTGGCTATTAGTAAAAAAACATCCCGATGTCTTAAAATATGGAAAAACT ATAGACATGTCGGATGTATACAATAATCCTGTGTTAAAATTTCAGAAAAAGTACG CAGTACCCTTAATTGGAACAGTTTGTTTTGCTCTTCCAACTTTGATTCCAGTCTA CTGTTGGGGCGAATCGTGGAACAACGCTTGGCACATAGCCTTATTTCGA ACATA TTCAATCTTAACGTGACTTTCCTAGTCAACAGTGCTGCGCATATCTGGGGGAATA AGCCTTATGATAAAA.GCATCTTGCCCGCTCAAAACTTATTAGTTTCCTTCCTAGC AAGTGGAGAAGGCTTCCATAATTACCATCACGTCTTTCCATGGGATTACCGCACA GCAGAATTAGGGAATAACTTCTTAAATTTGACGACGTTATTCATTGATTTTTGTG CCTGGTTTGGATGGGCTTATGACTTGAAGTCTGTATCAGAGGATATTATAAAACA GA.GAGCTAAACGAACAGGTGACGGTTCTTCAGGGGTCATTTGGGGATGGGACGAC AAAG CATGGACCGCGATA AAATC AAAGCTAACATTTTT A GCTAAAAAGG AATGA
SEQ ID NO: 19 H. zea Zll desaturase
ATGGCCCAAAGCTATCAATCAACTACGGTTTTGAGTGAGGAGAAAGAACTAACAT TACAACATTTGGTGCCCCAAGCATCGCCCAGGAAGTATCAAATAGTGTATCCGAA CCTCATTACGTTTGGTTACTGGCACATAGCCGGACTTTATGGCCTTTACTTGTGC TTCAXTTCTGCTAAATGGGCTACGATTTTATTCAGCTACATCCTCTTCGTGTTAG CAGAAATAGGAATCACGGCTGGCGCTCACAGACTCTGGGCCCACAAAACTTACAA AGCGAAACTACCATTAGAAATACTCTTAATGGTATTCAACTCCATCGCTTTTCAA AACTCAGCCATTGACTGGGTGAGGGACCACCGACTCCACCATAAGTATAGCGATA CAGATGCTGATCCCCACAATGCCAGCCGAGGGTTCTTTTATTCCCATGTAGGATG GCTACTTGTGAGAAAACATCCTGAAGTCAAAAAGCGAGGGAAAGAACTCAATATG TCCGATATTTACAACAATCC G CTTACGGTTTCAGΑΑΑΑΆΑ ACGCCA ACCCT TCATTGGGGCTGTTTGTTTCGCCTTACCTACAATGATACCTGTTTACTTCTGGGG AGAAACCTGGTCCAATGCTTGGCATATCACCATGCTTCGCTACATCATGAACCTC AATGTCACCTTTTTGGTAAACAGCGCTGCTCATATATGGGGAAACAAGCCTTATG ACGCAAAAATATTACCTGCACAAAATGTAGCTGTGTCGGTCGCCACTGGTGGAGA AGGTTTCCATAATTACCACCATGTCTTCCCCTGGGATTATCGAGCAGCGGAACTC GGTAACAATAGCCTCAATTTAACGACTAAATTCATAGATTTATTCGCAGCAATCG GATGGGCATATGATTTAAAGACGGTTTCGGAGGATATGATAAAACAAAGGATTAA ACGCACTGGAGATGGAACGGATCTTTGGGGACACGAACAAAACTGTGATGAAGTG TGGGATGTAAAAGATAAATCAAGTTAA
SEQ ID NO: 20 0, furnacalis Z9 desaturase
ATGGCTCCTAATATTAAGGACGGAGCTGATTTGAACGGAGTTTTATTTGAAGATG ACGCTAGCACCCCCGATTATGCCCTTGCCACGGCCCCAGTCCAGAAAGCAGACAA CTATCCCAGAAAACTAGTGTGGAGAAACATCATACTCTTTGCATACCTTCACCTT GCCGCTGTGTATGGAGCATACCTATTCTTATTTTCAGCGAAATGGCAGACAGATA TTTTTGCCTACATTCTTTACGTGATCTCAGGACTCGGCATCACAGCGGGAGCCCA CCGCCTTTGGGCGCACAAGTCATACAAGGCTAAGTGGCCACTTAGACTCATTCTT ATTATCTTCAACACTGTATCATTCCAGGACTCTGCTCTCGACTGGTCACGTGACC ACCGCATGCACCACAAATACTCGGAGACCGACGCCGACCCGCACAACGCGACTCG AGGGTTCTTCTTCTCTCATATCGGCTGGTTATTAGTCCGCAAGCACCCGGAATTA AAGAGAAAGGGCAAGGGATTAGACTTAAGCGACTTGTATGCTGATCCCATCCTCC GTTTCCAGAAGAAGTACTATTTACTATTAATGCCTCTTGGCTGCTTCATCATGCC GACGGTGGTCCCGGTGTACTTCTGGGGTGAGACTTGGACTAACGCTTTCTTCGTC GCCGCGCTCTTCCGATACACCTTCATCCTCAATGTCACCTGGTTGGTCAACTCCG CCGCGCACAAGTGGGGCCACAAGCCCTATGACAGCAGCATCAAGCCTTCCGAGAA CCTCTCAGTCTCCTTATTCGCGTTGGGCGAAGGATTCCACAACTACCACCACACA TTCCCCTGGGACTACAAAACTGCCGAGCTCGGCAACAACAGACTCAATTTCACAA CAAACTTCATCAAC TCTTCGCTAAAATCGGATGGGCTTACGACTTGAAAACGGT CTCCGACGAGATTATTCAGAATAGAGTCAAGCGCACAGGAGATGGCTCCCACCAC TTATGGGGTTGGGGCGACAAGGATCAACCTAAAGAGGAGGTAAACGCAGCCATTA GAAT ATCCTAAAGACGAG A
SEQ ID NO: 21 L. capitella Z9 desaturase
ATGCCGCCGAACGTGACAGAGGCGAACGGAGTGTTATTTGAGAATGACGTGCAGA CTCCTGACATGGGGCTAGAAGTGGCCCCTGTGCAGAAGGCTGACGAGCGTAAGAT CCAGCTCGTTTGGAGGAACATCATCGCTTTTGCATGTCTTCATTTAGCAGCTGTG TATGGAGCTTATTTATTCTTCACCTCGGCTATATGGCAGACAGACATATTTGCAT ACATCCTTTACGTTATGTCTGGATTAGGAATCACGGCGGGAGCGCACAGATTATG GGCTCATAAGTCATACAAGGCGAAGTGGCCGTTAAGATTAATCCTCGTCGCATTC AACACTTTGGCATTCCAGGATTCGGCAATCGACTGGGCGCGCGACCACCGCATGC ACCACAAGTACTCGGAGACGGATGCGGACCCACA ACGCCACTCGCGGCTTCTT CTTTTCGCACATTGGTTGGTTACTCTGCCGAAAACACCCGGAGCTAAAGCGCAAG GGCCAGGGCCTCGACTTAAGTGACCTCTACGCAGATCCTATTATTCGCTTCCAAA AGAAGTACTACTTATTGTTAATGCCGTTAGCCTGCTTTGTTCTTCCCACCA AAT TCCGGTCTACCTCTGGGGCGAGTCCTGGAAAAACGCGTTCTTCGTAGCTGCAATG TTCCGTTACACGTTCATCCTCAACGTAACATGGCTCGTCAACTCCGCCGCCCACA AATGGGGAGGCAAGCCCTATGATAAGAACATCCAGCCCGCTCAGAACATCTCTGT AGCTATCTTCGCATTAGGCGAGGGCTTCCACAACTACCACCACACGTTCCCCTGG GACTACAAGACCGCTGAATTAGGAAACAACAGGTTAAATTTCACAACTTCGTTTA TCAATTTCTTCGCAAGCTTCGGATGGGCCTACGACTTAAAGACCGTGTCGGACGA GAT ACAACAGCGCGTTAAGAGGACGGGAGATGGGAGCCATCACTTACGGGGC TGGGGCGACCAGGACATACCGGCCGAAGAAGCTCAAGCTGCTTTACGCATTAACC G AAAGATGAT AG
SEQ ID NO: 22 H. zea Z9 desaturase
ATGGCTCCAAA TATCGGAGGATGTGAACGGGGTGCTCTTCGAGAGTGATGCAG CGACGCCGGACTTAGCGTTATCCACGCCGCCTGTGCAGAAGGCTGACAACAGGCC CAAGCAATTAGTGTGGAGGAACATACTATTATTCGCGTATCTTCACTTAGCGGCT CTTTACGGAGGTTATTTATTCCTCTTCTCAGCTAAATGGCAGACAGACATATTTG CCTACATCTTATATGTGATCTCCGGGCTTGGTATCACGGCTGGAGCACATCGCTT ATGGGCCCACAAGTCCTACAAAGCTAAATGGCCTCTCCGAGTTATCTTAGTCATC TTTAACACAGTGGCATTCCAGGATGCCGCTATGGACTGGGCGCGCGACCACCGCA TGCATCACAAGTACTCGGAAACCGATGCTGATCCTCATAATGCGACCCGAGGATT CTTCTTCTCTCACATTGGCTGGTTACTTGTCAGGAAACATCCCGACCTTAAGGAG AAGGGCAAGGGACTCGACATGAGCGACTTACTTGCTGACCCCATTCTCAGGTTCC AGAAAAAATACTACTTAATCTTAATGCCCTTGGCTTGCTTCGTGATGCCTACCGT GATTCCTGTGTACTTCTGGGGTGAAACCTGGACCAACGCATTCTTTGTGGCGGCC ATGTTCCGCTACGCGTTCATCCTAAATGTGACGTGGCTCGTCAACTCTGCCGCTC ACAAGTGGGGAG C AGCCC ACGAC AAAGCAT AGCCTTCCGAAAAC GTC GGTCGCCATGTTCGCTCTCGGAGAAGGATTCCACAACTACCACCACACTTTCCCT TGGGACTACAAAACTGCTGAGTTAGGCAACAACAAACTCAACTTCACTACCACCT TTATTAACTTCTTCGCTAAAATTGGCTGGGCTTACGACTTAAAGACAGTGTCTGA TGATATCGTCAAGAACAGGGTGAAGCGCACTGGTGACGGCTCCCACCACTTATGG GGCTGGGGAGACGAAAATCAATCCAAAGAAGAAATTGATGCCGCTATCAGA¾TCA ATCCTAAGGACGAT AA
SEQ ID NO: 23 T, pseudonana Zll desaturase
