Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
  • F23R7/00—Intermittent or explosive combustion chambers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
  • F02C5/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the working fluid being generated by intermittent combustion
  • F02C5/06—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the working fluid being generated by intermittent combustion the working fluid being generated in an internal-combustion gas generated of the positive-displacement type having essentially no mechanical power output
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
  • F02C5/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the working fluid being generated by intermittent combustion
  • F02C5/06—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the working fluid being generated by intermittent combustion the working fluid being generated in an internal-combustion gas generated of the positive-displacement type having essentially no mechanical power output
  • F02C5/08—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the working fluid being generated by intermittent combustion the working fluid being generated in an internal-combustion gas generated of the positive-displacement type having essentially no mechanical power output the gas generator being of the free-piston type
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
  • F03G7/002—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using the energy of vibration of fluid columns
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

• Transportation devices including aircrafts, cars, railway locomotives and trains, marine vessels.
• thermo efficiency means excessive consumption of fuel and introduces more pollution to the environment.
• This patent presents the OFHE internal combustion engine operated by working processes which fully develops the capacity of hidden heat energy of fuel flow and bearing effective heat energy of flow on media.
• the working processes of the OFHE internal combustion engine delete all the inherited defects of conventional internal combustion engines, both reciprocating engines and jet engines for aircrafts.
• the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly is divided into two groups according to the roles of the parts of engine playing in the working processes of the engine assembly: the active group and the passive group.
• the active group of engine assembly includes parts of engine directly participating the production of the thermo potential heat flow TPH m of media. Media are the products of combustion.
• the passive group of assembly includes parts of engine that consumes TPH caption, and transforms TPHm into power output of the OFHE internal combustion engine.
• TPH is the shortened form of the term thermo potential heat energy flow of fluid.
• the refractive index m on the TPH m indicates the TPH carried by media.
• TPH a represents TPH carried by air.
• TPH is a substantial flow of heat energy modulated on the flow of fluid.
• TPH has three parameters: temperature t, pressure p, and velocity v. These parameters are same in values as that of the flow of fluid on which TPH is modulated.
• the flow of fluid modulated with TPH has heat power production capability. In the working processes of engine, only combustion processes can produce and elevate the level of TPH, define and modulate it on the media, the products of combustion.
• the first method provides TPH m max .
• TPH m max is very important in the development of all internal combustion engines in following aspects:
• TPH m max For any specific fuel used in internal combustion engine, there is a TPH m max , which can be determined by testing in laboratory monitoring the working processes of active group.
• TPH m max provides a rational criterion for thermo efficiency of all internal combustion engines as the ratio of actual power output of internal combustion engine versus TPH m max .
• the first method provides the guidance for the improvement of the OFHE internal combustion engines.
• the second method provides optimal feedback TPH m max control system of active group.
• the two methods are the foundation of design and construction of the OFHE internal combustion engine.
• the optimal feedback TPH m control system of active group is developed in details by steps and accompanied with implement of contemporary technologies.
• the working processes of active group are analyzed. There are no piston and crankshaft that of OTTO and Diesel cycles, nor the rotor and shaft that of jet engine for aircraft.
• the three parameters of jet power: p, v, t, are under control by the feedback TPH m control system of active group.
• the second option of power output of passive group is in the fonn of electricity.
• a turbo generator is adopted to the jet power to produce electricity.
• the third options of power output of passive group is hybrid of both jet power and electricity.
• the working processes of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly are the syntheses of the working processes of active group and passive group of the engine assembly which have been analyzed below.
• the properties of the engine assembly are the combination of the properties of the two groups.
• connection between active group and passive group is a flexible duct.
• the design and construction of transportation devices powered by the OFHE internal combustion engine will help to advance the transportation devices a big step forward.
• RO/AU combustion engine in the field of transportation devices are based on the following special features of the OFHE internal combustion engine.
• [31] -It has weight/power output ratio much less than that of conventional internal combustion engines.
• the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly has two groups: the active group which produces power, and the passive group which provides power output.
• the embodiment provides the renovation of all transportation devices powered by the OFHE internal combustion engine.
• the embodiment provides the necessities of reconstruction of infrastructures to adopt the renovated transportation devices powered by the OFHE internal combustion engine to develop its remedience.
• the embodiment provides the emission of less carbon dioxide and other poison gas by the OFHE internal combustion engine than that of any comparable conventional internal combustion engines.
• Various embodiments provide a mechanism for increasing the pressure of a fire hydrant configured to provide water to high rise building.
• the OFHE engine may be configured to operate a pump to provide propulsion forces to the fire hydrant to pump the water to high floors of a high rise building.
• Fig. 1 is a schematic representation the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly divided into two groups.
• Fig. 2 is the open flow of fluid chart of active group.
• Fig. 3 is the ideal feedback TPH m control system of active group.
• Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a shock tube according to various embodiments.
• FIG. 5A and Fig. 5B are schematic representation of the working process of passive group 102 of the OFHE internal combustion engine.
• FIG. 6A and Fig. 6B are schematic representation of the working processes of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly.
• FIG. 7 A and Fig. 7B are schematic representation of working processes of the conventional internal combustion engines.
• Fi g. 8 is schematic representation of general layout of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly in the transportation devices.
• Fig.9A is a schematic diagram of the four-bar-linkage
• Fig. 9B is a schematic diagram of the check valve
• Fig. 9C i s a schematic diagram of the Cylinder and pi ston shape pump (for media and air)
• Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of an OFHE internal combustion engine assembly according to various embodiments.
