WO2017052646A1

WO2017052646A1 - Island transfer for optical, piezo and rf applications

Info

Publication number: WO2017052646A1
Application number: PCT/US2015/052456
Authority: WO
Inventors: Bruce A. Block
Original assignee: Intel Corporation
Priority date: 2015-09-25
Filing date: 2015-09-25
Publication date: 2017-03-30
Also published as: TW201721834A

Abstract

In one embodiment, a first material layer over a first substrate is scored to form an island. A mesa is formed on a first insulating layer on a second substrate. The island is transferred to the mesa. One or more device features are formed on the island.

Description

ISLAND TRANSFER FOR OPTICAL, PIEZO AND RF APPLICATIONS

FIELD

Embodiments as described herein relate to a field of electronic device manufacturing, and in particular, to an island transfer for optical, piezo and RF applications.

BACKGROUND

Generally, single crystals of lithium niobate (LiNb03) are used in telecommunications, e.g., for optical waveguides, piezoelectric sensors, optical modulators, and various other linear and non-linear optical applications. Typically, the single LiNb03 crystals are used to

manufacture surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Other uses of the LiNb03 are in laser frequency doubling, nonlinear optics, Pockels cells, optical parametric oscillators, Q-switching devices for lasers, optical spatial low-pass filters, other acousto-optic devices, and optical switches.

Typically, a single crystal of LiNb03 is grown using a bulk growth technique. After a crystal is grown, the crystal is sliced into wafers to manufacture the devices. The devices manufactured using the bulk materials, however, require separate packaging and large form factors.

Another technique to produce the single crystal of LiNb03 is an epitaxial film deposition technique. This technique requires an appropriate substrate to grow the LiNb03 film. Typically, the epitaxially grown LiNb03 has more defects than the bulk grown LiNb03. The crystal properties of the LiNb03 epitaxial film often fall well short of bulk material properties.

Conventional layer transfer techniques may provide a thin film crystal with bulklike properties, but combining with other devices and technologies typically requires separate packaging and larger form factors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention may be best understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings that are used to illustrate embodiments of the invention. In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a side view of a portion of a carrier substrate according to one embodiment.

Figure 2 is a side view illustrating a portion of a substrate according to one embodiment.

Figure 3 is a side view illustrating attaching a material layer to the carrier substrate according to one embodiment. Figure 4 is a view after the material layer is formed on the carrier substrate according to one embodiment.

Figure 5 is a view similar to Figure 4 after the material layer is scored to form islands according to one embodiment.

Figure 6 is a side view showing a portion of an electronic device comprising a mesa on an insulating layer on a receiving substrate according to one embodiment.

Figure 7A is a view similar to Figures 5 and 6 after the island is aligned to the mesa on the receiving substrate according to one embodiment.

Figure 7B is a view similar to Figure 7A after transferring the island of the material layer onto the mesa according to one embodiment.

Figure 8 is a view similar to Figure 7B after an insulating layer is deposited on the insulating layer and island according to one embodiment.

Figure 9 is a view similar to Figure 8 after insulating layer is planarized and a device feature layer is deposited on the island according to one embodiment.

Figure 10 is a view similar to Figure 9 after a device feature layer is patterned and etched and an insulating layer is deposited according to one embodiment.

Figure 11 is a view similar to Figure 10 after the insulating layer is planarized and electrodes are formed according to one embodiment.

Figure 12 is a plan view of a system comprising a plurality of devices on an island for an optical sensing application according to one embodiment.

Figure 13 is a plan view of a system comprising SAW filters on islands for a RF application according to one embodiment.

Figure 14 is a plan view of a system comprising SAW based sensors formed on an island according to one embodiment.

Figure 15 is a side view of a portion of an electronic device comprising device features on an insulating layer on a receiving substrate according to another embodiment.

Figure 16 is a view similar to Figure 15 after a device feature is formed on an insulating layer according to another embodiment.

Figure 17 is a view similar to Figure 16 after an insulating layer is deposited according to another embodiment.

Figure 18 is a view similar to Figure 17 after device features are formed according to another embodiment. Figure 19 is a view similar to Figure 18 after the insulating layer is patterned and etched to form a mesa according to another embodiment.

Figure 20 is a view similar to Figures 5 and 19 after the island is aligned to the mesa on the receiving substrate according to another embodiment.

Figure 21 is a view similar to Figure 20 after transferring the island onto the mesa according to another embodiment.

Figure 22 is a side view showing a cavity formed through a mesa on an insulating layer on a receiving substrate according to another embodiment.

Figure 23 is a view similar to Figures 5 and 22 after transferring the island onto portions of the mesa according to another embodiment.

Figure 24 is a side view illustrating a portion of a substrate according to another embodiment.

Figure 25 is a view similar to Figure 24 after device features are formed on a material layer according to one embodiment.

Figure 26 is a side view illustrating attaching a substrate to a carrier substrate according to another embodiment.

Figure 27 is a view similar to Figure 26 after a material layer is transferred onto the carrier substrate according to another embodiment.

Figure 28 is a view similar to Figure 27 after an insulating layer is deposited on a material layer according to another embodiment.

Figure 29 is a view similar to Figure 28 after islands are defined according to another embodiment.

Figure 30 is a view similar to Figures 22 and 29 after transferring an island onto portions of the mesa on the receiving substrate according to another embodiment.

Figure 31 is a side view of a multilayer structure after islands are defined according to another embodiment.

Figure 32 is a view similar to Figures 22 and 31 after transferring an island onto portions of the mesa on receiving substrate according to another embodiment.

Figure 33 is a view similar to Figure 32 after device features are formed on an insulating layer on an island according to another embodiment.

Figure 34 is a side view illustrating a system comprising a plurality of devices formed in an insulating layer on a thin film island on a mesa according to one embodiment. Figure 35 illustrates an interposer that includes one or more embodiments of the invention.

Figure 36 illustrates a computing device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods and apparatuses to provide an island transfer for optical, piezo and radio frequency (RF) applications are described. In at least some embodiments, a single crystal film island (e.g., lithium niobate, lithium tantalite, aluminum nitride, or other single crystal film) is efficiently transferred onto a mesa on a substrate to fabricate a plurality of devices that use electro-optic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, or other properties of the single crystal film for sensor, RF, optical interconnects, electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and other device applications. This increases functionality and provides more efficient use of the single crystal films comparing to conventional techniques.

In at least some embodiments, a plurality of non-complementary metal oxide

semiconductor (CMOS) devices are advantageously integrated on an island on a chip to reduce a form factor, improve performance and lower packaging cost comparing with conventional systems. In one embodiment, a first material layer over a first substrate is scored to form a plurality of islands. A mesa is formed on a first insulating layer on a second substrate. An island of the first material layer is transferred to the mesa. One or more device features are formed on the island.

In at least some embodiments, a 3D island of a lithium niobate film that has been prepared by a layer transfer process is transferred to a mesa on a substrate. The transferred lithium niobate film island can be incorporated into an appropriate system on a chip depending on the application. Unique combinations of the devices are integrated on the island that advantageously increases integration of the devices and eliminates a need for a separate packaging. In one embodiment, a 3D island transfer technique is used to fabricate one or more single crystal film based devices, as described in further detail below. In one embodiment, one or more devices fabricated on the island comprise a micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) free standing film, as described in further detail below. In one embodiment, to fabricate the free standing film, a cavity is etched prior to a single crystal layer island transfer that provides a simple way to have a released film.

In at least some embodiments, the device integration on a single crystal film island on a mesa on a substrate is increased compared with conventional systems. In at least some embodiments, the form factor of the systems comprising the devices on a single crystal film island on a mesa on a substrate is decreased comparing with conventional systems. In one embodiment, an island transfer technique is used to integrate one or more modulators and sensor devices with high index contrast waveguides on a lithium niobate island. In one embodiment, an island transfer technique is advantageously used to integrate devices associated with a plurality of technology areas, e.g., a sensor fusion and CMOS devices, on a chip, as described in further detail below. In one embodiment, an island transfer technique is used to fabricate MEMs based devices for example, for RF front end applications, as described in further detail below.

