WO2016193436A1 - Halbleiterfotodiode - Google Patents
Halbleiterfotodiode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2016193436A1 WO2016193436A1 PCT/EP2016/062661 EP2016062661W WO2016193436A1 WO 2016193436 A1 WO2016193436 A1 WO 2016193436A1 EP 2016062661 W EP2016062661 W EP 2016062661W WO 2016193436 A1 WO2016193436 A1 WO 2016193436A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- optical waveguide
- light
- doping
- contact layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12004—Combinations of two or more optical elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H10F30/21—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H10F30/21—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H10F30/22—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes
- H10F30/225—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes
- H10F30/2255—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes in which the active layers form heterostructures, e.g. SAM structures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/127—The active layers comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaAs or InP
- H10F71/1272—The active layers comprising only Group III-V materials, e.g. GaAs or InP comprising at least three elements, e.g. GaAlAs or InGaAsP
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/20—Electrodes
- H10F77/206—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/40—Optical elements or arrangements
Definitions
- the invention relates to a semiconductor photodiode according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a method for producing a semiconductor photodiode according to the preamble of claim 16.
- Semiconductor photodiodes are known from the prior art, which are used for receiving optical data signals, for example. Such semiconductor photodiodes have, in particular, a pin diode structure, into which light is coupled, for example via an integrated optical waveguide.
- avalanche photodiodes (avalanche photodiodes) are known which, in addition to an intrinsic layer (absorber layer), have a multiplier layer for amplifying the charge carriers generated in the absorber layer.
- Such an avalanche photodiode is described, for example, in the article M. Nada et al., "Design and Performance of High Speed Avalanche Photodiodes for 100 Gb / s Systems and Beyond", IEEE J. Lightwave Technol.
- the n-contact is arranged above the absorber layer, while the p-contact is located below the absorber layer, but such diode structures can have the disadvantage that
- the problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a reliable and nevertheless efficient semiconductor photodiode.
- an optical waveguide via which light can be coupled evanescently into the light-absorbing layer
- a doped contact layer disposed between the light-absorbing layer and the optical waveguide
- the optical waveguide at least partially has a doping, which generates a diffusion of dopant of the contact layer in the optical waveguide (and in particular also a outdiffusion of dopant of the contact layer out of the contact layer out) counteracting diffusion barrier.
- the optical waveguide is an integrated waveguide, ie it is formed by at least one semiconductor layer arranged on a substrate in a manner known per se.
- the waveguide is also arranged and arranged relative to the light-absorbing layer (the absorber layer) such that light from the waveguide can be coupled over into the light-absorbing layer by evanescent coupling.
- the evanescent coupling takes place over a section of the waveguide which is located below the light-absorbing layer.
- the light coupling over from the waveguide into the light-absorbing layer propagates (for example at least approximately perpendicularly) into the light-absorbing layer, in particular at an angle to the waveguide, and passes at least partially through the light absorptive layer and the optical waveguide doped contact layer therethrough.
- the doping of the optical waveguide ensures a blocking of diffusion of the dopant of the contact layer out of the contact layer and into the optical waveguide and thus counteracts, in particular, a deterioration of the electrical properties of the photodiode. It can thus be achieved as high as possible intrinsic sensitivity of the photodiode, whereby less gain (electrical amplification) is required, which in turn leads to less noise and thus to a possible higher RF bandwidth of the photodiode.
- the doping of the optical waveguide has only a slight influence on its optical properties, so that an efficient evanescent coupling out of the waveguide into the light-absorbing layer is possible despite the doping.
- the invention may enable the realization of an avalanche photodiode having a coupling coefficient for the coupling between the waveguide and the light-absorbing layer, which is comparable to that of a p-i-n photodiode.
- the doping of the waveguide extends in particular in at least one region of the waveguide facing the light-absorbing layer, specifically along its longitudinal direction. It is possible that the doping is present over the entire length of the waveguide. However, it is also conceivable that the doping extends only over part of the waveguide length; e.g. only the region of the waveguide is provided with the doping, which is located below the light-absorbing layer.
- the optical waveguide ie its core and / or cladding layer (s), of course, can have further dopings in addition to the doping for producing the diffusion barrier.
- the doping of the optical waveguide is in particular a doping complementary to the doping of the contact layer.
- the contact layer is p-doped, so that the optical waveguide is correspondingly provided with an n-type doping to produce the diffusion barrier.
- the reverse case is also conceivable, namely that the contact layer is n-doped and the waveguide is p-doped.
- the optical waveguide in a first, the contact layer facing region (eg the waveguide core) acting as a diffusion barrier doping and in a second region (eg also of the waveguide core) no or one of the doping to produce the diffusion barrier have different doping.
