WO2016188119A2 - 单洞多级水力发电装置 - Google Patents
单洞多级水力发电装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016188119A2 WO2016188119A2 PCT/CN2016/000178 CN2016000178W WO2016188119A2 WO 2016188119 A2 WO2016188119 A2 WO 2016188119A2 CN 2016000178 W CN2016000178 W CN 2016000178W WO 2016188119 A2 WO2016188119 A2 WO 2016188119A2
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
- F03B13/08—Machine or engine aggregates in dams or the like; Conduits therefor, e.g. diffusors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
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- the invention belongs to a hydroelectric power generation technology, and relates to a method for sequentially installing two or more hydraulic turbines in a single diversion tunnel (water pipeline) along a water head flow direction, and the front and rear turbines are arranged in series or in series and parallel, each stage The turbine and the generator set are connected by a rotating shaft, and the multi-stage hydro-generator unit is expected to improve the utilization of water energy.
- a single water diversion tunnel of existing hydropower generation is equipped with a water turbine, and the turbine and the generator set are connected by a rotating shaft (the hole can be treated as a single hole), that is, a single-hole first-stage hydroelectric power generation.
- the rotation shaft turbine driven generator set since the difference in water head of the potential diversion tunnel, pressure and kinetic energy to drive the turbine is rotated by the water E Water (before flowing into the turbine energy) into mechanical energy turbine engine E, the rotation shaft turbine driven generator set the rotor rotates and cut magnetic lines generated induced electromotive force and the external transmission, i.e. electrical energy E, while the electromotive force of the generator coil ends will produce a magnetic field equal and opposite to the opposing force acting i.e.
- the present invention provides a single-hole multi-stage hydropower generation device, which can improve the utilization efficiency of water energy.
- the technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is as follows: 1.
- two or more hydraulic turbines are sequentially installed in a single diversion tunnel along the flow direction of the water head, and the turbines of the front and rear stages are arranged in series, each stage
- the turbine and the generator set are connected by the rotating shaft, and the second-stage and second-stage downstream hydro-generator units have the same structure and the same level as the first-stage hydro-generator unit, and the cross-sectional area of the second- and second-stage downstream turbines corresponding to the diversion tunnel
- the cross-sectional area of the diversion tunnel corresponding to the first-stage turbine is equal, and the diameter of the maximum rotating circle of the second-stage and second-stage downstream turbines at the end of the diversion tunnel is equal to the diameter of the largest rotating circle of the first-stage turbine at the diversion tunnel end.
- the equal cross-sectional area determines the flow rate and flow rate of the water flowing through the upstream and downstream turbines.
- the equal flow rate and flow rate determine the equal speed of the turbines at each level.
- the equal speed determines the equal power generation of the hydro-generators at each level. . It is assumed that a total of n turbines are installed in a single-hole diversion tunnel, and the water flowing into the first-stage turbine is E water , the water flowing into the n-stage turbine is E n1 water , and the water flowing out of the n-stage turbine is E n2 water.
- the power generation of the nth-stage hydro-generator unit is E n electricity
- the n-th stage hydro-generator unit works as an E n resistance due to the hindrance of the induced electromotive force to the water head.
- Scheme 2 is the same as Scheme 1.
- two or more turbines are installed in sequence along the head flow direction.
- the turbines at the front and rear are arranged in series, and each turbine and generator set pass.
- Rotary shaft connection; scheme 2 is different from scheme 1 is the cross-sectional area of the corresponding diversion tunnel of the next-stage turbine is the cross-sectional area of the corresponding diversion channel of the upper-stage turbine.
- the diameter of the maximum rotating circle of the lower-stage turbine at the end of the diversion tunnel is the diameter of the largest rotating circle of the upper-stage turbine at the end of the diversion tunnel Times, the value of k is
- the power of the next-stage hydro-generator unit is the power of the upper-stage hydro-generator unit.
- the downstream turbine is installed at the foremost position of the corresponding diversion tunnel.
- the transition section between the corresponding diversion tunnel of the upper turbine and the corresponding diversion tunnel of the next-stage turbine is a divergent section with a gradually enlarged cross-sectional area.
- the water head of the diversion tunnel has a buffer space from the rush to the slow.
- the cross-sectional area of the next-stage diversion tunnel of this technical scheme is rationally designed so as not to affect the flow and flow rate of the head of the upper diversion tunnel, and thus does not affect the previous one.