• Fig. 1 1 is a detailed schematic diagram of an OFHE internal combustion engine according to various embodiments.
• Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of an air generator according to various embodiments.
• FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an electricity generator according to various embodiments.
• FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a separating plate according to various embodiments.
• FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a battery control system according to various embodiments.
• Fig. 16 shows the general layout of an OFHE engine active group according to various embodiments.
• Fig. 17 shows the passive group of OFH E car to drive the wheels of car and to charge a battery of a car according to various embodiments.
• Fig. 18 shows an exemplary relationship between the acti ve group of the
• Fig. 19 shows a schematic diagram of a bottom of an aircraft fuselage being powered by an OFHE engine.
• Fig. 20 shows a schematic diagram of the flight speed of an aircraft powered by an OFHE engine at various altitudes.
• the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly is divided into two groups according to the roles of the parts of engine playing in the working processes of the engine assembly: the active group and passive group.
• the active group of engine assembly includes parts of engine directly participating the production of the thermo potential heat flow TPH m by
• RO/AU combustion of fuel and air and modulated on media are the products of combustion.
• the passive group of assembly includes parts of engine that consumes TPH m and transforms TPH shortcut, into power output of the OFHE internal combustion engine. The analyses of active groups and the passive group, as well as a discussion of the syntheses of the two groups of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly are discussed below.
• TPH is the shortened form of the term thermo potential heat energy flow of fluid.
• the refractive index m on the TPH m indicates the TPH carried by media.
• TPH a represents TPH carried by air.
• TPH is a substantial flow of heat energy modulated on the flow of fluid.
• TPH has three parameters: temperature t, pressure p, and velocity v. These parameters are the same in values as that of the flow of fluid on which TPH is modulated and represent the thermo potential of the flow of fluid.
• temperature t temperature t
• pressure p pressure p
• velocity v velocity
• Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly divided into two groups.
• 101 is the active group
• 102 is the passive group
• 103 is the flow of fuel intake of the active group
• 104 is the flow of air intake of active group
• 105 is the TPH m produced and elevated by active group and modulated on media, the products of combustion in active group.
• 106 is the power output of passive group.
• the working processes of active group consists of two dynamic systems: the combustion dynamic system and the thermo dynamic system.
• the combustion dynamic system produces TPHm
• the thermo dynamic system is bearing TPH m , with the product of the combustion.
• FIG. 2 shows the open flow of fluid chart of the working processes of the active group 101 of Fig. 1. It is to be seen that the combustion dynamic system 201 can produce
• the active group releases the hidden heat energy of flow of fuel participating the combustion processes of the engine into the flow of effective heat energy TPH m 105.
• the effectiveness of active group 101 depends on the mutually cooperation of the combustion dynamic system 201 and thermo dynamic system 202.
• the combustion dynamic system 201 produces TPH m 105 modulated on the media, the products of combustion processes.
• the thermo dynamic system 202 maneuvers the media bearing with TPHm 105 and conveys TPH m 105 to the passive group 102 which transforms TPH m 105 into power output 106.
• Fig 3 is the ideal feedback TPH m control system of active group.
• TPH m produced by the combustion dynamic system reaches the highest level 301 and is promoted by thermo dynamic system feedback to flow of air and elevates level of TPH a participating combustion dynamic system.
• the dotted line in Fig. 3 shows the active group without feedback TPH m control.
• the level of TPH m 105 is much lower than 301.
• thermo potential heat flow TPH m 105 produced by combustion processes 201 of engine depends on the intensity of combustion, or rate of release of hidden heat energy, not on the fullness of releasing the hidden h eat energy of fuel.
• Feedback TPH m 105 to the combustion process is to intensify the combustion processes, increasing the rate of releasing the hidden heat energy thereby elevates the level of TPH m 105.
• Two methods are developed as foundation for the design and construction of the OFHE internal combustion engine.
• thermo potential heat energy flow 301 TPH m "' ax , is produced in combustion dynamic system 201 only when feedback TPH, relieve 105 by thermo dynamic system 202 to combustion dynamic system 20 J is without loss ofT ' P m J 05.
• thermo dynamic system will intensify the combustion processes up to the limit of intensity of combustion for the specific fuel participating the combustion. Any further increasing the intensity of combustion is impossible by thermo dynamic system to feedback TPH m 105 to combustion dynamic system. This is the states of combustion dynamic system 201 to produce TPH m max 301 .
• thermo dynamic system 202 cannot carry TPH m 105 greater than that produced by combustion dynamic system and feedback TPH m 105 to the combustion dynamic system 201. Both dynamic systems 201 and 202 can maintain on TPH m max 301 only when feedback 7 7/,,, 105 by thermo dynamic system 202 to combustion dynamic system 201 is without loss of TPH m 105 as stated by the method.
• the method can also be verified by testing.
• TPH m max 301 The method of provides TPH m max 301 is important in the development of OFHE internal combustion engines in following aspects:
• TPH m max can be determined by testing in laboratory monitoring the working processes of active group.
• thermo-efficiency of internal combustion in text books is overestimated.
• thermo-efficiency of conventional internal combustion engines according to the rational criterion is extremely low.
• Feedback TPH m control system of the active group 101 is optimized by demodulation TPH m from media, products of combustion, and modulated TPH on the fresh air participating the combustion dynamic system.
• the optimum feedback TP m processes elevate the level of TPH m produced by combustion dynamic system approaching TPH m nwx .