ATGGACTTTCTCTCX;GGCGATCCTTTCCGGACACTCGTCCTTGCAGCACTTGTTG TCATCGGATTTGCTGCGGCGTGGCAATGCTTCTACCCGCCGAGCATCGTCGGCAA GCCTCGTACATTAAGCAATGGTAAACTCAATACCAGAATCCATGGCAAATTGTAC GACCTCTCATCGTTTCAGCATCCAGGAGGCCCCGTGGCTCTTTCTCTTGTTCAAG GTCGCGACGGAACAGCTCTATTTGAGTCACACCATCCCTTCATACCTCGAAAGAA TCTACTTCAGATCCTCTCCAAGTACGAGGTTCCGTCGACTGAAGACTCTGTTTCC TTCATCGCCACCCTAGACGAACTCAATGGTGAATCTCCGTACGATTGGAAGGACA TTGAAAATGATGATTTCGTATCTGACCTACGAGCTCTCGTAATTGAGCACTTTTC TCCTCTCGCCAAGGAAAGGGGAGTTTCACTCGTTGAGTCGTCGAAGGCAACACCT CAGCGGTGGATGGTGGTTCTATTACTCCTTGCGTCGTTCTTCCTCAGCATCCCAT TAT TTTGAGTGGTTCGTGGACTTTCGTTGTCGTCACTCCCATCCTCGCTTGGTT AGCGGTTGTCAATTACTGGCACGATGCTACTCACTTTGCATTGAGCAGCAACTGG ATTTTGAATGCTGCGCTCCCATATCTCCTCCCTCTCCTATCGAGTCCGTCAATGT GGTATCATCATCACGTCATTGGACATCACGCATACACXIAACATTTCCAAAAGAGA TCCAGATCTTGCTCACGCTCCACAACTCATGAGAGAACACAAGAGTATCAAATGG AGACCATCTCACTTAAATCAAACACAGCTTCCGCGGATTCTCTTCATCTGGTCGA TTGCAGTCGGTATTGGGTTGAACTTATTAAACGACGTGAGAGCACTAACCAAGCT TTCATACAACAACGTTGTTCGGGTGGAGAAGATGTCATCGTCGCGAACATTACTC CATTTCCTTGGACG ATGTTGCACATCTTTGTGAG ACACTTTGGCCCTTTTTGG CGTTTCCGGTGTGGAAGGCCATCGTTTGGGCGACTGTACCGAATGCCATATTAAG TTTGTGCTTCATGTTAAATACGCAAATCAATCACCTCATCAACACGTGTGCACAT GCTTCCGATAACAACTTTTACAAGCATCAAGTTGTAACTGCTCAGAACTTTGGCC GATCAAGTGCCTTTTGCTTCATCTTCTCGGGAGGTCTCAACTACCAAATTGAACA TCATTTGTTGCCGACGGTGAACCATTGCCATTTGCCAGCTTTGGCCCCGGGTGTA GAGCGTTTGTGTAAGAAACACGGGGTGACATACAACTCTGTTGAAGGATACAGAG AGGCCATCATTGCACACTTTGCACATACCAAAGATATGTCGACGAAGCCTACTGA
TTGA
SEQ ID NO: 24 Native T. ni Zll desaturase
ATGGCTGTGATGGCTCAAACAGTACAAGAAACGGCTACAGTGTTGGAAGAGGAAG CTCGCACAGTGACTCTTGTGGCTCCAAAGACAACGCCAAGGAAATATAAATATAT ATACACCAACTTTCTTACATTTTCATATGCGCATTTAGCTGCATTATACGGACTT TATTTGTGCTTCACCTCTGCGAAATGGGAAACATTGCTATTCTCTTTCGTACTCT TCCACATGTCAAATATAGGCATCACCGCAGGGGCTCACCGACTCTGGACTCACAA GACTTTCAAAGCCAAATTGCCTTTGGAAATTGTCCTCATGATATTCAACTCTTTA GCCTTTCAAAACACGGCTATTACATGGGCTAGAGAACATCGGCTACATCACAAAT ACAGCGATACTGATGCTGATCCCCACAATGCGTCAAGAGGGTTCTTCTACTCGCA TGTTGGCTGGCTATTAGTAAAAAAACATCCCGATGTCCTGAAATATGGAAAAACT ATAGACATGTCGGATGTAT CAATAATCCTGTGTTAAAATTTCAGAAAAAGTACG CAGTACCCTTAATTGGAACAGTTTGTTTTGCTCTGCCAACTTTGATTCCAGTCTA CTGTTGGGGCGAATCGTGGAACAACGCTTGGCACATAGCCTTATTTCGA ACATA TTCAATCTTAACGTGACTTTCCTAGTCAACAGTGCTGCGCATATCTGGGGGAATA AGCCTTATGATAAAAGCATCTTGCCCGCTCAAAACCTGCTGGTTTCCTTCCTAGC AAGTGGAGAAGGCTTCCATAATTACCATCACGTCTTTCCATGGGATTACCGCACA GCAGAATTAGGGAATAACTTCCTGAATTTGACGACGCTGTTCATTGATTTTTGTG CCTGGTTTGGATGGGCTTATGACTTGAAGTCTGTATCAGAGGATATTATAAAACA GAGAGCTAAACGAACAGGTGACGGTTCTTCAGGGGTCATTTGGGGATGGGACGAC AAAGACATGGACCGCGATATAAAATCTAAAGCTAACA TTTTTATGCTAAAAAGG
AATGA
SEQ ID NO: 25 H. zea Zll desaturase
ATGGCCCAAAGCTATCAATCAACTACGGTTTTGAGTGAGGAGAAAGAACTAACAC TGCAACATTTGGTGCCCCAAGCATCGCCCAGGAAGTATCAAATAGTGTATCCGAA CCTCATTACGTTTGGTTACTGGCACATAGCCGGACTTTATGGCCTTTACTTGTGC TTCACTTCTGCTAAATGGGCTACGATTTTATTCAGCTACATCCTCTTCGTGTTAG CAGAAATAGGAATCACGGCTGGCGCTCACAGACTCTGGGCCCACAAAACTTACAA AGCGAAACTACCATTAGAAATACTCTTAATGGTATTCAACTCCATCGCTTTTCAA AACTCAGCCATTGACTGGGTGAGGGACCACCGACTCCACCATAAGTATAGCGATA CAGATGCTGATCCCXIACAATGCCAGCCGAGGGTTCTTTTATTCCCATGTAGGATG GCTACTTGTGAGAAAACATCCTGAAGTCAAAAAGCGAGGGAAAGAACTCAATATG TCCGATATTTACAACAATCCTGTCCTGCGGTTTCAGAAAAAATACGCCATACCCT TCATTGGGGCTGTTTGTTTCGCCTTACCTACAATGATACCTGTTTACTTCTGGGG AGAAACCTGGTCCAATGCTTGGCATATCACCATGCTTCGCTACATCATGAACCTC AATGTCACCTTTTTGGTAAACAGCGCTGCTCATATATGGGGAAACAAGCCTTATG ACGCAAAAATATTACCTGCACAAAATGTAGCTGTGTCGGTCGCCACTGGTGGAGA AGGTTTCCATAATTACCACCATGTCTTCCCCTGGGATTATCGAGCAGCGGAACTC GGTAACAATAGCCTCAATCTGACGACTAAATTCA GATTTATTCGCAGCAATCG GATGGGCATATGATCTGAAGACGGTTTCGGAGGATATGATAAAACAAAGGATTAA ACGCACTGGAGATGGAACGGATCTTTGGGGACACGAACAAAACTGTGATGAAGTG TGGGATGTAAAAGATAAATCAAGTTAA
SEQ ID NO: 26 T. ni Zll desaturase Homo sapiens optimized
ATGGCCGTGATGGCCCAGACCGTGCAGGAGACCGCAACAGTGCTGGAGGAGGAGG CAAGGACCGTGACACTGGTGGCACCCAAGACCACACCTAGAAAGTACAAGTATAT C ACACCAAC TCCTGACCTTCAGCTACGCACACCTGGCCGCCCTGTATGGACTG TACCTGTGCTTTACCTCCGCCAAGTGGGAGACACTGCTGTTCTCTTTTGTGCTGT TCCACATGAGCAATATCGGAATCACCGCAGGAGCACACAGGCTGTGGACCCACAA GACATTCAAGGCCAAGCTGCCTCTGGAGATCGTGCTGATGATCTTCAACTCTCTG GCCTTTCAGAATACCGCCATCACATGGGCCCGGGAGCACAGACTGCACCACAAGT A AGCGACACCGATGCAGACCCACACAACGCAAGCAGGGGCTTCTTTTACTCCCA CGTGGGCTGGCTGCTGGTGAAGAAGCACCCCGACGTGCTGAAGTATGGCAAGACA ATCGACATGTCCGACGTGTACAACAATCCCGTGCTGAAGTTTCAGAAGAAGTATG CCGTGCCTCTGATCGGCACCGTGTGCTTCGCCCTGCCAACACTGATCCCCGTGTA TTGTTGGGGCGAGTCTTGGAACAATGCCTGGCACATCGCCCTGTTCCGGTACATC TTTAACCTGAATGTGACCTTTCTGGTGAACTCCGCCGCCCACATCTGGGGCAATA AGCCTTACGACAAGTCTATCCTGCCAGCCCAGAACCTGCTGGTGTCCTTCCTGGC CTCTGGCGAGGGCTTTCACAATTATCACCACGTGTTCCCATGGGACTACAGGACC GCAGAGCTGGGCAACAATTTTCTGAACCTGACCACACTGTTCATCGATTTTTGTG CC GGTTCGGCTGGGCCTATGACCTGAAGTCTGTGAGCGAGGA A CA CAAGCA GAGGGCAAAGAGGACAGGCGATGGCAGCTCCGGCGTGATCTGGGGATGGGACGAT AAGGATATGGACAGAGATA CAAGAGCAAGGCCAATATCTTCTACGCCAAGAAGG
AGTGA
SEQ ID NO: 27 H. zea Zll desaturase Homo sa iens optimized
ATGGCACAG CATATCAGAGCAC'IACCGTCCTGAGCGAAGAGAAGGAACTGACAC TGCAGCACCTGGTCCCACAGGCATCACCTAGAAAGTACCAGATCGTG ATCCAAA CCTGATCACCTTCGGCTACTGGCACATCGCCGGCCTGTACGGCCTGTATCTGTGC TTTACCTCCGCCAAGTGGGCCACAATCCTGTTCTCTTACATCCTGTTTGTGCTGG CAGAGATCGGAATCACCGCAGGAGCACACAGACTGTGGGCACACAAGACATATAA GGCCAAGCTGCCCCTGGAGATCCTGCTGATGGTGTTCAACAGCATCGCCTTTCAG AATTCCGCCATCGATTGGGTGCGGGACCACAGACTGCACCACAAGTACTCCGACA CCGATGCCGACCCCCACAACGCCTCTAGGGGCTTCTTTTA AGCCACG GGGATG GCTGCTGGTGCGGAAGCACCCTGAGGTGAAGAAGAGAGGCAAGGAGCTGAATATG TCTGATATCTACAACAATCCTGTGCTGCGCTTCCAGAAGAAGTATGCCATCCCAT TCATCGGCGCCGTGTGCTTTGCCCTGCCCACCATGATCCCCGTGTACTTTTGGGG CGAGACATGGAGCAACGCCTGGCACA CACAATGCTGCGGTATATCATGAACCTG AATGTGACATTCCTGGTGAACTCCGCCGCCCACATCTGGGGCAATAAGCCATACG ACGCCAAGATCCTGCCCGCCCAGAACGTGGCCGTGAGCGTGGCAACCGGAGGAGA GGGCTTCCACAATTACCACCACGTGTTTCCTTGGGATTATCGGGCCGCCGAGCTG GGCAACAATTCTCTGAATCTGACCACAAAGTTCATCGACCTGTTTGCCGCCATCG GCTGGGCCTATGATCTGAAGACAGTGAGCGAGGACATGATCAAGCAGAGGATCAA GCGCACCGGCGATGGCACAGACCTGTGGGGGCACGAGCAGAACTGTGATGAAGTG TGGGATGTGAAAGACAAGTCCTCCTAA
