Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B7/00—Instruments for auscultation
  • A61B7/003—Detecting lung or respiration noise
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/08—Measuring devices for evaluating the respiratory organs
  • A61B5/085—Measuring impedance of respiratory organs or lung elasticity
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
  • A61B5/4806—Sleep evaluation
  • A61B5/4818—Sleep apnoea
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
  • A61B5/7203—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes for noise prevention, reduction or removal
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
  • A61B5/7235—Details of waveform analysis
  • A61B5/7253—Details of waveform analysis characterised by using transforms
  • A61B5/7257—Details of waveform analysis characterised by using transforms using Fourier transforms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/0003—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/021—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes operated by electrical means
  • A61M16/022—Control means therefor
  • A61M16/024—Control means therefor including calculation means, e.g. using a processor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/06—Respiratory or anaesthetic masks
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
  • A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
  • A61B2562/0204—Acoustic sensors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
  • A61M2205/33—Controlling, regulating or measuring
  • A61M2205/3375—Acoustical, e.g. ultrasonic, measuring means
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2230/00—Measuring parameters of the user
  • A61M2230/40—Respiratory characteristics
  • A61M2230/46—Resistance or compliance of the lungs

Definitions

• the invention relates to analysis of the upper airway.
• respiratory disease monitoring For example it may be used for analysis of the respiratory tract of COPD patients, or upper airway analysis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients stand alone or to enable positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment to be suitably controlled or to enable a suitable alternative treatment to be selected.
• OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• PAP positive airway pressure
• OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• PAP Positive Airway Pressure
• an Automatic PAP (“APAP”) system has to distinguish between central and obstructive events.
• a central sleep apnoea (CSA) event arises when the patient makes no effort to breath whereas an obstructive event arises when there is a physical blockage of the upper airway.
• Both central and obstructive events occur during sleep repeatedly, and an event may last for at least ten seconds up to a minute or slightly more.
• Patients may suffer from essentially OSA, essentially CSA or a combination of both, the latter being referred to as Mixed Sleep Apnea.
• a known PAP system When a known PAP system detects a complete cessation of airflow it sends a pressure pulse to verify if the drop in airflow is caused by an obstructive or a central apnoea event. If the pressure pulse (typical duration of 2s, and typical pressure increase of 2mbar) leads to an increase of airflow the apnoea will be a clear airway apnoea (CA) such as a central apnoea event. If the pressure pulse does not increase the airflow, the system knows the apnoea is an obstructive apnoea (OA).
• CA clear airway apnoea
• OA obstructive apnoea
• hypopnea events shallow breathing events rather than breathing interruptions
• the PAP system cannot distinguish between central and obstructive hypopnea events.
• a pressure pulse leads to an increase of airflow because the airway is still at least partially open.
• the reduction of flow is caused by a reduction of the neuro-muscular respiration drive
• obstructive hypopnea the reduction is caused by a narrowing of the airway, which leads to an increase of the upper airway resistance.
• an increase of the CPAP pressure is beneficial to achieve airway patency.
• a pressure increase will not increase the airflow, it might be even contra indicative; an unneeded pressure increase may lead to discomfort, lowering compliance of the patient to use the system.
• the FOT system is typically rather clumsy and not suitable for home use, due to the need for bulky, cumbersome devices, such as a big loudspeaker.
• the pathophysiology of OSA is complex as it often results from an interplay of anatomical and neuromuscular dysfunctions.
• the power of PAP therapy is that it treats all collapsible levels of the upper airway and therefore works for every OSA patient, regardless of the pathophysiological causes.
• many treatment alternatives have higher patient acceptance, they only treat a specific level of the upper airway. This makes the applicability of these alternatives restricted to OSA sub-populations.
• the inability of PAP treatment alternatives to treat all levels of the upper airway at the same time has as a consequence that patient selection becomes key for these alternatives to ensure optimal clinical outcomes. This requires a deeper study of OSA pathogenesis in those patients eligible for PAP alternatives.
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• FOT forced oscillation technique
• US 8 424 527 discloses a system in which an acoustic transducer is integrated in a PAP mask to study airway narrowing under applied airway pressure. A single sensor functions as a microphone and a sound source.
• US 2013/0046181 discloses a collar a patient wears around the neck, which uses acoustic pulses to image airway narrowing. These examples demonstrate the feasibility of acoustics to resolve upper airway properties. These examples have in common that they analyze the scattered sound of active sound sources provided by speakers/transducers.
• airway analysis and diagnosis systems such as used to enable suitable non-PAP treatments to be selected, can be obtrusive in their measurement techniques, mainly because they are not suitable for use during normal sleep. For example it is not desirable to create sound which disturbs the user, and the system needs to be minimally obtrusive to the user.