• the feedback TPH m processes are of self-sufficiency, it needs no assistance of foreign moving mechanical mechanisms 801 of Fig. 7 A, nor the assistance of foreign moving mechanical mechanisms of rotor and shaft of jet engine for aircraft, 807 of Fig. 7B.
• the first option is the jet power output 602 as shown in Fig. 5 A.
• the TPH m 506 produced by combustion dynamic system 201 in active group 101 is conducted into a jet construction 601 through thermo dynamic system 202 and forms the jet power output 602.
• the three parameters of jet power output: temperature t, pressure p, and velocity v, are under control of feedback TPH m control system of active group.
• the second option is shown in Fig. 5B, the jet power output 602, is adopted by the turbo-generator 603 to send out electricity 604 as power output.
• RO/AU [104]
• the third option is the hybrid of both jet power output and electrical power output.
• the working processes of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly are the syntheses of the working processes of the active group and the passive group of the engine assembly which have been analyzed above.
• the properties of the engine assembly are the combination of the properties of the two groups.
• Fig. 6 A and Fig. 6B are schematic representation of working processes of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly.
• the flow of fuel 103 and flow of air 104 are conducted to the active group 101 by independent power driver 401 and 402 respectively from fuel source 403 and air source 404.
• the combustion dynamic system of active group 201 produces TPH m 506 which is carried out by thermo dynamic system 202 to the passive group 102. Part of TPH m 506 of thermo dynamic system 202 is feedback to combustion dynamic system.
• the passive group is a jet construction 601.
• the power output of passive group has three options: One option is the jet power output 602 in Fig 7A.
• the other option is electrical power output 604, where the turbo generator 603 is adapted to the jet 602 in Fig 7B.
• the third option is hybrid of both jet power output and electrical power output.
• Particular feature of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly are:
• the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly has no mechanical connections between its active group and passive group; each group has its distinctive working processes.
• the nature of the active group and two methods developed herein are applicable to all internal combustion engines.
• the conventional internal combustion engines assembly can also be divided into the active group and the passive group.
• the working processes of the conventional internal combustion can be analyzed in Fig.7A and Fig. 7B.
• Fig. 7 A shows the sketch of working processes of reciprocating cycle conventional engines, i.e. the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines.
• the engines have the moving mechanisms of pistons and crankshafts showing in Fig.7 A as 801.
• the piston cylinder and crankshaft mechanisms are presented in double form.
• the mechanical power 802 is entering the same moving mechanical mechanisms 801 again and changing into heat power flow 803, and feedback to the combustion dynamic system 201 . This is so called compression stroke.
• the feedback TPHm 505 in conventional internal combustion engines is devalued twice, the power output is 806.
• RO/AU are also the same mechanisms. All the costs are much greater than the counter works of the OFHE internal combustion engine.
• FIG. 8 is schematic representation of the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly in the transportation devices.
• the independent fuel 103 supply tubes and independent air supply tube 104 are the input of the stationary stand of active group 407.
• the duct 901 on media is the output of the stationary stand of active group 407 which is mounted on the transportation devices on favorable position.
• Jet power output 601 is mounted on a vertically rotating mechanism and the latter is mounted on the stationary stand of passive group 902.
• the stationary stand of passive group is mounted on favorable position of the transportation devices separately from the stationary stand of active group
• the vertically rotating mechanism bearing with the power output jet 601 are operated in coordinating with parts of the transportation devices (such as changing and folding wings of aircraft) by power operated linkage to control the posture of the transportation devices (such as landing and take-off operation of aircrafts).
• the stationary stand of active group and stationary stand of passive group are connected by the duct of shock tube on the media. There are no moving mechanical mechanisms or other rigid material in the duct. Both stationary stands can be fixed on the transportation devices independently.
• Fig. 8 is the general layout of OFHE internal combustion engine assembly.
• Detailed design of stationary stand of active group 407, stationary stand of passive group 902, the vertically moving mechanisms of jet power output and linkages with posture of transportation devices are all general mechanical design work.
• the design and construction of the active group are the realization of the optimal feedback control system.
• the fundamental differences between the OFHE internal combustion engine and the conventional internal combustion engines are that the OFHE internal combustion engine depends on the operation of system of valves and synchronizers to control the feedback PH m control system, while the conventional internal combustion
• RO/AU engines use moving mechanical mechanisms to do the feedback TPH m .
• the defects of conventional engines have been analyzed previously herein.
• valves, synchronizers and shock tube which may be relocated in detail design.
• the operation of valves and synchronizer and its peripherals may be mechanical, electrical or fluidic system and devices.
• valves and synchronizer are coordinated and controlled by computer to ensure the shock wave occurs at shock tube to transmit TPH m from media to air and participating combustion processes.
• the OFHE internal combustion engine assembly has two groups: the active group which produces power, and the passive group which provides power output. Within the two groups there is no rigid mechanical connection. It gives the designer of transportation devices to locate the power production group and power output group in favorable position separately.
• the OFHE internal combustion engine will initiate new generation transportation devices and related manufacture industries.
• the described shock wave system may be applied in civil and/or military industrial systems, for example, the described shock wave system may be implanted in: automobiles, the air floating railway, the air flow bus without wing and aircraft.
• the working processes of the OFHE engine involve two distinctive groups: the active group and passive group.
• the active group produces power output for movement of moving body (e.g., the described transportation vehicles, including automobiles).
• the passive group is configured to change the power output of active group to one or more other forms of power to control the movement of the moving bodies (e.g., automobiles).
• heat energy feedback may be achieved by shock wave.
