WO2017060909A1 - Système de purification des eaux ménagères au point d'entrée - Google Patents

Système de purification des eaux ménagères au point d'entrée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017060909A1
WO2017060909A1 PCT/IL2016/051089 IL2016051089W WO2017060909A1 WO 2017060909 A1 WO2017060909 A1 WO 2017060909A1 IL 2016051089 W IL2016051089 W IL 2016051089W WO 2017060909 A1 WO2017060909 A1 WO 2017060909A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrode
water
purification system
additionally
water purification
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IL2016/051089
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Yuval RODAN
Meir BADALOV
Moty VIZEL
Original Assignee
Aquallence Ltd Israel
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Publication date
Application filed by Aquallence Ltd Israel filed Critical Aquallence Ltd Israel
Publication of WO2017060909A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017060909A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
    • C01B13/10—Preparation of ozone
    • C01B13/11—Preparation of ozone by electric discharge
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2201/00—Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge
    • C01B2201/60—Feed streams for electrical dischargers
    • C01B2201/64—Oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/78—Details relating to ozone treatment devices
    • C02F2201/782—Ozone generators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/78—Details relating to ozone treatment devices
    • C02F2201/784—Diffusers or nozzles for ozonation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2307/00—Location of water treatment or water treatment device
    • C02F2307/14—Treatment of water in water supply networks, e.g. to prevent bacterial growth
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations, including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), and the sea through desalination. After appropriate treatment, the water is supplied to users.
  • Water treatment steps include, in most cases, purification, disinfection through chlorination, ozonation and sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated, such as water towers, or on the ground. Then the water is distributed to consumers through pipe networks. Once water is used, the wastewater is typically discharged to a sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use.
  • a major problem is that infrastructure to distribute water is often aging and poorly maintained and is therefore susceptible to breaks and leaks in the piping. If distribution systems are damaged, water can be contaminated with waterborne disease organisms.
  • sewer pipes are worn out, lack sufficient capacity to absorb sewage or both.
  • Other typical contaminants that can enter fresh water piping include: cooking, heating and motor oils, lawn and garden chemicals, paints and paint thinners, disinfectants, medicines, photographic chemicals, industrial chemicals, swimming pool chemicals, and pesticides. Therefore, in many places, tap water is contaminated.
  • water supplied to consumers is taken directly from wells or rivers with minimum purification. Such places often lack adequate purification, with many lacking even sewage purification, so that both well water and river water can be contaminated.
  • Household point of use (POU) and point of entry (POE) treatment devices rely on many of the same treatment technologies that have been used in central treatment plants such as irradiation with ultraviolet light (UV), reverse osmosis (RO), filtration and chlorine treatment.
  • UV ultraviolet light
  • RO reverse osmosis
  • POU and POE treatment devices treat only a portion of the total flow.
  • POU devices treat only water intended for direct consumption (drinking and cooking), typically at a single tap or a limited number of taps
  • POE treatment devices typically treat all the water entering a single facility, such as house, business, school, or apartment building.
  • RO systems requires high pressure pumps that consume a lot of energy and RO systems can have a very low flow rate.
  • chlorine treatment systems are that the chlorine can have toxic effects, it badly affects the taste and odor of the water, and it does not inactivate all pathogens. For example, Cryptosporidium cysts are unaffected by chlorine.
  • Ozone is a very powerful gaseous reactant and its usefulness has been well established for many years in a wide range of industrial applications. Recently its value in all types of water purification applications has been coming to the fore because of its ability to act as a powerful oxidant, microflocculant and disinfectant without producing toxic side products. Not only can ozone kill bacteria, viruses and cysts in the water 3000 times faster than chlorine, but it also improves the taste and odor of the water, and oxidizes organics and metals in the water. For example, ozone can convert Arsenic III to Arsenic V, which is not only is 60 times less toxic than Arsenic III, but can also be easily adsorption united.
  • Ozone can significantly reduce the number of harsh chemicals such as chlorine that may be needed as a residual and, since organics are removed by the ozone, the amount of their byproducts, suspected to be carcinogens, is even further reduced.
  • ozone is less corrosive than chlorine in water, thus reducing damage to the pipes and enabling them to stay in good condition for longer.
  • CT value (mg*min/l) Contact time (min) * dissolved ozone Concentration (mg/1).
  • It is another object of the present invention to provide a compact inline water purification system wherein said compact inline water purification system comprises: a power source; a gas supply mechanism selected from a group consisting of: an air dryer configured to dry gas passing therethrough, an oxygen concentrator and any combination thereof; a cold plasma ozone generator configured to generate ozone, power for said cold plasma ozone generator providable by said power source; at least one mixing mechanism downstream of said cold plasma ozone generator, said mixing mechanism configured to input a member of a group consisting of: an output from said cold plasma ozone generator, water, and any combination thereof and to output a mixture of said output from said cold plasma ozone generator and said water; wherein said power source is selected from a group consisting of: an inline hydroelectric generator, a solar panel, a source of mains current, a battery, an external power generator and any combination thereof.