• monitoring of the airway specifically during inhalation or during exhalation may be of particular diagnostic interest.
• a system for analysis of the upper airway comprising:
• an acoustic sensor arrangement for positioning at first and second locations with respect to the passageway; a processor adapted to derive a parameter from the relation between the acoustic sensor arrangement signals at the first and second locations, which parameter varies in dependence on the presence of an upper airway obstruction,
• the processor is adapted to process sound signals which comprise only ambient noise received from noise sources external to the analysis system, and noise generated by the user and is adapted to distinguish between inhalation and exhalation using the sensor arrangement signals at the first and second locations.
• the system can detect airway narrowing, and this can be used as diagnostic information.
• the system can be arranged also to detect the location of an obstruction and optionally also the extent of airway narrowing. In this way, it becomes possible to localize the level of the airway that is narrowing, and optionally also to monitor how the narrowing develops.
• the airway characteristics are manifested as changes in the signals captured by the sensors. By using at least two sensors, the dynamic properties of the upper airway and the dynamics in the respiratory airflow can be resolved, based on any sound travelling past the sensors.
• the acoustic sensors are used to detect those external sounds, which may comprise noises generated by the user, ambient sounds, or noises generated by parts of a patient treatment system (such as a pump).
• the system can be part of a stand-alone diagnostic device, or it can be integrated into a treatment device, such as a PAP system or a flow meter or a Spirometer.
• Variations of upper airway resistance during the respiratory cycle are clinically highly relevant. It is for example known that COPD patients typically experience more difficulty in exhaling than in inhaling. This effect can thus be quantified in an objective manner, using the change in acoustic impedance during inhalation and exhalation.
• the acoustic sensor arrangement may comprise a first acoustic sensor positioned at the first location and a second acoustic sensor positioned at the second location.
• An alternative is for one sensor to be used at different locations at different times.
• a sensor arrangement "for positioning at first and second locations" may be statically positioned at the first and second locations by having two sensors, or it may be dynamically positioned at the two locations using only one sensor.
• the positioning "with respect to the passageway” means at different positions along the passageway (which may include at one or both extreme ends).
• the passageway can be a chamber within which there is an air flow.
• the first and second sensors can be positioned at first and second locations along the passageway in the form of a tube which has a first end terminating at the mouth and/or nose of a user.
• the first and second sensors can be positioned inside the cavity for receiving a patient's mouth and/or nose inside a patient interface for delivering a flow of gas to a user (e.g. those used in PAP treatment to treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).
• OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• the acoustic sensor arrangement can be any sensor arrangement able to detect flow or pressure resulting from an acoustic wave.
• the sensors can comprise microphones, although other pressure or flow sensors can be used.
• the processor is adapted to derive an acoustic transfer function from the sensor signals and derive the parameter in the form of an acoustic impedance from the acoustic transfer function.
• This system can use noise stemming from breathing or sound produced by a pressure treatment device in order to detect airway narrowing, instead of requiring a dedicated active and audible sound source.
• the sound travelling along the passageway can comprise only ambient noise received from noise sources external to the system, and noise generated by the user.
• An obstruction can be manifested as a change of the cross- section of the airway and/or other change of the flow resistance of the airway segment giving rise to a perceived obstruction.
• the system can be made less obtrusive by avoiding the need for a noise source in the direct vicinity of the users head.
• the two or more sensors are instead used to measure existing ambient noise, and from this derive the input acoustic impedance of the respiratory tract continuously, from which it can determined if (partial) collapses occur during for example during the night.
• the system can however also be used with a sound source to provide a desired frequency spectrum for analysis.
• the use of a sound source in addition to ambient sounds means the sound source intensity can be reduced, while still ensuring a minimum signal intensity across a desired range of frequencies.
• This option can be provided as an additional mode of operation of the device, in addition to a mode of operation which does not make use of a dedicated sound source.
• the system can use a Fourier transform processing arrangement for processing the outputs of the first and second microphones before processing to derive the acoustic transfer function.
• An averaging arrangement can be used for averaging the Fourier transformed signals before the processing to derive the acoustic transfer function.
• the acoustic impedance is obtained as a complex impedance in the frequency domain. The shape of this complex function can then be interpreted to determine the airway blockages, for example based on use of a training database.
• the processor can further be adapted to obtain a time domain impulse response, and derive therefore an airway diameter as a function of distance.
• the passageway preferably comprises a tube, which can be straight, curved as well as flexible. In the case of a flexible tube, it can be coiled or otherwise bent to minimize the obstruction caused.