• OFHE engine is the next generation engine. It may change transportation devices of both civil and/or military vehicles.
• FHE feedback heat energy
• optimization of OFHE engine is provided by taking 1 ⁇ 2 of an amount of fuel to be drawn into engine to produce high temperature air (modulated air) to be combined through combustion with the remaining 1 ⁇ 2 of the amount of the fuel in combustion chamber.
• the high media flow power output of OFHE engine (the power output at the opening of combustion chamber) approaches its maximum ⁇ PH m approaches TPH m max ).
• the four-bar-linkage is a common mechanical part to magnify the direction and movement of two points as schematically in FIG. 9A.
• the big horizontal movement of end A is reduced to the small vertical movement of parts B which can be operated by a small- motor and the motor is controlled by real time computer control program.
• a check valve as illustrated in Fig. 9B, may have a thickness of around 2 cm depending on the flow passing the valve. There are flanges to pass the inflow the outflow which is reduced to tube joining with adjacent tubes.
• the check valve is symbolized by X, normally closed. There is a blade in the valve. It has a stem which is connected with four- bar-linkage. The small movement end is operated by a small motor which is controlled by real time computer program.
• the cylinder has a volume of about 3 litres.
• the piston and piston rod are snug fit with the cylinder body.
• the piston rod is connected with a four-bar-linkage as described above.
• the small movement end is operated by a small motor, which is controlled by real time computer program.
• a shock tube may generally have two parts, media part (4002) and air part (4003). Both parts have a volume of about 1 litre, and cross sectional area of approximately 9 cm 2 .
• a valve (4004) same as Fig. 9B, with two blades having set of spring between it to balance the pressure between media and air.
• valve 7 (4001) opens, the higher heat energy contained media and lower heat energy contained air meet exactly at the middle point of shock tube.
• valve 7 (4001 ) is closed.
• the demodulated media is exited to atmosphere (4005) through valve 12 with a shock absorber.
• the modulated air is exited to a buffer (having a volume of about 1 litre) with valve 14, ready to inject into combustion chamber.
• Fig. 16 shows the general layout of an OFHE engine active group.
• the first column of pumps starts from valve 3 for media.
• the second column of pumps starts from valve 8 for air.
• the third column of pumps starts from valve 16 for fuel.
• the first pump of each column is in state M2, i.e. in vacuum condition. Therefore the fuel and air mixture is sucked into the first pump of first column of the pump. After three times of compression, the fuel and air mixture sucked in the first pump are combined to become media on the third pump in state Ml. After the fuel and air are mixed, the media has a pressure of about 81 atmospheres, and a volume of about 1 litre.
• the air in the third pump while the third pump is in state M l has a pressure of about 81 atmospheres and volume of about 1 litre .
• the fuel in the third pump while the third pump is in state M 1 has a pressure of about 81 atmospheres and volume of about 1 litre.
• valve 13 is open.
• the modulated air fills the buffer (which defines a valve 14), ready to inject the media into combustion chamber.
• valve 12 is open, the demodulated media is exited to atmosphere through a muffler with a shock absorber in it.
• the third column of pumps is starting from valve 16.
• the fuel is sucked into the first pump of the column. After three stages of compression, the fuel has a pressure of about 81 atmospheres measured at valve 19.
• Valve 19 and 14 are open at the same time and the compressed fuel and modulated air are injected into combustion chamber. They are directed against a shock absorber in the combustion chamber. It makes the compressed fuel and modulated air fully mixed and combusted (burned) in the combustion chamber.
• the media power output is the optimal feedback heat energy (OFHE) of the active group of OFHE engine.
• OFHE optimal feedback heat energy
• valve 6 is opened and last pump of column of media returns to its original position, i.e. M2, sucking the residual media in shock tube, and valve 6 is closed again, Similarly, valve 1 1 open, and last pump of column of air returns to its original position, i.e. M2, sucking the residual air in shock tube, and valve 1 1 is closed again. Finally, the valves 14 and 19 closed again. The last pump of the third column returns to its original position, i.e. M2 state.
• the real time computer control program may be organized in a time saving program. It will produce power output at the opening of combustion chamber within few seconds. Also, the real time computer program is designed to start from first step, after the car is stopped and restarted, the working processes of active group of OHFE engine are completed.
• the first turbo is the main turbo ( 1701 ).
• the media power flow (1702) is directed from the buffer (1702) to drive the main turbo and generator set.
• the generator has cables to drive the motors the steering wheel of car.
• One cable drives the single motor of wheel of steering wheel. Only cable to drive the pair motors of wheels of the steering wheel. Since the cable has limited electricity energy, therefore in turning of direction, motor of wheel takes more power for the fast wheel (e.g., the wheel on the outside of a turn) than the motor of the slow running wheel (e.g., the wheel on the inside of a turn).
• the pair of two wheels each turn at a different speed, such that the vehicle turns.
• the steering wheels of a vehicle have a smaller diameter than the main wheels of car for easier to drive it.
• the three steering wheels are driven by motors, which each motor serves as assistant power of an associated steering wheel.
• One cable is to drive a pair the two opposite big wheel motors as the small pair of steering wheel, motor, the big two opposite wheels turn at different rates.
• a second turbo is configured to drive the car backward (1703).
• the first turbo is stopped.
• the second turbo is driven in opposite direction of the first turbo.
• the second turbo drives a two-phase generator (1704) in a reverse direction (opposite the direction of the first main turbo).
• the generator drives the reversed driving motor of wheels, so that the car is driven backward.
