WO2017059369A1 - Réseaux de dispositifs répartis à adressage et alimentation sans fil - Google Patents

Réseaux de dispositifs répartis à adressage et alimentation sans fil Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017059369A1
WO2017059369A1 PCT/US2016/055014 US2016055014W WO2017059369A1 WO 2017059369 A1 WO2017059369 A1 WO 2017059369A1 US 2016055014 W US2016055014 W US 2016055014W WO 2017059369 A1 WO2017059369 A1 WO 2017059369A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wireless
begin
energy
coupling value
transfer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2016/055014
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Sutherland Cook ELLWOOD
Original Assignee
Photonica, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Photonica, Inc. filed Critical Photonica, Inc.
Publication of WO2017059369A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017059369A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
    • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
    • H04B5/79—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for data transfer in combination with power transfer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/0701—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management
    • G06K19/0707—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement being capable of collecting energy from external energy sources, e.g. thermocouples, vibration, electromagnetic radiation
    • G06K19/0708—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising an arrangement for power management the arrangement being capable of collecting energy from external energy sources, e.g. thermocouples, vibration, electromagnetic radiation the source being electromagnetic or magnetic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/20—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/80—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the addressing and powering of devices and systems, especially functional devices arranged in arrays, groups, sets, assemblies, subassemblies, and collections, and more specifically, but not exclusively, to the addressing and powering of display systems, sensing systems, computational systems, and other device array systems, whether in compact or more spatially- separated groups, sets, assemblies, subassemblies, and collections with one or both of addressing and powering is performed, at least in part, wirelessly to each functional device.
  • resistance is increased by the greater total length of the conductive addressing elements AND by the increased number of nodes or elements addressed in a circuit- series.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may improve the performance of arrays of virtually all sizes by combining wireless addressing and powering of individual array elements or sub-sectors, groups, or collections of array elements.
  • a solution to scaling distributed device arrays, including displays and sensor arrays, is proposed, which also improves the performance of arrays of virtually all sizes, which combines one or both of wireless addressing and wireless powering of individual array elements or sub- sectors, groups, or collections of array functional elements.
  • Functional elements may be one-way or two-way.
  • a hybrid system includes a wired addressing system or a wired power system with some advantages achieved by including some wireless powering or addressing as the case may be.
  • One-way and two-way systems and methods having N number of functional devices may include an energy source in a first "stage" directly coupled to all N functional devices as the last "stage" of the embodiment.
  • one or more intermediate stages may be included between the first and last stages to provide a "fan out" of energy and/or addressing distribution.
  • some embodiments may include one or more of the functional devices as distribution hubs for wired/wired distribution of energy and/or addressing.
  • There are different mechanisms for wireless energy transfer some of which are described in the incorporated patent application. Different portions of an implementation may combine differing wireless energy transfer mechanisms. For example, “bulk" wireless transfer may be better done in some cases using Q-coupled resonators to provide operating power and
  • radiofrequency wireless transfer for addressing.
  • a hybrid radiofrequency identification (RFID) solution may be incorporated in some embodiments of the present invention.
  • RFID has been classified as passive or active.
  • a passive RFID relies on RF energy transferred from a reader to a tag to power a tag.
  • Active RFID uses an internal power source (i.e., a battery) with the tag to continuously power the tag and associated RF communication system.
  • Hybrid RFID selectively, or continuously, provides power to the tag using wireless energy transfer as the power source.
  • the wireless energy transfer may be switchable, hence there would be a mechanism to control the hybrid RFID.
  • Some configurations allow the hybrid RFID to sometimes function as a passive RFID system and sometimes as an active RFID system (with an advantage that the battery would never have to be replaced). Not requiring battery replacement can be very important, particularly for very large numbers of functional devices in a functional array.
  • a wireless energy transfer system for transferring energy from an energy source to an energy drain including a wireless relay including a plurality of serially coupled wireless
  • each the coupler includes a begin energy transfer node having a begin wireless transfer coupling value, an end energy transfer node having an end wireless transfer coupling value different from the begin wireless transfer coupling value configured to be non-interactive within a predetermined level of wireless transfer performance with the begin wireless transfer coupling value, and a regenerator coupled to both the nodes, wherein the set of interfaces includes two or more more interfaces, and wherein at least one of the couplers includes a first tap coupler having a first controllable energy access, the first tap coupler diverting energy from the regenerator to the first controllable energy access responsive to a first control data signal.
  • a method for transferring wirelessly energy from an energy source to an energy drain including a) energizing a first set of begin energy transfer nodes, each the begin energy transfer node including a begin wireless transfer coupling value; b) energizing, responsive to the energization of the first set of begin energy transfer nodes, a first set of end energy transfer nodes, each the end energy transfer node having an end wireless transfer coupling value wherein each particular single one energized end energy transfer node is energized by a single one energized begin energy transfer node having a begin wireless transfer coupling value matching the end wireless transfer coupling value of the particular single one energized end energy transfer node within an interaction range; c) transferring energy from the energy source coupled to a specific begin energy transfer node to the energy drain coupled to a specific end energy transfer node; wherein the wireless relay includes a set of a plurality of energized begin energy transfer nodes within the interaction range of each the energized end energy transfer nodes with all energize
  • any of the embodiments described herein may be used alone or together with one another in any combination.
  • Inventions encompassed within this specification may also include embodiments that are only partially mentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all in this brief summary or in the abstract.