• shape features other than a tube can be used to induce a flow stream. For example the shaping of a mask with differently positioned sensors can enable sufficient information to be resolved.
• the invention also provides a patient interface device comprising:
• a mask for delivering a gas to the nose and/or mouth of a patient; a system of the invention for analysis of the upper airway.
• the passageway connects to the mask.
• the analysis system can provide data suitable for use in diagnosing the type of apnoea.
• the analysis can be used in real time as part of a respiratory support pressure system.
• the invention provides a respiratory support pressure system comprising:
• a pressure control unit for controlling the air pressure
• a patient interface device of the invention wherein the pressurized air is provided to the user past the sensors, and wherein the air pressure is controlled in dependence on the detected presence of upper airway obstructions (and preferably also the location and extent of such obstructions).
• the invention also provides a method for analysis of the upper airway, comprising:
• a method for analysis of the upper airway comprising:
• an acoustic sensor arrangement at first and second locations with respect to a passageway for communication with a user's airway; using the acoustic sensor arrangement to detect sound which comprises only ambient noise received from noise sources external to the analysis system, and noise generated by the user;
• Figure 1 shows the general configuration of a system for analyzing the upper airway of a user
• FIG. 1 shows the signal processing that can be used
• Figure 3 shows examples of derived complex impedance values with respect to frequency
• Figure 4 shows a PAP system incorporating the analysis system.
• Embodiments provide a system for analysis of the upper airway in which at least two sensor locations are provided along a flow path leading to the mouth and/or nose of a user. A relation is derived between the sensor signals received at those locations, and this is interpreted to detect at least the presence of upper airway obstructions, and preferably also the location and/or extent of such obstructions.
• Examples can be used solely as diagnostic tools and other examples can be used to assist in the control of a PAP system.
• a first example will be described for diagnostic purposes.
• FIG. 1 shows the general configuration
• This example makes use of a passageway 2 in the form of a tube which is provided with one end terminating at the mouth and/or nose of a user 4.
• the example shows the passageway leading to the user's mouth.
• the one end is sealed around the mouth (and/or nose) although this is not shown in Figure 1.
• a first acoustic sensor 10a is positioned at a first location along the passageway at a distance Xa from the end and a second acoustic sensor 10b is positioned at a second location along the passageway at a different distance Xb from the end.
• the other end of the passageway is open, so that the breathing air flow of the user passes along the passageway.
• the passageway 2 can take the form of a tube although it can be a passage integrated into another component and thus does not necessarily need to be formed as a separate tube. Essentially, the sensors are located along a flow path which may be within a passageway or may be caused by other geometric components.
• the sensors 10a, 10b comprise microphones, although other acoustic sensors can be used which are responsive to sound pressure waves or the changes in air flow direction and speed which result from such sound pressure waves.
• the term acoustic sensor should be understood accordingly as relating to a sensor which detects properties or the effects of a sound pressure wave.
• the open end of the passageway enables environmental sound or noise to enter and this will be detected by the microphones.
• the human airway is an open lumen structure and can be considered as a waveguide to transmit acoustical signals. If the lumen structure changes its geometrical properties, e.g. a narrowing of a segment of the upper airway, the transmission and reflection of an acoustic signal will alter, as a result of the change in acoustic impedance of the system. The change can be measured in the energy density spectrum of a received acoustic signal. The change in the airway resistance is thus represented by the change of this function.
• the transfer function between the acoustic signals at microphones 10a and 10b must be known, and the acoustics of the tube then enable the acoustic impedance at the mouth can be determined using:
• STFT Short-Time Fourier Transform
• FIG. 2 shows the signal processing that can be used.
• First a processor 18 is used to take the Fourier transform, for example the so-called Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), of both microphone signals by using Fourier transform units 20a, 20b. Averages are taken over time by averaging units 22a, 22b.
• STFT Short-Time Fourier Transform
• the processor derives the acoustic transfer function Hab as shown by module 24.
• the transfer function is complex -valued.
• the transfer function is then used to calculate the acoustic impedance using the relation above in module 26.
• a detector 28 is used for interpreting the acoustic impedance to detect the presence and location of an upper airway obstruction.
• a detector like detector (28) may be used for interpreting a derived parameter to detect the presence, extent and/or location of an upper airway obstruction.
• diagnostic applications it may be sufficient to know whether or not there is an obstruction, therapeutic applications may require location and/or extent of the obstruction.
• the acoustic impedance thus forms a parameter in the form of a function (of impedance value versus frequency in this case) and not a single value.
• the term "parameter” should be understood accordingly.
• the parameter is interpreted to enable detection of the presence and location of airway obstructions.