• the driver of the car determines that the car is driven backward enough, the driver pushes the left hand control rod forward.
• the first turbo drives again.
• the control rod of right hand may then be operated to follow the traffic light again.
• a third turbo may be configured to always direct the media power flow from the buffer.
• the third turbo turns in same directions as that of first turbo.
• the third turbo drives a two phase generator ( 1705), which is configured to charge the car batteiy (1706).
• the level of power of battery is provided as negative feedback to the generator to keep the level of power supplying constant (1708).
• the car battery (1707) supplies the power for the real time control computer program of the active group, the car signal lights, and/or other electrical systems of the car.
• a notched plate near the steering wheel configured such that, when the traffic signal is "green", the right hand control rod may be positioned on one notch. This leaves both hands of the driver to control the steering wheel.
• each of the steering wheels have associated power assistant motors. Accordingly, only a light touch of the steering wheel is necessary to control the steering wheel. When the traffic light is "red” the driver of the vehicle places the right hand control rod on other notch, waiting for the change of traffic light.
• the right pedal of a vehicle does not to control the power output at opening of combustion chamber, but is instead configured to control the power output of the active group to match the power requirement of the passive group.
• the automobile factory engineers may adjust the fuel-air mixture admitted to column of media (as shown in Fig. 16) and the flow of fuel through the column in order to make the flow power out of combustion chamber to equal the power requirement of the specific automobile.
• the active group is permitted to send media power flow to the buffer at any time and at any speed
• the passive group is permitted to pick up power flow from the buffer at any time and at any speed.
• All OFHE internal combustion engines utilized in transportation devices are divided in two groups: the active group and passive group.
• the active group produces power output
• the passive group changes the power output of active group into another form of power output.
• the active group and passive group have equal power output but different in form.
• RO/AU group is same in form for all OFHE engine transportation devices.
• the passive group may be different for different transportation devices.
• the buffer serves as the balance point of active group and passive group.
• the OFHE engine is much easier to build and drive than Diesel or Otto engine powered automobiles.
• all OFHE engines have two groups: the active group and passive group.
• the active group produces power of the engine
• the passive group is configured to change the power produced by active group into another form of power for the operation of the transportation devices.
• the active group of all transportation devices may have the same real time computer control program.
• the passive group of the OFHE engine automobile has no computer control.
• Both electro-mechanical parts may have a similar four-bar-linkage.
• One is for the operation of pistons and the other for operation valves.
• the small end of 4-bar-linkage is stationery operated by a small motor to provide for quick movement of the other end.
• the small motors configured to control the pistons are used to control movement of pistons which are configured to compress the volume of cylinder to 1/3 of an initial volume.
• the width to length ratio of cylinder is 3/4.
• the cylinders are normally in a vacuum condition.
• the small-motors configured to control the valves are to control the opening and closing of valves.
• the val ves are normally in cl osed conditions.
• the first column and second column are to produce the high thermal potential of media flow of the first column in order to produce feedback to low thermo potential air by the shock tube at valve 7.
• the first pump of first column is compressed to 1/3 of its volume.
• the pressure of the mixture of fuel and air is about 3 atmospheres.
• the mixture is then transferred to the second pump by valve 4, where similarly the pump compresses the mixture to about 9 atmospheres.
• the mixture is transferred to third pump, where the described mixture is compressed to media with high thermo potential of about 81 atmospheres (the last pump has a piston with a corresponding large pair of 4 bar linkage of 8/9 of the length of others.)
• the second column of air is like the first column to compress the air to about 81 atmosphere with lower thermal potential, so that the last pumps of first column and last pump of second column make high thermo potential difference to produce heat energy feedback (FHE) by valve 7, when valves 12 and 13 open at same time.
• the demodulated media is discharged to the atmosphere by muffler with shock absorber.
• the modulated air (high temperature) is passing to the modulated air buffer. Then the valves 6 and 11 are opened and the last pump of first column and second col umn restore to vacuum condition, ready for the next cycle.
• the last column of pumps is to make optimal of FHE of the first and second column of pumps, thereby to provide OFHE.
• Every internal combustion has two groups: the active group which produces power output, and the passive group which draws the power output of active group, and
• RO/AU changes it into another form of power to operate the transportation device. If there is no passive group, it will not be operate as an internal combustion engine.
• the active group and passive group are separated, and interfaced with a buffer for media power flow. Power flow produced by active group put into the buffer, and passive group draws its power flow from the same buffer.
• the arrangements are shown in Figure 18.
• the working processes of feedback is provided by the shock tube. Since active group is same for all OFHE engines, it may be the same shock tube for all transportation devices powered by OFHE engines.
• the media energy produced by fuel air mixture at valve 3, feedback to air from valve 7 with shock tube, the processes of feedback are detailed in the section of the "Building OFHE engine automobile".
• the feedback processes consume no heat energy of media.
• Shock tubes have long been used in labs for advanced experiments. The shock tube is simple in structure and stationary. The shock tube ensures the reliable working processes of active group of OFHE engine, and thereby the transportation devices powered by OFHE engine are perfect and satisfactory machines.
• Passive group of OFH E engine may be for different transportation devices to be served by OFHE engine. For instance, aircraft and automobiles may have different passive group.
• the power flow drawn from the buffer by passive group is to match the power requirement, thereby the control of the passive group is at the well of the operation of the transportation devices. For instance, aircraft can take off and land vertically at speed, and accelerate in sky in order to maintain the comfort of passengers traveling in the aircraft. In driving the OFHE engine automobile, the power flow drawn from the buffer of power flow is matched with the driving of the OFHE engine automobile, and accordingly there is no sense of uncomfortable acceleration or deceleration.