- the speed and power generation of the turbine of the hydro-generator unit is rationally designed so as not to affect the flow and flow rate of the head of the upper diversion tunnel, and thus does not affect the previous one.
- the water energy of the diversion tunnel head flowing through the first-stage turbine (that is, the water energy flowing into the second-stage turbine) is E 1 water , the head mass is M 1 , the flow rate is V 1 , the flow rate is Q 1 , and the first-stage turbine
- the cross-sectional area of the corresponding diversion channel is A 1 ; the water energy after the water head flows through the second-stage turbine is E 2 water , the head mass is M 2 , the flow rate is V 2 , the flow rate is Q 2 , and the second-stage turbine corresponds to the diversion channel.
- the cross-sectional area is A 2 .
- the cross-sectional area of the corresponding first-stage turbine corresponding to the diversion tunnel is the cross-sectional area of the corresponding diversion tunnel of the upper-stage turbine
- the k value of the double is to fully consider the error in the actual construction and the control of the energy of one or more stages of the head.
- the cross-sectional area of the first-stage diversion tunnel is set to a larger value space.
- the sum of the diameters of the largest rotating circles of the lower-stage turbine at the end of the diversion tunnel is the sum of the diameters of the largest rotating circles of the upper-stage turbine at the end of the diversion tunnel Times, the value of k is The sum of the powers of the next-stage hydro-generator set is the sum of the powers of the upper-stage hydro-generator sets.
- the cross-sectional area of the turbine corresponding to the diversion tunnel is the cross-sectional area of the downstream section of the main tunnel. Double or 1 times, the relative fixation of the cross-sectional area of the diversion tunnel is more conducive to the construction of the diversion tunnel.
- the rational arrangement of the sub-holes can reduce the occupation of the vertical or lateral space of the diversion tunnel and avoid the downstream diversion tunnel Excessive cross-sectional area increases the difficulty of construction.
- Option 5 combined with two or three options of Option 1, Option 2 and Option 3.
- the single-hole multi-stage hydropower generating device used in the present invention can more fully convert water energy into electric energy, taking a hydropower station with a water level difference of 100 meters as an example, according to the existing single-hole primary power generation technology, and does not consider The energy loss of the head and hydro-generator during power generation, from the previous The utilization rate of water energy is 50%, and the formula introduced by the second scheme
- the water energy utilization rate of the n-stage hydro-generator unit is Compared with the existing single-hole first-stage hydropower generation
- the sixth-stage hydro-generator set is used to carry out the layer-level stripping of the head energy of the diversion tunnel according to the second or third scheme, the power generation efficiency is Compared with the existing single-hole first-stage hydropower generation, it increased by 96.875%.
- the single-hole multi-stage hydropower generating device used in the invention enables the water head energy of the diversion tunnel to be more fully utilized and deteriorated.
- the negative effect of the energy-damped head on the downstream impact is almost zero, so the length of the tailwater tunnel can be greatly shortened and the energy-dissipating equipment can be eliminated at the water outlet.
- the construction cost of the diversion tunnel is about 47% of the construction cost of the entire hydropower station.
- the shortening of the length of the tailrace tunnel and the cancellation of the energy dissipating equipment of the outlet can reduce the construction cost of the hydropower station by 10%-30%.
- the implementation of the technical solution of the present invention can greatly reduce the impact force of the water head of the water diversion tunnel, and the impact force can reduce the noise interference to the surrounding area to a large extent.
- the large impact of the head of the diversion tunnel outlet can avoid the over-saturation of the oxygen in the downstream water body and reduce the interference of the water body sound waves on the fish, so that it can provide a safe space for the survival of the fish and ensure the ecological balance of the downstream water system. It can also provide technical support for the development of small hydropower stations.
- Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a first embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the second embodiment.
- Figure 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of a third embodiment.
- Figure 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a fourth embodiment.
- a plurality of water turbines (2) are sequentially installed on a water diversion tunnel (1) having an equal upstream and downstream cross-sectional area, and the front and rear turbines (2) are arranged in series, and each stage of the turbine and the generator set is passed. Rotating shaft connection.
- a plurality of turbines (2) are sequentially installed on the diversion tunnel (1), and the front and rear turbines (2) are arranged in series, and the downstream turbine is installed in the corresponding diversion tunnel (1).
