WO2016181339A1 - Molluscicide and bait composition comprising a molluscicide - Google Patents

Molluscicide and bait composition comprising a molluscicide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016181339A1
WO2016181339A1 PCT/IB2016/052736 IB2016052736W WO2016181339A1 WO 2016181339 A1 WO2016181339 A1 WO 2016181339A1 IB 2016052736 W IB2016052736 W IB 2016052736W WO 2016181339 A1 WO2016181339 A1 WO 2016181339A1
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spp
iii
plants
compound
gastropods
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PCT/IB2016/052736
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French (fr)
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Hector Alejandro AREVALO
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Basf Se
Basf (China) Company Limited
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to the use of a pyripyropene derivative for protecting plants, the plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, against the attack or infestation by gastropods. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for controlling gastropods comprising contacting the gastropods or their food supply, habitat or breeding ground; or plants or plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, wherein the gastropods are present or may occur, with a molluscicidally effective amount of a pesticide as defined herein. Moreover, the present invention relates to a bait composition comprising a pesticide as defined herein, a mollusc attractant, and optionally at least one further additive.

Description

Molluscicide and bait composition comprising a molluscicide Description Gastropod pests, represented by slugs and snails, cause considerable damage in agriculture and horticulture, reduce yields substantially and severely affect the quality of the harvested products. Further, some gastropod pests potentially transmit human or animal diseases. There are several methods to control slug/snail damages, both chemically and non-chemically, though there are still no practical measures, which provide an appropriate level of performance.
This invention provides methods for controlling gastropods by a pyripyropene pesticide, the compound of formula (I) defined further below. In particular the compound of formula (I) treated on plants as well as seeds at the effective amount efficiently reduce the damage of gastropods, likewise treatment on soil and water can further control gastropod pests.
The invention also provides the gastropod control measures when any type of bait
formulations are used that comprises the compound of formula (I).
In further details, the different aspects of the present invention are the following: In a first aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a pyripyropene pesticide, the compound of formula (I), for protecting plants, the plant propagation material thereof, or the soil or water, in which the plants are growing, against the attack or infestation by gastropods.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for controlling gastropods comprising contacting the gastropods or their food supply, habitat or breeding ground; or plants or plant propagation material thereof, or the soil or water, wherein the gastropods are present or may occur, with a molluscicidally effective amount of the compound of formula (I).
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a mixture comprising
(i) at least the compound of formula (I);
(ii) at least one other pesticidal and/or molluscidal compound; and optionally
(iii) at least one further additive.
The composition is suitable as a pesticidal mixture due to the presence of the additional pesticide and/or molluscide attractant.
Furthermore, the present invention relates to a composition comprising
(i) at least the compound of formula (I);
(ii) at least one mollusc attractant; and optionally
(iii) at least one further additive.
The composition is suitable as a bait composition due to the presence of the mollusc attractant. As mentioned above, gastropods, such as slugs and snails, are an increasing problem in horticulture and agriculture, as they cause severe damage by feeding. Gastropods are serious pests, e.g., of cereals, rapeseed, leaf vegetables, and ornamentals. Gastropods feed both above and below the surface of the ground, on seeds, seedlings and plants, damaging shoots, roots, leaves and flowers, therefore reducing plant stand and crop yield. Changes in the management of crops (such as minimum tillage, direct drilling, and high organic matter build up in the soil) have led to increased population densities of slugs and snails, further exacerbating this problem and resulting in more extensive and severe damage to crops.
Non-chemical methods of gastropod control include erecting physical barriers, application of predators such as beetles, or exposure to parasites such as nematodes. Whilst each of these methods has its merits, none of them provide levels of control that are as good as chemicals.
Chemical methods for controlling gastropods are mostly based on metaldehyde, ferric phosphate, methiocarb or thiodicarb as molluscicide. Of these molluscicides, methiocarb and thiocarbamat have the disadvantage of being toxic to mammals including, e.g., hedgehogs and pets. Furthermore, they can harm beneficial insects. Metaldehyde and ferric phosphate are less toxic to beneficial organisms, but are also less efficacious for gastropod control.
Accordingly, there is a need for further chemicals, which can be used for protecting plants from gastropods and which are suitable for controlling gastropods, and which overcome the disadvantages of the currently used molluscicides.
In connection with the current methods of gastropod control, it is another important aspect that the molluscicides are usually provided in the form of bait compositions, in particular in the form of slug bait pellets, which comprise a mollusc attractant and the molluscicide.
