WO2017050064A1 - Procédé et dispositif de gestion de mémoire pour une base de données de mémoire partagée - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de gestion de mémoire pour une base de données de mémoire partagée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017050064A1
WO2017050064A1 PCT/CN2016/095355 CN2016095355W WO2017050064A1 WO 2017050064 A1 WO2017050064 A1 WO 2017050064A1 CN 2016095355 W CN2016095355 W CN 2016095355W WO 2017050064 A1 WO2017050064 A1 WO 2017050064A1
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database
memory
physical memory
space
physical
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PCT/CN2016/095355
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English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
耿常才
李响
葛聪
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中兴通讯股份有限公司
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Publication of WO2017050064A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017050064A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
    • G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation

Definitions

  • This application relates to, but is not limited to, the field of in-memory database management technology.
  • the storage technology needs to meet the capacity expansion function with high reliability.
  • the in-memory database can meet the above requirements for the high-reliability expansion function of the storage technology. Has been widely used.
  • a shared memory method can be used to establish an in-memory database.
  • the architecture of the database is as shown in FIG.
  • FIG. A schematic diagram of establishing a database using shared memory.
  • shared memory mode when accessing data in multiple processes, you can directly access memory without having to copy data between processes and copy data multiple times.
  • Figure 2 multiple processes accessing shared memory in the database in the related art.
  • Schematic diagram In addition, in order to manage the simplicity and the stability and performance needs, when the shared memory is opened, the fixed size is generally fixed.
  • FIG. 3 A schematic diagram of the memory in the database.
  • the management method is to divide the memory into multiple segments of the same size. When expanding, apply for the shared memory of the specified segment size to join the memory management module to improve the memory database capacity. This method does not restart.
  • the database instance can expand the memory requirements, but when accessing the record data, it is necessary to first determine which segment the data is in, that is, it may access the data across the memory segment and access the data between multiple segments, although it seems that the operation is relatively simple. But for an in-memory database with high performance requirements When searching for data across segments, the performance is greatly reduced, which has a great impact on the memory database with extremely high performance requirements; Storage also requires a certain mechanism to notify each process to map, and the management method is more complicated.
  • the present invention provides a memory management method and device for a shared memory database, which solves the problem that the memory database access performance is degraded due to the discontinuous multi-segment shared memory database address and the need to access data across segments; and the multi-segment is simplified.
  • the shared memory database is expanded, the shared memory needs to be remapped, which causes high management complexity, and the program stability and access efficiency are improved accordingly.
  • a memory management method for a shared memory database comprising:
  • the second physical memory of the preset expansion step size is added to the virtual memory space of the database, and the start address of the second physical memory is set to the previous physical The tail address of the memory;
  • the method further includes: determining whether the free memory of the database is less than a preset threshold, and after obtaining the first determination result, the method further includes:
  • the second physical memory of the preset expansion step size is added to the virtual memory space of the database, and the start address of the second physical memory is set.
  • the tail address of the last physical memory including:
  • the second physical memory of the preset expansion step size is added to the virtual memory space of the database, and the second The starting address of the physical memory is set to the tail address of the last physical memory.
  • the method further includes:
  • the method further includes: before the virtual memory space is allocated to the database according to a maximum value of the preset database capacity in the space for creating the database, the method further includes:
  • the size of the first physical memory is an initial value of the database capacity.
  • a memory management device for a shared memory database comprising:
  • Create a module set to: allocate a virtual memory space to the database according to a maximum value of a preset database capacity in a space for creating a database;
  • a first allocation module configured to: allocate a first physical memory to the database, set a start address of the first physical memory to a start address of the virtual memory space allocated by the creating module to the database, and Inserting data or modifying data in the first physical memory;
  • the first determining module is configured to: determine whether the free memory of the database is less than a preset threshold, and obtain a first determination result;
  • the second allocation module is configured to: when the first determination result obtained by the first determining module is YES, add a second physical memory of a preset expansion step size to the virtual memory space of the database, And setting a start address of the second physical memory as a tail address of the last physical memory;
  • the expansion module is configured to: expand the available memory space of the database, and trigger the first determining module to determine whether the free memory of the database is less than the preset threshold.
  • the device further includes:
  • the second judging module is configured to: determine whether a sum of a current physical memory space of the database and a size of the preset expansion step is smaller than a size of the virtual memory space, and obtain a second judgment fruit;
  • the second allocation module is further configured to: when the first determination result obtained by the first determining module and the second determination result obtained by the second determining module are both yes, the pre- The second physical memory of the expansion step size is added to the virtual memory space of the database, and the start address of the second physical memory is set as the tail address of the previous physical memory.