SEQ ID NO: 28 Y. lipolytics OLE1 leader - T. ni Zll desaturase Homo sapiens optimized
ATGGTGAAGAACGTGGACCAGGTGGATCTGTCTCAGGTGGACACCATCGCAAGCG GAAGGGATGTGAATTATAAGGTGAAGTACACATCTGGCGTGAAGACCACACCAAG AAAGTACAAGT ATCTACACCAACTTCCTGACATTTTCTTACGCCCACCTGGCC GCCCTGTATGGCCTGTACCTGTGCTTTACCAGCGCCAAGTGGGAGACACTGCTGT TCTCCTTTGTGCTGTTCCAC TGTCTAATATCGGAATCACCGCAGGAGCACACAG GCTGTGGACCCACAAGACATTCAAGGCCAAGCTGCCCCTGGAGATCGTGCTGATG ATCTTCAACTCCCTGGCCTTTCAGAATACCGCCATCACATGGGCCCGGGAGCACA GACTGCACCACAAGTATTCTGACACCGATGCAGACCCACACAACGCAAGCAGGGG CTTCTTTTACTCCCACGTGGGCTGGCTGCTGGTGAAGAAGCACCCTGACGTGCTG AAGTATGGCAAGACAATCGACATGAGCGACGTGTACAACAATCCTGTGCTGAAGT TTCAGAAGAAGTATGCCGTGCCACTGATCGGCACCGTGTGCTTCGCCCTGCCCAC ACTGATCCCCGTGTACTGTTGGGGCGAGTCCTGGAACAATGCCTGGCACATCGCC CTGTTCCGGTACATCTTTAACCTGAATGTGACCTTTCTGGTGAACAGCGCCGCCC ACATCTGGGGCAATAAGCCATACGACAAGTCCATCCTGCCCGCCCAGAACCTGCT GGTGTCCTTCCTGGCCTCTGGCGAGGGCTTTCACAATTATCACCACGTGTTCCCT TGGGACTACAGGACCGCAGAGCTGGGCAACAATTTTCTGAACCTGACCAC C GT TCATCGATTTTTGTGCCTGGTTCGGCTGGGCCTATGACCTGAAGTCTGTGAGCGA GGATATCATCAAGCAGAGGGCAAAGAGGACAGGCGATGGCAGCTCCGGCGTGATC TGGGGATGGGACGATAAGGATATGGACAGAGATA CAAGTCCAAGGCCAATATCT TCTACGCCAAGAAGGAGTGA
SEQ ID NO: 29 Y. lipolytlca OLE1 leader - H. zea Zll desaturase Homo
Figure imgf000228_0001
ATGGTGAAAAACGTGGACCAAGTGGATCTCTCGCAGGTCGACACCATTGCCTCCG GCCGAGATGTCAACTACAAGGTCAAGTACACCTCCGGCGTTCGCAAGTATCAGAT CGTGTATCCTAACCTGATCACCTTCGGCTACTGGCATATCGCTGGACTGTACGGA CTGTATCTGTGCTTCACTTCCGCCAAGTGGGCCACCATCCTGTTCTCTTACATCC TGTTTGTGCTGGCAGAGATCGGAATCACCGCAGGAGCACACAGACTGTGGGCACA CAAGACATATAAGGCCAAGCTGCCACTGGAGATCCTGCTGATGGTGTTCAACAGC ATCGCCTTTCAGAATTCCGCCATCGATTGGGTGCGGGACCACAGACTGCACCACA AGTACTCCGACACAGATGCCGACCCCCACAACGCCTCTAGGGGCTTCTTTTATAG CCACGTGGGATGGCTGCTGGTGCGGAAGCACCCTGAGGTGAAGAAGAGAGGCAAG GAGCTGAATATGTCTGATATCTACAACAATCCTGTGCTGCGCTTCCAGAAGAAGT ATGCCATCCCATTCATCGGCGCCGTGTGCTTTGCCCTGCCCACCATGATCCCCGT GTACTTTTGGGGCGAGACATGGAGCAACGCCTGGCACATCACAATGCTGCGGTAT ATCATGAACCTGAATGTGACATTCCTGGTGAACTCCGCCGCCCACATCTGGGGCA ATAAGCCATACGACGCCAAGATCCTGCCCGCCCAGAACGTGGCCGTGAGCGTGGC AACCGGAGGAGAGGGCTTCCACAATTACCACCACGTGTTTCCATGGGATTATAGG GCAGCAGAGCTGGGAAACAATTCTCTGAATCTGACCACAAAGTTCATCGACCTGT TTGCCGCCATCGGCTGGGCCTATGATCTGAAGACAGTGAGCGAGGACATGATCAA GCAGAGGATCAAGCGCACCGGCGATGGCACAGACCTGTGGGGGCACGAGCAGAAT TGTGA GAAGTG GGGATGTGAAGGA AAAAGCAGTTGA
SEQ ID NO: 30 Native A. transi tella Zll desaturase
ATGGTCCCTAACAAGGGTTCCAGTGACGTTTTGTCTGAACATTCTGAGCCCCAGT TCACTAAACTCATAGCTCCACAAGCAGGGCCGAGGAAATACAAGATAGTGTATCG AAATTTGCTCACATTCGGCTATTGGCACTTATCAGCTGTTTATGGGCTCTACTTG TGCTTTACTTGTGCGAAATGGGCTACCATCTTATTTGCATTTTTCTTATACGTGA TCGCGGAFIATCGGTATAACAGGTGGCGCTCATAGGCTATGGGCACATCGGACTTA TAAAGCCAAGTTGCCTTTAGAGATTTTGTTACTCATAATGAATTCTATTGCCTTC CAAGACACTGCTTTCACCTGGGCI :GAGATCACCGCCTTCATCACAAATATTCGG ATACTGACGCTGATCCCCACAATGCTACCAGAGGGTTTTTCTATTCACATGTAGG CTGGCTTTTGGTGAAGAAACACCCTGAAGTCAAAGCAAGAGGAAAATACTTGTCG TTAGATGATCTTAAGAATAATCCATTGCTTAAATTCCAAAAGAAATACGCTATTC TAGTTATAGGCACGTTA GCTTCCTTATGCCAACATTTGTGCCCGTATACTTCTG GGGCGAGGGCATCAGCACGGCCTGGAACATCAATCTATTGCGATACGTCATGAAT CTTAACATGACTTTCTTAGTTAACAGTGCAGCGCATATCTTTGGCAACAAACCAT ACGATAAGAGCATAGCCTCAGTCCAAAATATTTCAGTTAGCTTAGCTACTTTTGG CGAAGGATTCCATAATTACCATCACACTTACCCCTGGGATTATCGTGCGGCAGAA TTAGGAAATAATAGGCTAAATATGACTACTGCTTTCATAGATTTCTTCGCTTGGA TCGGCTGGGCTTATGACTTGAAGTCTGTGCCACAAGAGGCCATTGCAAAAAGGTG TGCGAAAACTGGCGATGGAACGGATATGTGGGGTCGAAAAAGATAA
SEQ ID NO: 31 pPV0228 - Zll Helicoverpa zea desaturase
ATGGCCCAAAGCTATCAATCAACTACGGTTTTGAGTGAGGAGAAAGAACTAACAT TACAACATTTGGTGCCCCAAGCATCGCCCAGGAAGTATCAAATAGTGTATCCGAA CCTCATTACGTTTGGTTACTGGCACATAGCCGGACTTTATGGCCTTTACTTGTGC TTCACTTCTGCTAAATGGGCTACGATTTTATTCAGCTACATCCTCTTCGTGTTAG CAGAAATAGGAAT'CACGGCTGGCGCTCACAGACTCTGGGCCCACAAAACTTACAA AGCGAAACTACCATTAGAAAIACI :TTAATGGTATTCAACTCCATCGCTTTTCAA AACTCAGCCATTGACTGGGTGAGGGACCACCGACTCCACCATAAGTATAGCGATA CAGATGCTGATCCCCACAATGCCAGCCGAGGGTTCTTTTATTCCCATGTAGGATG GCTACTTGTGAGAAAACATCCTGAAGTCAAAAAGCGAGGGAAAGAACTCAATATG I CGATATTTACAACAATCCTGTCTTACGGTTTCAGAAAAAATACGCCATACCCT TCATTGGGGCTGTTTGTTTCGCCTTACCTACAATGATACCTGTTTACTTCTGGGG AGAAACCTGGTCCAATGCTTGGCATATCACCATGCTTCGCTACATCATGAACCTC AATGTCACCTTTTTGGTAAACAGCGCTGCTCATATATGGGGAAACAAGCCTTATG ACGCAAAAATATTACCTGCACAAAATGTAGCTGTGTCGGTCGCCACTGGTGGAGA
AGGTTTCCAiTAiATTAiCCAiC.CATGTCTTCCCCTGGGATTAiTCGAGCAiGCGGA.ACTC GGTAACAATAGCCTCAATTTAACGACTAAATTCATAGATTTATTCGCAGCAATCG GATGGGCATATGATTTAAAGACGGTTTCGGAGGATATGATAAAACAAAGGATTAA ACGC ACTGGAG ATGG AACGG AT CTTTGGGGACACGAAC AAAACTGTGATG AAGT G TGGGATGTAAAAGATAAATCAAGTTAA
SEQ ID NO: 32 pPV0228 ~ Helicoverpa armigera reductase codon
optimized