  • said cold plasma ozone generator comprises: an inlet gas port in fluid communication with said gas supply mechanism; at least one in-electrode, said in-electrode having a plurality of perimeter holes substantially at a perimeter of the same; said plurality of perimeter holes are in fluid communication with said inlet gas port, said plurality of perimeter holes configured to allow said dry gas to pass therethrough; at least one out-electrode, said out-electrode having at least one hole at the center of the same, said at least one hole configured to allow gas to pass therethrough; said in-electrode and said out-electrode configured to maintain said high voltage AC therebetween; at least one spacer between said in-electrode and said out-electrode, said spacer configured to maintain a constant-width gap between said in-electrode and said out-electrode, said constant- width gap configured to allow said gas to pass from said plurality of perimeter holes in
  • each said electrode is in communication with a PCB, said PCB configured to supply said high-voltage AC to said electrode.
  • each said electrode comprises stainless steel.
  • each said electrode comprises a ceramic dielectric coating.
  • It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of purifying water for use in a facility comprising steps of: providing a compact inline water purification system comprising: a power source; a gas supply mechanism selected from a group consisting of: an air dryer configured to dry gas passing therethrough, an oxygen concentrator and any combination thereof; a cold plasma ozone generator to generate ozone, power for said cold plasma ozone generator providable by said power source; at least one mixing mechanism downstream of said cold plasma ozone generator, said mixing mechanism configured to input a member of a group consisting of: an output from said cold plasma ozone generator, water, and any combination thereof and to output a mixture of said output from said cold plasma ozone generator and said water; connecting an input of said compact inline water purification system to a water supply; connecting an output of said compact inline water purification system to an input of a facility's water supply; at such times as said water supply provides water under pressure, operating said compact inline water purification system; wherein said power source is selected from
  • Fig. la-c illustrates typical locations for installation of the water purification system
  • Fig. 2 schematically illustrates the structure of the water purification system in use
  • Fig. 3 schematically illustrates water flow in an embodiment of the disinfector of the present invention
  • Fig. 4a is a perspective view of an embodiment of the cold plasma ozone generator of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4b is a side elevation cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the cold plasma reactor cell
  • Fig. 4c is a perspective view of another embodiment of the cold plasma ozone generator of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4d is a side elevation cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the cold plasma reactor cell;
  • Fig. 4e shows an exploded view of the embodiment of the cold plasma ozone generator of the present invention
  • Fig. 5a illustrates gas flow inside the cold plasma ozone generator cell
  • Fig. 6 illustrates liquid flow in an embodiment, which combines a venturi injector and a decontaminator/static mixer
  • Fig. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a purifier in which water is driven through an adsorption unit by water pressure
  • Fig. 8a-c illustrates an embodiment of a screen-printing process for laying down the precursor layers to form a dielectric coating on a stainless steel electrode
  • Fig. 9a-b schematically illustrates water sampling points for an analysis of the effectiveness of the system of the present invention.
  • 'facility' hereinafter refers to a portion of an edifice, an edifice or a limited number of edifices supplied with water from a single source.
  • the source is a pipe connected to a municipal water supply system.
  • a facility include a house, a business, a school, and an apartment building.
  • 'about' hereinafter refers to a range of plus or minus 25% around the nominal value. If a range of values is given, the extreme limits of the range therefore become (75% of the minimum of the range) to (125% of the maximum of the range).
  • the present invention provides a compact inline water purification system connectable to a municipal water supply which can be directly connected to the inlet water pipe of a facility such as house, business, school, or apartment building at the point of entry (POE) of the water to the facility, either as part of a new facility or retrofitted to the water supply of an existing facility.
  • POE point of entry
  • the present invention can provide a true water "firewall" which inactivates over 99.9999% of microbiological and metal contaminations, and does not require an external power source and can provide an entire facility with purified water, substantially free of pathogens and with significantly reduced levels of heavy metals.
  • the water purification system of the present invention includes a hydroelectric generator that generates sufficient electric power to run the purifier.
  • This hydroelectric generator forms part of the inlet gas port of the purifier, which is connected to the municipal authority's distribution water pipe. Therefore, the present invention does not require additional power and is independent of the electric grid.
  • the current invention uses the pressurized water supplied by the municipality to inject the ozone generated by the invention into the water, thus eliminating the need for an external pump, thus reducing the complexity of the system, which reduces both the cost of manufacture and the cost of operation.
  • Fig. la-c illustrates typical locations for installation of the water purification system.