  • the embodiments of the invention do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies.
  • different embodiments of the invention may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of these deficiencies.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless energy transfer system
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a large active array powered and controlled by an active wireless energy transfer system
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an active wireless energy transfer system for operating the large active array of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a tap coupler used in the active wireless energy transfer system of
  • FIG. 3
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative active wireless energy transfer system including two- way communications for operating the large active array of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of the wireless transfer including a particular one tap coupler and a two-way functional device used in the system of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a portion of the wireless transfer including a particular one tap coupler and an alternative two-way functional device used in the system of FIG. 5.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for scaling distributed device arrays, which include displays and sensor arrays. Embodiments of the invention may improve the performance of arrays of virtually all sizes by combining wireless addressing and powering of individual array elements or sub-sectors, groups, or collections of array elements.
  • the following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements.
  • Various modifications to the preferred embodiment and the generic principles and features described herein will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein.
  • the term “or” includes “and/or” and the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.
  • a set refers to a collection of one or more objects.
  • a set of objects can include a single object or multiple objects.
  • Objects of a set also can be referred to as members of the set.
  • Objects of a set can be the same or different.
  • objects of a set can share one or more common properties.
  • adjacent refers to being near or adjoining. Adjacent objects can be spaced apart from one another or can be in actual or direct contact with one another. In some instances, adjacent objects can be coupled to one another or can be formed integrally with one another.
  • connect refers to a direct attachment or link. Connected objects have no or no substantial intermediary object or set of objects, as the context indicates.
  • Coupled objects can be directly connected to one another or can be indirectly connected to one another, such as via an intermediary set of objects.
  • the terms “substantially” and “substantial” refer to a considerable degree or extent. When used in conjunction with an event or circumstance, the terms can refer to instances in which the event or circumstance occurs precisely as well as instances in which the event or circumstance occurs to a close approximation, such as accounting for typical tolerance levels or variability of the embodiments described herein.
  • the term "functional device” means broadly an energy dissipating structure that receives energy from an energy providing structure.
  • the term functional device encompasses one-way and two-way structures.
  • a functional device may be component or element of a display.
  • the term "display” means, broadly, a structure or method for producing an image primitive output.
  • the image primitive output are the collection of image constituent signals produced from one or more image primitive precursors.
  • the image primitive precursors have sometimes in other contexts been referred to as a pixel or sub-pixel.
  • pixel has developed many different meanings so the term image primitive precursor is used herein.
  • An image primitive precursor emits an image constituent signal which is the smallest, most-basic display-related image primitive output component.
  • a signal in this context means a constituent of an image primitive output once the signal is propagated into free space and includes wavefronts that combine with other wavefronts from other signals that are also propagating in free space.
  • a signal has no handedness and does not have a mirror image (that is there is not a reversed, upside-down, or flipped signal while images, and image portions, will have this aspect).
  • image portions are not directly additive (overlapping one image portion on another is difficult, if at all possible, to predict a result) and it can be very difficult to process image portions.
  • Some technologies associated with an image primitive precursor implement a system in which the individual image constituent signals are sometimes referred to as a pixel or sometimes as a sub-pixel. For example, in a "red-green-blue" (RGB) system, there are individual precursors for each sub-pixel. For a system that is exclusively an RGB system, there is a correspondence between image primitive precursors and individual structures producing a sub-pixel.
  • RGB red-green-blue
  • other technologies do not require a use of sub-pixels and are able to generate a desired output directly from a pixel.
  • an image primitive precursor has a correspondence with such pixel generating structures.
  • US Patent Application No. 12/371,461 hereby expressly incorporated by reference thereto in its entirety for all purposes, describes systems and methods that are able to advantageously combine such technologies and the term image primitive precursor thus accurately covers the pixel structures for pixel technologies and the sub-pixel structures for sub-pixel technologies.
  • a functional device may include some component or assembly of a display or image primitive precursor.
  • the present application extends and expands some of the teachings of US Patent Application No. 15/186,404 which claims benefit of US Patent Application No. 62/181,143 filed 17 June 2015, the contents both of which are expressly incorporated in their entireties for all purposes.
  • the '404 and the ⁇ 43 application include a discussion of wireless power-relay transmission.
  • One type of disclosed wireless energy transfer system included a series of wireless transmission segments with a coupler provided at interfaces between the segments.
  • the coupler included a regenerator to perform any power and signal conditioning of received energy from one or more upstream segments before transmitting it to one or more downstream segments. Energy from an energy source was wirelessly transmitted through the segments to a remote energy drain.
  • a number of different configurations for couplers and for wireless transmission segments were disclosed.
  • FIG. 1 includes an illustration of a representative configuration of such a wireless energy transfer system.
  • Some embodiments of the present invention may modify such a wireless energy transfer system (or modify other types of wireless transfer systems) for extremely scalable wireless power and addressing of large arrays of functional devices.
  • Different wireless energy transfer systems may be more or less appropriate for different tasks, depending upon design considerations and feature objectives.
  • Bulk power or energy transfer may employ one type of transfer technology and addressing power or energy transfer may employ another type of transfer technology.
  • one class of large active arrays are used for video display systems.
  • the array includes a grid of discrete video devices that, collectively, produce a composite output from the plurality of discrete devices.
  • a common example is use of an MxN matrix of monitors producing a large aggregated display.