ATGGTCGTTTTAAGTTCTAAAGAGACAAAACCTTCAGTAGCTGAGTTTTATGCGG GAAAATCTGTTTTTATTACGGGTGGCACTGGATTCCTTGGAAAGGTATTCATAGA GAAACTTTTATATAGCTGTCCAGATATCGAGAATATCTACATGCTCATACGAGAG AAGAAAGGTCTTTCTGTTAGCGAAAGAA AAAACAG CCTTGA GACCCGC CT TTACCAGACTAAAAGACAAAAGACCAGC GACTTAGAGAAGATTGTATTAA ACC AGGAGATATTACTGCTCCTGACTTAGGCATTAATTCTGAAAACGAGAAGATGCTT ATAGAGAAGGTATCGGTGATTATTCATTCGGCTGCTACGGTGAAGTTTAATGAGC CTCTCCCTACGGCTTGGAAGA CAACGTGGAAGGA CCAGAA GATGTT GCTTT GAGTCGAAGAATGAAGCGGATTGAGGTTTTCATTCACA ATCGACAGCA ACACG AACACAAACAGGGAAGTGGTTGACGAGATCTTATACCCAGCTCCTGCTGATATCG ACCAAGTTCATCAGTATGTCAAAGATGGAATCTCTGAGGAAGACACTGAGAAAAT ATTAAATGGTCGTCCAAATACGTACACGTTTACGAAAGCGTTAACTGAGCATTTA GTTGCTGAGAACCAAGCCTACGTACCCACTATTATCGTCAGGCCGTCAGTCGTGG CAGC A AAAAGATGAGCCATTAAAAGGTTGGTTAGGCAACTGGTTTGGAGCGAC TGGTCTCACCGTGTTCACCGCTAAGGGTCTCAACCGAGTCATCTACGGTCATTCT AGCTACATCGTAGACTTAATTCCTGTGGATTATGTCGCTAATTTAGTGATTGCTG CTGGGGCTAAGAGTAGCAAGTCAACTGAGTTGAAGGTATACAACTGCTGCAGCAG CTCCTGCAATCCCGTCACTATTGGCACGTTAATGAGCATGTTTGCTGACGATGCC ATCAAACAGAAGTCGTATGCTATGCCGCTACCGGGGTGGTACATATTCACGAAAT ATAAGTGGTTAGTTCTTCTTTTAACATTTCTCTTCCAAGTTATACCGGCGTATGT CACAGATCTCTCCAGGCACTTGATTGGGAAGAGTCCACGGTACATAAAACTCCAA TCACTAGTAAATCAAACGCGCTCTTCAATCGACTTCTTCACGAATCACTCCTGGG TGATGAAGGCAGACAGAGTGAGAGAGTTATATGCGTCTCTTTCCCCCGCAGACAA GTACTTATTTCCCTGTGATCCTACGGACATTAACTGGACACATTACATACAAGAC TACTGTTGGGGAGTCCGACATTTTTTGGAGAAAAAAAGCTACGAATAA
SEQ ID NO: 33 pPV0228 - ICL promoter
TATTAGGCGAAGAGGCATCTAGTAGTAGTGGCAGTGGTGAGAACGTGGGCGCTGC TATAGTGAACAATCTCCAGTCGATGGTTAAGAAGAAGAGTGACAAACCAGCAGTG AATGACTTGTCTGGGTCCGTGAGGAAAAGAAAGAAGCCCGACACAAAGGACAGTA ACGTCAAGAAACCCAAGAAATAGGGGGGACCTGTTTAGATGTATAGGAATAAAAA CTCCGAGATGATCTCAATGTGTAATGGAGTTGTAATATTGCAAAGGGGGAAAATC AAGACTCAAACGTGTGTATGAGTGAGCGTACGTATATCTCCGAGAGTAGTATGAC ATAATGATGACTGTGAATCATCGTAATCTCACACAAAAACCCCATTGTCGGCCAT ATACCACACCAAGCAACACCACATATCCCCCGGAAAAAAAAACGTGAAAAAAAGA AACAATCAAAACTACAACCTACTCCTTGATCACACAGTCATTGATCAAGTTACAG TTCCTGCTAGGGAATGACCAAGGTACAAATCAGCACCTTAATGGTTAGCACGCTC TCTTACTCTCTCTCACAGTCTTCCGGCCCCTATTCΑΑΆΆΤTCTGCACTTCCATTT GACCCCAGGGTTGGGAAACAGGGCCAC AAAGAAAAACCCGACGTGAATGAAAAA ACTAAGAAAAGAAAAAAAATTATCACACCAGAAATTTACCTAATTGGGTAATTCC CATCGGTGTTTTTCCTGGATTGTCGCACGCACGCATGCTGAAAAAAGTGTTCGAG TTTTGCTTTTGCCTCGGAGTTTCACGCAAGTTTTTCGATCTCGGAACCGGAGGGC GGTCGCCTTGTTGTTTGTGATGTCGTGCTTTGGGTGTTCTAATGTGCTGTTATTG TGCTCTTTTTTTTTCTTCTTTTTTTGGTGATCATATGATATTGCTCGGTAGATTA CTTTCGTGTGTAGGTATTCTTTTAGACGTTTGGTTATTGGGTAGATATGAGAGAG AGAGAGTGGGTGGGGGAGGAGTTGGTTGTAGGAGGGACCCCTGGGAGGAAGTGTA GTTGAGTTTTCCCTGACGAATGAAAA ACGTTTTTGAGAAGA AATACAGGAAAG GTGTGTCGGTGAATTTCCATCTATCCGAGGATATGAGTGGAGGAGAGTCGTGTGC GTGTGGTTAATTTAGGATCAGTGGAACACACAAAGTAACTAAGACAGAGAGACAG AGAGAAAAATCTGGGGAAGAGAC AAGAGTCAGAGTGTGTGAGTTATTCTGTATT GTGAAATTTTTTTGCCCAACTACATAATATTGCTGAAACTAATTTTACTTAAAAA GAAAAGCCAACAACGTCCCCAGTAAAACTTTTCTATAAATATCAGCAGTTTTCCC TTTCCTCCATTCCTCTTCTTGTCTTTTTTCTTACTTTCCCTTTTTTATACCTTTT CATTATCATCCTTTATAATTGTCTAACCAACAACT TATATCTATCAA
SEQ ID NO: 34 pPV0228 - TEF Candida tropicalis promoter region
AGGAAGACAACCAAAAGAAAGATCAAATTGACTAAATGTTGAACAGACCAAAAAA AAAGAACAACAAATAGATAAATTACAACATATTAATCTTTTGATATGTTGTTGAA TATTCTAGTAAATCTAATGATCTCAATAGTGGTTATCATTCACTCTCTTCGTCCT CCTCTCTCCCCTCCTCCTCTTGCAGT TATTAAAAGCAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAGAAAATCTGCCAACACAC CAAAAAAAACTTACATAGTCGTGTACCAGTGTCA A ATTTCACCAGCGCAGAGAAAAGAAGATGAACAGAAAAATTTTCTCTTTGGTTT TGTCTTTGGTTTTGTAT AATC CA TGΑΆΆΑΑΤTTTTTC C C CTCTCTCTCT CTCTCTCACTCACACACTCACTCGCATTTCGTTTGGGTTACAGCAGAAGTCAGAC AG AAAAAAAAATCGTATA AC C CATCAAA GCCCTAGAGΑΑΆΑΑ CT TCTATCCTTTTTTTTTTCTTCTTCTTCTTCTTTTCCTTTTTTCTTTTAGAAGATC TTTTTGAATTCATCAAAGA A ATATTTAATCAATC
SEQ ID NO: 35 pPV0228 - ICL terminator
AAGAAAAAAGAAAAGGTAAAGAACTTCATTTGAGATGAACTTTTGTATATGACTT TTAGTTTCTACTTTTTTTTTTATTTATTGCTTAATTTTCTTTATTTCAATCCCCC ATAGTTTGTGTAGAATATATTTATTCATTCTGGTAACTCAAACACGTAGCAAGCT CGTTGCATCTCGCCTCGTCACGGGTACAGCTCTGGAACCAAAGACAAAAAAAAAA GTTGATCCGAACCCTCTCGCTATTCCTTGCTATGCTATCCACGAGATGGGGTTTA TCAGCCCAGGCAAGTCACTAAA
SEQ ID NO: 36 pPV0228 ~ TEF terminator
GCTGATTAATGAATAATTAATAAGTATTGTTTTTTTTGTTTTTAATATATATATATCT TGAAATTAGTATAAAAAAAATCTTTTTTTTTTCTTTTTTATTTATTTTATCAATAGTT TATATATATATATATATAAACTTGTAAGAGATTAGGTATATCTAACAGTGATACTACT AATAGTGCTTAATATCTTTGTTAAACAAGAAAATAAAATAAAC
SEQ ID NO: 37 SapI-tLIP2-pEXPl-HA FAP.-SapI (insert into pPV199
creating pPV247)
GCCTGAAGAGCGC ATT ATCACTCTT AGAACTTC AGCTCAAC ATC AGT T AATAAATGAATATCGTTTATTCTCTATGAT AGTGTA ATGCGTTCC CCA TGGGAGTTTGGCGCCCGTTTTTTCGAGCCCCACACGTTTCGGTGAG ATGAGC GGCGGCAGATTCGAGCGTTTCCGGTTTCCGCGGCTGGACGAGAGCCCATGATG GGGGCTCCCACCACCAGCAATCAGGGCCCTGATTACACACCCACCTGTAATGT CATGCTGTTCATCG GG AATGCTGCTGTG GCTG G G G G GTTG TTG GCGCTCATTGTTGCGTTATGCAGCGTACACCACAATATTGGAAGCTTATTAGC CTTTC ATTTTTTCGTTTGCAAGGCT AACAACATTGCTGTGGAGAGGGATGG GGATATGGAGGCCGCTGGAGGGAGTCGGAGAGGCGTTTTGGAGCGGCTTGGCC TGGCGCCCAGCTCGCGAAACGCACCTAGGACCCTTTGGCACGCCGAAATGTGC CACTTTTCAGTC AGTAACGCCT AGC AGGTCATTCCATGCATGCATGTTTG CGCCTTTTTTCCCTTGCCCTTGATCGCCACACAG ACAG GCAC GTACAG G GAGGTTTTGGGGGGGTCTTAGATC4GGAGCTAAAAGCGGCCTAGCGC4 AGACTA GTGGGATTG ATGGAGTGGCATGGAGCC AGGTGGAGCCTGAGAGGACGCACG ACCGGCTAGCCCGTGACAGACGATGGGTGGCTCCTGTTGTCCACCGCGTACAA ATGTTTGGGCCAAAGTCTTGTCAGCCTTGCTTGCGAACC AA CCCAATTTT GTCACTTCGCACCCCCATTGATCGAGCCCTAACCCCTGCCCATCAGGCAATCC AATTAAGCTCGCATTGTCTGCCTTGTTTAGTTTGGCTCCTGCCCGTTTCGGCG TCCACTTGCACAAACACAAACAAGCATTATATATAAGGC CGTCTCTCCCTCC CAACCACACTCACTTTTTTGCCCGTCTTCCCTTGCTAACACAAAAGTCAAGAA CACAAACAACCACCCCAACCCCCTTACACACAAGACATATCTACAGCAATGGT