In the following description, various aspects of the illustrative implementations will be described using terms commonly employed by those skilled in the art to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced with only some of the described aspects. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials and configurations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the illustrative implementations. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, well-known features are omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the illustrative implementations .

Various operations will be described as multiple discrete operations, in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the present invention; however, the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in the order of presentation.

While certain exemplary embodiments are described and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative and not restrictive, and that the embodiments are not restricted to the specific constructions and arrangements shown and described because modifications may occur to those ordinarily skilled in the art.

Reference throughout the specification to "one embodiment", "another embodiment", or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearance of the phrases, such as "one embodiment" and "an embodiment" in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Moreover, inventive aspects lie in less than all the features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following the Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. While the exemplary embodiments have been described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that these exemplary embodiments can be practiced with modification and alteration as described herein. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting.

Figure 1 is a side view 100 of a portion of a carrier substrate according to one embodiment. An interface layer 102 is deposited on a carrier substrate 101. In an embodiment, the carrier substrate 101 comprises a semiconductor material, e.g., silicon (Si), germanium ("Ge"), silicon germanium ("SiGe"), other group IV based material, a III-V materials based material, e.g., gallium arsenide ("GaAs"), or any combination thereof.

In various implementations, the substrate 101 can be, e.g., a glass, an organic, a ceramic, or a semiconductor substrate. In one embodiment, interface layer 102 is deposited to provide an interface between carrier substrate 101 and a crystal layer deposited later on in a process. In one embodiment, an adhesion layer 103 is deposited on interface layer 102 to bond the crystal layer later on in a process. In one embodiment, layer 102 and 103 are merged into a single layer. This single layer needs to be strong enough to hold a material layer (e.g., layer 107 shown in Figure 2) during processing and then be weaker than the bond between a mesa (e.g., mesa 115 shown in Figure 6 and an island (e.g., island 109 shown in Figure 5). This single layer can be a thermoplastic material, or any other material similar to what is used as a temporary adhesive during through silicon via (TSV) processing. In another embodiment, if a light source is used to weaken or blister layer 103, then layer 103 is an absorbing layer and layer 102 is an interface layer. In one embodiment, interface layer 102 is a silicon oxide layer. In alternate embodiments, interface layer 102 comprises organic materials, inorganic materials, or both. In alternate embodiments, interface layer 102 comprises an oxide layer, e.g., a silicon oxide layer (e.g., Si02), an aluminum oxide (e.g., A1203), a carbon doped oxide (e.g., a carbon doped silicon oxide), a carbon layer, a polymer layer, or other interface layer.

In one embodiment, the thickness of the interface layer 102 is determined by the thickness of the crystal layer deposited later on in a process. In one embodiment, the interface layer 102 is deposited to the thickness from about 10 nanometers (nm) to about 500 nm.

In an embodiment, interface layer 102 is blanket deposited on substrate 101 using one of deposition techniques, such as but not limited to a chemical vapour deposition ("CVD"), e.g., a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition ("PECVD"), a physical vapour deposition

("PVD"), molecular beam epitaxy ("MBE"), metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

("MOCVD"), atomic layer deposition ("ALD"), or other deposition techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

In one embodiment, adhesion layer 103 is an amorphous hydrogenated silicon layer, a carbon doped silicon oxide layer, thermoplastic polymer layer, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the thickness of the adhesion layer 103 is determined by the thickness of the crystal layer deposited later on in a process. In one embodiment, the adhesion layer 103 is deposited to the thickness from about 10 nanometers (nm) to about 500 nm.

In at least some embodiments, adhesion layer 103 is blanket deposited using one of deposition techniques, such as but not limited to a spin coating, a chemical vapour deposition ("CVD"), e.g., a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition ("PECVD"), a physical vapour deposition ("PVD"), molecular beam epitaxy ("MBE"), metalorganic chemical vapor deposition ("MOCVD"), atomic layer deposition ("ALD"), or other deposition techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

Figure 2 is a side view 200 illustrating a portion of a substrate 104 according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, a substrate 104 is formed using a bulk crystalline material. In one embodiment, substrate 104 is monocrystalline (single crystal) substrate. In one embodiment, substrate 104 comprises a piezoelectric material, a pyroelectric material, an electro-optic material, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, substrate 104 is a lithium niobate (LiNb03) substrate. In another embodiment, substrate 104 is a lithium tantalite substrate, aluminum nitride, langasite, silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), or other single crystal substrate. In another embodiment, substrate 104 is a polycrystalline substrate. In alternative embodiments, substrate 104 comprises a semiconductor material, e.g., Si, Ge, SiGe, other group IV based material, a III-V materials based material, e.g., GaAs, or any combination thereof.

In various implementations, the substrate 104 can be, e.g., an organic, a ceramic, a glass, or a semiconductor substrate. Although a few examples of materials from which the substrate

104 may be formed are described here, any material that may serve as a foundation upon which passive and active electronic devices (e.g., transistors, memories, capacitors, inductors, resistors, switches, integrated circuits, amplifiers, optoelectronic devices, or any other electronic devices) may be built falls within the spirit and scope of the embodiments of present invention.

As shown in Figure 2, ions 105 are added to substrate 104. As shown in Figure 2, ions

105 are added to a depth 106 to form a material layer 107 on which one or more passive or active electronic device components can be built later on in a process. An interface 201 is formed between material layer 107 that has the added ions and a remaining portion 202 of the substrate 104. In one embodiment, ions 105 are helium ions, hydrogen ions, argon ions, krypton ions, other ions, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, depth 106 is from about 10 nm to about 10 microns (μιη). In more specific embodiment, depth 106 is from about 200 nm to about 2 μιη. In one embodiment, ions 105 are added using one of ion implantation techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

Figure 3 is a side view 300 illustrating attaching material layer 107 to carrier substrate 101 according to one embodiment. As shown in Figure 3, substrate 104 is flipped to attach material layer 107 to substrate 101 via adhesion layer 103 and interface layer 102. In one embodiment, layer 102 and 103 are merged into a single layer, as described above. In one embodiment, material layer 107 is bonded to adhesion layer 103 using one of bonding techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, a pressure, a temperature, or both are applied for a predetermined time to bond substrate 104 to substrate 101. In one embodiment, the pressure to bond material layer 107 to adhesion layer 103 is greater than an atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment, the temperature to bond material layer 107 to adhesion layer 103 is greater than a room temperature and lower than 400 degrees C to maintain back end compatibility. In on embodiment, an annealing is performed after the island is transferred to strengthen the bond. In another embodiment, an annealing is preformed during the initial bonding.

Figure 4 is a view 400 after material layer 107 is formed on the carrier substrate 101 according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, the thickness of the material layer 107 is from about 10 nm to about 10 microns (μιη). In more specific embodiment, the thickness of the material layer 107 is from about 50 nm to about 2 μιη. In more specific embodiment, for some applications (e.g., for free standing membrane applications) the thickness of the material layer 107 is about 100 nm to have the RF resonant frequency in a gigahertz (GHz) range. In one embodiment, the material layer 107 is a piezoelectric material layer, a pyroelectric material layer, an electro-optic material layer, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the material layer 107 is a lithium niobate layer. In another embodiment, material layer 107 is a lithium tantilate layer, langasite, silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), or other single crystal layer. In another embodiment, material layer 107 is a polycrystalline layer. In alternative embodiments, material layer 107 comprises a semiconductor material, e.g., Si, Ge, SiGe, other group IV based material, a III-V materials based material, e.g., GaAs, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, Figure 4 is similar to Figure 3 after material layer 107 is transferred to carrier substrate 101 and the remaining portion 202 of the substrate 104 is removed. As shown in Figure 4, the material layer 107 is left on the carrier substrate 101 after removing the remaining portion of the substrate 104. In one embodiment, the remaining portion of the substrate 104 is removed by cleaving along interface line 201 using one of cleaving tools known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, prior to removing the remaining portion 202, the substrate 104 is annealed at a temperature that is greater than a room temperature to weaken the interface 201. In one embodiment, the remaining portion 202 of the substrate 104 is removed using one of grinding techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the remaining portion 202 of the substrate 104 is removed using one of chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, material layer 107 is planarized using one of the CMP techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