  • Fig. la illustrates an embodiment of the water purification system installed in an apartment building.
  • the disinfector (300) is installed in the roof of the building (200), upstream of the inlet to the main building storage tank(s).
  • the purifier(s) (400) are installed downstream of the storage tank(s).
  • the purifier(s) (400) can be at any position downstream of the main storage tank(s); preferably, a purifier (400) is installed at the point of entry of the water to each individual unit in the building. In the non-limiting example shown, the purifiers (400) are immediately upstream of the water meters for the units.
  • Fig. lb-c illustrate two embodiments of the water purification system as installed in a private house.
  • the disinfector (300) is installed in the roof of the house (200), upstream of the inlet to the main storage tank, and the purifier (400) is installed in the roof of the house, immediately downstream of the main storage tank.
  • the disinfector (300) and the purifier (400) are installed immediately downstream of the domestic water meter.
  • Fig. 2 schematically illustrates the structure of the water purification system in use.
  • the water (black arrows) enters the building (200), passes through the disinfector (300), passes through the purifier (400) and, from there, is distributed to the household taps (dashed arrows).
  • the disinfector (200) includes a high-efficiency cold plasma ozone generator that does not require any electrode cooling.
  • the cold plasma ozone generator of the present invention uses dry air or oxygen-enriched air as a feed gas so it includes an air dryer to dry the air supplied to the ozone generator.
  • the air dryer can be any conventional air dryer known in the art, preferably one configured for supplying dry air to an ozone generator. Using dry air increases the yield of the ozone generator and eliminates unwanted arcing and production of nitric acid.
  • the cold plasma ozone generator uses oxygen-enriched air from an oxygen concentrator.
  • the oxygen concentrator can be used alone, or in conjunction with an air dryer.
  • Power for the air dryer can be supplied by the same source as powers the ozone generator, or the air dryer can use a separate power source, which can be selected from a group consisting of: an inline hydroelectric generator, a solar panel, a source of mains current, a battery, an external power generator and any combination thereof.
  • the present invention provides improved ozone injection because the ozone is injected into the water through a mixing mechanism such as a venturi injector manifold, a flash reactor, a static mixer and any combination thereof. Transfer of ozone to the pressurized water can be significantly improved by use of a combined venturi injector manifold and a flash reactor, which can also provide a homogeneous mixture of water and ozone.
  • a mixing mechanism such as a venturi injector manifold, a flash reactor, a static mixer and any combination thereof.
  • preferred embodiments of the present invention include an inline ozone sensor, typically a dissolved ozone sensor or an oxidation -reduction potential (ORP) sensor.
  • the first provides a direct method of measuring the amount of ozone dissolved in the water, while the second one uses an indirect method but is much less expensive.
  • the sensor ensures that the water flowing from the outlet port of the disinfector contains enough dissolved ozone to disinfect the water and inactivate the pathogens therein, according to World Health organization (WHO) and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines.
  • WHO World Health organization
  • EPA US Environmental Protection Agency
  • the present invention includes a microprocessor in communication with at least one sensor.
  • the sensor(s) can measure, for non-limiting example, the input flow rate, the output flow rate, the pressure, and the ozone level in the water.
  • the processor converts the sensor signal into measured parameter level and, from the measured parameter level(s), controls the cold plasma ozone generator and provides an alert when there is a fault in the disinfector. In this way, the consumer is informed when maintenance is, or soon will be, necessary, thus minimizing the amount of maintenance while ensuring that the water remains pure.
  • the present invention do not need a built- in contact tank, since it uses existing infrastructure such as the distribution pipes or domestic water tanks as a contact tank.
  • the needed contact time to achieve high quality water can be provided without the requirement for a system contact tank, which reduces the cost and complexity of the system.
  • the disinfector requires neither a pump nor a contact tank, it can be very compact and it can easily be connected inline to the city water pipe at the entry to a building.
  • a disinfector the above structure in conjunction with a purifier to prevent recurrence of pathogens in the water and to remove mud, sand and turbidity, can provide potable drinking water free of pathogens for all taps in a building without the need for an external source of electricity, and without a need for regular maintenance.
  • Fig. 3 schematically illustrates water flow in an embodiment of the disinfector of the present invention.
  • Pressurized water which may be contaminated, flows from the main city pipe through the inlet gas port of the disinfector and into a hydroelectric generator (1).
  • the hydroelectric generator (1) provides power for the microprocessor that runs the system and activates the cold plasma ozone generator, so that the disinfector will only be activated and ozone will only be generated when there is water flow.
  • the water comes to T-junction, which separates the water into a lower loop and an upper loop.
  • Water flows into the lower loop through a ball valve (6) and then reaches another T-junction.
  • the fraction of the flow entering the lower loop depends on the ball valve (6) - the more the ball valve is opened, the greater the fraction of the incoming water in the lower loop.