  • Each discrete monitor includes mounting hardware to hold it in its place and separate power lines and signal cables are connected to each discrete monitor.
  • a limitation for extremely large values of M and N includes size, weight, and complexity of the discrete power lines and signal cables, especially in implementations where the signal cables are all sourced from a master controller.
  • a related but different class of large active arrays includes provision of each display element (e.g., a sub-pixel in an RGB display system or a pixel in alternative display systems that do not include sub-pixels) as a functional device in the array. That is, each display element may be individually wireles sly-powered and/or wirelessly-addressed. In between would be individually wireles sly-powered and/or wirelessly-addressed sub-assemblies of display elements. Each subassembly includes a set of display elements but that set is configured to be less than an entire display device. An entire display device must include two or more sub-assemblies
  • the incorporated disclosures include a variety of intermediate couplers that received energy from the one or more upstream segments and transmitted energy to the one or more downstream segments. Energy was input at a head and consumed/terminated at a tail. It was a goal to have the intermediate systems be as lossless as possible to transfer a greatest amount of energy between the head and the tail. Each intermediate coupler included a regenerator for the power and signal conditioning.
  • Embodiments of the present invention replace one or more of the intermediate couplers with tap couplers.
  • Each tap coupler includes an active regenerator and is coupled to a functional device.
  • the active regenerator may also optionally provide power and signal conditioning for relayed power, but it also includes a controllable energy tap to divert controllably some energy to the coupled functional device.
  • the active regenerator may include a wireless control mechanism in which wireless control data (e.g., optical and/or radiofrequency communications) from a control is able to discretely, individually, and independently control any single active regenerator or a group of active regenerators.
  • Some arrays may include one or more functional devices that provide one-way energy transfer to a power drain in that their function or role is achieved by receiving power and suitable control.
  • Other arrays may include one or more functional devices that provide two-way energy transfer to a drain and transmission from a source (the functional device acts as both).
  • Sensors and compute-type functional devices are examples of two-way energy transfer functional devices in that they may be powered and addressed remotely and that they also send intelligence (e.g., off-device).
  • a wireless control signal from a controller may simply provide ON and OFF control signals to an active regenerator to, in turn, cause the coupled functional device to turn ON and turn OFF in response to the control signals. More sophisticated signaling may allow for more complex control options. In some implementations, it may be desired to have an "always on" energy pass- through to relay power from upstream to downstream independent of the control signals received (or not received) by the active regenerator. Other implementations may have a switching pass-through to control relay of energy from the upstream to the downstream.
  • the disclosure includes a wide variety of couplers and regenerator implementations.
  • An embodiment of the present invention may include a substitution of one or more active regenerators for the power-relay version of the regenerator (and may include attached functional device(s) and the control mechanism) such as, for example, in any of the intermediate couplers. Illustrated below is but one example for a particular type of wireless energy transfer system.
  • the incorporated patent application also describes that some portions (or the entirety) of the wireless transfer system may include shielding to improve a coupling efficiency. While shielding may be used in embodiments of the present invention, wireless control signals must be able to be received by the active regenerators.
  • Some implementations may shift a location of the wireless control receiver to another location or component of the system.
  • some functional devices may include wireless control. It is anticipated that some embodiments will provide a mounting and power interface standard for a functional device and the power, relay, and addressing functions are part of the tap coupler with a standardized interface for any number of types of functional devices.
  • a standard socket may be used for a functional device that is a display system powered and controlled by its associated tap coupler.
  • a functional device may be a subassembly or discrete device that performs an independent function or a collective function in collaboration and synchronization with other functional devices.
  • a set of functional devices to be controlled may be in a grid.
  • One implementation would be to provide an addressable wireless relay system for each row (or column) of the grid (e.g., wireless power and/or wireless addressing).
  • a single control may be used for all the rows/columns or for a subset thereof.
  • Functional devices of an active array are not required to be arranged into orderly arrays and matrices. In some cases, it may be desirable to distribute or disperse wirelessly powered and wired functional devices into a substrate or foundation and then use a post-distribution/post- dispersion mapping technique to identify and map particular locations of the functional devices for later operation.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless energy transfer system 100.
  • System 100 includes a wireless relay 105 that transfers energy from an energy source 110 to an energy drain 115.
  • Relay 105 includes a series of wireless transmission segments 120 having a coupler 125 at an interface between segments 120.
  • System 100 is designed to transfer energy, or distribute power, from energy source 110 to energy drain 115 through an ambient environment without interaction - in some embodiments this is a targeted one-to-one transfer from energy source 110 to energy drain 115. This is contrast to a range extender or repeater that extends an effective power transfer range to include more devices within the ambient environment around an energy source.
  • Energy source 110 may include one or more sources of energy, including for example line energy from an electrical power distribution grid, and/or stored energy from a battery, ultracapacitor, or the like.
  • each segment 120 operates using near-field energy coupling that is tailored to maximize energy transfer from a begin node to an end node.
  • Each begin node is designed and intended to be decoupled, within operational parameters and application conditions, from all but one end node of system 100. Further, each end node is designed and intended to be decoupled, within operation parameters and application conditions, from all but one begin node.
  • a wireless transmission technology used by a segment 120 has a limited effective distance, effective in this context refers to a coupling efficiency which affects how much energy is transferred from a begin node to an end node.