In another embodiment, the material layer 107 is formed over the interface layer 102 on carrier substrate 101 using one of thin film deposition techniques, such as but not limited to a CVD, e.g., a PECVD, a PVD, MBE, MOCVD, ALD, or other thin film deposition techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

Figure 5 is a view 500 similar to Figure 4 after the material layer 107 is scored to form islands according to one embodiment. The material layer 107 is scored to form a plurality islands, such as an island 108 and an island 109, as shown in Figure 5. In one embodiment, scoring the material layer 107 involves forming openings, such as an opening 111 down to the adhesion layer 103 to define edges of the islands. As shown in Figure 5, islands 108 and 109 are separated by opening 111. In one embodiment, the size of the opening 111 is at least about 10 nm. In one embodiment, the size of the opening 111 is at least about 300 nm. In one

embodiment, the material layer 107 is patterned and etched to form the openings. In one embodiment, the material layer 107 is patterned using one or more patterning techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, the material layer 107 is etched using a plasma comprising argon. In alternative embodiments, the material layer 107 is etched using one or more dry etching, wet etching, or both etching techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one non-limiting embodiment, the islands 108 and 109 are 3D islands. For example, island 109 has a width 501, a height 502, and a length (not shown). In various embodiments, the island has a rectangular, circular, square, oval, or any other shape based on design. In one embodiment, interface layer 102 is mechanically strong enough to withstand at least the processes, as described with respect to Figures 1, 3, 4 and 5.

Figure 6 is a side view 600 showing a portion of an electronic device comprising a mesa 115 on an insulating layer 113 on a receiving substrate 112 according to one embodiment. In an embodiment, the receiving substrate 112 comprises a semiconductor material, e.g., silicon (Si). In one embodiment, receiving substrate 112 is a monocrystalline Si substrate. In another embodiment, receiving substrate 112 is a polycrystalline silicon substrate. In another embodiment, receiving substrate 112 represents a previous interconnect layer. In yet another embodiment, receiving substrate 112 is an amorphous silicon substrate. In alternative embodiments, receiving substrate 112 includes silicon, germanium ("Ge"), silicon germanium ("SiGe"), a III-V materials based material e.g., gallium arsenide ("GaAs"), or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the receiving substrate 112 includes metallization interconnect layers for integrated circuits. In at least some embodiments, the receiving substrate 112 includes electronic devices, e.g., transistors, memories, capacitors, resistors, optoelectronic devices, switches, and any other active and passive electronic devices that are separated by an electrically insulating layer, for example, an interlayer dielectric, a trench insulation layer, or any other insulating layer known to one of ordinary skill in the art of the electronic device manufacturing. In at least some embodiments, the receiving substrate 112 includes interconnects, for example, vias, configured to connect the metallization layers. In an embodiment, receiving substrate 112 is a semiconductor-on-isolator (SOI) substrate including a bulk lower substrate, a middle insulation layer, and a top monocrystalline layer. The top monocrystalline layer may comprise any material listed above, e.g., silicon.

In various implementations, the substrate can be, e.g., an organic, a ceramic, a glass, or a semiconductor substrate. In one implementation, the semiconductor substrate may be a crystalline substrate formed using a bulk silicon or a silicon-on-insulator substructure. In other implementations, the semiconductor substrate may be formed using alternate materials, which may or may not be combined with silicon, that include but are not limited to germanium, indium antimonide, lead telluride, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide, or other combinations of group III-V or group IV materials.

Although a few examples of materials from which the substrate may be formed are described here, any material that may serve as a foundation upon which passive and active electronic devices (e.g., transistors, memories, capacitors, inductors, resistors, switches, integrated circuits, amplifiers, optoelectronic devices, or any other electronic devices) may be built falls within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

In one embodiment, insulating layer 113 is an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer. In one embodiment, insulating layer 113 is an oxide layer, e.g., a silicon oxide layer. In one

embodiment, insulating layer 113 is a low-k dielectric, e.g., silicon dioxide, silicon oxide, carbon doped oxide ("CDO"), or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, insulating layer 113 includes a nitride, oxide, a polymer, phosphosilicate glass, fluorosilicate ("SiOF") glass, organosilicate glass ("SiOCH"), or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, insulating layer 113 is a nitride layer, e.g., silicon nitride layer. In alternative embodiments, insulating layer 113 is an aluminum oxide, silicon oxide nitride, other oxide/nitride layer, any combination thereof, or other electrically insulating layer determined by an electronic device design.

In one embodiment, the thickness of the insulating layer 113 is determined by design. In one embodiment, the insulating layer 113 is deposited to the thickness from about 50 nanometers (nm) to about 10 microns (μιη). In at least some embodiments, the size of the mesa 115 is defined by the size of the island deposited thereon later on in a process. In at least some embodiments, the size of the mesa 115 is greater or similar to the size of the island 109. In at least some embodiments, mesa 115 has a width 601, a height 114 and a length (not shown). In at least some embodiments _s the height 114 is from about 5 nm to about 2 μιη. In at least some embodiments, width 601 is greater or substantially the same as the width of the island 109. In at least some embodiments, the length of the mesa is greater or substantially the same as the length of the island 109.

In an embodiment, insulating layer 113 is deposited on receiving substrate 112 using one of deposition techniques, such as but not limited to a chemical vapour deposition ("CVD"), e.g., a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition ("PECVD"), a physical vapour deposition ("PVD"), molecular beam epitaxy ("MBE"), metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

("MOCVD"), atomic layer deposition ("ALD"), spin-on, or other deposition techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of microelectronic device manufacturing.

In one embodiment, the insulating layer 113 is patterned and etched to form the mesa

115. In one embodiment, the insulating layer 113 is patterned using one or more patterning techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, the insulating layer 113 is etched using one or more dry etching, wet etching, or both etching techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

Figure 7 A is a view 700 similar to Figures 5 and 6 after the island 109 is aligned to the mesa 115 on the receiving substrate according to one embodiment. As shown in Figure 7 A, the carrier substrate 101 is flipped over to align island 109 to mesa 115. A gap 701 is provided between island 108 and a portion 702 of the insulating layer 113 outside mesa 115. Gap 105 prevents island 108 from being attached to the insulating layer 113 while island 109 is attached to mesa 115. In one embodiment, the height of the gap 701 is similar to the height of the mesa 115. In one embodiment, a pressure, a temperature, or both are applied for a predetermined time to bond island 109 to mesa 115. In one embodiment, the pressure to bond island 109 to mesa 115 is greater than an atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment, the temperature to bond island 109 to mesa 115 is greater than a room temperature and lower than 400 degrees C to maintain back end compatibility.

In one embodiment, the adhesion layer 103, interface layer 102, or both layers 102 and 103 are processed to weaken the bond of the islands to the carrier substrate. In one embodiment, weakening the bond of the islands to the carrier substrate 101 involves reducing the density of at least one of the interface layer 102 and adhesion layer 103. In one embodiment, weakening the bond of the islands to the carrier substrate 101 involves processing at least one of the interface layer 102 and adhesion layer 103 using a chemistry. In one embodiment, the bond at the receiving side is stronger than the bond at the donor (carrier substrate) side. If this is not a case, local heating e.g., a donor wafer with an addressable local heater can be used to cause blistering to weaken the bond at the carrier substrate side. In another embodiment, the bond of at least one of the interface layer 102 and adhesion layer 103 to the carrier substrate 101 is weakened using a light. In one embodiment, interface layer 102 is illuminated by the light through the carrier substrate 101 to weaken the bond. It is appreciated that the light is not be absorbed by the carrier substrate but absorbed by the adhesive layer or absorption layer. A laser with an appropriate aperture can be used to illuminate the interface layer to weaken the bond at the carrier substrate.

Figure 7B is a view 710 similar to Figure 7 A after transferring the island 109 of the material layer 107 onto the mesa 115 according to one embodiment. The island 108 is removed while the island 109 is attached to the mesa 115, as shown in Figure 7B. In one embodiment, the island 108 is removed by cleaving along the adhesion layer 103 using one of cleaving tools, or any other technique known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. As shown in Figure 7B, the island 109 remains bonded to mesa 115 after removing island 108 away from the receiving substrate 112. In one embodiment, island 108 is used to transfer to another mesa (not shown).