• RO/AU operation of an aircraft powered by an OFHE engine may decrease the likelihood of future disasters.
• TPHTM ax is maximum thermo potential heat of the specific fuel used for the engine.
• TPHTM ax can be obtained by simple lab testing: take a unit weight of fuel and put in a container. The fuel is increasing its temperature by electricity up to its maximum. The total amount of electricity being used by the electricity in Kw-Hr is the ⁇ ⁇ of the fuel.
• the emission of OFHE engine is less than 50% of Diesel engine of same powers.
• the active group is w r orking under flow of fluid controlled by real time computer program and the passive group is working in smooth condition.
• the transportation devices produce less noise.
• OFHE engines powering transportation devices may replace the conventional engines powering such transportation devices.
• the renovated transportation devices may be powered by an OFHE engine comprising a shock tube, which may replace convention engine assembly components.
• OFHE engine utilizes less materials and manual labor required to produce such an engine compared with conventional engines.
• the working processes and operation of transportation devices powered by OFHE engines are
• OFHE engine powered transportation devices can be used for both civil and military purposes.
• the OFHE engine may be used to upgrade weapons, such as battle aircraft, and short range missiles, and other weapons equipped with OFHE engine.
• weapons such as battle aircraft, and short range missiles, and other weapons equipped with OFHE engine.
• the tactic and strategic of the warfare will be totally changed.
• the active group of a shock wave system mainly consists of the following components shown in Figure 1 1 : the first tube (1 101), the second tube (1 102), the third tube (1 103), the shock wave air buffer (1 150), the combustion chamber ( 1 160), and the separating plate (1 140) that can separate the stationary space into two parts, the left and the right parts.
• the first and the second tubes are connected by a horizontal pipe that forms the U-shaped tube shown in Figure 1 1.
• the stationary space is the center section of the horizontal pipe at the bottom of the U-shaped tube.
• the plug (1 1 1 1) In the first tube (1101), there is a plug (1 1 1 1) that is driven by its motor. Associated with the second tube, there are two motors. One motor drives the plug (1 121) inside the first tube; the other motor (1 122) is outside of the second tube and drives the vertical movement of the triangle shaped tip (1123).
• the fuel from a fuel tank (not shown) is pumped into the fuel buffer (1001) with a hole in mixing plate (1002). On the other side of mixing plate (1002) there is a hole for air.
• the fuel and air have a mixture as shown in Fig. 10.
• the pump has its power from the power line, and follows the "on” or "off of the power line.
• the mixture is sent to the first tube of the U-shaped tube.
• a structural arrangement is provided which just touch the edge of above said tube.
• the structure collects the de-energized media and sends to muffler with shock absorber in it.
• the media with the shock wave heat energy decreases and is exhausted with similar structure as that of the left side which has a muffler collecting the exhaust gas with a silencer in it.
• the hot gas from the combustion chamber (1 160) can drive an air generator ( 1201 ) to produce air jet.
• the air generator (1201 ) has an "on/off switch as shown in Fig. 1 1 . This is the OFHEa enginer
• the hot gas from the combustion chamber ( 1 160) can also drive an electric generator (1301 ) to produce electricity.
• the electric generator (1301 ) also has an "on/off switch as shown in Fig. 13.
• the exhaust gas of the OFHEa engine or the OFHEe engine is directed to a muffler with silencer in it (not shown).
• the second motor (1 122) associated with the first tube and its driving object, the triangle shaped tip ( 1 123), are adjusted such that when the triangle shaped tip (1 123) touches the trigger stick the separating plate (1 140) the required shock wave pressure is established in the stationary space.
• the plug (1 131 ) in the third tube establishes the pressure of its fuel equal to the pressure from the shock wave gas in the combustion chamber when the separating plate (1 140) opens.
• all the three pumps and the triangle shaped tip move back to their initial positions before the next cycle begins.
• 1 ) Fill the first tube (1 101 ) with mixture of fuel and air of proportion as shown in Figure 10, with fuel cup and metering mechanism.
• the OFHEa engine and OFHEe engine can be used to drive civil and military vehicles. Both engines, i.e. the OFHEe and OFHEa, are shock wave engines. It has high thermal efficiency in comparison with Diesel and Otto engines, and may provide an improved efficiency such that only 1/3 of the amount of fuel used by convention engines is necessary to product the same amount of work by the OFHE engine.
• a plug with motor e.g., plug and motors 1 1 1 1, 1 121 , 1 122, and 1 131
• a plug with motor e.g., plug and motors 1 1 1 1, 1 121 , 1 122, and 1 131
• FIG. 1 provides a schematic illustration of the process of the engine.
• the size of the three tubes may be 25mm diameter, with a height to diameter ratio of 4: 1.
• the OFHEe engine has its electricity directly charge the battery of the existing battery-powered electric car. In doing so, the battery of the car can be reduced to one set that is adequate to provide the needed voltage.
• the driving time of the car will be limited to the amount of fuel carried, rather than the amount of electricity stored by the battery.
• the recharging facilities and recharging time are both eliminated.
• the OFHEe engine may be positioned in the head of the car.
• the fuel tank is also within the car with its fuel filling opening outside of the car. After filling the fuel the fueling opening is close with a screw cap.
• the operation of the OFHEe powered car is the same as that of the battery- powered electric car. Internally, when the driver turn on the switch which connects the power line of the car, the OFHEe engine is started. Any driver who can drive a battery- powered electric car will be able to drive the OFHEe-powered car.