- the front end position, and the cross-sectional area of the next-stage turbine (2) corresponding to the diversion tunnel is the cross-sectional area of the corresponding diversion tunnel of the upper-stage turbine.
- the maximum diameter of the lower-stage turbine (2) at the end of the diversion tunnel is the maximum diameter of the upper-stage turbine at the end of the diversion tunnel.
- the transition section between the corresponding diversion tunnel (1) of the upper-stage turbine and the corresponding diversion tunnel of the next-stage turbine is a divergent section with a gradually enlarged cross-sectional area (3).
- the principle of the third embodiment shown in FIG. 3 is the same as the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, except that the turbine (2) is installed on the diversion tunnel (1), and the front and rear turbines (2) are arranged in series and parallel.
- the transition section between the front diversion tunnel of the first stage turbine and the corresponding diversion tunnel of the first stage turbine is a divergent section with a gradually enlarged cross-sectional area (3).
- the invention is applicable to any form of hydroelectric power generation and non-compressible fluid power generation, including hydropower generation of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, tides, waves, and pumped storage energy.
- the diversion tunnel of the present invention covers hydroelectric power generation dams and dams. Post-type water diversion channels, diversion tunnels, water pipelines, diversion tunnels, open channels, culverts and pipelines, etc., power generation types include impact, mixed flow and perfusion.
Abstract
一种单洞多级水力发电装置,属水力发电技术领域。涉及一种在单个引水隧洞(1)安装2个及2个以上的多个水轮机(2),下游水轮机对应引水隧洞的横截面积之和为上一级水轮机对应引水隧洞横截面积之和的式(I)倍,下游水轮机安装在对应引水隧洞的最前端位置,上一级水轮机对应引水隧洞与下游水轮机对应引水隧洞之间的过渡段为一横截面积逐渐扩大的渐扩段(3)。本技术的有益效果是,本技术的实施预期可提高水力发电的发电效率和发电量80-99%,降低水力发电成本,减低水利发电过程中噪音对周围环境的影响等。
Description
本发明属水力发电技术,涉及一种在单个引水随洞(输水管道)沿水头流动方向顺序安装2个及2个以上的多个水轮机,前后各级水轮机为串联或串并联布置,每级水轮机与发电机组通过转轴连接,多级水轮发电机组预期可提高水能的利用率。
目前,现有水力发电的单个引水隧洞安装有一个水轮机,水轮机与发电机组通过转轴连接,(分洞可按单洞论处)即单洞一级水力发电。在水力发电过程中,由于水位差引水隧洞水头的势能、压能和动能带动水轮机转动由水能E水(流入水轮机前的能量)转化为水轮机的机械能E机,水轮机转轴的转动带动发电机组的转子转动并切割磁力线产生感生电动势而对外输电,即电能E电,同时发电机组的线圈由于两端的电动势在磁场中会产生一个大小相等方向相反的反向作用力而反向做功即E阻,这个反向作用力再通过发电机组转轴传递给水轮机阻碍引水渠道的水头运动。设则这样引水隧洞水头会进一步推动水轮发电机组转子转动并最终使发电机组转子转速加快发电量E电增大,当E电增大到时达到平衡,水轮发电机组转子转速到达峰值并稳定下来;同理,当时,水轮机和发电机组转子转动减速发电量E电减小,当E电减小到时达到平衡并稳定下来,所以没引水隧洞水头经过水轮发电机组发电后的能量为E末,得E末=E水-E阻,又由现有水力发电,在不考虑水头和水轮发电机组能量损失的的情况下,水能的利用率为50%.