  • the ball valve (6) controls the amount of water flowing into the venturi injector (5). Water flowing through the venturi injector (5) creates a vacuum that generates the suction that draws the air from the air dryer (2) or oxygen concentrator.
  • an air dryer When vacuum is generated by the flow of the water inside the venturi injector (5), it generates air flow from the air dryer (2) or oxygen concentrator to the cold plasma ozone generator (13). Since the more moisture in the air, the lower the ozone output, the air is dried in an air dryer (24) before it enters the cold plasma ozone generator.
  • a preferred embodiment of an air dryer can produce air with a relative humidity less than 5% at an air flow rate of 0.5 - 4 1/min.
  • Figs. 4a and 4b show an embodiment of the cold plasma ozone generator of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4a is a perspective view of the embodiment. This view illustrates the enclosures (6) for the electrodes, the PCB electrode with its conductive pad (4), the two 90 degree ozone resistant fittings forming the inlet gas port (10) and the outlet gas plus ozone port (20), and the screws (9) that fasten an electrode enclosure (6), a PCB electrode (4) and a PCB spacer (11) to the main high voltage AC power supply PCB (3).
  • the conductive electrodes with a non-porous dielectric coating and the sealing components are not visible in this view.
  • Fig. 4b is a side cross-sectional view of the embodiment of Fig. 4a
  • the electrodes (1, 2) are preferably plates of stainless steel coated with ceramic dielectric material, and are preferably of the same size and shape and have the same non-porous ceramic dielectric coating. They can be generally circular, oval or elliptical, it can form a rounded rectangle, and any combination thereof, as long as all conductive edges are rounded to reduce non-linear high voltage field effects which can lead to parasitic corona and arcing.
  • the in-electrode (1) has a plurality of holes in the perimeter, so that gas from the inlet fitting (10) flows downward and outward to the perimeter of the in-electrode, through the perimeter holes, and then radially inward from the perimeter of the gap to its center.
  • the out-electrode (2) has at least one hole, and preferably a single hole, in the center, so that gas flows directly from the out-electrode to the outlet gas port (20).
  • the PCB spacer (11) design provides accurate spacing and accurate parallelism between the in- and out- electrodes (1, 2), resulting an accurate, and uniform plasma gap between the generally flat central portions of the faces of the in-electrode (1) and the out-electrode (2).
  • the thickness of the plasma gap is dependent on the thickness of the non-porous ceramic dielectric coating, thickness of the main PCB (3), PCB spacer (11), PCB electrode (4) and on the geometry of the in- and out- electrodes (1, 2).
  • the gap is about 0.3 mm. It can range from about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm.
  • the electrodes are sealed externally by enclosure O-ring (5), forming a perimeter seal with the main PCB (3) and the PCB electrode (4).
  • the O-ring (5) is made of non-conductive ozone-resistant material such as silicone, PVDF or PTFE, while the plasma gap is sealed by a Teflon O-ring (8) that seals the gaps and prevents ozone from leaking and damaging the PCB's.
  • a Teflon O-ring (8) Another important seal is the electrode O-ring (7) which prevents ozone from escaping from the cell and damaging other components like electrode enclosure (6) and the PCB's.
  • This sealing technology provides secure hermetic sealing that prevents leaks of both feed gas and ozone. Therefore, this design enables use of less-expensive non ozone-resistant material for the electrode enclosures (6), PCB spacer (11), and the PCB electrode (4). This also allows the option of assembling the cold plasma reactor on the main high voltage AC power supply PCB (3).
  • the cell is an integral part of the high voltage AC power supply PCB (3), rather than being separate from it. This allows the lines that provide high voltage to the electrodes to be internal connections within the main PCB (3), rather than being external wired connections. This increases the safety of the cold plasma ozone generator, makes approval for safety (such as UL or CE approval) less difficult, and reduces both assembly time and the cost of assembly.
  • Figs. 4c-e show another embodiment of the cold plasma ozone generator of the present invention. Part numbers are different between the embodiment of Figs. 4a and 4b and the embodiment of Figs. 4c-e.
  • Fig. 4c is a perspective view of the embodiment. This view illustrates the enclosures (4, 5) for the electrodes (3, 2, not shown), the two 90 degree ozone resistant fittings forming the inlet gas port (8) and the outlet gas plus ozone port (18), and the screws (10) that fasten together the electrode enclosures (4, 5) and the electrode spacer (1). Also shown is the spring mechanism (25) which ensures good contact between the electrodes and the PCB
  • Fig. 4d is a side cross-sectional view of the embodiment of Fig. 4c
  • the electrodes (2, 3) are preferably plates of stainless steel coated with ceramic dielectric material, and are preferably of the same size and shape and have the same non-porous ceramic dielectric coating. They can be generally circular, oval or elliptical, it can form a rounded rectangle, and any combination thereof, as long as all conductive edges are rounded to reduce non-linear high voltage field effects which can lead to parasitic corona and arcing.