GGTGCTGACCAGCAAGGAGACAAAGCCTTCCGTGGCCGAGTTCTAGGCCGGCA AGTCCGTGTTTATCACAGGCGGCACCGGCTTCCTGGGCAAGGTGTTTATCGAG AAGCTGCTGTAGTC TGCCCAGACATCGAGAACATCTATATGCTGATCCGGGA GAAGAAGGGCCTGAGCGTGTCCGAGAGAATCAAGCAGTTCCTGGACGATCCCC TGTTTACACGGCTGAAGGACAAGAGACCTGCCGATCTGGAGAAGATCGTGCTG ATCCCAGGCGACATCACCGCACCAGATCTGGGCATCAACTCCGAGAATGAGAA GATGCTGATCGAGAAGGTGTCCG GATCATCCACTCTGCCGCCACCGTGAAGT TCAACGAGCCCCTGCCTACAGCCTGGAAGATCAATGTGGAGGGCACCAGGATG ATGCTGGCCCTGAGCCGGAGAATGAAGCGCATCGAGGTGTTTATCCACATCTC CACAGCCTACACCAACACAAATCGGGAGGTGGTGGACGAGATCCTG AGCCAG CCCCCGCCGACATCGATCAGGTGCACCAGTATGTGAAGGACGGCATCAGCGAG GAGGATACCGAGAAGATCCTGAACGGCCGGCCAAATACCTACACATTCACCAA GGCCCTGACAGAGCACCTGGTGGCCGAGAACCAGGCC ATGTGCCTAGCATCA TCGTGAGACCATCCGTGGTGGCCGCCATCAAGGATGAGCCCCTGAAGGGATGG CTGGGAAACTGGTTCGGAGCAACAGGACTGACCGTG T ACAGCCAAGGGCCT GAATAGAGTGATCTACGGCCACAGCTCCTATATCGTGGACCTGATCCCCGTGG ATTACGTGGCAAACCTGGTCATCGCAGCAGGAGCCAAGTCTAGCAAGTCTACC GAGCTGAAGGTGTATAACTGCTGTTCCTCTAGCTGTAATCCTGTGACCATCGG CACACTGATGTCCATGTTCGCCGACGATGCCATCAAGCAGAAGTCTTACGCCA TGCCTCTGCCAGGCTGGTAGATCTTTAGAAAGTATAAGTGGCTGGTGCTGCTG CTGACCTTCCTGTTTCAGGTCATCCCAGCCTACGTGACCGATCTGTCTAGGCA CCTGATCGGCAAGAGCCCCCGCTATATCAAGCTGCAG CTCTGGTGAACCAGA CCAGGTCCTC ATCGACTTCTTTACAAATCACAGCTGGGTCATGAAGGCCGAT AGGGTGCGCGAGCTGTAGGCCTCTC GAGCCCTGCCGACAAGTATCTGTTCCC CTGCGACCCTAGCGATATCAATTGGACACACTACATCCAGGATTATTGTTGGG GCGTGCGCCACTTCCTGGAGAAGAAGTCCTATGAGTGAGCCTGAAGAGC
SEQ ID NO: 38 NcoI-pTAL-Alel (insert into pPV247 creating pPV248)
CCATGGGTAAGCAGGTGGCTCCGTTTGTGTCTTTGTGTTTTTCCCCTCCTTTT TGGACCATTTGTCAGCATGTTGCGTAGGTCTGGGTGTTTGACTGTTCAGGTGG TGGATGACGGATGCATCATCTGACGGCAGAGTGGGTACCTGGCAGTGGCAGGC TCGCAGACGAGGTAGAGAGATTCTGAAAGGAGCCATTGACAGATGGAGAATTG GATACTCCTGGTATGTCCTCCGTTTCCACTTTTGACGTTGGTGACGTGCTCTG GAACGACTTTTTTCTTTTTCT TAAAACAAAAAAAAGAAAGAAAAAAAAAACA TTTAGTAGTAGCAGTAGTACACCTCAACATTGGGTCCAGAACGTCCCAACTGC ATGAGTCACTGGAGTCATGCCGAGGTCGCTAAGGTGCTGTAAAATACAACGTC AATTGAGAGAGACACAGGCGGAGCGCGCCGAGGGAGAAACGAGGCATTTATCT T C T GAG CCTCCTTTT AG T C GT AAT C T G AT C C C G G AAC C G C G T C C4 CAT C CAT GTTAATTAAATCAACACTTACACTTGCTTGCTTCGTATGATGAAGATTTCTGA C T G G C A AC C C AG T C A G C AG C AG AT T G G G G C AG AT G T A G T AAT G A AAA AC AC T G C AAG G T G T GAC G T T T GAG AC AC T C CAAT T G G T T AG AAAG C GAC AAAGAAG AC G T C G G ΑΆ AAA TAG C G G A AAA AT C G AG T C T T T T T C T T T C T G C G T AT T G G G C C C T T CTGCCTCCTTTGCCGCCCTTTCCACGCTCTTTCCACACCCTCACACTCCCTGA G CAC TAT GAT C T CAT T G C G C AAT AAGAT AT AC AT G CAC G T G CAT T T G GT GAG C AC G C A.GA AC CTTGTTGGGG G AAG AT G C C C T AAC C C T A AG GGCGTTCC AT AC G G T T C GACAG AGT AAC C T T G C T GT C GAT AT AAC G CAT AT AT AG C C C C C C C C T T C G GAC CCTCCTTCT GA TCTGTTTCTG TAT C AAC AT AC AC AC AAAC AC AC AA TGGTG
[00521] The foregoing detailed description has been given for clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary limitations should be understood there from as modifications will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
[00522] While the disclosure has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the disclosure following, in general, the principles of the disclosure and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the disclosure pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.
[00523] The disclosures, including the claims, figures and/or drawings, of each and every patent, patent application, and publication cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1 . A recombinant microorganism capable of producing a mono- or polyunsaturated Ce-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses:
(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C8-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and
(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated C0-C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
2. The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 , wherein the fatty-acyl desaturase is a desaturase capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
3. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty-acyl desaturase is a Z1 1 desaturase.
4. The recombinant microorganism of claim 3, wherein the Z1 1 desaturase is from an organism of the species Agrotis segetum, Amyelois transitella, Argyrotaenia veiutiana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capiteiia, Trichoplusia ni, Heiicoverpa zea, or Thalassiosira pseudonana.
5. The recombinant microorganism of claim 3, wherein the Z1 1 desaturase catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into a monounsaturated or polyunsaturated product selected from Z1 1 -13: Acyl-CoA, E1 1 -13:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)~ 7, 1 1 -13: Acyl-CoA, Z1 1 -1 : Acyl-CoA, E1 1 -14:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-9, 1 1 -1 : Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 -14: Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9, 1 1 -14: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -14: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9, 1 1 - 15:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 1 1 -15:Acyl-CoA, Z1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, E1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)- 6, 