发明内容
为了克服现有水力发电水能利用率低的不足,本发明提供一种单洞多级水力发电装置,该装置能提高水能的利用效率。
本发明要解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是:1.方案一,在单个引水隧洞沿水头流动方向顺序安装2个及2个以上的多个水轮机,前后各级水轮机为串联布置,每级水轮机与发电机组通过转轴连接,第2级及第2级下游水轮发电机组与第1级水轮发电机组的结构相同功
率相等,第2级及第2级下游水轮机对应引水隧洞的横截面积与第1级水轮机对应引水隧洞的横截面积相等,第2级及第2级下游水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大转动圆直径与第1级水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大转动圆直径相等。横截面积的相等决定了水头流经上下游各级水轮机的流速和流量相等,流速和流量的相等决定了各级水轮机的转速相等,转速的相等决定了各级水轮发电机组的发电量相等。假设单洞引水隧洞共安装n个水轮机,并设流入第1级水轮机的水能为E水,流入第n级水轮机的水能为En1水,流出第n级水轮机的水能为En2水,第n级水轮发电机组的发电量为En电,第n级水轮发电机组因感生电动势对水头的阻碍做功为En阻,则又
以上公式说明当n越大水能的利用率越高。
2.方案二,方案二与方案一相同的是,在单个引水隧洞沿水头流动方向顺序安装2个及2个以上的多个水轮机,前后各级水轮机为串联布置,每级水轮机与发电机组通过转轴连接;方案二不同于方案一的是下一级水轮机对应引水隧洞的横截面积为上一级水轮机对应引水渠道横截面积的倍,且下一级水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大转动圆直径是上一级水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大转动圆直径的倍,k的取值为下一级水轮发电机组的功率是上一级水轮发电机组功率的倍,下游水轮机安装在对应引水隧洞的最前端位置,上一级水轮机对应引水隧洞与下一级水轮机对应引水隧洞之间的过渡段为一横截面积逐渐扩大的渐扩段,渐扩段使引水隧洞水头有一个由急到缓的缓冲空间,本技术方案的下一级引水隧洞的横截面积经过合理的设计使之不影响上一级引水隧洞水头的流量和流速,进而不影响上一级水轮发电机组转子的转速和发电量。设引水隧洞水头流经第1级水轮机后的水能(即流入第2级水轮机的水能)为E1水,水头质量为M1,流速为V1,流量为Q1,第1级水轮机对应引水渠道横截面积为A1;水头流经第2级水轮机后的水能为E2水,水头质量为M2,流速为V2,流量为Q2,第2级水轮机对应引水渠道横截面积为A2。由下一级水轮发电机组不影响上一级水轮发电机组的转速和发电量得知每一级水轮发电机组为相对独立的运行,所以同理水头流经第3级水轮机后的水能为流经第2级水轮机后的水能的即
以此类推,又由又M2
=M1得再由流经第2级的流量Q2和流经第1级的流量Q1相等得V2A2=V1A1,即式中的是理论计算值即最佳值。所述下一级水轮机对应引水隧洞的横截面积是上一级水轮机对应引水隧洞横截面积的倍中的k值是充分考虑到实际施工中的误差以及对某一级或多级水头能量的控制,所以下一级引水隧洞的横截面积设定了一个较大的取值空间。
3.方案三,方案三原理同方案二,在单个引水隧洞沿水头流动方向顺序安装2个及2个以上的多个水轮机,每级水轮机与发电机组通过转轴连接;不同于方案二的是水轮机安装在引水隧洞分洞上,前后各级水轮机为串并联布置,下一级水轮机对应引水隧洞的横截面积之和为上一级水轮机对应引水隧洞横截面积之和的倍,且下一级水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大转动圆直径之和是上一级水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大转动圆直径之和的倍,k的取值为下一级水轮发电机组的功率之和为上一级水轮发电机组功率之和的倍,水轮机对应引水隧洞分洞的横截面积为主洞下游末段横截面积的倍或1倍,引水隧洞分洞横截面积的相对固定更有利于引水隧洞的施工,分洞的合理布置可减少引水隧洞对坝基竖向或横向空间的占位,并且避免了下游引水隧洞因横截面积过大增加施工难度。
4.方案四,方案四原理和分洞的布置同方案三;不同于方案三的是第1级水轮机安装在引水隧洞主洞上。
5.方案五,结合方案一、方案二和方案三其中二个方案或三个方案实施。
本发明的有益效果有以下方面:
1.本发明采用的单洞多级水力发电装置,能更充分的把水能转化为电能,以水位差为100米的水电站为例,按现有的单洞一级发电技术,并且不考虑发电过程中水头和水能发电机组的能量损失,由前文的得水能的利用率为50%,由方案二推出的公式
可得采用n级水轮发电机组的水能利用率为较现有单洞一级水力发电提高如果按方案二或方案三实施采用6级水轮发电机组对引水隧洞水头能量进行层层剥离,发电效率为较现有单洞一级水力发电提高了96.875%。
2.本发明采用的单洞多级水力发电装置,使引水隧洞水头能量得以更充分的利用和衰
减,能量衰减的水头对下游冲击带来的负面效应几乎为零,因此可大幅缩短尾水隧洞的长度以及在出水口取消安装消能设备,按现有单洞一级水力发电,大中型水电站的引水隧洞建造费用为整个水电站建造费用的47%左右,尾水隧洞长度的缩短和出水口消能设备的取消预期可降低水电站的建造费用10%-30%.