• the derivation of the transfer function in this way is a routine process, and is known as a "spectrum estimator".
• the coherence can also be acquired routinely. This is a measure for the signal to noise ratio as a function of the frequency of the transfer function. This can be used to select for example only those frequencies which have sufficient signal to noise ratio.
• the detector 28 can for example be a simple classifier based on supervised learning.
• the system can be trained with an open airway impedance, and with several known obstructed impedances. This training set is then compared to the actual measured impedance. The obstruction can then be detected by selecting the corresponding spectrum from the training set which is closest to the current value. The closest value can be derived using any approximation/mapping method, such as a least squares mapping.
• the airway diameter could be calculated as a function of distance using acoustic pulse reflectometry. Each diameter change generates its own reflection coefficient (both in time and in amplitude). From the distance between the reflections and the incident wave algorithms exist that can reconstruct the diameter as function of distance (for example the Ware-Aki method).
• the microphones can be mounted in a 19mm internal diameter tube with a spacing of 6 cm.
• the tube can then be mounted onto a mask or facial cap of a treatment system.
• the passageway does not need to be straight, so when
• the required spacing is for example in the range 1 cm to 20 cm.
• the system can be used as a rhinometer (for analysis of the nasal cavity) where a thin tube, typically with a similar diameter as the nostrils, is for example folded over the subject's cheek for example integrated in a nasal pillow.
• the system described can be used as a monitoring device to obtain information about the airway of a user, in particular the location of obstructions, which can then be used for the purposes of diagnosis, for example to determine if a patient is suitable for a CPAP treatment alternative like surgery, implants or oral devices.
• This monitoring can be carried out at home for patients with obstructive sleep apnea as part of a sleep study. For each apnoea or hypopnea event, the change of the airway resistance in each airway segment can be calculated, so that the sleep physician can determine the airway segment that is the main contributor for the obstruction.
• the invention is also of interest for use as part of a respiratory pressure support system, such as a CPAP or APAP system, for example to determine the type of hypopnea so that a correct decision can be made as to whether or not a pressure burst should be applied.
• a respiratory pressure support system such as a CPAP or APAP system
• APAP automatic PAP
• Existing APAP systems only send a pressure pulse when a strong reduction of flow of at least 40% is detected.
• the monitoring system described above is able to monitor and calculate permanently in each breath cycle the change of the airway resistance and may increase or decrease the pressure accordingly when the airway resistance changes from one breath cycle to the next. In this way, an APAP system can faster respond to a change in the airway patency, and can determined whether or not an even is suitable for treatment using a pressure pulse.
• Figure 4 shows a typical system to provide respiratory therapy to a patient.
• the system 30 includes a pressure generating device 32, a delivery conduit 2 which functions also as the passageway of the analysis system, coupled to an elbow connector 34, and a patient interface device 36.
• the pressure generating device 32 is structured to generate a flow of breathing gas and may include, without limitation, ventilators, constant pressure support devices (such as a continuous positive airway pressure device, or CPAP device), variable pressure devices, and auto-titration pressure support devices.
• Delivery conduit 2 communicates the flow of breathing gas from pressure generating device 32 to patient interface device 36 through the elbow connector 34.
• the delivery conduit 2, elbow connector 34 and patient interface device 36 are often collectively referred to as a patient circuit.
• the patient interface device includes a mask 38 in the form of a shell 40 and cushion 42, which in the exemplary embodiment is a nasal and oral mask.
• a mask 38 in the form of a shell 40 and cushion 42, which in the exemplary embodiment is a nasal and oral mask.
• any type of mask such as a nasal-only mask, a nasal pillow/cushion or a full face mask, which facilitates the delivery of the flow of breathing gas to the airway of a patient, may be used as mask.
• the cushion 42 is made of a soft, flexible material, such as, without limitation, silicone, an appropriately soft thermoplastic elastomer, a closed cell foam, or any
• An opening in the shell 40, to which elbow connector 34 is coupled, allows the flow of breathing gas from pressure generating device 32 to be communicated to an interior space defined by the shell 40 and cushion 42, and then to the airway of a patient.
• the patient interface assembly 36 also includes a headgear component 44, which in the illustrated embodiment is a two-point headgear.
• Headgear component 44 includes a first and a second strap 46, each of which is structured to be positioned on the side of the face of the patient above the patient's ear.
• the patient interface assembly can additionally include a forehead support (not shown) for reducing the forces on the patient's face by increasing the contact area.
• the pressure generating device 32 is controlled by a pressure control device
• module 48 receives input from the monitoring system described above, which is represented by module 48 and the associated sensors 10a, 10b which are placed along the delivery conduit 2.