  • the electrode spacer (1) design provides accurate spacing and accurate parallelism between the in- and out- electrodes (2, 3), resulting an accurate, and uniform plasma gap between the generally flat central portions of the faces of the in-electrode (2) and the out-electrode (3).
  • the thickness of the plasma gap is dependent on the thickness of the non-porous ceramic dielectric coating, on the thickness of the electrode spacer (1), and on the geometry of the in- and out- electrodes (2, 3).
  • the gap is about 0.3 mm. It can range from about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm.
  • the electrodes are sealed externally by the enclosure O-rings (7), forming a perimeter seal with the enclosures (4, 5), the electrode spacer (1) and the in- (2) and out- (3) electrodes.
  • the O-rings (7) are made of non-conductive ozone-resistant material such as silicone, PVDF or PTFE, while the out-electrode O-ring (6) which prevents ozone from escaping from the cell and damaging other components can be made of non-conductive ozone -resistant material such as silicone, PVDF or PTFE, or can be made of Teflon.
  • This sealing technology provides secure hermetic sealing that prevents leaks of both feed gas and ozone. Therefore, this design enables use of less-expensive non ozone-resistant material for the electrode enclosures.
  • the PCB's and the electrodes are separately replaceable, thereby reducing the cost of repairs.
  • Fig. 4e shows an exploded view of the embodiment of a cold plasma ozone-generating cell of Fig. 4c.
  • the inlet gas port (8) is at the top, with the screws (10) below the inlet gas port (8) and the inlet enclosure (4) is between the screws (10) and the upper enclosure O-ring (7). Below the upper enclosure O-ring (7) is the in-electrode (2).
  • the in-electrode (2) has a plurality of holes (21) in the perimeter, so that gas from the inlet fitting (8) flows downward and outward to the perimeter of the in-electrode, through the perimeter holes, and then radially inward from the perimeter of the gap to its center.
  • the out-electrode (3) has a single hole (31) in the center, through which gas can leave the gap and enter the outlet gas port (18).
  • the out electrode O-ring (6) Below the out-electrode (3) is the out electrode O-ring (6), and below this, the lower enclosure O-ring (7), the outlet enclosure (5), which comprises voltage connectors to ensure that there is a good electrical connection between the voltage contacts on the PCB and the in- (2) and out- (3) electrodes, so that the high voltage is efficiently transferred from the PCB to the electrodes (2, 3).
  • Fig. 5a shows the gas flow inside a cold plasma ozone generator cell.
  • the gas feed which is typically atmospheric air, but can be air enriched with oxygen or pure oxygen, enters through the inlet gas port (9) and passes to the center of the upper surface of the in-electrode (1).
  • the flow then passes radially across the upper surface of the in-electrode (1) to the perimeter of in-electrode (1) (represented by black arrows) and enters the plasma gap through the holes in the perimeter of the in-electrode (1).
  • the gas then flows radially inward (white arrows) from the perimeter to the center of the in- (1) and out- (2) electrodes.
  • the gas then exits from the plasma gap via the single hole in the center of the out-electrode (2) and exits the cold plasma ozone generator through the corresponding ozone outlet fitting (10).
  • the electrodes (1, 2) are kept at a high voltage supplied by an AC power supply (3). Since the voltage across the electrodes is uniform and the spacing between the electrodes is uniform, there will be a uniform plasma in the plasma gap. As the air flows through the plasma gap, it is subjected to repeated micro discharges, which convert some of the oxygen molecules in the air into ozone molecules. Therefore, the air flowing out of the cold plasma ozone generator will be ozone enriched.
  • the radial flow ensures that the air contacts substantially all of the area in the plasma gap between the electrodes (1, 2) and that the air spends sufficient time between the electrodes so as to maximize the amount of ozone in the exit gas.
  • the yield is about 90 gram 0 3 /kWh when dry air used as the feed gas and 267 gram 0 3 /kWh when oxygen is used as the feed gas.
  • Ozonated gas from the cold plasma ozone generator (3) flows through a one-way valve that prevents back flow of water from the venturi injector (5) or other mixing mechanism to the cold plasma ozone generator (3), since water in an ozone generator can lead to destruction of the ozone generator (3).
  • the ozonated gas that enters a venturi injector produces thousands of bubbles, which greatly increases the surface area of ozone in contact with the water. This results in a very high mass transfer rate of ozone into the water.
  • the ozonated water flows to a second T-junction, mixes with the water from the lower loop and flows to a flash reactor/static mixer (7) in order to achieve a homogeneous mixture of ozone and water.