Figure 8 is a view 800 similar to Figure 7B after an insulating layer 116is deposited on insulating layer 113 and island 109 according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, insulating layer 116is an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer. In one embodiment, insulating layer 116is an oxide layer, e.g., a silicon oxide layer. In one embodiment, insulating layer 116is a low-k dielectric, e.g., silicon dioxide, silicon oxide, carbon doped oxide ("CDO"), or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, insulating layer 116includes a nitride, oxide, a polymer, phosphosilicate glass, fluorosilicate ("SiOF") glass, organosilicate glass ("SiOCH"), or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, insulating layer 116 is a nitride layer, e.g., silicon nitride layer. In alternative embodiments, insulating layer 116 is an aluminum oxide, silicon oxide nitride, other oxide/nitride layer, any combination thereof, or other electrically insulating layer determined by an electronic device design. In one embodiment, insulating layer 116 is similar to insulating layer 113. In another embodiment, insulating layer 116 is different from the insulating layer 113.

In one embodiment, the thickness of the insulating layer 116 is determined by design. In one embodiment, the insulating layer 116 is deposited to the thickness from about 50 nanometers (nm) to about 2 microns (μιη). In an embodiment, insulating layer 116 is deposited using one of deposition techniques, such as but not limited to a chemical vapour deposition ("CVD"), e.g., a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition ("PECVD"), a physical vapour deposition ("PVD"), molecular beam epitaxy ("MBE"), metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Figure 9 is a view 900 similar to Figure 8 after insulating layer 116 is planarized and a device feature layer 117 is deposited on island 109 according to one embodiment. As shown in Figure 9, insulating layer 116 is planarized to flash with island 109. In one embodiment, insulating layer 116 is planarized using one of the CMP techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. A device feature layer 117 is deposited on island 109 and the planarized insulating layer 116. In one embodiment, device feature layer 117 comprises a waveguide material to guide optical signals. In one embodiment, device feature layer 117 comprises a waveguide material having a refractive index greater than that of the island. In one embodiment, device feature layer 117 comprises a silicon layer, e.g., an amorphous silicon layer, a polysilicon layer, an GaAs layer, a germanium layer, a titanium oxide (Ti02) layer, chalcogenide glass layer, other waveguide material layer, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, device feature layer 117 comprises one or more conductive layers, as described below. In one embodiment, device feature layer 117 comprises a sensor material layer, as described below.

In one embodiment, the thickness of the device feature layer 117 is from about 10 nm to about 10 microns (μιη). In more specific embodiment, the thickness of the device feature layer 117 is from about 50 nm to about 500 nm.

In one embodiment, the device feature layer 117 is deposited using one of the deposition techniques, such as but not limited to a CVD, e.g., a PECVD, a PVD, MBE, MOCVD, ALD, or other deposition techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

Figure 10 is a view 1000 similar to Figure 9 after device feature layer 117 is patterned and etched and an insulating layer 119 is deposited on insulating layer 116 according to one embodiment. As shown in Figure 10, a device feature 118 is formed on island 109 by patterning and etching device feature layer 117. An insulating layer 119 is deposited on device feature 118 and insulating layer 116. In one embodiment, device feature 118 is a waveguide to guide optical signals. In another embodiment, device feature 118 is a sensor film to sense a change in environment, as described in further detail below.

In one embodiment, the device feature layer 117 is patterned using one or more patterning and etching techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In more specific embodiment, the device feature layer 117 is etched using a plasma etching technique. In one embodiment, insulating layer 119 is one of the insulating layers described above with respect to insulating layer 116.

Figure 11 is a view 1100 similar to Figure 10 insulating layer 119 is planarized and electrodes are formed according to one embodiment. Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view of a portion 1212 of the system along an axis A-A' depicted in Figure 12 according to one embodiment. As shown in Figure 11, insulating layer 119 is planarized to a predetermined thickness. In one embodiment, insulating layer 119 is planarized using one of the CMP techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. Device features 121 and 122 are formed in the planarized insulating layer 119. In one embodiment, openings are etched in insulating layer 119 to expose portions of island 109. In one embodiment, one or more conductive layers are deposited in the openings and on the exposed portions of the island 109 to form device features 121 and 122. In one embodiment, device features 121 and 122 are conductive lines. In another embodiment, device features 121 and 122 are conductive vias. In one embodiment, the device features 121 and 122 comprise a metal. In alternative embodiments, device features 121 and 122 comprise a copper layer, a tantalum layer, a tungsten layer, a ruthenium layer, or any combination thereof. In alternative embodiments, examples of the conductive materials that may be used for the one or more conductive layers of the electrodes include, but are not limited to, metals, e.g., copper, tantalum, tungsten, ruthenium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, aluminum, silver, tin, lead, metal alloys, metal carbides, e.g., hafnium carbide, zirconium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, aluminum carbide, other conductive materials, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, device features 121 and 122 are formed using one of the conductive layer forming techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing, e.g., a Damascene technique, a subtractive metal etch, or any combination thereof. In alternative embodiments, the one or more conductive layers of the electrodes are deposited using one or more conductive layer deposition techniques, e.g., electroless plating, electroplating, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), or any other conductive layer deposition technique known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, the one or more conductive layers of the device features 121 and 122 are flushed with top portions of the insulating layer 119 using one of the CMP techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

Device feature 118 is between device features 121 and 122, as shown in Figure 11. In one embodiment, device feature 118 is a waveguide and device features 121 and 122 are electrodes coupled to the waveguide. In one embodiment, devices features 118, 121 and 122 are part of a Mach Zehnder (MZ) interferometer device, as described below. In another embodiment, device feature 118 is a sensor film and devices features 121 and 122 are electrodes coupled to the sensor film. In another embodiment, devices features 118, 121 and 122 are part of a SAW based sensor, as described below.

Figure 12 is a plan view 1200 of a system comprising a plurality of devices 1201, 1202, 1203 and 1204 on island 109 on the mesa on the insulating layer on substrate 112 for an optical sensing application according to one embodiment. The devices 1201 and 1204 are optical sensors based on a MZ interferometer device. Device 1201 has a sensing arm 1213. Device 1204 has a sensing arm 1216. In one embodiment, the LiNb03 island is used in these devices for a serrodyn modulation via the electro optic effect to lock into an index change from the sensing arm. The device 1202 comprises a ring resonator 1206 and a waveguide 1207. In one embodiment, the ring resonator 1206 is used as an electrode-less e-field sensor in device 1202. The device 1203 comprises a ring resonator 1208 and electrodes 1209, 1211, 1214 and 1215. One portion of the ring resonator 1208 is between electrodes 1209 and 1211 and another portion of the ring resonator 1208 is between electrodes 1214 and 1215. In one embodiment, device 1203 is used as a e-field sensor with electrodes.

Figure 13 is a plan view 1300 of a system comprising SAW filters on islands that are integrated with switches on an insulating layer on a substrate 1301 for a RF application according to one embodiment. As shown in Figure 13, the system comprises a plurality of islands, such as an island 1302 and an island 1303 on the insulating layer on the substrate 1301. In one embodiment, each of the islands 1302 and 1303 represents island 109. In one

embodiment, each of the islands is a LiNb03 island. The insulating layer on the substrate 1301 represent one of the insulating layers on the receiving substrates described above. The SAW filters are formed on each of the islands. As shown in Figure 13, a SAW filter 1304 and a SAW filter 1305 are formed on island 1302. In one embodiment, each of the SAW filters 1304 and 1305 is an interdigital transducer comprising interlocking comb-shaped arrays of metallic electrodes formed on the island of LiNb03. The electrodes of the SAW filters 1304 and 1305 can be formed using one of the electrode forming techniques described above. A switch bank 1306 coupled to the SAW filters is deposited on the insulating layer on substrate 1301, as shown in Figure 13. In one embodiment, the SAW filters formed on the individual islands represent different communication bands. In one embodiment, the SAW filters are based on the individual lithium niobate islands to help prevent cross talk between different communication bands and enable closer integration than possible using conventional packaging. This can enable a switchable filter bank for a RF front end application.