- the first and second regions are formed of the same material.
- the second area is formed of a different material than the first area.
- the first region comprises e.g. the waveguide core and the second area the waveguide cladding.
- the waveguide cladding is formed by a doped substrate of the photodiode so that the second region is formed by a portion of the substrate. It is conceivable that the substrate is a semi-insulating substrate and that the second region of the waveguide is consequently also semi-insulating.
- a blocking layer between the contact layer and the optical waveguide, which acts as an additional diffusion barrier against diffusion of dopant of the contact layer into the optical waveguide.
- the blocking layer has, analogously to the optical waveguide, in particular a doping which is complementary to the doping of the contact layer.
- the blocking layer has an n-type doping.
- a further, complementarily doped contact layer is located on a side of the light-absorbing layer facing away from the contact layer.
- the further contact layer is correspondingly n-doped in particular if the contact layer arranged between the waveguide and the light-absorbing layer has a p-type doping.
- the semiconductor photodiode according to the invention is in particular an avalanche photodiode (avalanche photodiode), wherein in particular a multiplier layer is arranged on a side of the light-absorbing layer facing away from the contact layer and in particular between the light-absorbing layer and the further contact layer.
- avalanche photodiode avalanche photodiode
- the optical waveguide is in particular formed in a manner known per se in the form of a rib or strip waveguide.
- the optical waveguide can be arranged at least partially (for example its at least one core layer) on a (in particular semi-insulating) substrate (eg grown on the substrate) and / or at least partially (for example its at least one Sheath layer) may be formed by the (in particular semi-insulating) substrate.
- a substrate made of indium phosphide is used, wherein the contact layer and the optical waveguide, at least its waveguide core, are formed from an InGaAsP layer.
- the invention is not limited to specific materials. It is conceivable, e.g. also that a silicon substrate is used.
- the refractive index of the contact layer is greater than the refractive index of the optical waveguide or the refractive index of the light-absorbing layer is greater than the refractive index of the optical waveguide. This serves, in particular, to realize the most efficient possible coupling between the optical waveguide and the light-absorbing layer.
- the semiconductor photodiode according to the invention can be used, for example, as a receiver in optical communications technology (ie as a component of a data transmission system). be set (in particular as a receiver for short transmission distances, such as in burst mode mode).
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a semiconductor photodiode, in particular as described above, with the steps:
- the figure shows a sectional view through a semiconductor photodiode according to the invention.
- the semiconductor photodiode 1 shown in Figure 1 a diode portion 1 1 and an optical waveguide 12, is coupled into the light L and guided to the diode portion 1 1.
- Der Diodeabêt 1 1 ist über Stamm Licht von den LI.
- the waveguide 12 has at least one core layer 121 grown on a substrate 2 (eg made of semi-insulating InP) (eg an InGaAsP layer), wherein a portion of the substrate 2 adjoining the core layer 121 forms a cladding layer of the waveguide 12.
- a substrate 2 eg made of semi-insulating InP
- InGaAsP layer an InGaAsP layer
- the invention is not limited to a particular embodiment of the waveguide 12.
- the diode section 1 1 of the semiconductor photodiode 1 is arranged on a partial region (in particular an end region) of the waveguide 12, wherein light is coupled by evanescent coupling from the waveguide 12 into the diode section 11.
- light from the waveguide 12 couples into a (particularly intrinsic) light absorbing layer 11 (eg, an InGaAs layer) of the diode portion 11.
- the light-absorbing layer 1 1 1 is a layer of a layer package, which forms an avalanche photodiode and corresponding to the light-absorbing layer 1 1 1 a highly doped n-contact layer 1 12 (for example, a n ++ -lnAlAs layer) and a between the light-absorbing layer 1 1 1 (the absorber) and the optical waveguide 12 arranged highly doped p-contact layer 1 13 (eg in the form of a p ++ - InGaAsP layer).
- n-contact layer 1 12 for example, a n ++ -lnAlAs layer
- p-contact layer 1 13 eg in the form of a p ++ - InGaAsP layer
- the n-contact (formed by the n-contact layer 1 12) of the photodiode is at the top, while the p-contact (formed by the p-contact layer 1 13) is formed as an inner layer of the layer package.
- the layer package of the diode section 1 1 furthermore has a multiplier layer 1 15 (for example in the form of an InAlAs layer) arranged between the light-absorbing layer 1 1 1 and the n-contact layer 1 12, for amplifying the light-absorbing layer 11 1 used in light incident charge carrier is used.
- a multiplier layer 1 15 for example in the form of an InAlAs layer
- the mode of operation of an avalanche photodiode is known per se, so that it will not be discussed further here.