  • the flash reactor/static mixer (7) is placed in line after the ozone injector to aid in transfer of ozone into the water.
  • the flash reactor/static mixer (7) is a mixing chamber that incorporates a design that redirects and shears the gas/liquid water mixture in order to ensure rapid dissolution of the bubbles in the water and attainment of gas/liquid equilibrium. The result is high mass transfer efficiency with minimal time required.
  • Fig. 6 shows an embodiment which combines a venturi injector and a decontaminator.
  • the contaminated water (710) flows into a venturi injector (750) or other mixing mechanism where it is mixed with ozonated gas (790) from the cold plasma ozone generator.
  • the ozonated, partly decontaminated water (720) then flows to a tank (760), which can be a contact tank, a static mixer and any combination thereof.
  • the tank need not be large; a tank larger than about 2 1 is adequate, although a 4 liter tank is preferred.
  • the disinfector also functions as a purifier; in other embodiments, the fully decontaminated water (730) can then flow downstream to a purifier before being distributed.
  • the water flows through both a contact tank and a purifier.
  • Any combination of contact tank and water purifier can be used with the ozone generator.
  • the ozonated water flows directly to the point(s) of use, without passing through either a contact tank or a purifier.
  • some embodiments have a contact tank but no purifier, while other embodiments have a purifier but no contact tank.
  • an inline ozone sensor (8) such as, but not limited to, a dissolved oxygen sensor or an oxidation -reduction potential (ORP) sensor at the outlet port of the present purifier.
  • the sensor signal is sent to a microprocessor (9). Since, typically, a low ORP measurement indicates a fault in the ozonation process, if the ORP level is too low, the microprocessor (9) will send an alert that there is a problem in the purifier.
  • the alert can be sent via a "universe of things" or via any method of communicating with an operator that is known in the art.
  • the microprocessor is configured to perform a communication function selected from a group consisting of: display the ozone level, store the ozone level in a database, display the ozone level as a function of time, provide an alert if the ozone level is outside predetermined limits, and any combination thereof.
  • the communication function can be performed via a wiredly connected display, via a wirelessly connected display, and any combination thereof, but is preferably a wireless connection.
  • the wireless connection can be a cellular modem, a BluetoothTM connection or any other wireless connector known in the art.
  • the communication function additionally comprises a member of a group consisting of: display the water flow rate, store the water flow rate in a database, display the water flow rate as a function of time, provide an alert if the water flow rate is outside predetermined limits, display the air flow rate, store the air flow rate in a database, display the air flow rate as a function of time, provide an alert if the air flow rate is outside predetermined limits, display the voltage, store the voltage in a database, display the voltage as a function of time, provide an alert if the voltage is outside predetermined limits, display a difference between input and output pressure, store the difference between input and output pressure in a database, display the difference between input and output pressure as a function of time, provide an alert if the difference between input and output pressure is outside predetermined limits, and any combination thereof.
  • An ORP sensor measures the cleanliness of water and its ability to break down contaminants. It has a range of -2,000 mV to +2,000 mV. Since ozone is an oxidizer, the ORP will measure only positive ORP levels (above 0 mV).
  • ORP sensors work by measuring dissolved oxygen. More contaminants in the water result in less dissolved oxygen because the organics consume the oxygen and, therefore, lower the ORP level. The higher the ORP level, the more ability the water has to destroy foreign contaminants such as microbes, or carbon-based contaminants.
  • the ORP level can also be viewed as the level of bacterial activity in the water because a direct link occurs between ORP level and Coliform count in water.
  • the ORP sensor will be a reliable method of verifying that the water exiting the system will contain sufficient dissolved ozone to inactivate all microbiologically contamination since the system is intended for applications where the water that enters the purifier has low turbidity because it was treated in a municipal water treatment plant, but is contaminated microbiologically because of bad infrastructure that mixed clean water with sewage.
  • each electrode is in direct contact with a PCB. This has the disadvantage that replacement of a worn electrode requires replacement of an entire PCB, increasing the cost and difficulty of repair of the system.
  • each electrodes is removably mounted to the PCB, so that an electrode can be removed and replaced without need to replace the PCB, or a PCB can be removed and replaced without replacing the electrode.
  • fixed contact are used.
  • contact between the contacts and the electrode can be poor, leading to overheating and scorching of the PCB which would necessitate replacement of the PCB.
  • the contacts are spring-loaded, so that, even if an electrode and a PCB are not perfectly parallel, the springs ensure that there is full contact between the contacts and the electrode, independent of the height of the contact, thereby preventing "hot spots" and
  • multiple spacers are used to separate the electrodes. This can lead to leakage of ozone between the spacers.
  • a single spacer is used, thereby allowing for high-pressure functioning without leaks.