  • the device further includes:
  • the write data module is configured to insert data or modify data in the second physical memory.
  • the device further includes:
  • the setting module is configured to: set a maximum value of the database capacity, an initial value of the database capacity, and a size expansion step size of the database.
  • the size of the first physical memory is an initial value of the database capacity.
  • the memory management method and device for the shared memory database provided by the embodiment of the present invention are managed by using a shared memory mode and using virtual memory space and physical memory respectively, and each process starts to map the entire virtual memory space, thereby
  • the memory is expanded, the applied multiple pieces of physical memory are added to the virtual memory space, and the plurality of physical memory are connected into one continuous physical memory, and the database memory capacity is increased, and the database memory is a continuous whole.
  • the database accesses the data, it does not need to search across the segments. Before and after the expansion, the performance will not be reduced.
  • the shared shared memory space is the entire virtual memory space. After the database memory is expanded, no notification is required.
  • Each process remaps shared memory, improves database access efficiency during multi-process access during database expansion, and reduces the complexity of capacity expansion management. Compared with segmented shared memory management, performance can reach 20-40%. improve.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of establishing a database by using a shared memory manner in the related art
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a shared memory in a multi-process access database in the related art
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a memory used in a segmented management database in the related art
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart of another memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a memory management apparatus for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of another memory management apparatus for sharing a memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a flowchart of creating a shared memory when a database is started in a memory management method of a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a method for expanding a shared memory database in a memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a correspondence between a virtual memory space and a physical memory in a memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of another virtual memory space and physical memory correspondence in a memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of another correspondence between a virtual memory space and a physical memory in a memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a correspondence between a virtual memory space and a physical memory in a memory management method of a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a correspondence between a virtual memory space and a physical memory in a memory management method of a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the embodiment of the invention provides a memory management method and device for a shared memory database, which can solve the problem that the memory database access performance is degraded due to the discontinuous multi-segment shared memory database address and the need to access data across the segment in the related art;
  • the management complexity of the shared memory is required to be re-mapped, and the program stability and access efficiency are improved accordingly.
  • the memory management method of the shared memory database may include the following steps, that is, steps 110 to 150:
  • Step 110 Allocating a virtual memory space to the database according to a maximum value of a preset database capacity in a space for creating a database;
  • Step 120 Allocating a first physical memory to the database, setting a start address of the first physical memory as a start address of the virtual memory space, and inserting data or modifying data in the first physical memory;
  • Step 130 Determine whether the free memory of the database is less than a preset threshold, and obtain a first determination result
  • Step 140 When the first determination result is yes, add the second physical memory of the preset expansion step size to the virtual memory space of the database, and set the start address of the second physical memory to the previous physical The tail address of the memory;
  • Step 150 Expand the available memory space of the database; and determine again whether the free memory of the database is less than a preset threshold, that is, after performing step 150, the process proceeds to step 130.
  • the memory management method of the shared memory database is managed by using a shared memory mode and using virtual memory space and physical memory respectively, and each process starts to map the entire virtual memory space, so that in subsequent memory expansion.
  • the shared shared memory space is the entire virtual memory space. After the database memory is expanded, It is not necessary to notify each process to remap shared memory, which improves the efficiency of multi-process access database access during database expansion and reduces the complexity of capacity expansion management. Compared with segmented shared memory management, performance can reach 20-40%. The improvement of the left and right.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart of another memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the method provided in this embodiment may further include:
  • Step 131 Determine whether the sum of the current physical memory space of the database and the size of the preset expansion step is smaller than the size of the virtual memory space, and obtain a second determination result;
  • the second physical memory of the preset expansion step size is added to the virtual memory space of the database, and the start address of the second physical memory is set to The tail address of a physical memory, that is, the implementation of the step 140 may be: when the first determination result and the second determination result are both, the second physical memory of the preset expansion step size is added to the virtual of the database. In the memory space, set the start address of the second physical memory to the tail address of the previous physical memory.
  • the method provided in this embodiment may further include:
  • step 160 data is inserted or modified in the second physical memory.
  • the method may further include:
  • step 100 the maximum value of the database capacity, the initial value of the database capacity, and the expansion step size of the database are set.
  • the size of the first physical memory is an initial value of the database capacity.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a memory management apparatus for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the memory management apparatus of the shared memory database provided in this embodiment may include: Block 11, first distribution module 12, first determination module 13, second distribution module 14, and expansion module 15.