  • System 100 includes a set of segments 120 that are designed to wirelessly transfer energy in a one-to-one relationship of begin to end of corresponding nodes. An energy transfer efficiency between non-corresponding nodes is established to be less than a predetermined threshold, that threshold balancing many factors but ultimately effecting an energy transfer throughput of relay 105 when communicating energy from source 110 to drain 115.
  • Relay 105 is able to effectively use different wireless energy transfer technologies and methodologies, and in some implementations, a hybrid system 100 may include different, but compatible, energy transfer technologies in individual segments 120. Some embodiments include a requirement that, for whatever wireless transfer technology is used, such near-field wireless transfer, there be an intended one-to-one correspondence between a begin node and an end node - the transfer characteristics and parameters effectively, within the desired level of efficiency, communicating energy from the begin node to the end node only.
  • Couplers 125 provide for an interface between adjacent segments 120 bridging energy communication between them.
  • each coupler 125 includes an end node of an adjacent upstream segment, a regenerator, and a begin node of an adjacent downstream segment.
  • the end node uses a transfer framework compatible with a begin node of a particular adjacent upstream segment (in a case where there are multiple upstream segments) to uniquely receive (i.e., the only intended receiver from a particular node) energy communicated from this begin node.
  • the end node uses a transfer framework compatible with an end node of a particular adjacent
  • downstream segment in a case where there are multiple downstream segments) to uniquely transmit (i.e., the only intended transmitter to a particular node) energy communicated from this end node.
  • the regenerator coupled to all the nodes of its coupler 125, receives energy from the end node(s) and processes it for transmission to begin node(s).
  • resonators are used at each node of each coupler 125.
  • the resonators of corresponding unique pairs of begin and end nodes are designed and selected to interact with each other under resonance conditions.
  • the resonators of non-corresponding pairs of nodes (whether begin and/or end nodes) are designed and selected so that they do not interact with each other, within a level of wireless transfer performance preselected for the system and/or process.
  • a measure of the resonance conditions sometimes employs a coupling coefficient and/or a Q-factor.
  • embodiments provide non-corresponding pairs of nodes with coupling coefficients and/or Q-factors below a non-transfer threshold for extremely inefficient energy transfer (if any) between the non- corresponding nodes.
  • System 100 provides for both - highly efficient energy transfer between corresponding unique begin and end node pairs and highly inefficient energy transfer between non- corresponding node pairs, energy transfer pathways from an energy source to an energy drain are defined between a series of successive linked corresponding unique node pairs.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a large active array 200 powered and controlled by an active wireless energy transfer system such as described herein.
  • Array 200 may be incorporated into a monolithic wall and include a grid (e.g., 2 rows of 3 columns) of functional devices 205 (e.g., displays, audio system, computing device(s) or other independently addressable and powered device).
  • functional devices 205 e.g., displays, audio system, computing device(s) or other independently addressable and powered device.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an active wireless energy transfer system 300 for operating large active array 200 of FIG. 2.
  • System 300 is similar to system 100 described herein except for explicit modification and contextual changes as noted below. Whereas system 100 had a goal of wirelessly transferring energy/power through a region with minimal energy/power loss, system 300 has a goal of wirelessly infusing/distributing energy/power to functional devices throughout the region of an active array.
  • System 300 includes an energy transfer 305 having a plurality of tap couplers 310 in place of couplers 105, each tap coupler 310 may be associated with one or more functional devices 315.
  • System 300 does not require energy drain 115 which may be replaced by an optional terminator 320.
  • Terminator 320 may, in some cases, include an additional functional device 315.
  • functional devices 315 may require that they receive only power. In such a case, tap couplers 310 collectively power all the functional devices 315 to perform their predetermined operation whenever energy source 110 is active. (Other power transfer systems may distribute power to some type of wireless power receiver in addition to or in lieu of a tap coupler and that power receiver may be coupled to one or more functional devices 310 or integrated into one or more functional devices 315.) However, for many active arrays, it is necessary or desirable to selectively control functional devices 315. That control may be simple (e.g., ON/OFF) or may be more complex. For ON/OFF type control, it may be sufficient to provide for selective addressing of individual tap couplers 310.
  • System 300 includes a controller 325 that issues command/control signals and data to elements of system 300.
  • each tap coupler 310 may be provided with a wireless receiver (illustrated as an antenna) for receipt of wireless transmissions from controller 325. This is an example of simple wireless addressing system.
  • control receivers are included in some tap couplers 310 as well as in some functional devices 315, and it is not necessary that the control receivers be included in matching/associated coupler/functional device pairs.
  • a particular tap coupler 310 may interface to multiple functional devices 315.
  • multiple tap couplers 310 may interface to a single functional device 315.
  • wireless energy transfer from energy source 110 to tap coupler 310 may be implemented using the Q-coupled resonators as described in the incorporated patent application.
  • Wireless energy transfer from tap coupler 310 to its associated functional device 315 may be performed by a different type of wireless energy transfer, such as beamed
  • wireless power transfer may employ Q-coupled resonators while addressing may be performed by a different type of wireless transmission, such as a beamed radiofrequency transmission.
  • Implementations may sometimes be optimized by having all inter-element power and addressing performed wirelessly. At least in the foreseeable future, at some point electrons will be flowing in circuits and this will require some amount of wiring, (and/or photons routed via waveguides. Waveguides for the purposes of this disclosure be considered a form of "wiring" for photons, and thus included as a sub-case in any reference to “wiring”). Preferably the wiring will be contained with each element. In some instances, it may be necessary or desirable to provide for a partial or whole wiring solution for one of the powering or addressing functions. Some embodiments may thus include a wholly or partially wireless power/energy transfer and a wholly or partially wired addressing mechanism. Other embodiments may thus include a wholly or partially wired
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a portion 400 of wireless transfer 105 including a particular one tap coupler 310 used in system 300.