  • the water After the water has been purified by the purifier, it passes through the disinfector and is distributed via the building's pipe network, either directly to the consumer or to the water tank on the roof of the building and after that to the consumer.
  • the time that it takes the water to reach the disinfector, either flowing through the pipes or in the water tank, is typically sufficient to provide sufficient contact time between the water and the ozone to inactivate all the pathogens in the water. This ensures that the water that enters the disinfector is virtually pathogen-free.
  • the purifier comprises an adsorption unit, preferably a carbon-based adsorption unit, with a very low pressure drop allowing high flow rates therethrough, which removes chemical compounds such as Arsenic V (oxidized by the ozone from Arsenic III), iron, lead, bromate and pesticides.
  • an adsorption unit preferably a carbon-based adsorption unit, with a very low pressure drop allowing high flow rates therethrough, which removes chemical compounds such as Arsenic V (oxidized by the ozone from Arsenic III), iron, lead, bromate and pesticides.
  • Another major function of the purifier is to remove turbidity, mud, sand and any remaining dissolved ozone from the water.
  • the current purifier comprises an anti-regrowth compound that prevents bacteria from settling on the adsorption unit and contaminating the disinfected water.
  • Fig. 7 shows water flow through an example of an embodiment of a purifier comprising a static mixer where water is driven through an adsorption unit by water pressure.
  • This exemplary embodiment of a purifier is most suitable for a direct installation, that is, an embodiment of the water purification system in which no tank is used.
  • Water flow outside the purifier is shown by black arrows; water flow inside the purifier by white arrows.
  • Water (left black arrow) flows into the purifier inlet (410). It is diverted downward into a central channel in the purifier (420).
  • Ozone (490) enters the purifier from the top and flows downward through the central channel, mixing with the water.
  • the water/ozone mixture is diverted sideways along the bottom (430) of the purifier.
  • the ozone is mixed with the water before it enters the purifier.
  • Such purifiers will not have an ozone entry point and may also have other water flow paths within the purifier unit.
  • Adsorption units can be of any type known in the art that have a suitably small absolute pore size. They can comprise non-woven fiber, woven fiber, alumina, fiber in a matrix, silver, zinc, pseudoboehmite, carbon, zeolite, cellulose, polyester, cotton, nylon, and any combination thereof.
  • the absolute pore size is preferably less than about a micron and is more preferably less than about 0.1 ⁇ and still more preferably less than about 0.01 ⁇ .
  • Preferred adsorption unit characteristics include: highly efficient removal of particles above the absolute pore size (preferably greater than 99%), low pressure drop across the adsorption unit, high flow rate through the adsorption unit, a biocidal capability, and any combination thereof.
  • the non-porous ceramic dielectric coating on the electrodes is a multilayer thick-film coating.
  • the non-porous ceramic dielectric coating can be produced using a screen-printing technique, as shown in Fig. 8a-c.
  • Fig. 8a shows the beginning of the process of laying down one layer
  • Fig. 8b shows an intermediate stage in the process of laying down the layer
  • Fig. 8c shows the end of the process of laying down the layer.
  • the electrode (120) is firmly held by a substrate (110) so it does not slip during processing.
  • a mesh screen (160) is held by a frame (130) at a distance above the electrode (110), the distance small enough that pressure from a squeegee (140) can cause the mesh screen (160) to come into contact with the electrode (120).
  • a precursor for a dielectric, in the form of a paste (150) On the upper side of the screen is a precursor for a dielectric, in the form of a paste (150).
  • a layer of emulsion (170) On the lower side of the screen (160) and adhering to the screen (160) is a layer of emulsion (170); the holes (175) in the emulsion (170) allow the paste (150) to pass through the emulsion (170) and come into contact with the electrode (120).
  • the paste dielectric precursor (150) forms a layer on top of the mesh screen (160).
  • the squeegee (140) is pressed down onto the mesh screen (160), bringing the portion of the emulsion (170) directly under the squeegee (140) into contact with the electrode (120). As shown in Fig. 8b, the squeegee (140) is them moved across the upper surface of the electrode (120), pressing paste (150) through the holes (175) in the emulsion (170) and onto the electrode (120). The squeegee also presses the paste (150) ahead of itself.
  • the squeegee (140) has crossed entirely over the electrode (120), and has forced paste (150) through all the holes (175) in the emulsion (170).
  • a stop (180) prevents unnecessary loss of paste, which can be reused for another electrode or another layer.
  • the mesh screen (160) can now be removed and the paste precursor (150) processed into a non-porous ceramic dielectric coating.
  • the dielectric precursor layer is then cured, transforming it into a non-porous ceramic dielectric coating.
  • the paste-coated electrode is placed in a drying oven at about 150 degrees C for a few minutes ( ⁇ 10 minutes) to dry the paste and vaporize elements such as solvents and adhesion promoters.