- the p-type contact layer 1 13 is highly doped, which tends to cause dopant (e.g., Zn) to diffuse out of the p-type contact layer 13 into the underlying waveguide 12, thereby degrading the performance of the photodiode 1.
- dopant e.g., Zn
- Zn dopant
- the diode portion 1 1 in particular in the p-contact layer 1 13 and possibly also in the light-absorbing layer 1 1 1
- the possibility of diffusing dopant from the p-contact layer 1 13 and / or the waveguide 12 is in particular incompatible with dopants such as Zn and Fe.
- the diode portion 1 1 (and thus the contact layer 1 13) facing (upper) sub-layer 121 1 of the core layer 121 of the optical waveguide 12 is provided with a doping, the diffusion of dopant of the contact layer 1 13 in the waveguide 12th counteracts.
- the doping is a doping complementary to the doping of the p-contact layer 13. tion, ie an n-doping.
- a lower sub-layer 1212 of the core layer 121 does not have this n-doping or only in a lower concentration. It is conceivable, however, that the partial layer 1212 is semi-insulating, ie has a different doping.
- the upper sub-layer 121 1 is an n + -lnGaAsP layer
- the lower sub-layer 1212 is a semi-insulating InGaAsP layer.
- the diffusion-blocking upper sub-layer 121 1 of the waveguide has a thickness in the range of 100 to 200 nm.
- the n-doping of the waveguide 12 essentially produces a change in the electrical properties of the waveguide 12, i. the mentioned blocking effect against outdiffusion of dopant from the p-contact layer 1 13 and / or from the waveguide 12, while the optical properties of the waveguide 12, which are predetermined primarily by the material composition of the waveguide layers, by the doping only to a small extent to be changed.
- the evanescent coupling of the light into the diode section 12 is not or only slightly impaired by the doping of the waveguide 12.
- a blocking layer 1 14 is arranged, which has a doping of the p-contact layer 1 13 complementary doping (ie, an n-type doping) analogous to the waveguide 12 to a diffusion of dopant the p-contact layer 1 13 in the optical waveguide 12 further counteract.
- the blocking layer 1 14 consists of the same material as the upper (diffusion-blocking) sub-layer 121 1 of the waveguide 12, for example of n + -lnGaAsP.
- the blocking layer 1 14 is only optional, ie as a diffusion barrier, the doping of the waveguide 12 could be sufficient. It is possible, in particular, that the blocking layer 14 has a smaller thickness than the doped, diffusion-blocking region (ie the sub-layer 121 1) of the waveguide 12.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1721454.5A GB2556490B (en) | 2015-06-04 | 2016-06-03 | Semiconductor photodiode |
| US15/578,885 US10134937B2 (en) | 2015-06-04 | 2016-06-03 | Semiconductor photodiode |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102015210343.9A DE102015210343B4 (de) | 2015-06-04 | 2015-06-04 | Halbleiterfotodiode und Verfahren |
| DE102015210343.9 | 2015-06-04 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2016193436A1 true WO2016193436A1 (de) | 2016-12-08 |
Family
ID=56203317
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2016/062661 Ceased WO2016193436A1 (de) | 2015-06-04 | 2016-06-03 | Halbleiterfotodiode |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10134937B2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102015210343B4 (de) |
| GB (1) | GB2556490B (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2016193436A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA3018953C (en) * | 2016-04-19 | 2021-01-26 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Optical waveguide integrated light receiving element and method for manufacturing same |
| US10935721B2 (en) * | 2017-04-21 | 2021-03-02 | University Of Virginia Patent Foundation | Integrated photodiode with unique waveguide drift layer |
| DE102018130478A1 (de) | 2018-11-30 | 2020-06-04 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Lawinen-Fotodiode |
| TWD232720S (zh) * | 2023-11-21 | 2024-08-01 | 台亞半導體股份有限公司 新竹市力行五路1號 (中華民國) | 光電二極體 |
| TWD234124S (zh) * | 2023-11-21 | 2024-10-11 | 台亞半導體股份有限公司 新竹市力行五路1號 (中華民國) | 光電二極體 |
| TWD233956S (zh) * | 2024-01-16 | 2024-10-01 | 台亞半導體股份有限公司 新竹市力行五路1號 (中華民國) | 光電二極體 |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0278408A2 (de) * | 1987-02-06 | 1988-08-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Monolithisch integrierte Wellenleiter-Fotodiodenkombination |