  • the module 11 is configured to: allocate a virtual memory space to the database according to a maximum value of a preset database capacity in a space for creating a database;
  • the first allocation module 12 is configured to: allocate a first physical memory to the database, set a start address of the first physical memory to a start address of a virtual memory space allocated by the creating module 11 for the database, and in the first physical memory Insert data or modify data;
  • the first determining module 13 is configured to: determine whether the free memory of the database is less than a preset threshold, and obtain a first determination result;
  • the second allocation module 14 is configured to: when the first determination result obtained by the first determining module 13 is YES, add the second physical memory of the preset expansion step size to the virtual memory space of the database, and The start address of the second physical memory is set to the tail address of the previous physical memory;
  • the expansion module 15 is configured to: expand the available memory space of the database, and trigger the first determining module 13 to determine again whether the free memory of the database is less than a preset threshold.
  • the expansion module 15 in the embodiment of the present invention may further trigger the first determining module 13 to determine whether the free memory of the database is less than a preset threshold after performing the expansion of the available memory space of the database.
  • the memory management device of the shared memory database uses a shared memory mode and is managed by using a virtual memory space and a physical memory respectively.
  • the entire virtual memory space is mapped, so that during subsequent memory expansion.
  • the shared shared memory space is the entire virtual memory space. After the database memory is expanded, the processes are not notified. Mapping shared memory improves the efficiency of multi-process access database access during database expansion and reduces the complexity of capacity expansion management. Compared with segmented shared memory management, performance can be improved by 20-40%.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of another memory management apparatus for sharing an in-memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the apparatus provided in this embodiment may further include:
  • the second determining module 16 is configured to: determine whether the sum of the current physical memory space of the database and the size of the preset expansion step is smaller than the size of the virtual memory space, and obtain a second determination result;
  • the second allocation module 14 is further configured to: when the first determination result obtained by the first determining module 13 and the second determination result obtained by the second determining module 16 are both yes, the second physics of the preset expansion step size is The memory is added to the virtual memory space of the database, and the start address of the second physical memory is set to the tail address of the previous physical memory.
  • the apparatus provided by the embodiment of the present invention may further include:
  • the write data module 17 is arranged to insert data or modify data in the second physical memory.
  • the apparatus provided by the embodiment of the present invention may further include:
  • the setting module 18 is configured to: set a maximum value of the database capacity, an initial value of the database capacity, and a size expansion step size of the database.
  • the size of the first physical memory is an initial value of the database capacity.
  • the embodiment of the present invention further provides a memory management method for a shared memory database, including the following steps, that is, steps A to H:
  • Step A set the initial value of the database capacity on the startup database node as needed, and the unit is M;
  • Step B set the maximum value of the database capacity on the startup database node as needed, and the unit is M;
  • Step C set the size of each expansion step of the database on the startup database node as needed, and the unit is M;
  • step D the shared memory database is started.
  • the virtual memory space is allocated to the database according to the maximum database capacity in the space for creating the database; in actual application, the physical memory of the maximum capacity of the database is not occupied at this time, but only in the process. Space occupies so much virtual memory space, excess physical memory can be used by other processes;
  • Step E allocate the physical memory of the initial value of the database capacity to the database, and at the same time The physical memory is aligned to the start address of the virtual memory space, that is, the start address of the physical memory is set as the start address of the virtual memory space;
  • Step F When other application processes connect to the database, the shared memory needs to be opened, and the shared memory is mapped to the entire virtual memory space, that is, the entire virtual memory space applied in step D;
  • Step G at this time, the shared memory database stores the business data according to the allocated physical memory size, that is, the database inserts the record (that is, the data) into the physical memory;
  • Step H as the record is continuously inserted, the originally allocated physical memory is not enough. At this time, the database expansion mechanism is enabled.
  • Database expansion includes the following steps, step I to step L:
  • Step I when inserting or modifying the record or periodically viewing the free space of the database, it is found that the free memory has no free space or the free space is less than the preset threshold;
  • step J the physical memory of the expansion step size of the database configured in step C is added to the virtual memory space.
  • the start address of the physical memory is the tail address of the virtual memory space corresponding to the last physical memory, so that the physics before the expansion.
  • the memory and the expanded physical memory are connected end to end, and there is no gap in the middle to form a continuous physical memory, just like re-applying a large continuous physical memory;
  • Step K expanding the available memory space of the database, and the entire database has undergone one expansion
  • Step L if there is a record insertion or modification at this time, insert the record into the physical memory of the new application.
  • the memory management of the database in the embodiment is managed by using a shared memory mode, and the virtual memory space and the physical memory are respectively managed, and each process starts to map the entire virtual memory space, thereby being in the subsequent memory.
  • the application of multiple pieces of physical memory is added to the virtual memory space, and the multiple physical memory is connected into a continuous physical memory, and the database memory capacity is increased, so the memory of the database is always a continuous whole.