  • the electrode is then placed in an oven and heated, at a predetermined rate, to about 900 degrees C.
  • the oven temperature is held at about 900 degrees C for about 15 minutes, after which the electrode is cooled at a predetermined rate.
  • the above process, of screen printing a precursor layer, drying in a drying oven and then heating to about 900 degrees C is repeated 3-5 times, each time producing a ceramic dielectric layer about 20 ⁇ to about 25 ⁇ thick so that the total thickness of the non-porous ceramic dielectric coating is about 75 ⁇ to about 125 ⁇ . In this manner, the non-porous ceramic dielectric coating can be produced without cracks.
  • the high temperature combustion process causes the first layer of the coating to migrate a few ⁇ into the surface of the stainless steel electrode, thereby improving the adhesion of the coating to the electrode.
  • the ceramic dielectric coating material has about the same coefficient of expansion as the stainless steel of the electrode, so that the dielectric coating will not crack or spall during heating or cooling of the electrode during use.
  • the above-described process will not produce a completely homogenous coating nor a coating of uniform thickness.
  • the uniformity will be sufficient to prevent formation of air pockets, and the coating will be flat enough and homogeneous enough to prevent arcing or breakdown that can reduce the reliability and lifetime of the electrodes.
  • the efficiency of the adsorption unit was tested by an independent laboratory. Two samples were provided to the laboratory, a first sample of water to be input to the system of the present invention, and a second sample of water collected at the output from the system of the present invention.
  • the input water had been deliberately contaminated. For example, it contained a colorant so that it was magenta-colored. As shown in Table 1, all of the contaminants were removed by the system of the present invention - all of the contaminants were below the limits of detection in both tested samples (1 and 2) of the output water.
  • Fig. 9a-b shows the sampling points; Fig. 9a shows sampling points (A, D and E) for an embodiment like that of Fig. lb, while Fig. 9b shows sampling points (A, B and C) for an embodiment like that of Fig. lc.
  • Sampling point A is upstream of the disinfector
  • sampling points B and E are upstream of the purifier (and therefore downstream of the disinfector)
  • sampling points C and D are downstream of the purifier.
  • Sampling point E is also downstream of the household main water tank.
  • sampling point B there were on the order of 150 fetal enterococcus per 100 ml because, since there was only a short distance between the exit from the disinfector and the sampling point, the ozone did not have sufficient time to fully disinfect the water.
  • sampling point E which is also between the disinfector and the purifier but is downstream of the holding tank so that there is sufficient contact time between the water and the ozone, no bacteria were detectable in the water. In both cases, no bacteria were detectable in the water, except at point D when 12 m of water were sampled, 1 coliform bacterium per 100 ml was found, thus demonstrating the efficiency of the system in removing bacteria from the water.
  • the efficiency of the system of the present invention was tested by an independent laboratory. Two samples were tested, one containing 230 ppb of Arsenic III and one containing 250 ppb of arsenic III. For each sample, a reference aliquot was collected and two aliquots (A, B) were collected after passage through the system. All the aliquots were sent to the laboratory, where tests were made with the Arsenator Analyzer from Palin Test Ltd, which has a LQ of 2 ⁇ g/L. The results are shown in Table III.

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
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  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système de purification d'eau en ligne compact, ledit système de purification d'eau en ligne compact comprenant : une source d'énergie; un mécanisme d'alimentation en gaz choisi dans un groupe constitué : d'un sécheur d'air configuré pour sécher le gaz passant à travers, un concentrateur d'oxygène et une quelconque combinaison de ceux-ci; d'un générateur d'ozone de plasma froid configuré pour générer de l'ozone, l'énergie pour le générateur d'ozone de plasma froid pouvant être fournie par ladite source d'énergie; d'au moins un mécanisme de mélange en aval dudit générateur d'ozone de plasma froid, ledit mécanisme de mélange configuré pour entrer un élément d'un groupe constitué : d'une sortie dudit générateur d'ozone de plasma froid, d'eau et d'une quelconque combinaison de celles-ci et pour émettre un mélange de ladite sortie dudit générateur d'ozone de plasma froid et de l'eau.
PCT/IL2016/051089 2015-10-08 2016-10-06 Système de purification des eaux ménagères au point d'entrée WO2017060909A1 (fr)

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EP3827878A4 (fr) * 2018-07-25 2022-04-20 Ion Biotec, S.L. Dispositif électromédical pour coagulation sanguine, traitement d'ulcères et autres lésions dermatologiques chez des patients humains et animaux

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EP3827878A4 (fr) * 2018-07-25 2022-04-20 Ion Biotec, S.L. Dispositif électromédical pour coagulation sanguine, traitement d'ulcères et autres lésions dermatologiques chez des patients humains et animaux
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