1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-7,1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-8, 1 1 -16: Acyl-CoA, (E, E)-9, 1 1 - 16:Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-9,11-16:Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9,11-16:Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9,11~16:Acyi- CoA, (E,E)-11,13-16:Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-11 ,13-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-11,13-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-11,13-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z, E)-11,14-16: Acyl-CoA, (E, E,Z)-4,6, 11 -16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z, E)-7, 11,13-16: Acyl-CoA, (E, E,Z,Z)-4,6, 11,13-16: Acyl-CoA, Z11 -17: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-8,11-17: Acyl-CoA, Z11-18: Acyl-CoA, E11-18: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-11,13-18: Acyl- CoA, (E,E)-11,14-18: Acyl-CoA, or combinations thereof.
6. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the fatty-acyl desaturase is a Z9 desaturase.
7. The recombinant microorganism of claim 6, wherein the Z9 desaturase is from an organism of the species Ostrinia furnacalis,, Ostrinia nobilalis, Choristoneura rosaceana, Lampronia capiteiia, Helicoverpa assulta, or Heiicoverpa zea.
8. The recombinant microorganism of claim 7, wherein the Z9 desaturase catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into a monounsaturated or polyunsaturated product selected from Z9-11 :Acyl-CoA, Z9-12: Acyl-CoA, E9- 12: Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-7,9-12:Acyi-CoA, (E,Z)-7,9-12:Acyi-CoA, (Z,E)-7,9-12:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-7,9~12:Acyl-CoA, Z9-13: Acyl-CoA, E9-13: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-5,9-13:Acyi-CoA, (Z,E)-5, 9-13: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-5,9-13: Acyl-CoA, Z9-14: Acyl-CoA, E9-14: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)~4,9-14:Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-9,11-14:Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9,11-14:Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9,11- 14:Acyi-CoA, (Z,Z)-9,11-14: Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-9, 12-14: Acyl-CoA, (Z,E)-9, 12-14: Acyl- CoA, (Z,Z)-9, 12-14: Acyl-CoA, Z9-15:Acyi-CoA, E9-15: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-6,9-15: Acyl- CoA, Z9-16: Acyl-CoA, E9-16: Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-9,11-16: Acyl-CoA, (E,Z)-9,11-16: Acyl- CoA, (Z,E)-9,11-16: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9,11-16: Acyl-CoA, Z9-17: Acyl-CoA, E9-18: Acyl- CoA, Z9-18:Acyi-CoA, (E,E)-5,9-18:Acyl-CoA, (E,E)-9, 12-18: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z)-9,12- 18: Acyl-CoA, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6, 9-18: Acyl-CoA, (E,E,E)-9, 12, 15-18: Acyl-CoA, (Ζ,Ζ,Ζ)- 9,12,15-18:Acyi~CoA, or combinations thereof.
9. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl desaturases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA.
10. A recombinant microorganism capable of producing a polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated or monounsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses:
(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyi conjugase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated or mono-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and
(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
1 1. The recombinant microorganism of claim 10, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl conjugases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or monounsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated Ce-C-24 fatty acyl-CoA.
12. A recombinant microorganism capable of producing a polyunsaturated C6~C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of saturated or monounsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses:
(a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl desaturase and at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty acyl conjugase that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or mono-unsaturated C<rC24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA; and
(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the polyunsaturated C6~C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
13. The recombinant microorganism of claim 12, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding faity-acyi desaturases and at least two exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty-acyl conjugases that catalyze the conversion of a saturated or mono- unsaturated C-6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA to a corresponding polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA,
14. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 10-13, wherein the fatty-acyl conjugase is a conjugase capable of utilizing a fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate that has a chain length of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
15. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductase is from an organism of the species Agrotis segetum, Spodoptera littoralis, or Helicoverpa amigera.