| CN103489953A (zh) * | 2013-09-09 | 2014-01-01 | 中国科学院半导体研究所 | 一种双步消逝场耦合的雪崩光电探测器 |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4479222A (en) * | 1982-04-27 | 1984-10-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Diffusion barrier for long wavelength laser diodes |
| FR2676126B1 (fr) * | 1991-04-30 | 1993-07-23 | France Telecom | Dispositif optoelectronique a guide optique et photodetecteur integres. |
| US6437372B1 (en) * | 2000-01-07 | 2002-08-20 | Agere Systems Guardian Corp. | Diffusion barrier spikes for III-V structures |
| IL156744A (en) * | 2003-07-02 | 2011-02-28 | Semi Conductor Devices An Elbit Systems Rafael Partnership | Depletion-less photodiode with suppressed dark current |
| DE102005045286A1 (de) * | 2005-09-22 | 2007-04-12 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Wellenleiter-integrierte Photodiode |
| US9285540B2 (en) * | 2012-09-21 | 2016-03-15 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Integrated dielectric waveguide and semiconductor layer and method therefor |
| US9425341B2 (en) * | 2012-10-08 | 2016-08-23 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | P-I-N photodiode with dopant diffusion barrier layer |
-
2015
- 2015-06-04 DE DE102015210343.9A patent/DE102015210343B4/de active Active
-
2016
- 2016-06-03 GB GB1721454.5A patent/GB2556490B/en active Active
- 2016-06-03 US US15/578,885 patent/US10134937B2/en active Active
- 2016-06-03 WO PCT/EP2016/062661 patent/WO2016193436A1/de not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0278408A2 (de) * | 1987-02-06 | 1988-08-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Monolithisch integrierte Wellenleiter-Fotodiodenkombination |
| CN103489953A (zh) * | 2013-09-09 | 2014-01-01 | 中国科学院半导体研究所 | 一种双步消逝场耦合的雪崩光电探测器 |
Non-Patent Citations (7)
| Title |
|---|
| M. NADA ET AL.: "Design and Performance of High-Speed Avalanche Photodiodes for 100-Gb/s Systems and Beyond", IEEE J. LIGHTWAVE TECHNOL., vol. 33, 2015, pages 984, XP011575181, DOI: doi:10.1109/JLT.2014.2377034 |
| NADA M ET AL: "High-power-tolerant InAlAs avalanche photodiode for 25 Gbit/s applications", ELECTRONICS LETTERS, IEE STEVENAGE, GB, vol. 49, no. 1, 3 January 2013 (2013-01-03), pages 62 - 63, XP006043951, ISSN: 0013-5194, DOI: 10.1049/EL.2012.3922 * |
| NADA MASAHIRO ET AL: "Design and Performance of High-Speed Avalanche Photodiodes for 100-Gb/s Systems and Beyond", JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, IEEE SERVICE CENTER, NEW YORK, NY, US, vol. 33, no. 5, 1 March 2015 (2015-03-01), pages 984 - 990, XP011575181, ISSN: 0733-8724, [retrieved on 20150309], DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2014.2377034 * |
| NADA MASAHIRO ET AL: "High-speed high-power-tolerant avalanche photodiode for 100-Gb/s applications", 2014 IEEE PHOTONICS CONFERENCE, IEEE, 12 October 2014 (2014-10-12), pages 172 - 173, XP032712819, DOI: 10.1109/IPCON.2014.6995303 * |
| RUNGE P ET AL: "Waveguide integrated InP-based photodetector for 100Gbaud applications operating at wavelengths of 1310nm and 1550nm", 2015 EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL COMMUNICATION (ECOC), VIAJES EL CORTE INGLES, VECISA, 27 September 2015 (2015-09-27), pages 1 - 3, XP032820214, DOI: 10.1109/ECOC.2015.7341912 * |
| ZHOU GAN ET AL: "Modeling of Multiple-Quantum-Well p-i-n Photodiodes", IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, IEEE SERVICE CENTER, PISCATAWAY, NJ, USA, vol. 50, no. 4, 1 April 2014 (2014-04-01), pages 220 - 227, XP011540255, ISSN: 0018-9197, [retrieved on 20140219], DOI: 10.1109/JQE.2014.2305015 * |
| ZHOU GAN ET AL: "PDL optimization in waveguide MQW pin photodiodes", 2013 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES (NUSOD), IEEE, 1 September 2014 (2014-09-01), pages 181 - 182, XP032668971, ISSN: 2158-3234, ISBN: 978-1-4673-6309-9, [retrieved on 20141024], DOI: 10.1109/NUSOD.2014.6935416 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201721454D0 (en) | 2018-01-31 |
| GB2556490B (en) | 2020-07-15 |
| GB2556490A (en) | 2018-05-30 |
| US10134937B2 (en) | 2018-11-20 |
| DE102015210343B4 (de) | 2018-05-03 |
| DE102015210343A1 (de) | 2016-12-22 |
| US20180175231A1 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
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