  • Tap coupler 310 may include an end transfer node 405, a begin transfer node 410, and an active regenerator 415.
  • Each tap coupler 310 is an interface between an immediately adjacent upstream wireless transmission segment 120 and an immediately adjacent downstream wireless segment 120.
  • End transfer node 405 receives a wireless energy transfer 420 from only a begin transfer node of a particular one immediately adjacent upstream wireless transfer segment 120. End transfer node 405 and the begin transfer node at this interface define a
  • End transfer node 405 is compatible with its corresponding uniquely paired begin node such that wireless energy transfer 420 is provided only from the paired begin node and similarly wireless energy transfer from the immediate upstream node is provided only to the corresponding paired end transfer node 405.
  • the begin transfer node includes a resonator of a particular Q-factor
  • corresponding end transfer node 405 has a compatible resonator of a matching Q-factor to provide a coupling efficiency at or above the desired transfer efficiency.
  • Begin transfer node 410 produces a wireless energy transfer 425 at a beginning of the immediately adjacent downstream wireless segment 120.
  • Begin transfer node 410 transmits a wireless energy transfer 425 to only an end transfer node of a particular one immediately adjacent downstream wireless transfer segment 120.
  • Begin transfer node 410 and one end transfer node of this particular one immediately adjacent downstream wireless transfer segment define another corresponding unique pair of begin and end nodes.
  • Begin transfer node 410 is compatible with its corresponding uniquely paired end node such that wireless energy transfer 425 is provided only to the paired end transfer node.
  • Begin transfer node 410 may include a resonator of a particular Cefaclor.
  • the uniquely corresponding paired end transfer node may include a compatible resonator of a matching Q-factor to provide a coupling efficiency at or above the desired transfer efficiency.
  • end transfer node 405 also includes a resonator with a Q-factor
  • the Q-factor of begin transfer node 310 will have a different Q-factor that provides a coupling efficiency at or below the non-transfer threshold to have no or an extremely inefficient transfer of energy 420 from the begin transfer node.
  • Active regenerator 415 is coupled to end transfer node 405 to receive energy from wireless energy transfer 420. Active regenerator 315 processes (including conversion, switching, and regulation) this received energy to provide transmission energy to begin transfer node 410 for production of wireless energy transfer 425 and operating energy for an associated functional device 315. Active regenerator 315 is self-contained and is powered from energy received by end transfer node(s) that are part of the same tap coupler 310. A different type of energy transfer technology may power active regenerator 415 with a corresponding different form of a power receiver.
  • Regenerator 415 is active in that it includes a control receiver for receipt of selection/operating command/control signals and data from controller 325. These command/control signals may be addressing control for operating active regenerator 415. Active regenerator 415 may include one or more operating modes, some of which may additionally respond to additional data input. Controller 325 communicates such command/control signals and any data to the control receiver to select a desired operational mode for active regenerator 415. For example, some commands may determine whether to transfer energy to functional device 315.
  • active regenerator 415 may continuously transfer power from end transfer node 405 to begin transfer node 410 without information from controller 325.
  • controller 325 may determine whether active regenerator 415 relays energy to coupled downstream segments (and if so, it may also determine how much energy is transferred at any particular time).
  • command/control information may be communicated to a regenerator using command/control information embedded or otherwise associated with energy transfer 420.
  • Energy transfer between active regenerator 415 and any of its associated functional devices may be performed via wired or wireless communication pathways.
  • Energy transfer between active regenerator 415 and its associated functional device 315 may be performed via wired or wireless energy transfer. Such wireless energy transfer may employ the same or different wireless energy exchange technology.
  • Variations in some embodiments may include incorporation of the control receiver into functional device 315.
  • active regenerator 415 may be integrated with functional device 315.
  • energy transfer 420 from an upstream segment is received by an energy receiver (e.g., end transfer node 405). Some of this energy powers active regenerator 415 and its communications circuitry.
  • a control receiver of the communications circuitry receives
  • controller 325 for setting an operational mode of active regenerator from available operational modes.
  • Some modes may include an implementation of an addressing schema in which controller 325 individually and discretely controls operation of a particular one active regenerator 415.
  • Other implementations may allow group and system-wide addressing/control of multiple/all active regenerators 415.
  • active regenerator 415 sets operational parameters (among available operational parameters) for its associated functional device 315. These operational parameters are dependent upon the capabilities of any particular type of functional device but may include binary control (e.g., ON/OFF) or analog/digital information for setting values from a range of values in response to the
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative active wireless energy transfer system 500 including two-way communications for operating the large active array of FIG. 2.
  • functional devices 510 were operated in a "one-way” mode in which energy/power was provided to them.
  • System 500 illustrates a representative "two-way” mode in which energy/power transfer may be provided to and from one or more functional devices 510.
  • there are some types of functional devices in which a user or operator may desire information/data/status from one or more functional devices 510.
  • a functional device 510 performs some data storage,
  • functional devices 510 are provided with two-way communications capability. Two-way communications may be provided in a number of ways, for example a functional device 510 may include a transmit structure to provide its information to a processor 515. The information may be provided autonomously or may be provided in response to command/control information from controller 325.