16. The recombinant microorganism of claim 15, wherein the fatty-acyl reductase catalyzes the conversion of a mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA into a fatty alcohol product selected from (Z)~3-hexenoi, (Z)-3-nonenol, (Z)-5- decenoi, (E)-5-decenoi, (Z)-7-dodecenol, (E)-8-dodecenol, (Z)-8-dodecenol, (Z)-9- dodecenol, (Z)-9~tetradecenoi, (Z)-9~hexadecenoi, (Z)-1 1 -tetradecenoi, (Z)-7- hexadecenoi, (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenoi, (E)-1 1 -tetradecenol, or (Z,Z)-1 1 , 13- hexadecadienol, (1 1 Z, 13E)-hexadecadienoi, (E,E)~8, 10-dodecadienoi, (E,Z)~7,9~ dodecadienol, (Z)-13-octadecenol, or combinations thereof.
17. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses at least two exogenous nucieic acid molecules encoding fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyl reductases that catalyze the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (a) into the corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated -C24 fatty alcohol.
18. A recombinant microorganism capable of producing a mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of C6-C24 fatty acid, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acyl-ACP synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acid to a corresponding saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP;
(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl- ACP desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP;
(c) one or more endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP from (b) to a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acyl-ACP with a two carbon elongation relative to the product of (b);
(d) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyi reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated Ce-C24 fatty acyl-ACP from (c) into the corresponding C6-C24 fatty aldehyde; and
(e) at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated Ce~ C24 fatty aldehyde from (d) into a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol.
19. The recombinant microorganism of claim 18, wherein the acyl-ACP synthetase is a synthetase capable of utilizing a fatty acid as a substrate that has a chain length of 8, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
20. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 18-19, wherein the acyl-ACP synthetase is from an organism of the species Vibrio harveyi, Rhodotorula giuiinis, or Yarrowia iipoiytica.
21. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 18-20, wherein the fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase is a soluble desaturase.
22. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 18-20, wherein the fatty-acyi-ACP desaturase is from an organism of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asclepias syriaca, or Uncaria tomentosa.
23. The recombinant microorganism of any of claims 18-22, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex are endogenous nucleic acid molecules.
24. The recombinant microorganism of any of claims 18-22, wherein the one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a fatty acid synthase complex are exogenous nucleic acid molecules.
25. The recombinant microorganism of any of claims 18-24, wherein the fatty aldehyde forming fatty-acyl reductase is from an organism of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asclepias syriaca, and Uncaria tomentosa.
28. The recombinant microorganism of any of claims 18-25, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase is endogenous to the recombinant microorganism.
27. The recombinant microorganism of any of claims 18-25, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase is exogenous to the recombinant microorganism.
28. The recombinant microorganism of any of claims 18-25, wherein the endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a dehydrogenase is isolated from organisms of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Yarrowia lipolytica, or Candida tropicaiis.
29. A recombinant microorganism capable of producing an unsaturated 06~024 fatty alcohol from an endogenous or exogenous source of C6-C24 fatty acid, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses: (a) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acyl-ACP synthetase that catalyzes the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty acid to a corresponding saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP;
(b) at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty-acyl- ACP desaturase that catalyzes the conversion of a saturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-ACP;
(c) at least one exogenous fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or poly-unsaturated Ce~C24 fatty acyl-ACP from (b) to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acid;
(d) one or more endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecules encoding an eiongase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA derived from CoA activation of the mono- or polyunsaturated C8-C24 fatty acid from (c) to a corresponding mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA with a two carbon or greater elongation relative to the product of (c); and
(e) : at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a fatty alcohol forming fatty-acyi reductase that catalyzes the conversion of the mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty acyl-CoA from (d) into a corresponding mono- or polyunsaturated Ce~C24 fatty alcohol.
30. The recombinant microorganism of claim 29, wherein the acyl-ACP synthetase is a synthetase capable of utilizing a fatty acid as a substrate that has a chain length of 8, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24 carbon atoms.
31. The recombinant microorganism of claim 29 or 30, wherein the acyl-ACP synthetase is from an organism of the species Vibrio haiveyi, Rhodotorula glutinis, or Yarrowia iipo!ytica.
32. The recombinant microorganism of any one of ciaims 29-31 , wherein the fatty-acyl-ACP desaturase is a soluble desaturase.
33. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 29-31 , wherein the fatty-acyi-ACP desaturase is from an organism of the species Pelargonium hortorum, Asclepias syriaca, or Uncaria tomentosa.
34. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an alcohol oxidase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, wherein the alcohol oxidase or alcohol dehydrogenase is capable of catalyzing the conversion of a C6-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding C6-C24 fatty aldehyde.
35. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the recombinant microorganism further comprises at least one endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding an acetyl transferase capable of catalyzing the conversion of a C8-C24 fatty alcohol into a corresponding C6-C24 fatty acetate.
38. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the recombinant microorganism expresses one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding a protein or polypeptide which is toxic to an insect,
37. The recombinant microorganism of claim 36, wherein the nucleic acid encoding a protein or polypeptide which is toxic to an insect is from an entomopathogenic organism.
38. The recombinant microorganism of claim 37, wherein the entomopathogenic organism is selected from Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens.
39. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 36-38, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin.
40. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the recombinant microorganism is engineered to express a metabolic pathway which, when expressed, produces a small molecule that is toxic to an insect.
41. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the biosynthesis pathway for the production of a mono- or poly-unsaturated C-6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate.
42. The recombinant microorganism of claim 41 , wherein the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acid into a ω-hydroxyfatty acid.
43. The recombinant microorganism of claim 42, wherein the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a fatty acid into a ω-hydroxyfatty acid are selected from the group consisting of XP__5044G6, XP_50 857, XP_50431 1 , XP_S008S5, XP__500856, XP_500402, XP_500097, XP_501748, XP_50056Q, XP__501 148, XP_501667, XP__500273, BAA02041 , CAA39366, CAA39367, BAA02210, BAA0221 1 , BAA02212, BAA02213, BAA02214, AA073952, AA073953, AA073954, AA073955, AA073956, AA073958, AA073959, AAO73960, AA073961 , AA073957, XP_002546278, BAM49649, AAB80867, AAB 17462, ADL27534, AAU24352, AAA87802, CAA34612, ABM 17701 , AAA25760, CAB51047, AAC82987, WP_01 1027348, and homoiogs thereof.
44. The recombinant microorganism of claim 41 , wherein the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into α,β-enoyl-CoA.
45. The recombinant microorganism of claim 44, wherein the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a fatty acyl-CoA into α,β-enoyi-CoA are selected from the group consisting of CAA04659, CAA04660, CAA04861 , CAA04662, CAA04663, CAG79214, AAA34322, AAA34361 , AAA34363, CAA29901 , BAA04761 , AAA34891 , AABQS643, CAB15271 , BANS5749, CAC44516, ADK16968, AEI37634, WPJ30G973Q47, WPJ325433422, WPJ335184107, WP_026484842, CEL80920, WP_026818657, WP_005293707, WP__005883960, and homo!ogs thereof,
46. The recombinant microorganism of claim 41 , wherein the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis.
47. The recombinant microorganism of claim 46, wherein the one or more proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis are selected from the group consisting of XP_505754, XP_501986, XP_50131 1 , XP_504845, XP__503326, XP_504029, XP_002549868, XPJ302547156, XPJ302545227, XPJ302547350, XP_002546990, EIW1 1539, EIW08094, EIW1 1472, EIW09743, EIW0828, and homoiogs thereof.
48. The recombinant microorganism of claim 41 , wherein the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that competes with the biosynthesis pathway for one or more unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA intermediates.
49. The recombinant microorganism of claim 48, wherein the one or more endogenous enzymes comprises one or more diacyiglyceroi acyitransferases.
50. The recombinant microorganism of claim 49, wherein the one or more diacyiglyceroi acyitransferases are selected from the group consisting of YAU0E32769g, YAUGDG79S6g and CTRG_06209, or homoiogs thereof.
51. The recombinant microorganism of claim 48, wherein the one or more endogenous enzymes comprises one or more giyceroiphosphoiipid acyitransferases.
52. The recombinant microorganism of claim 51 , wherein the one or more giyceroiphosphoiipid acyitransferases are selected from YALI0E16797g or CTG_04390, or homoiogs thereof.
53. The recombinant microorganism of claim 48, wherein the one or more endogenous enzymes comprises one or more acyl-CoA/sterol acyltransferases.
54. The recombinant microorganism of claim 53, wherein the one or more acyl-CoA/sterol acyltransferases are selected from the group consisting of YALI0F06578g, CTRG_01764 and CTRG_01765, or homoiogs thereof.