• the acoustic signal for the measurement of the airway acoustic impedance can be the noise from the environment or the inherent noise from the fan in the therapy device.
• the use of a sound source can give more reliable results, such as a pseudo random noise signal or a pulsed stimulation in the time domain. In this way, a broad spectrum sound source can be provided. This option can be provided as an additional mode of operation of the device to allow more accurate results, in addition to a mode of operation which does not make use of a dedicated sound source.
• the signal processing can use the STFT as explained above.
• Other known signal processing techniques such as time domain reflectometry or other Fourier
• the detection of the obstruction location is based on matching the complex impedance function (with respect to frequency) with training data.
• Other approaches may be used.
• the impedance function can be further processed to derive a different metric indicative of the function shape, and this can then be compared with data stored in a look up table. This different metric would then form the "parameter" which is analyzed to determine the presence and location of airway obstructions.
• direct comparison between the impedance function and training values is not essential, and further data processing can be carried out before the data evaluation takes place.
• the system is able to distinguish between inhalation and exhalation using the two sensor signals.
• the system allows synchronization of the analysis method with a patient's breathing pattern. This allows characterization of the upper airway acoustic properties as a function of the respiratory phase. Variations of upper airway resistance during the respiratory cycle are clinically highly relevant. As mentioned above, COPD patients typically experience more difficulty in exhaling than in inhaling. This effect can be quantified in an objective manner, using the change in acoustic impedance during inhalation and exhalation.
• Breathing sounds will be detected by the first and second acoustic sensors 10a,
• breathing sounds may originate from the airways themselves, they follow a different acoustical path to the environmental sounds that enter the airways via nose/mouth.
• analysis of breathing sounds may provide complementary information to the analysis of environmental sounds.
• microphone sounds may be used to determine the timing of different phases of the breathing cycle. These known methods may be applied to one of the microphone signals, or to a breathing sound signal extracted from the pair of microphone signals as explained above.
• the breathing cycle has two inhalation phases; the inspiratory phase and the inspiratory pause, and two exhalation phases; the expiratory phase and the expiratory pause.
• the inhalation and exhalation signals have different intensity and envelope characteristics which can be recognized.
• the microphones used in the system of the invention may provide additional information, for example as explained in the two papers referenced above.
• One example is that a patient may be asked to hold his breath, either with lungs full or emptied with air. Changes in measured impedance during these various situations (for example while holding breath, and while breathing) give valuable additional diagnostic data to a medical
• the acoustic impedance measurement could also be used to improve the measurement of breathing sounds, as it allows a measured breathing sound to be corrected for variations in the upper airway resistance.
• this approach can be seen as a virtual measurement of breathing sounds in the upper airways themselves, and allows for a better identification of the breathing sound sources (relating to e.g. the extent and location of respiratory obstructions).
• the detailed example above makes use of two acoustic sensors.
• the acoustic impedance measurement may also be performed using only a single sensor e.g., microphone if its position can be varied over time.
• the ability to detect the phases of respiration means the microphone movement may be synchronized with the person's breathing, allowing for a reduction in hardware requirements. This takes account of the cyclic nature of the breathing pattern to allow temporal separation of the collection of sensor signals at different locations. This may also eliminate small measurement errors resulting from inevitable small differences between acoustic sensitivity of different microphones.
• Microphones can be implemented as conventional pressure sensing diaphragm devices, but they can also be implemented as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors. Furthermore, other types of sensor can be used which also respond to the air flow or pressure variations within the passageway caused by travelling sound waves, such as anemometers, and so-called Microflown (Trade Mark) sensors, which measure particle velocities based on temperature differences.
• MEMS microelectromechanical systems
• the invention can be used in various diagnostic application scenarios, such as: Screening of breathing and airway patency in natural sleep (at home);
• CPAP positive airway pressure therapy
• Airway Patency Monitoring in persons suffering from Sleep Disordered Breathing SDB
• Pressure titration in an APAP system based on the change in the airway resistance
• the invention can be used for upper airway resistance monitoring to measure narrowing and obstructions, for screening of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, for more accurate topological diagnosis of the obstruction location, and also for airway resistance monitoring during hypopnea events to provide feedback for a PAP system.
• the system makes use of a controller for implementing the sensor signal processing.
• Components that may be employed for the controller include, but are not limited to, conventional microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and field- programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
• a processor or controller may be associated with one or more storage media such as volatile and non- volatile computer memory such as RAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
• the storage media may be encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more processors and/or controllers, perform at the required functions.
• Various storage media may be fixed within a processor or controller or may be transportable, such that the one or more programs stored thereon can be loaded into a processor or controller.

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• 2016
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