  • the command/control information may be received by the control receiver which may, as noted above, be included in either tap coupler 310 and/or functional device 510.
  • the transmit structure of functional device 510 may include a wireless transmission mode to transmit the information directly to processor 515 from a functional device 510.
  • the transmit structure of a functional device 520 may indirectly transmit to processor 515 by sending the information first to its associated tap coupler 525.
  • Functional device 520 and tap coupler 525 includes some differences as compared, respectively, to functional device 510 and tap coupler 310 to enable tap coupler 525 to directly or indirectly transmit information from functional device 520 to processor 515.
  • Tap coupler 525 may include a transmit structure to send information from functional device 520 directly (e.g., wirelessly without passing through other components of transfer 505) to processor 515.
  • tap coupler 525 may include a transmit structure to send information from functional device 520 indirectly to processor 515.
  • Indirect communication may include a relay through another tap coupler coupled to processor 515 or coupled to a dedicated transmit hub (which may be one type of functional device for an array including two-way functional devices).
  • a transmit hub functional device may be included to relay transmit information from these devices to processor 515.
  • Functional devices 510 may wirelessly communicate directly to the transmit hub which would then relay (directly or indirectly) the information to processor 515.
  • Functional devices 520 may directly communicate (wirelessly or wired) with its associated tap coupler 525 for relay (direct or indirect) to the transmit hub which in turn relays (direct or indirect) the information to processor 515.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a portion 600 of wireless transfer 105 including a particular one tap coupler 310 and functional device 510 used in system 500.
  • Portion 600 generally conforms to portion 400 as modified for two-way communications with respect to functional device 510.
  • operating energy is provided to two-way functional device 510 from a tap of energy transfer 420.
  • Any command/control for two-way functional device 510 may be provided from controller 325, such as, for example, relayed through associated active regenerator 415.
  • Information from two-way functional device 510 may be provided directly to processor 515 from a transmit structure included with two-way functional device 510.
  • controller 325 and processor 515 may be combined (operationally, functionally, and/or structurally) into a single master unit 605.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a portion 700 of wireless transfer 105 including a particular one tap coupler 525 and associated alternative two-way functional device 520 used in system 500.
  • Portion 700 generally conforms to portion 400 and portion 600 as modified for alternative two-way communications with respect to functional device 520.
  • operating energy is provided to two-way functional device 520 from a tap of energy transfer 420.
  • Any command/control for two-way functional device 510 may be provided from controller 325, such as, for example, relayed through associated active regenerator 415.
  • Information from two-way functional device 520 may be provided indirectly to processor 515 from a transmit structure included with associated active regenerator 415.
  • One-way and two-way systems and methods having N number of functional devices may include an energy source in a first "stage” directly coupled to all N functional devices as the last "stage” of the embodiment. In other embodiments, one or more intermediate stages may be included between the first and last stages of some or all of the N number of functional devices to provide a "fan out" of energy and/or addressing distribution. In one-way or two-way implementations, some embodiments may include one or more of the functional devices as distribution hubs for wired/wired distribution of energy and/or addressing.
  • Wireless addressing and powering of arrays or networks of micro devices, nano- devices, or hubs which in turn power and address micro or nano-devices, represents a significant change in power and addressing technology for large distributed arrays since the advent of the first flat-screen displays, addressed by row-and-column passive and active circuit grids.
  • some embodiments of the proposed invention of the present disclosure may be particularly suited to and compatible with many systems and methods.
  • some implementations may include textile- structured devices, including woven display and sensor arrays, which are structurally and manufacturing-wise ideally-suited to implement and integrate of arrays and networks wirelessly addressed and powered devices.
  • Power and signal "relay" systems may be employed to transfer power and addressing across an array, as opposed to power and signal being distributed from one central hub.
  • Multiple hubs may also be addressed by "hard-wire,” as well as connected wirelessly from a central hub. Combinations of hard-wire and wireless hubs are also contemplated.
  • Preferred methods of wireless addressing may include a novel device building on the foundation of miniature RFID devices and circuits, taking advantage of new methods of highly- miniaturized, cheap RFID chip manufacturing technology that matches device dimensions of individual elements of distributed arrays, including the dimensions of display subpixels and micro- sensors.
  • Preferred methods of wireless powering may include a wireless-relay system employing alternating sequences of low-frequency emitter-resonators.
  • a RFID-type device and circuit is paired with another device (individual array element, such as a subpixel, pixel or sensor, or a hub-device controlling other such devices), such that when the receiving antenna circuit element of the RFID-type device receives a signal from the RFID-type transmitter containing an identifier data element that matches an identifier data element in the RFID- type device's memory, the RFID-type device or circuit sends a signal to the device with which it is paired to perform an operation.
  • another device individual array element, such as a subpixel, pixel or sensor, or a hub-device controlling other such devices
  • Such operations might include turning a pixel or sensor on or off, or setting the level or other characteristic(s) of a pixel or sensor or other device.
  • an antenna circuit element may send a signal back to the originating or other RFID-type device to confirm that it has performed that operation, or if there is an error, and it will be tagged with the same unique identifier to confirm which RFID-type node device is responding.
  • RFID-type transmitters may be employed by an array processing unit to simultaneously transmit addressing or operation information to subsets of array elements, in a parallel processing model.