Figure 14 is a plan view 1400 of a system comprising SAW based sensors formed on an island 1401 on a mesa on an insulating layer on a substrate 1414 according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, island 1401 represents island 109. The system comprises a set of transmitter electrodes, e.g., electrodes 1409, 1411, 1412 and 1413 on island 1401 to transmit a

corresponding surface acoustic wave (SAW). The system comprises a set of receiver electrodes, e.g., electrodes 1402, 1403, 1407 and 1408 on island 1401 to receive a corresponding SAW. The system comprises one or more sensor films, e.g., sensor films 1404, 1405 and 1406 on island 1401. Each of the sensor films 1404, 1405 and 1406 reacts on a change in an environmental condition (e.g., a temperature, a pressure, a glucose, a carbon monoxide, or other environmental condition) that causes a change of the corresponding SAW velocity. Transmitter 1409 is to transmit a reference SAW through a portion of the LiNB03 island 1401 to receiver electrode 1402. A first SAW based sensor comprises transmitter electrode 1411 to transmit a SAW through a sensor film 1404 to a receiver electrode 1403. A second SAW based sensor comprises transmitter electrode 1412 to transmit a SAW through a sensor film 1405 to a receiver electrode 1407. A third SAW based sensor comprises transmitter electrode 1413 to transmit a SAW through a sensor film 1406 to a receiver electrode 1408. The velocity of the SAW that is received at each of the receiver electrodes is compared with the velocity of the reference SAW to detect a change in the environment.

Figures 15-21 illustrate a method to manufacture an electronic device that involves forming device features on a mesa on a receiving substrate prior to an island transfer according to another embodiment. Figure 15 is a side view 1500 of a portion of an electronic device comprising device features 1503 and 1504 on an insulating layer 1502 on a receiving substrate 1501 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 15, device features 1503 and 1504 are deposited on insulating layer 1502 on receiving substrate 1501 prior to transferring the island 109. In one embodiment, substrate 1501 represents receiving substrate 112. In one embodiment, insulating layer 1502 represents one of the insulating layers described above with respect to insulating layer 113. In one embodiment, each of the device features 1503 and 1504 represents one of the device features described with respect to Figures 11, 12, 13, 14 and 34. In one embodiment, the device features 1503 and 1504 are conductive lines. In another embodiment, the device features 1503 and 1504 are conductive vias, or other device features, as described above.

Figure 16 is a view 1600 similar to Figure 15 after a device feature 1506 is formed on an insulating layer 1505 on insulating layer 1502 on substrate 1501 according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, insulating layer 1505 is deposited on device features 1503 and

1504 on insulating layer 1502. A device layer is deposited on insulating layer 1505. A device layer is patterned and etched to form a device feature 1506. In one embodiment, insulating layer

1505 represents one of the insulating layers described above with respect to insulating layer 116. In one embodiment, device feature 1506 represents one of the device features described above with respect to device feature 118.

Figure 17 is a view 1700 similar to Figure 16 after an insulating layer 1507 is deposited on insulating layer 1505 according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, insulating layer 1507 represents one of the insulating layers described above with respect to insulating layer 1505. Insulating layer 1507 is planarized to flash with device feature 1506. In one embodiment, insulating layer 1507 is planarized using one of the CMP techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment the thickness of the insulating layer 1507 is from about 5 nm to about 10 microns (μιη). In more specific

embodiment, the thickness of the insulating layer 1507 is from about 50 nm to about 2 μιη.

Figure 18 is a view 1800 similar to Figure 17 after device features 1508 and 1509 are formed on device features 1504 and 1503 respectively according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, insulating layer 1507 on insulating layer 1505 is patterned and etched to form openings to expose device features 1504 and 1503. In one embodiment, each of the device features 1508 and 1509 represents one of the device features described with respect to Figures 11, 12, 13, 14 and 34. In one embodiment, device features 1508 and 1509 represent device features 121 and 122 depicted in Figure 11. In one embodiment, the device features 1508 and

1509 are conductive lines. In one embodiment, the device features 1508 and 1509 are conductive vias, or other device features described above. In one embodiment, insulating layer 1507 on insulating layer 1505 is patterned and etched using one or more patterning and etching techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, one or more conductive layers are formed in the openings in the insulating layers 1507 and 1505 and on the exposed portions of the device features 1504 and 1503 using one or more techniques described above with respect to device features 121 and 122.

Figure 19 is a view 1900 similar to Figure 18 after the insulating layer 1507 is patterned and etched to form a mesa 1511 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 19, the mesa 1511 has already been preprocessed to have device features 1506, 1508 and 1509, so that a subsequent island transfer may not require further processing. In at least some embodiments, the size of the mesa 1511 is defined by the size of the island 109 deposited thereon later on in a process. In at least some embodiments, the size of the mesa 1511 is greater or similar to the size of the island 109. In at least some embodiments, mesa 1511 has a width 1901, a height 1902 and a length (not shown). In at least some embodiments _s the height 1902 is from about 5 nm to about 2 μιη. In at least some embodiments, width 1901 is greater or substantially the same as the width of the island 109. In at least some embodiments, the length of the mesa is greater or substantially the same as the length of the island 109. In one embodiment, the insulating layer 1507 is patterned and etched using one or more patterning and etching techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

Figure 20 is a view 2000 similar to Figures 5 and 19 after the island 109 is aligned to the mesa 1511 on the receiving substrate 1501 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 20, the carrier substrate 101 is flipped over to attach island 109 to mesa 1511. A gap 2001 is provided between island 108 and a portion of the insulating layer 1505 outside mesa 115. Gap 2001 prevents island 108 from being attached to the insulating layer 113 while island 109 is attached to mesa 1511. In one embodiment, the height of the gap 2001 is similar to the height of the gap 701. In one embodiment, a pressure, a temperature, or both are applied for a

predetermined time to attach island 109 to mesa 1511. In one embodiment, the pressure to attach island 109 to mesa 115 is greater than an atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment, the temperature to attach island 109 to mesa 115 is greater than a room temperature and lower than 400 degrees C to maintain back end compatibility. In one embodiment, the adhesion layer 103, interface layer 102, or both layers 102 and 103 are processed to weaken the bond of the islands to the carrier substrate, as described above with respect to Figure 7 A.

Figure 21 is a view 2100 similar to Figure 20 after transferring the island 109 onto the mesa 1511 according to another embodiment. The island 108 is removed away from receiving substrate 1501 while the island 109 remains attached to the mesa 1511. In one embodiment, island 109 is attached to mesa 1511 using one of island attaching techniques described above with respect to Figure 7B. The island 108 is removed away from receiving substrate 1501. In one embodiment, the island 108 is removed using one of island removing techniques described above with respect to Figure 7B. In one embodiment, one or more device features are formed on the island 109 as described above with respect to Figures 8-11.

Figures 22 and 23 illustrate a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film according to another embodiment. Figure 22 is a side view 2200 showing a cavity 2206 formed through a mesa 2204 on an insulating layer 2202 on a receiving substrate 2201 according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, cavity 2206 is formed to fabricate a membrane by transferring island 109 to attach to portions 2203 and 2205 of mesa 2204 later on in a process. In one embodiment, substrate 2201 represents receiving substrate 112. In one embodiment, insulating layer 2202 represents insulating layer 113. In one embodiment, mesa 2204 represents mesa 115. Cavity 2206 has a width 2206, a depth 2208 and a length (not shown). In one embodiment, the size of the cavity 2206 is determined by design. In one embodiment, the depth 2208 is from about 100 nm to about 10 μιη. In at least some embodiments, width 2207 is less than the width of the island 109. In at least some embodiments, the length of the mesa is less than the length of the island 109. In one embodiment, the island 109 is supported continuously on all sides. In another embodiment, the island represents a cantilever supported at one or more locations. In yet another embodiment, the island represents a membrane that is supported by two or more tethers. In one embodiment, cavity 2206 is formed by patterning and etching insulating layer 2202 using one or more patterning and etching techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