  • the database accesses the data, it does not need to search across the segments. Before and after the expansion, the performance will not be reduced.
  • the shared shared memory space is the entire virtual memory space. After the memory expansion, the memory is not used.
  • FIG. 8 a flowchart of a shared memory creation during database startup in a memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention, where the shared memory database is started when the shared memory database is started.
  • the shared memory mapping method which may include the following steps, that is, steps 101 to 203:
  • Step 101 According to the service requirement, the database service process 100 sets an initial value of the database capacity, for example, 200 megabytes (M), and puts the value into the dbspace management area of the shared memory;
  • M the initial value of the database capacity
  • the functions of this embodiment are implemented by the database service process 100 and the application process 200 in cooperation.
  • the following capacity size is just an example, and other values can be used.
  • This embodiment uses the following set of values to describe, that is, the initial value of the database capacity is 200M, the maximum database capacity is 1000M, and the data capacity expansion step is 10M.
  • the embodiment supports a plurality of operating systems including a Linux (operating system) system, and the expansion step of the database is variable, for example, it can be set to 1M, 2M, or 3M, and the maximum capacity of the database can be set according to actual needs, for example, It depends on the maximum memory capacity of the board as needed.
  • Step 102 the database service process 100 sets a maximum database capacity, for example, 1000M, and puts the value into a dbspace management area of the shared memory;
  • Step 103 the database service process 100 sets the database capacity expansion step size, for example, each time the capacity is expanded to 10M, and the value is put into the dbspace management area of the shared memory;
  • Step 104 the database service process 100 starts the database, and requests the virtual memory space, the size is the maximum database capacity set in step 102, for example, the application virtual memory space is 1000M, and if the virtual memory space start address is ADDR1, the terminal is terminated. The address is ADDR1+1000M.
  • FIG. 10 it is a schematic diagram of a virtual memory space and physical memory correspondence in the memory management method of the shared memory database provided by the embodiment of the present invention. At this point, the database can not provide external services, because at this time has not applied for physical memory, just applied for virtual memory space.
  • Step 105 allocating physical memory, the size is the initial value of the database capacity, and is aligned into the virtual
  • the storage space start address that is, the physical memory of the initial value of the database capacity is requested by using ADDR1 as the start address in step 104.
  • the physical memory is mapped to the virtual memory start address.
  • FIG. 11 is another memory management method of the shared memory database provided by the embodiment of the present invention. Schematic diagram of the correspondence between virtual memory space and physical memory.
  • the [ADDR1, ADDR1+200M] virtual memory space can be used for business storage data, and the actual available database capacity is 200M.
  • the shared space database space management area the current database free space will be modified.
  • the size is 200M.
  • Step 106 the database startup is completed
  • Step 201 the application process 200 is initialized
  • Step 202 the application process 200 connects to the shared memory database, that is, opens the shared memory.
  • Step 203 When the shared memory is mapped, the application process 200 maps the entire virtual memory space to the application process. At this time, the application process 200 can access the database, and the record can be added, deleted, changed, and checked in the database. Of course, only the address to which the physical memory is allocated can be used at this time, in this embodiment, [ADDR1, ADDR1+200M] This 200M space.
  • FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a method for expanding a shared memory database in a memory management method of a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • the method provided in this embodiment may include the following steps, that is, step 301 ⁇ Step 306.
  • the capacity expansion function of the embodiment is performed by the database application process 300, for example, the database service process 100 in FIG. 8, or may be the application process 200 in FIG. In practical applications, the following numerical values are merely examples and may be other values.
  • Step 301 When the service inserts data, apply for memory from the free memory of the database.
  • the available memory address space is the upper part shown in Figure 11, that is, the address is applied from the range of [ADDR1, ADDR1+200M];
  • Step 302 Determine whether the free memory is insufficient, and whether the available free memory is less than a preset preset; that is, whether there is available memory in the memory of [ADDR1, ADDR1+200M], and the criterion is whether the remaining memory can accommodate the record. Or the remaining memory is less than a certain threshold; if it is determined that the free memory is insufficient, step 303 is performed; otherwise, step 306 is performed;
  • Step 303 starting database capacity expansion
  • Step 304 Apply ADDR1+200M as the starting address, apply for the physical capacity of the database capacity expansion step size, and align to the tail address of the previous physical memory, for example, the expansion step size is 10M; at this time, the virtual memory space corresponds to the physical memory.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing another correspondence between a virtual memory space and a physical memory in a memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Step 305 Manage the capacity information of the database, and the capacity information is also stored in the shared memory.