  • RFID-type devices coupled with operative nodes in the array may be pre-programmed with unique identifiers and then located one-by-one spatially in a pre-determined pattern.
  • a unique set of pre-programmed RFID-type devices may be more or less randomly distributed across an area or throughout a volume. More than one such RFID-operative device(s) pair may in fact be co-located spatially.
  • a next step to "map" the spatial location of the devices may be employed.
  • Many forms of “readers” may be employed, that either move sequentially over a surface or through a volume (multiple readers requiring volumetric reading), or reading or mapping an entire array at the same time, and then analyzing the capture space in software.
  • the RFID itself may return its unique value as an RF- signal, or the operative device (such as a sub-pixel) may be commanded to perform an operation or sequence of operations that may be imaged or "read.”
  • Another preferred method of solving the problem of physically-deploying RFID- operative device pairs or groups executes the programming of the RFID-type device after it is spatially deployed in an array. Variants on this method include sequentially moving over the array and transmitting signal to one RFID-type device at a time, by virtue of low power and/or
  • the operative sensor device may be employed in a programming scheme, such that the setting of the RFID-type device's unique identifier is performed by receipt of non-RF signal by the operative sensor.
  • Combinations of RF and sensor signals may also be employed, and distributed arrays combining sensors and emitters (display pixels or sub- pixels, for instance) thus allow for combinations of post-manufacturer programming of the RFID- type devices in the array.
  • RFID-type devices have not only seen major advances in cost reduction per-chip, and smaller- and- smaller sizes, but technical challenges such as shielding and management of
  • Hitachi has been a leader, and has announced multiple breakthroughs in RFID technology miniaturization in the past decade, beginning in 2003 through 2007, (from the Nikkei Electronics website www.techon.nikkeibp.co.jp, February 20, 2007):
  • Hitachi Chemical is marketing an EPC Gen 2 passive ultrahigh- frequency (UHF) RFID tag that is one of the smallest tags on the market, measuring just 2.5 millimeters (0.098 inch) square and 0.3 millimeter (0.012 inch) thick . Consisting of an Impini Monza 5 chip and an antenna embedded in epox resin, the Ultra-Small Package tag is designed to be durable enough that it could be applied via injection molding or incorporated into printed circuit- boards.
  • UHF passive ultrahigh- frequency
  • RFID reader ranges may extend, in long-range versions, to the hundreds of meters.
  • An example of such is commercially available from Sky RFID, the SKYR433SLH Ultra Long Range Serial Fixed Reader has a range of 200 meters, which may be boosted to 500 meters.
  • RFID radio frequency-dependent addressing or any reading/writing of arrays of devices functioning at least in a part as a related complex of devices in a system.
  • RFID which is defined as the reading and/or writing to a discrete device, whether located near other discrete devices or not, which do not function in any system together, either fixed or temporary.
  • Nano-antennas and micro-cavities as reported in work such as that reported by Feuillet-Palma, Todorov, Vasanelli, and Sirtori in “Strong near field enhancement in THz nano- antenna arrays,” (Scientific Reports 3, Article number: 1361 doi:10.1038/srep01361, 01 March 2013), demonstrate the progress in further miniaturization of antenna structures at shorter frequencies, with cavity lengths of 12 microns and widths of 3 microns.
  • Wireless power transmission was first proposed and realized, in a wide variety of forms, by Nikola Tesla, as exemplified in US Patent 645,576 System of Transmission of Electrical Energy and US Patent 649,621, Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy, described new and useful combinations of transformer coils.
  • the transmitting coil or conductor arranged and excited to cause currents or oscillation to propagate through conduction through the natural medium from one point to another remote point therefrom and a receiver coil or conductor of the transmitted signals.
  • the production of currents of very high potential could be attained in these coils.
  • Some embodiments of the present disclosure may be adapted for use with wireless RF illumination methods for individual pixel-back illumination elements in a display device.
  • Tesla worked with a great range of frequencies, more recent work has either been at frequencies which are too high to be transmitted safely at high energies over distances, or which can (magnetic induction) only operate over very short distances.
  • Splashpower is a commercially-available version of this technology.
  • An example of a Tesla-inspired product using safe low-frequencies for wireless charging of portable devices has been proposed and realized by Joannopolous, Karalis, and Soljacic of MIT, as disclosed in pending US Patent Application 20070222542.
  • a range of resonator sizes were modeled and realized, using the well-known Maxwell's and related mathematical equations from the field of physics, which demonstrated relatively high-power through relatively large distances between (and through walls) of a building. Power delivered in this system is highly efficient, and at least 1000 times as efficient as non-resonant induction coupling.
  • resonant induction is in placing a resonant object in the near-field (non-traveling) magnetic field of a resonator; evanescent wave coupling. This is different from the much more familiar non-resonant induction methods employed by Splashpower and others.
  • An external electrical power connection either external to a building structure and connected directly to at least a portion of a building which is an intelligent structure, or within a building which is traditionally hard-wired to a portion of that building which is an intelligent structure.
  • the alternating or direct electrical current is then fed to a near-field generation element, preferably a magnetic field resonator with a particular Q factor.
  • a near-field generation element preferably a magnetic field resonator with a particular Q factor.
  • This resonator to minimize the use of electrical wiring or other conventional conductive material which conducts electrons and electrical power on or in its body, is preferably located on the outer edges of a module, and furthermore, preferably in a location of the module out of the em-transfer path for display, lighting, and sensing, although the magnetic field generating resonator may itself be substantially or partly be fabricated of a transparent or substantially transparent conductive material.