Figure 23 is a view 2300 similar to Figures 5 and 22 after transferring the island 109 onto portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 23, portions 2301 and 2302 of the island 109 are supported by portions 2203 and 2205 of mesa 2204 respectively. A portion 2303 of the island 109 is free standing over cavity 2206. In one embodiment, portions 2301 and 2302 of island 109 are attached to portions 2203 and 2205 of mesa 2204 using one of the island bonding techniques described with respect to Figure 7B. The island 108 is removed away from receiving substrate 2201. In one embodiment, the island 108 is removed using one of island removing techniques described above with respect to Figure 7B. In one embodiment, island 109 is a thin film of lithium niobate transferred onto portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa on substrate 2201 that has cavity 2206 already etched out. As shown in Figure 23, after bonding the lithium niobate island is a membrane that is free standing in an area over the cavity 220 and is supported by portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa in other areas. This free standing film is fabricated without the need of backside etching, which limits the substrate selection and integration with other devices, or undercut etching which requires good selectivity and can limit device size and limits spacing of neighboring devices. Such free standing films can be used in inertial sensors taking an advantage of the excellent piezoelectric properties and can provide better performance than conventional sensors. Pressure and ultrasonic sensors can be fabricated with these free standing films. In one embodiment, one or more device features are formed on the island 109 as described above with respect to Figures 8-11. In alternative embodiments, the membrane is a part of a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) for a sensor, an RF filter, a pyroelectric infrared sensor for imaging or motion sensors, a terahertz detector, or an inertial sensor.

Figures 24-30 illustrate a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film where device features are formed on both sides of a thin film island before transferring the island according to another embodiment. In this case, the device features are processed on a temporary carrier substrate prior to the island transfer. Figure 24 is a side view 2400 illustrating a portion of a substrate 2401 according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, substrate 2401 represents substrate 104. In one embodiment, substrate 2401 is a lithium niobate substrate. As shown in Figure 24, ions 2402 are added to substrate 2401 to a depth 2403 to form a material layer 2403 on which one or more passive or active electronic device components can be built later on in a process, as described above with respect to Figure 2. In one embodiment, material layer 2403 represents material layer 107.

Figure 25 is a view 2500 similar to Figure 24 after device features 2501 and 2502 are formed on material layer 2403 according to one embodiment. An insulating layer 2503 is deposited on the device features 2502 and 2503. Insulating layer 2503 is planarized, as shown in Figure 25. Insulating layer 2503 represents one of the insulating layers described above. In one embodiment, insulating layer 2503 is deposited using one of the insulating layer deposition techniques described above. In one embodiment, insulating layer 2503 is planarized using one of the CMP techniques, as described above. In one embodiment, depositing device features 2501 and 2502 involves depositing one or more conductive layers on material layer 2404 and patterning and etching the one or more conductive layers. In one embodiment, device features 2501 and 2502 are conductive lines. In another embodiment, device features 2501 and 2502 are conductive vias. In one embodiment, device features 2501 and 2502 represent the device features 121 and 122.

Figure 26 is a side view 2600 illustrating attaching substrate 2401 to carrier substrate 101 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 26, substrate 104 is flipped to attach the planarized insulating layer 2503 to adhesion layer 103. In one embodiment, the planarized insulating layer 2503 is bonded to adhesion layer 103 using one of bonding techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, a pressure, a temperature, or both are applied for a predetermined time to bond substrate 2401 to substrate 101. In one embodiment, the pressure to bond the planarized insulating layer 2503 to adhesion layer 103 is greater than an atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment, the temperature to bond the planarized insulating layer 2503 to adhesion layer 103 is greater than a room temperature and lower than 400 degrees C to maintain back end compatibility.

Figure 27 is a view 2700 similar to Figure 26 after material layer 2404 is transferred onto carrier substrate 101 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 27, material layer 2404 is on device features 2501 and 2502 and on the portions of the insulating layer 2503. In one embodiment, material layer 2404 is transferred to carrier substrate 101 and the remaining portion of the substrate 104 is removed using one or more techniques as described above with respect to Figure 4. In one embodiment, material layer 2404 is planarized using one of the CMP techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. Figure 28 is a view 2800 similar to Figure 27 after an insulating layer 2803 is deposited on material layer 2404 according to another embodiment. In one embodiment, insulating layer 2803 represents insulating layer 113.

Device features 2803 and 2802 are formed in insulating layer 2803 on portions of material layer 2404. Insulating layer 2803 is planarized using one of the CMP techniques to flash with device features, as shown in Figure 28. In one embodiment, device features 2803 and 2802 represent device features 121 and 122.

Figure 29 is a view 2900 similar to Figure 28 after islands are defined according to another embodiment. A multi layer structure 2910 comprising insulating layer 2803 on material layer 2404 on insulating layer 2503 is scored to form a plurality of islands, such as an island

2901 and an island 2902 on adhesion layer 103 on interface layer 102 on carrier substrate 101, as shown in Figure 29. Island 2901 comprises portions 2904 and 2905 of insulating layer 2803 and device feature 2801 on a portion 2906 of material layer 2404 on device feature 2501 and a portion 2907 of insulating layer 2503. Island 2902 comprises portions 2908 and 2911 of insulating layer 2803 and device feature 2802 on a portion 2915 of material layer 2404 on device feature 2502 on a portion 2912 of insulating layer 2503. In one embodiment, scoring the multilayer structure 2910 involves forming openings, such as an opening 2903 through the multilayer structure down to the adhesion layer 103 to define edges of the islands. As shown in Figure 29, islands 2901 and 2902 are separated by opening 2903. In one embodiment, the size of the opening 2903 is at least about 10 nm. In one embodiment, the size of the opening 111 is at least about 300 nm. In one embodiment, the multilayer structure 2910 is patterned and etched to form the openings. In one embodiment, the multilayer structure 2910 is patterned using one or more patterning techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, the multilayer structure 2910 is etched using a plasma comprising argon. In alternative embodiments, the multilayer structure 2910 is etched using one or more dry etching, wet etching, or both etching techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the islands 2901 and 2902 are 3D islands having a width, a height, and a length. In various embodiments, each of the islands has a rectangular, circular, square, oval, or any other shape based on design. In one embodiment, interface layer 102 is mechanically strong enough to withstand at least the processes, as described with respect to Figures 26 and 27. Figure 30 is a view 3000 similar to Figures 22 and 29 after transferring island 2902 onto portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa 2204 on receiving substrate 2201 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 30, the carrier substrate 101 is flipped over to bond portions 2908 and 2911 of island 2902 to portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa 2204 respectively. In one embodiment, a pressure, a temperature, or both are applied for a predetermined time to bond portions 2908 and 2911 of island 2902 to portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa 2204. In one embodiment, the pressure to attach the portions of the island 2902 to the portions of the mesa 2204 is greater than an atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment, the temperature to attach the portions of the island 2902 to the portions of the mesa 2204 is greater than a room temperature and lower than 400 degrees C to maintain back end compatibility. In one embodiment, the adhesion layer 103, interface layer 102, or both layers 102 and 103 are processed to weaken the bond of the islands to the carrier substrate, as described above with respect to Figure 7A.

As shown in Figure 30, portions 2908 and 2911 are supported by portions 2203 and 2205 respectively. A portion of the island 2902 comprising a portion 2911 of material layer 2404 between device features 2502 and 2802 is free standing over cavity 2206. The island 2901 is removed while the island 2902 is attached to the portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa, as shown in Figure 30. In one embodiment, the island 2901 is removed using one of techniques described above with respect to Figure 7B. In one embodiment, island 2902 is used to transfer to another mesa (not shown).