  • the space of the database becomes [ADDR1, ADDR1+210M]
  • the free memory becomes [ADDR1+200M, ADDR1+210M], as shown in the figure. 12; because the database capacity information is also in the shared memory, after the expansion, each process can see the capacity change;
  • Step 306 After the application for the memory is completed, insert data or modify the data in the expanded physical memory.
  • the memory When the capacity is expanded, the memory is continuously applied to the virtual memory space, for example, the virtual memory space and the physical memory after the second expansion is completed.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a correspondence between a virtual memory space and a physical memory in a memory management method for a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a shared memory database according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the memory management method also has a schematic diagram of the correspondence between the virtual memory space and the physical memory
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram when the virtual memory space is completely used up, and the expansion is cut off at this time.
  • the shared memory mode is adopted, and the virtual memory space and the physical memory are separately managed, and each process starts to map the entire virtual memory space, so that when the subsequent memory expansion is performed, the application will be applied.
  • the multiple pieces of physical memory are added to the virtual memory space, and the multiple pieces of physical memory are connected into one continuous physical memory, and the database memory capacity is increased.
  • the memory of the database is a continuous whole, and the database is accessing the data at this time. When you do not use cross-segment search, performance will not be reduced before and after expansion.
  • the shared shared memory space is the entire virtual memory space.
  • the modules may be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors.
  • an identified executable code module can comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which can be constructed, for example, as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executable code of the identified modules need not be physically located together, but may include different instructions stored in different physicalities. When these instructions are logically combined, they constitute a module and achieve the specified purpose of the module. .
  • the executable code module can be a single instruction or a plurality of instructions, and can even be distributed across multiple different code segments, distributed among different programs, and distributed across multiple memory devices.
  • operational data may be identified within the modules and may be implemented in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed at different locations (including on different storage devices), and may at least partially exist as an electronic signal on a system or network.
  • the module can be implemented by software, considering the level of the hardware process in the related art, the module can be implemented in software, and the technician can construct the corresponding hardware circuit to realize the corresponding function without considering the cost.
  • the hardware circuit includes a conventional Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuit or gate array and a related art such as a logic chip, a transistor, or other discrete components.
  • VLSI Very Large Scale Integration
  • the modules can also be implemented with programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, and the like.
  • all or part of the steps of the above embodiments may also be implemented by using an integrated circuit. These steps may be separately fabricated into individual integrated circuit modules, or multiple modules or steps may be fabricated into a single integrated circuit module. achieve.
  • the device/function module/functional unit in the above embodiment can be implemented by using a general-purpose computing device. Now, they can be concentrated on a single computing device or distributed over a network of multiple computing devices.
  • the device/function module/functional unit in the above embodiment When the device/function module/functional unit in the above embodiment is implemented in the form of a software function module and sold or used as a stand-alone product, it can be stored in a computer readable storage medium.
  • the above mentioned computer readable storage medium may be a read only memory, a magnetic disk or an optical disk or the like.
  • the shared memory mode is adopted, and the virtual memory space and the physical memory are separately managed, and each process starts to map the entire virtual memory space, so that when the subsequent memory is expanded, the applied multiple physical memory is supplemented.
  • the database memory is a continuous whole, when the database access data, do not cross-segment search Before and after the expansion, the performance will not be reduced.
  • the shared shared memory space is the entire virtual memory space. After the database memory is expanded, the shared memory is not notified by each process, and the database is expanded.
  • the performance can be improved by 20 to 40%.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif de gestion de mémoire pour une base de données de mémoire partagée. Le procédé consiste : à attribuer un espace de mémoire virtuelle à une base de données, conformément à une valeur maximale prédéfinie d'un volume de base de données et dans un espace pour l'établissement d'une base de données ; à attribuer une première mémoire physique à la base de données, à définir l'adresse de début de la première mémoire physique comme adresse de début de l'espace de mémoire virtuelle, et à effectuer une insertion ou une modification de données dans la première mémoire physique ; à déterminer si une mémoire au repos de la base de données est plus petite qu'un seuil prédéfini afin d'obtenir un premier résultat de détermination ; si le premier résultat de détermination est oui, à ajouter une seconde mémoire physique ayant une taille d'échelon d'extension prédéfinie à l'espace de mémoire virtuelle de la base de données, et à définir l'adresse de début de la seconde mémoire physique comme adresse de fin de la mémoire physique précédente ; et à étendre un espace de mémoire disponible de la base de données.
PCT/CN2016/095355 2015-09-25 2016-08-15 Procédé et dispositif de gestion de mémoire pour une base de données de mémoire partagée WO2017050064A1 (fr)

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