3.本发明技术方案的实施使引水隧洞出水口水头的冲击力得以大幅减弱,冲击力的减弱可较大程度的降低对周围地区的噪音干扰。
4.引水隧洞出水口水头冲击力的大幅减弱可避免下游水体氧气的过饱和并降低水体声波对鱼儿的干扰,这样就可以为鱼儿的生存提供一个安全的空间,保证下游水系的生态平衡,又可为小型水电站的开发提供技术支持。
5.水能利用率的提高以及由此推动潮汐电站和水电站的开发,这样就可以提高水力发电在整个能源结构中的比例,降低火力发电在能源结构中的比例,节约煤炭资源,降低火力发电对大气的污染和温室效应,减少劳动力对煤炭的开采并减少安全事故,提高生产效率。
6.水能利用率的提高和水电站建造费用的降低预期可降低水利发电成本40%-50%。
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进一步说明。
图1是发明第一个实施方案的纵剖面图。
图2是第二个实施方案的纵剖面图。
图3是第三个实施方案的纵剖面图。
图4是第四个实施方案的纵剖面图。
图中1.引水隧洞,2.水轮机,3.渐扩段。
在图1所示实施例中,多个水轮机(2)顺序安装在上下游横截面积相等的引水隧洞(1)上,前后各级水轮机(2)为串联布置,每级水轮机与发电机组通过转轴连接。
在图2所示的另一个实施例中,多个水轮机(2)顺序安装在引水隧洞(1)上,前后各级水轮机(2)为串联布置,下游水轮机安装在对应引水隧洞(1)的最前端位置,并且下一级水轮机(2)对应引水隧洞的横截面积为上一级水轮机对应引水隧洞横截面积的倍,下一级水轮机(2)位于引水隧洞端的最大直径是上一级水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大直径的倍,上一级水轮机对应引水隧洞(1)与下一级水轮机对应引水隧洞之间的过渡段为一横截面积逐渐扩大的渐扩段(3)。
在图3所示的第三个实施例原理同图2所示实施例,不同的是水轮机(2)安装在引水隧洞分洞(1)上,前后各级水轮机(2)为串并联布置,第1级水轮机前续引水隧洞与第1级水轮机对应引水隧洞之间的过渡段为一横截面积逐渐扩大的渐扩段(3)。
在图4所示的第四个实施例原理和分洞布置同图3所示实施例,不同的是第1级水轮机(2)安装在引水隧洞主洞(1)上。
本发明适用于任何形式的水力发电和不可压缩流体发电,包括河川、湖泊、水库、池塘、潮汐、海浪以及抽水储能等的水力发电,本发明所述引水隧洞涵盖水力发电的坝式及坝后式的引水渠道、引水隧洞、输水管道、引水隧道、明渠、暗渠和管道等,发电类型包括冲击式、混流式和灌流式等。
Claims (10)
- 一种单洞多级水力发电装置,引水隧洞上安装有水轮机,水轮机与发电机组通过转轴连接,其特征是,在单个引水隧洞沿水头流动方向顺序安装2个及2个以上的多个水轮机(2),前后各级水轮机(2)为串联或串并联布置,每级水轮机与发电机组通过转轴连接。
- 根据权利要求1所述的单洞多级水力发电装置,其特征是,第2级及第2级下游水轮机对应引水隧洞的横截面积与第1级水轮机对应引水隧洞的横截面积相等。
- 根据权利要求1所述的单洞多级水力发电装置,其特征是,下游水轮机安装在对应引水隧洞(1)的最前端位置。
- 根据权利要求1所述的单洞多级水力发电装置,其特征是,上一级水轮机对应引水隧洞与下一级水轮机对应引水隧洞及第1级水轮机前续引水隧洞与第1级水轮机对应引水隧洞之间的过渡段为一横截面积逐渐扩大的渐扩段(3)。
- 根据权利要求1所述的单洞多级水力发电装置,其特征是,第2级及第2级下游水轮发电机组与第1级水轮发电机组的结构相同功率相等。
- 根据权利要求1所述的单洞多级水力发电装置,其特征是,第2级及第2级下游水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大转动圆直径与第1级水轮机位于引水隧洞端的最大转动圆直径相等。
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