Figures 31-33 illustrate a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film where some device features are fabricated on one side of the island prior to the island transfer and some device features are fabricated on the other side of the island after the island transfer according to another embodiment. Figure 31 is a side view 3100 of a multilayer structure after islands are defined according to another embodiment. A multi layer structure 3113 comprises an insulating 3107 on a material layer 3104. In one embodiment, material layer 3104 represents material layer 107. In one embodiment, insulating layer 3107 represents insulating layer 116. The multi layer structure 3113 is formed on adhesion layer 103 on interface layer 102 on carrier substrate 101, as shown in Figure 31. Device features 3105 and 3106 are formed in insulating layer 3107 on material layer 3104. In one embodiment, device features 3105 and 3106 are represented by device features 2801 and 2802. The multi layer structure 3113 is scored to form a plurality of islands, such as an island 3111 and an island 3112. In one embodiment, scoring the multilayer structure 3113 involves forming openings, such as an opening 3120 through the multilayer structure down to the adhesion layer 103 to define edges of the islands. Island 3111 comprises portions 3114 and 3115 of insulating layer 3107 and device feature 3105 on a portion 3118 of material layer 3104. Island 3112 comprises portions 3116 and 3117 of insulating layer 3107 and device feature 3106 on a portion 3119 of material layer 3104. In one embodiment, the size of the opening 3120 is at least about 10 nm. In one embodiment, the size of the opening 3120 is at least about 300 nm. In one embodiment, the multilayer structure 3113 is patterned and etched to form the openings. In one embodiment, the multilayer structure 3113 is patterned using one or more patterning techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing. In one embodiment, the multilayer structure 3113 is etched using a plasma comprising argon. In alternative embodiments, the multilayer structure 3113 is etched using one or more dry etching, wet etching, or both etching techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art of electronic device manufacturing.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the islands 3111 and 3112 are 3D islands having a width, a height, and a length. In various embodiments, each of the islands has a rectangular, circular, square, oval, or any other shape based on design. In one embodiment, interface layer 102 is mechanically strong enough to withstand at least the processes, as described with respect to Figure 31.

Figure 32 is a view 3200 similar to Figures 22 and 31 after transferring island 3112 onto portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa 2204 on receiving substrate 2201 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 32, the carrier substrate 101 is flipped over to bond portions 3116 and 3117 of island 3112 to portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa 2204 respectively. In one embodiment, a pressure, a temperature, or both are applied for a predetermined time to bond portions 3116 and 3117 of island 3112 to portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa 2204. In one embodiment, the pressure to attach the portions of the island 3112 to the portions of the mesa 2204 is greater than an atmospheric pressure. In one embodiment, the temperature to attach the portions of the island 3112 to the portions of the mesa 2204 is greater than a room temperature and lower than 400 degrees C to maintain back end compatibility. In one embodiment, the adhesion layer 103, interface layer 102, or both layers 102 and 103 are processed to weaken the bond of the islands to the carrier substrate, as described above with respect to Figure 7A.

As shown in Figure 32, portions 3116 and 3117 are supported by portions 2203 and 2205 respectively. A portion of the island 3112 comprising the portion of material layer 3107 on device feature 3106 is free standing over cavity 2206. The island 3111 is removed while the island 3112 is attached to the portions 2203 and 2205 of the mesa, as shown in Figure 32. In one embodiment, the island 3112 is removed using one of techniques described above with respect to Figure 7B. In one embodiment, island 3112 is used to transfer to another mesa (not shown).

Figure 33 is a view 3300 similar to Figure 32 after device features are formed on an insulating layer 3301 on island 3112 according to another embodiment. As shown in Figure 33, insulating layer 3301 is deposited on insulating layer 2202 and on island 3112. Insulating layer 3301 is represented by at least one of the insulating layer 119 and insulating layer 116 depicted in Figure 11. A device feature 3302 is formed through insulating layer 3302 and material layer 3107 to contact device feature 3106. A device feature 3303 is formed on the top portion of the material layer 3107. Device features 3305 and 3306 are formed at opposing sides of a device feature 3304. In one embodiment, device features 3302, 3303, 3305 and 3306 are conductive vias, conductive lines or any combination thereof described above. In one embodiment, device features 3304 represents device feature 118, and device features 3305 and 3306 represent device features 121 and 122. In alternative embodiments, each of device features 3302, 3303, 3304, 3305 and 3306 represents one of the device features described with respect to Figures 11, 12, 13, 14 and 34.

Figure 34 is a side view 3400 illustrating one embodiment of a system comprising a plurality of devices formed in an insulating layer 3430 on a thin film island 3403 on a mesa 3417 on an insulating layer 3402 on a substrate 3401 using one or more techniques described above. In one embodiment, substrate 3401 represents one of the receiving substrates described above. In one embodiment, each of the insulating layers 3430 and 3402 represents one of the insulating layers described above. In on embodiment, mesa 3417 represents one of the mesas described above. In one embodiment, thin film island 3403 represents one of the islands described above. In one embodiment, island 3403 represents island 109. In one embodiment, island 3403 is a lithium niobate island. A plurality of devices features, e.g., device features 3405, 3406, 3407, 3408, 3409, 3411, 3412 are formed on island 3403, as described above. A cavity 3418 is formed in mesa 3417 on insulating layer 3402, as described above. In one embodiment, device feature 3411 is a part of a waveguide, (e.g., a silicon to silicon nitride waveguide coupler), as described above. In one embodiment, device features 3412 are electrodes and a device feature 3418 is a waveguide. In one embodiment, device features 3412 and 3418 are a part of an optical modulator or an e-field sensor, as described above. In one embodiment, device feature 3408 comprises electrodes 3419 on a photodetector film 3420 on a waveguide 3421. In one embodiment, device feature 3408 is a part of a waveguide coupled photodetector. In one embodiment, device features 3407 and 3409 are electrodes of a MEM-FBAR device (e.g., a sensor), as described above. In another embodiment, device features 3407 and 3409 are electrodes of an infrared (IF) sensor. In one embodiment, device features 3406 are electrodes and a device feature 3405 is a sensor film. In one embodiment device features 3406 and 3405 are part of a SAW based sensor, as described above. As shown in Figure 34, a device feature 3115 and a device feature 3413 are formed on insulating layer 3430 over substrate 3401. In one embodiment, device feature 3115 is a part of an optical evanescent bio, chemical, gas, or other sensor as described above. In one embodiment, device feature 3413 is a part of a nitride cantilever device to determine a pressure, acceleration or both.

Figure 35 illustrates an interposer 3500 that includes one or more embodiments of the invention. The interposer 3500 is an intervening substrate used to bridge a first substrate 3502 to a second substrate 3504. The first substrate 3502 may be, for instance, an integrated circuit die. The second substrate 3504 may be, for instance, a memory module, a computer motherboard, or another integrated circuit die. Generally, the purpose of an interposer 3500 is to spread a connection to a wider pitch or to reroute a connection to a different connection. For example, an interposer 3500 may couple an integrated circuit die to a ball grid array (BGA) 3506 that can subsequently be coupled to the second substrate 3504. In some embodiments, the first and second substrates 3502/3504 are attached to opposing sides of the interposer 3500. In other embodiments, the first and second substrates 3502/3504 are attached to the same side of the interposer 3500. And in further embodiments, three or more substrates are interconnected by way of the interposer 3500.

The interposer 3500 may be formed of an epoxy resin, a fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin, a ceramic material, or a polymer material such as polyimide. In further implementations, the interposer may be formed of alternate rigid or flexible materials that may include the same materials described above for use in a semiconductor substrate, such as silicon, germanium, and other group III-V and group IV materials.

The interposer may include metal interconnects 3508 and vias 3510, including but not limited to through- silicon vias (TSVs) 3512. The interposer 3500 may further include embedded devices 3514, including passive and active devices. Such devices include, but are not limited to, electro optical devices, piezoelectric devices, pyroelectric devices, radio-frequency (RF) devices, MEMS devices as described herein, capacitors, decoupling capacitors, resistors, inductors, fuses, diodes, transformers, sensors, and electrostatic discharge (ESD) devices. Power amplifiers, power management devices, antennas, arrays, sensors may also be formed on the interposer 3500. In accordance with embodiments of the invention, apparatuses or processes disclosed herein may be used in the fabrication of interposer 3500.

Figure 36 illustrates a computing device 3600 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. The computing device 3600 may include a number of components. In one embodiment, these components are attached to one or more motherboards. In an alternate embodiment, these components are fabricated onto a single system-on-a-chip (SoC) die rather than a motherboard. The components in the computing device 3600 include, but are not limited to, an integrated circuit die 3602 and at least one communication chip 3608. In some implementations the communication chip 3608 is fabricated as part of the integrated circuit die 3602. The integrated circuit die 3602 may include a processor 3604 such as a central processing unit (CPU), an on-die memory 3606, often used as cache memory, that can be provided by technologies such as embedded DRAM (eDRAM) or spin-transfer torque memory (STTM or STTM-RAM).