• Over the OFHE engine may provide higher overall thermo efficiency than conventional automobile, due at least in part to the fact that OFHE engine is a shock wave feedback engine, while engines used in conventional automobiles are mechanical work feedback engines.
• the active group of OFHE engine is a system of flow of fluid, the power output is the media flow power output of combustion chamber. While engines of all conventional automobile power output is mechanical work. The later makes active group and passive group bounded together. It is the fundamental fault of all conventional engines.
• OFHE engines are environmentally friendly, and conform with many global rules, laws, and regulations requiring automobiles to reduce emissions
• the fuel supplying of OFHEa engines are from fuel tank by pump.
• the power of pump are from battery. Therefore in the left side of the frame work there are 3 pumps, one for each OFHEa engine.
• a strong frame work is built to fasten the ordinary bus.
• the pilot is fixed to the left side of the frame.
• the indicator of the above said OFHEa engine are always pointed downward.
• Two parallel connected batteries is fixed on the left side of the framework. The battery power is located within easy reach location of the pilot.
• Two cap rotors is fasted at middle of the front bar of the framework and working parallel with the ground.
• the fuel supplying tank of OFHEa engines are fixed on the appropriate location.
• Two exhaust gas muffler with silencer are fixed on the upper and downward of the OFHEa engine proper.
• the two OFHEa engines are running to balance the weight of whole air bus.
• the power supplying of the caped rotor is from the battery power through lines.
• the lines are passing a power resist material and the reaches the battery power.
• a short stick is powered by OFHEa engine, and operated its indicator by pilot.
• the pilot In running the airbus, the pilot has the option stopped at any location of the land. For example, the airbus from Shanghai to Beijing, the airbus has four stops. In the travel, it has across a wide river. At each station, the pilot has the indicator points downward to the station and the conductor of the bus let the passengers discharge and new passenger to come in and close the door.
• the airbus is running forward as usual.
• the airbus can travel in wide ocean with a compass. For example from France to New York, with the help of compass in the pilot place.
• the airbus has no moving mechanical part except the caped rotor. It is important to change the cap rotor after using several hours. The batteries should be replaced also.
• the fuselage may be similar to conventional aircraft. It has facilities of toilet and seats. The fuselage has no extended wings, nor the rudder.
• Figure 19 provides a bottom view of a fuselage of an aircraft powered by an OFHE engine.
• each supports have an air jet. It takes its power from the media power flow buffer as that of the automobile.
• Jet 1 may be configured to propel the fuselage forward. Jets (2) and (3) may be configured to propel the fuselage upward.
• the left and right rows of jets may be similarly configured to provide the same work.
• the two left and right jets may provide balanced power output with computer control its balances.
• the landing gears may be same as that of conventional aircraft landing gears. It is important to note that for shock wave engine aircraft the landing gears are touched the ground very gently without any shock that of conventional aircraft. Therefore it is safe and comfortable for passenger. The gentle landing and takeoff of an aircraft powered by an OFHE engine may decrease the likelihood of disasters, which often occur during landing and take-off.
• Figure 20 shows the passive group draws sufficient power media flow from the buffer of media power flow, to maneuver the fuselage during flight.
• the overall flight time may be low, since the flight speed in sky is much higher than conventional aircraft. Domestic flights across a continent may only take a few hours.
• the new aircraft may land at the destination airport with speed reversed as that of take off.
• the three point landing gears touch the ground without shock.
• the balance computer control of the forward propulsion air jet is disengaged.
• a pilot of an aircraft having an OFHE engine may operate the aircraft in a manner similar to that of conventional aircraft. Accordingly, the aircraft may be directed to a destination to discharge the passenger as conventional aircraft. Then return to the original spot and for seat cleaning of aircraft and toilet as usual aircraft.
• the steps to build active group of aircraft are same as that of aircraft.
• the fuselage of shock wave engine (OFHE engine) is same as that of present aircraft but without extended wings on it and without a rotor such as those of present aircraft. It has same passenger's accommodations.
• the bottom of the fuselage has four jets supplied by the active group of shock wave engine (the OFHE engine). Accordingly, the mechanism for providing power to the jets are similar to that of an automobile (but may have a higher overall power output than an automobile engine). In various embodiments, there are two powers supplying power to jets of the left and right rows of jets.
• the passive group draws media flow power from the buffer.
• the drawing power is achieves by a turbo-generator set.
• the fuselage of aircraft has two parallel three set of air jet to make the aircraft operate, which is shown in the bottom view of the aircraft as shown in figure 19.
• the fuselage is a streamline body.
• the support 01 is an air jet to propel the fuselage forward.
• the air jets 02 and 03 are air jet to lift the fuselage upward.
• the landing gear utilized on an aircraft utilizing an OFHE engine are similar to those of conventional aircraft, and are deployed during landing and take-off operations of the aircraft.
• the air jets 2 and 3 are used to lift of the fuselage, the air jets receive power from the turbo generator set and obtains power from the buffer.
• Another air jet 1 uses another turbo-generator set, and obtains power from the same buffer.
• the air jet 2 and 3 are coordinated with air jets to lift the fuselage to pre-set height and speed which is most comfortable for the passengers in the fuselage.
• the speed may be supersonic and/or subsonic to provide appropriate flight times over various distances.
• the fuel of active group to supply the buffer of media flow power has another turbo-generator set similar to that supplied for air jet 2 and 3, as well as jet 1 to supply the fuel at fuel motoring buffer under the fuel source of valve 15 of Fig. 16 of OFHE engine active group.