55. The recombinant microorganism of claim 41 , wherein the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that oxidizes fatty aldehyde intermediates.
58. The recombinant microorganism of claim 55, wherein the one or more endogenous enzymes comprises one or more fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases.
57. The recombinant microorganism of claim 58, wherein the one or more fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases are selected from the group consisting of YALI0A17875g, YAL!0E15400g, YALI0B01298g, YAUQF23793g, CTRG_05010 and CTRGJ34471 , or homoiogs thereof,
58. The recombinant microorganism of claim 41 , wherein the recombinant microorganism is manipulated to delete, disrupt, mutate, and/or reduce the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes that catalyzes a reaction in a pathway that consumes fatty acetate products.
59. The recombinant microorganism of claim 58, wherein the one or more endogenous enzymes comprises one or more sterol esterases.
60. The recombinant microorganism of claim 59, wherein the one or more sterol esterases are selected from the group consisting of YALI0E32035g, YAUQE0Q528g, CTRG_01 138, CTRGJ31683 and CTRGJ3483Q, or homoiogs thereof.
81. The recombinant microorganism of claim 58, wherein the one or more endogenous enzymes comprises one or more triacylglyceroi lipases,
62. The recombinant microorganism of claim 61 , wherein the one or more triacylglyceroi lipases comprises one or more YAUQD17534g, YALI0F10010g, CTRG_00057 and CTRG__06185, or homologs thereof.
63. The recombinant microorganism of claim 58, wherein the one or more endogenous enzymes comprises one or more monoacylgiycerol lipases.
64. The recombinant microorganism of claim 63, wherein the one or more monoacylgiycerol lipases comprises one or more YALI0C14520g, CTRG_03360 and CTRG__05049, or homologs thereof.
65. The recombinant microorganism of claim 58, wherein the one or more endogenous enzymes comprises one or more extracellular lipases.
66. The recombinant microorganism of claim 65, wherein the one or more extracellular lipases comprises one or more YALI0A20350g, YAL!0D19184g, YAUGB09361 g, CTRG_05930, CTRG_04188, CTRG_02799, CTRG__03052 and CTRG_03885, or homologs thereof.
67. The recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the recombinant microorganism is a eukaryotic microorganism.
68. The recombinant microorganism of claim 67, wherein the eukaryotic microorganism is a yeast,
69. The recombinant microorganism of claim 68, wherein the yeast is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Hansenu!a, Kluyveromyces, !ssafchenkia, Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Pachysolen,
Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotoruia, and Myxozyma, /0. The recombinant microorganism of claim 68, wherein the yeast is an oleaginous yeast,
71. The recombinant microorganism of claim 70, wherein the oleaginous yeast is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotoru!a, Rhodosporidium,, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Lipomyces,
72. The recombinant microorganism of claim 71 , wherein the oleaginous yeast is a member of a species selected from Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida tropicaiis, Rhodosporidium toruioides, Lipomyces starkey, L. iipoferus, C. revkaufi, C. pulcherrima, C. utiiis, Rhodotoru!a minuta, Trichosporon puilans, T. cutaneu , Cryptococcus curvatus, R. giutinis, and R. graminis.
73. The recombinant microorganism of any of claims 1 -66, wherein the recombinant microorganism is a prokaryotic microorganism.
74. The recombinant microorganism of claim 73, wherein the prokaryotic microorganism is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Escherichia, Clostridium, Zymomonas, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibaciiius, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, and Brevibacterium.
75. A method of producing a mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate using a recombinant microorganism of any of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises cultivating the recombinant microorganism in a culture medium containing a feedstock providing a carbon source until the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is produced.
76. The method of claim 75, further comprising a step of recovering the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate.
The method of claim 76, wherein said recovery step comprises distillation.
/8. The method of claim 76, wherein said recovery step comprises membrane-based separation,
79. The method of any of claims 75-78, wherein the carbon source is selected from sugars, glycerol, alcohols, organic acids, alkanes, fatty acids, lignoceilulose, proteins, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide.
80. The method of claim 79, wherein the sugar is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
81. The method of any of claims 75-80, wherein the mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is an insect pheromone.
82. The method of any of claims 75-81 , wherein the insect pheromone is selected from the group consisting of (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenal, (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenyi acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-1 1 ,13-hexadecadienai, (9Z, 1 1 E)~ hexadeca-9, 1 -dienal, (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadien~1 -oi, (7E,9Z)~dodecadienyi acetate, (Z)~ 3-nonen-1 -ol, (Z)-5-decen-1 -oi, (Z)-S-decenyi acetate, (E)-5-decen-1 -ol, (E)-5- decenyl acetate, (Z)~7-dodecen-1 ~ol, (Z)-7~dodecenyi acetate, (E)-8-dodecen-1 -ol, (E)-8-dodecenyi acetate, (Z)-8-dodecen-1 -ol, (Z)-8-dodecenyi acetate, (Z)-9- dodecen~1 -oi, (Z)-9~dodecenyi acetate, (Z)~9-tetradecen~1 -oi, (Z)-1 1 -tetraceden-1 -ol, (Z)-1 1 -tetracedenyl acetate, (E)-1 1 -tetradecen-1 -ol, (E)-1 1 -tetradecenyl acetate, (9Z, 12E)-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z)-7-hexadecen-1 -ol, (Z)-7-hexadecenai, (Z)-9- hexadecen-1 -oi, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenyi acetate, (Z)-1 1 -hexadecen-1 - oi, (Z)- 3-octadecen-1 -ol, and (Z)- 3-octadecenal.
83. The method of any of claims 75-80, further comprising metathesizing the mono- or poly-unsaturated Ce~C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate with an unsaturated C3-C10 hydrocarbon, thereby forming an elongated mono- or polyunsaturated C6~C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate, or a truncated mono- or polyunsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate.
84. A composition comprising one or more recombinant microorganisms of claims 1 -74.
85. The composition of claim 84, wherein the composition further comprises one or more mono- or poly-unsaturatecl C6-C24 fatty alcohols, aldehydes, and/or acetates.
86. The composition of claim 85, wherein the mono- or poiy-unsaturated Ce- C24 fatty alcohol, aldehyde, or acetate is an insect pheromone.
87. The composition of claim 86, wherein the insect pheromone is selected from the group consisting of (Z)~1 1 -hexadecenai, (Z)-1 1 -hexadecenyi acetate, (Z)-9- tetradecenyl acetate, (Z,Z)-1 1 , 13-hexadecadienal, (9Z, 1 1 E)-hexadeca-9, 1 -dienal, (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadien-1 -ol, (7E,9Z)-dodecadienyl acetate, (Z)-3-nonen-1 -oi, (Z)-5- decen-1 -ol, (Z)-S-decenyl acetate, (E)-5-decen-1 -ol, (E)-5-decenyi acetate, (Z)-7- dodecen-1 -ol, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-8-dodecen-1 -ol, (E)-S-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-dodecen-1 -ol, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecen-1 -oi, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9 etradecen-1 -ol, (Z)-1 1 etraceden-1 -ol, (Z)-1 1 -tetracedenyl acetate, (E)-1 1 -tetradecen~1 -oi, (E)-1 1 -tetradecenyl acetate, (9Z, 12E)-tetradecadienyi acetate, (Z)-7-hexadecen-1 -ol, (Z)-7-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecen-1 -ol, (Z)-9- hexadecenai, (Z)-9~hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)~1 1 ~hexadecen-1 ~oi, (Z)-13-octadecen- 1 -oi, and (Z)-13-octadecenal.
88. The composition of any of claims 84-87, wherein the composition further comprises one or more proteins, polypeptides, or small molecules which is toxic to an insect.
89. The composition of claim 88, wherein the protein, polypeptide, or small molecule which is toxic to an insect is produced by the recombinant microorganism.
90. The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6~C24 fatty alcohol is one or more of mono- or poiy-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols recited in Table 1 .
91. The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol is one or more of mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols recited in Table 2a.
92. The recombinant microorganism of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohol is one or more of mono- or poly-unsaturated C6-C24 fatty alcohols recited in the Specification herein.
93. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 10-14, wherein the fatty acyi conjugase is from an organism of the species Cydia pomonelia, Cydia nigricans, Lobesia botrana, Myeiois crib l la, Piodia interpunctella, Dendrolimus pundatus, Lampronia capitella, Spodoptera litura, Amyelois transitella, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, Calendula officinalis, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Punica granatum, Momordica charantia, Impatiens balsamina, and Epiphyas postvittana.
94. The recombinant microorganism of any one of claims 10-14, wherein the at least one fatty acyl conjugase is selected from the group consisting of A0A059TBF5, A0A0M3L9E8, A0A0M3L9S4, A0A0M3LAH8, A0A0M3LAS8, A0A0M3LAH8, B6CBS4, XP_013183656.1 , XP_004923568.2, ALA65425.1 , NP_001296494.1 , NP_001274330.1 , Q4A181 , Q75PL7, Q9FPP8, AY178444, AY178446, AF182521 , AF182520, Q95UJ3, and homologs thereof.
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