Computing device 3600 may include other components that may or may not be physically and electrically coupled to the motherboard or fabricated within an SoC die. These other components include, but are not limited to, a volatile memory 3610 (e.g., DRAM), a nonvolatile memory 3612 (e.g., ROM or flash memory), a graphics processing unit 3614 (GPU), a digital signal processor 3616 (DSP), a crypto processor 3642 (a specialized processor that executes cryptographic algorithms within hardware), a chipset 3620, an antenna 3622, a display or a touchscreen display 3624, a touchscreen display controller 3626, a battery 3628 or other power source, a global positioning system (GPS) device 3644, a power amplifier (PA), a compass, a motion coprocessor or sensors 3632 (that may include an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a compass), a speaker 3634, a camera 3636, user input devices 3638 (such as a keyboard, mouse, stylus, and touchpad), and a mass storage device 3640 (such as hard disk drive, compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD), and so forth).

The communication chip 3608 enables wireless communications for the transfer of data to and from the computing device 3600. The term "wireless" and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc., that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non- solid medium. The term does not imply that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some embodiments they might not. The communication chip 3608 may implement any of a number of wireless standards or protocols, including but not limited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, long term evolution (LTE), Ev- DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, Bluetooth, derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The computing device 3600 may include a plurality of communication chips 3608. For instance, a first communication chip 3608 may be dedicated to shorter range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and a second communication chip 3608 may be dedicated to longer range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others.

The term "processor" may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and/or memory to transform that electronic data into other electronic data that may be stored in registers and/or memory. One or more components e.g., integrated circuit die 3602, communication chip 3608, GPU 3614, cryptoprocessor 3642, DSP 3616, chipset 3620, and other components may include one or more MEMS devices, electro optical devices, piezoelectric devices, pyroelectric devices, radio-frequency (RF) devices, sensors formed in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In further embodiments, another component housed within the computing device 3600 may contain one or more MEMS devices, electro optical devices, piezoelectric devices, pyroelectric devices, radio-frequency (RF) devices, sensors formed in accordance with embodiments of the invention.

In various embodiments, the computing device 3600 may be a laptop computer, a netbook computer, a notebook computer, an ultrabook computer, a smartphone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an ultra mobile PC, a mobile phone, a desktop computer, a server, a printer, a scanner, a monitor, a set-top box, an entertainment control unit, a digital camera, a portable music player, or a digital video recorder. In further implementations, the computing device 3600 may be any other electronic device that processes data.

The above description of illustrated implementations of the invention, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. While specific implementations of, and examples for, the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize.

These modifications may be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. The terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific implementations disclosed in the specification and the claims. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined entirely by the following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation. The following examples pertain to further embodiments:

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; transferring the island to the mesa, depositing a second insulating layer over the second substrate; depositing a first device feature layer on the island; etching the first device feature layer to form a first device feature, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; transferring the island to the mesa, depositing a third insulating layer over the second substrate, and forming one or more device features on the third insulating layer wherein the one or more device features are formed on the island.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island, and forming a second device feature layer over the second substrate.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island, wherein the first material layer is a piezoelectric material layer.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island, wherein the first material layer is a pyroelectric material layer.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island, wherein the first material layer is an electro-optic material layer.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island, etching a cavity in the mesa, and depositing the island over the cavity.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises depositing an interface layer on a first substrate; depositing an adhesion layer on the interface layer; adding ions to a third substrate to form a first material layer; bonding the first material layer to the adhesion layer; removing a portion of the third substrate to transfer the first material layer onto the first substrate; scoring the first material layer over the first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island, wherein the one or more device features are formed before the transferring.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprises scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; and transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island, wherein the one or more device features are formed after the transferring.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film comprises forming an island of a first material layer over a first substrate; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; etching a cavity in the mesa; and depositing the island over the cavity.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film comprises forming an island of a first material layer over a first substrate; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; etching a cavity in the mesa;

depositing the island over the cavity, and depositing one or more device features on the first material layer. In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film comprises forming an island of a first material layer over a first substrate; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; etching a cavity in the mesa;

depositing the island over the cavity, and forming a waveguide on the island.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film comprises forming an island of a first material layer over a first substrate; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; etching a cavity in the mesa; and depositing the island over the cavity, wherein the first material layer is a piezoelectric material layer.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film comprises forming an island of a first material layer over a first substrate; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; etching a cavity in the mesa; and depositing the island over the cavity, wherein the first material layer is a pyroelectric material layer.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film comprises forming an island of a first material layer over a first substrate; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; etching a cavity in the mesa; and depositing the island over the cavity, wherein the first material layer is an electro-optic material layer.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film comprises depositing an interface layer on a first substrate; depositing an adhesion layer on the interface layer; adding ions to a third substrate to form the first material layer;bonding the first material layer to the adhesion layer; removing a portion of the third substrate to transfer the first material layer onto a first substrate; forming an island of a first material layer over the first substrate; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; etching a cavity in the mesa; and depositing the island over the cavity.

In one embodiment, a method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film comprises forming an island of a first material layer over a first substrate; forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate; etching a cavity in the mesa; and depositing the island over the cavity, wherein the forming the island comprises

etching the first material layer.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island. In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein the first material layer comprises a piezoelectric material layer, a pyroelectric material layer, an electro-optic material layer, or any combination thereof

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein the first material layer is a lithium niobate layer.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein the one or more device features comprises one or more conductive features.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein the one or more device features comprises one or more waveguides.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, further comprising a cavity in the mesa.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein at least one of the one or more devices features is a part of an optical sensor.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein at least one of the one or more devices features is a part of a ring resonator.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein at least one of the one or more devices features is a part of an electric field sensor.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein at least one of the one or more devices features is a part of a surface acoustic wave device.

In one embodiment, an electronic device system comprises an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and one or more device features on the island, wherein at least one of the one or more devices features is a part of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device. In the foregoing specification, methods and apparatuses have been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will be evident that various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of embodiments as set forth in the following claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A method to manufacture an electronic device, comprising:

scoring a first material layer over a first substrate to form an island;

forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate;

transferring the island to the mesa, wherein one or more device features are formed on the island.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising

depositing a second insulating layer over the second substrate; and

depositing a first device feature layer on the island;

etching the first device feature layer to form a first device feature.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising

depositing a third insulating layer over the second substrate, and

forming one or more second device features on the third insulating layer.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising

forming a second device feature layer over the second substrate.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first material layer is a piezoelectric material layer, a pyroelectric material layer, an electro-optic material layer, or any combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising

etching a cavity in the mesa, and

depositing the island over the cavity.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more device features are formed before the transferring.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more device features are formed after the transferring.

9. A method to manufacture an electronic device comprising a free standing film

comprising:

forming an island of a first material layer over a first substrate;

forming a mesa on a first insulating layer on a second substrate;

etching a cavity in the mesa; and

depositing the island over the cavity.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising depositing one or more device features on the first material layer.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising

forming a waveguide on the island.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the first material layer is a piezoelectric material layer, a pyroelectric material layer, an electro-optic material layer, or any combination thereof.

13. The method of claim 9, further comprising

depositing an interface layer on the first substrate;

depositing an adhesion layer on the interface layer;

adding ions to a third substrate to form a first material layer;

bonding the first material layer to the adhesion layer; and

removing a portion of the third substrate to transfer the first material layer onto the first substrate.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the forming the island comprises

etching the first material layer.

15. An electronic device system comprising

an island of a first material layer on an insulating mesa on a substrate; and

one or more device features on the island.

16. The electronic device system of claim 15, wherein the first material layer comprises a piezoelectric material layer, a pyroelectric material layer, an electro-optic material layer, or any combination thereof

17. The electronic device system of claim 15, wherein the first material layer is a lithium niobate layer.

18. The electronic device system of claim 15, wherein the one or more device features

comprises one or more conductive features, one or more waveguides, or any combination thereof.

19. The electronic device system of claim 15, further comprising

a cavity in the mesa.

20. The electronic device system of claim 15, wherein at least one of the one or more devices features is a part of a sensor, a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device, a modulator, a filter, or any combination thereof.