• Aircrafts having an OFHE engine may be operated and navigated in a manner similar to that of conventional aircraft.
• the speed of aircraft at a destination airport is similar to the speed of the airport at an origin airport.
• landing gears of the aircraft drop down, and the jets 2 and 3 propelling the aircraft upward are stopped.
• Jet 1 of both side are controlled by pilot propel the aircraft to a place ordered by personnel of the destination airport to discharge passenger in fuselage. After that, the aircraft return to place ordered by destination airport to prepare for the next flight. All the practices of the destination airport are as usual.
• OFHE engine can be used in some major transportation vehicles. It includes 1 ) automobile, 2) air floating railway trains 3) airbuses 4) military fighter. Many other transportation vehicles may be similarly developed.
• two computer controlled points may be provided, so that the fighter can be lifted and lowered by computer controller.
• the operator may control the gun following the cross to direct a bullet toward the target.
• the operator may have one or more user control devices to easily lift and direct the military fighter.
• the OFHE engine may provide an energy savings of between about 50%-80% energy reduction compared to convention engines.
• the headlights may be operated by a switch when needed.
• the battery may produce and store power utilized for various vehicle functions, including the windshield wipers and air conditioner.
• the OFHE engine supplies power for the car to provide at least the following operations
• OFHE Engine for use in an Airbus and/or a Heavy Car
• the airbus may have two OFHE engines to lift it.
• the control system may have two push rod to control the airbus up and down.
• the airbus may have an oxygen system onboard to maintain a comfortable atmosphere for the passengers.
• the floating railway car may have one or more OFHE engines configured to lift the floating railway car a distance off of a support surface (e.g., 3 mm) and to propel the floating railway car forward.
• a support surface e.g. 3 mm
• the driver may utilize the computer controller to regulate the speed of the vehicle, for example, while entering or leaving a station.
• Both ends of OFHE engine have high pressure exhaust to be control by muffler with shock absorber in it.
• the capped rotors are stopped to discharge passengers and/or to permit additional passengers to enter.
• the floating air railway car may have an oxygen system onboard to maintain a comfortable atmosphere for the passengers.
• RO/AU [3511 The structure is same as that of construction of an airbus. However, an airbus may be powered by four large powered OFHE engine and few capered isolated rotors configured for operation at supersonic speed. At Both ends of OFHE engine, the big pressure exhaust collected by mufflers with silencer in it.
• the vehicle may slow down and stop to allow passengers to discharge and to enter the vehicle.
• An aircraft without a wing may have 4 OFHE engines and 4 caped rotors.
• the 4 OFHE engines may be configured to lift aircraft to approach high altitudes over oceans.
• the aircraft near New York airport ground service order the caped rotor to have its speed to slow down till stop.
• the trip may directed by satellite or other measures.
• the missile is powered by the OFHE engine.
• the air force follows the missile up to the target. If the missile did not reach the target, another air force may support the previous force up to the target. It is to be noted that the air force from OFHE engine can be followed secretively.
• Two OFHE engine support the pilot to sky, and find the target. When the pilot finds the object within the cross, the gun was fired to destroy the object. There are two motors to help the pilot to find the objects. One motor is controlled by the right battery with computer controlled. The direction to viewing the right sky if it find the target in the
• the OFHEa engine is in upward position and under the seat of searcher.
• the OFHEa engine is at low power to push the searcher upward.
• the searcher start search the target. If the target within the cross, the gun is fired and a photo will record it.
• the searcher is lift up by OFHEa engine, the searcher searches the sky target.
• the sky searcher has widened the sky searching area of sky. Similarly to the right side the sky searching area.
• the searcher is lift upward by the OFHEa engine doing same searching work. After the searching work finished, the searcher return to its original seat position. It is doing by gradually closing the fuel metering. After closing the OFHEe engine, the searcher leaves his seat and steps downward his seat to the ground level. A car lift him to head quarter.
• the OFHE engine system is a system of flow of fluid. Mechanical parts of the system are used to guide the flow of fluid to produce maximum media power flow at the exhaust opening of combustion chamber.
• thermo potential power (TPHm) which is defined with reference to the OFHE engine.
• FHE heat energy feedback
• Shock tube In which the high heat energy level difference between media and air produce shock wave to feedback heat energy of media to air instantly.
• Shock tube has being used in labs. It is a reliable and safety device. Shock tube ensures the reliable instant action of active group of OFHE engine
• the OFHE engine assembly is self-content. It can be applied for any transportation devices.
• the active group produces power, while the passive group monitors the transportation device.
• the active group consumes the fuel, and the passive group does not consume fuel.
• the rational thermo efficiency of OFHE engine is greater than its counterpart engine by more than 50%.
• OFHEa and OFHEe engines have put aside the Diesel and Otto engine. OFHEa and OFHEe engine can be used for any civil transportation devices to replace the old ones. Later on strategic and tactic of warfare should be reorganized, in consideration of OFHEa and OFHEe engine.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
• Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
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• 2015
  • 2015-10-07 CA CA2908274A patent/CA2908274A1/en active Pending
• 2016
  • 2016-09-16 CN CN201680053226.5A patent/CN108291505B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2016-09-16 JP JP2018514778A patent/JP6791954B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2016-09-16 AU AU2016324342A patent/AU2016324342B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2016-09-16 WO PCT/AU2016/000322 patent/WO2017045014A1/en active Application Filing
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