  • one or more resonators with a second Q factor are placed, but these resonators are further married and electrically connected to another resonator with a third Q factor.
  • the multiple resonator-pairs are distinct from the first resonator, which receives power from an external electro-motive force (typically, as noted, an external power line).
  • the Q-factors are calculated using methods known to the art, as exemplified by the published work of Joannopoulos, Karalis, and Soljacic, and the improved devices they propose include feedback mechanisms to modify Q in an individual device to account for other potentially absorbtive objects in the path of resonant emission.
  • Research has shown, coupling time for the resonator and resonant receiver are faster than the time it takes a potentially absorptive object to draw-off. This has allowed demonstration of efficient transmission through walls.
  • Wire loops and dielectric disks have both been employed as resonant structures. Folded-loops with the same resonant frequency provide a path well-known to the art of antenna engineering for implementing extremely compact resonators.
  • Resonators may be designed for power transfer to autonomous nano-objects, and device features which will be required to fabricate such compact resonators can now be fabricated by various methods known to the art, including emboss-etch and other technologies.
  • the multiple resonator-pairs may be seen as power-relay pairs, which if the contact is open between the receiving and the re-emitting pair, provides at least portion of the input power to the output device.
  • the input resonator is closer in orientation to the distant original resonator than the relay resonator; optimally, the relay pair is placed within the efficient coupling distance of the first emitter.
  • a sphere may be understood to define a shape of the resonant field emitted by the resonator. Depending on the use of impermeable material around the resonator, this shape may be modified and tailored. But at progressive distances from the emitter, relay-pairs may be placed, where wireless power-relay paths may be desired, and pairs will be positioned to optimally receive the resonant field energy.
  • This third type of component is a relay-pair which combines a receiving resonator with a fourth Q factor and a re-emitting resonator with either the first Q factor, or a fifth Q-factor. If a fifth Q-factor, then a fourth type of relay-pair is needed, which consists of a sixth Q-factor receiver and the first Q-factor re-emitter.
  • the principle determining whether additional types of relay-pairs are needed is the degree to which a re-emitter will "short-circuit" the power-relay system by being bled off from an earlier receiver on the "line.”
  • a borderline arrangement places at least one intervening, different relay-pair, between the first resonator and another re-emitting resonator with the same Q- f actor, in a system with four Q-f actors.
  • such an arrangement will require either magnetically impermeable shielding materials and/or field- shaping structures.
  • the other devices in the intelligent system thus preferably each retain at least one, and in practice, multiple receiving-resonant structures to allow them to receive one or more frequencies of resonant field energy as transmitted by the multiple types of emitters and re-emitters, with multiple Q-f actors.
  • Each and any of these resonators are preferably also actually switchable circuits, i.e., that a critical portion of the resonant structure may be removed by either mechanical, acoustic, electrical, magnetic, electro -optic, magneto-optic, acousto-optic, or other methods known to the art which can "switch" and make resonantly-inoperative at least some sufficiently large portion of the resonator to change its Q and resonant frequency.
  • the power-relay devices are preferably wirelessly addressed as well.
  • an intelligent system can determine whether any power should be emitted at all from the original emitter, and if so, which relay nodes or power distribution vectors, intra and inter-module, should be switched "on.”
  • Non-volatile memory within these addressable, wirelessly-powered devices to be accessed by a wireless addressing (preferably RFID as detailed herein, but also Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, 3G, and the like) signal, which may also provide the input energy to power the circuit which tells the device to complete the circuit for the receiving-resonators.
  • a wireless addressing preferably RFID as detailed herein, but also Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, 3G, and the like
  • Some of the disclosed embodiments may include elements and components such as one or more antennae and/or one or more ring resonators (e.g., split ring resonator). These elements and devices may be fabricated in very small scale, for example, at a nano-scale. These and other anticipated advances in fabrication techniques and miniaturization are anticipated to possibly further enhance manufacture and use of various embodiments of the present invention.
  • the following articles provide some representative references illustrating recent design and fabrication of such components: "An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible light" by Xingjie NI, et al. in Science, 18 September 2015, Vol. 349, no. 6254 pp. 1310-1314, "All-Dielectric Optical
  • Nanoantennas by Alexander E. KRASNOK, et al., Chapter 6, pp. 143-175 of PROGRESS OF COMPACT ANTENNAS, InTech, 10 September 2014, and "WIDEBAND PLANAR SPLIT RING RESONATOR BASED MET AM ATERIALS ' ' by Abdolshakoor RIGI-TAMANDANI, et al., Progress in Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 28, 115-128, 2013, the contents in their entireties are hereby expressly incorporated by reference thereto for all purposes.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un système et un procédé d'échelonnement de réseaux de dispositifs répartis, qui comprennent des affichages et des réseaux de capteurs améliorant le fonctionnement de réseaux de pratiquement toutes les tailles par combinaison d'un adressage et d'un alimentation sans fil de dispositifs fonctionnels comprenant des éléments de réseau individuels ou des sous-secteurs, des groupes ou des ensembles d'éléments de réseau à l'aide de dérivateurs répartis dans un système de relais sans fil.
PCT/US2016/055014 2015-09-30 2016-09-30 Réseaux de dispositifs répartis à adressage et alimentation sans fil WO2017059369A1 (fr)

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