However, pellets are often only effective for about a week and have a low stability in rainy conditions. It is therefore the general procedure to constantly monitor the crops in terms of gastropod damages and apply the pellets as needed. One problem in this connection is that damage often goes undetected when the crop is emerging and resultant poor establishment is attributed to agronomic factors. Baiting is then often applied too late and crops need to be resown.
Furthermore, baiting is often not efficient against juvenile slugs as juveniles often remain in the soil, and feed from the emerging crop below the ground.
In particular with regard to the protection of plant propagation material in particular seeds of a plant against attack or infestation by gastropods and with regard to the protection of seedlings against attack or infestation by gastropods, it would therefore be advantageous to find chemicals, which can also be applied by other means than a bait composition.
In connection with gastropod control, it may often be also required to provide additional insect control, e.g. aphid control, as both pests often occur on the same plants. A prominent example in this regard is, e.g., rapeseed. Consequently, it would be advantageous to find pesticides which have both, insecticidal and molluscicidal activity. It is therefore another object of the present invention to provide chemicals, which are suitable for protecting plants against attack or infestation by gastropods, while at the same time controlling insects, in particular aphids.
Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to provide improved bait compositions against gastropods and uses and methods comprising the application of such bait compositions.
It has now surprisingly been found that the above objects can be achieved by the uses and methods as defined herein comprising the application of a compound of formula (I), as well as by the bait composition as defined herein comprising at least one compound of formula (I), and uses and methods as defined herein comprising the application of said bait composition. Although afidopyropen and the naturally occurring insecticidal pyripyropene A derivative themselves and their combined application with other insecticides are known to have shown activity against certain crop damaging insect pests, afidopyropen and some of its selected mixtures with molluscidal active compounds have not yet been described for solving discussed problems as mentioned above.
The pyripyropene pesticide afidopyropen of the following formula (I), which above and in the following has or may also be referred to as "compound I", "compound of formula I" or the "compound of the present invention",
Figure imgf000004_0001
is known from WO 2009/081851 (Examples, compound 4) and belongs to the class of pyripyro-pene derivatives.
WO 2009/081851 discloses various agrochemical formulations of afidopyropen and useful addi-tives for agrochemical formulations of it. EP 1 889 540 and EP 2223599 disclose various agro-chemical formulations of pyripyropene derivatives. The Afidopyropen may be prepared by the process described in WO 2006/129714, EP 2 186 815, EP2426124, EP1889540 and EP2426124. Further, EP 2 1 19 361 , WO201 1 147952 and WO201 1 147853 describe different mixtures of afidopyropen with other insecticidal or fungicidal active ingrdients.
Pyripyropene A (pyripyropene pesticide of formula I. A herein below), produced e.g. by the method described in Journal of Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan (1998), Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 478-488 or WO 94/09417, may for example be used as starting material for preparing further pyripyropene derivatives.
Figure imgf000004_0002
(Formula I.A) Pyripyropene A has inhibitory activity against ACAT (acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase) and is expected to be applied, for example, for the treatment of diseases induced by cholesterol ac-cumulation, as described in Japanese Patent No. 2993767 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publi-cation No. 360895/1992 ) and Journal of Antibiotics (1993), 46(7), 1 168-9.
Furthermore, Applied and Environmental Microbiology (1995), 61 (12), 4429-35 describes that pyripyropene A itself has insecticidal activity against larvae of Helicoverpa zea. Furthermore, WO 2004/060065 describes that pyripyropene A has insecticidal activity against Plutella xy- lostella L larvae and Tenebrio molitor L. So far, the compound of formula (I) has not been described as suitable for use against gastropods. It is therefore a surprising finding of the present invention that the compound of formula (I) is suitable for protecting plants, the plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, against the attack or infestation by gastropods. Protection is mainly achieved in general by repelling the gastropods, but can also be achieved by killing the gastropods, if they nevertheless feed e.g. from the plant or plant propagation material, which has been treated with the compound of formula (I).
The present invention therefore also relates to a method of controlling gastropods comprising contacting the gastropods or their food supply, habitat or breeding ground; or plants or plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, wherein the gastropods are present or may occur, with a molluscicidally effective amount of a compound of formula (I).
It has also been found that the compound of formula (I) is suitable for use in bait compositions for controlling gastropods. The gastropods will feed from the bait composition due to the presence of a mollusc attractant and will thereby ingest the compound of formula (I).
Another possibility for controlling gastropods is the combination of (i) applying the compound of formula (I) on plants or the plant propagation material thereof, and (ii) applying a bait composition comprising a molluscicide, which may either be a compound of formula (I) or another molluscicide known in the art, and a mollusc attractant to the soil surrounding the plant or plant propagation material.
If the gastropods are repelled from the plants, they will be attracted and killed by the bait composition.
In further aspect of the present invention, the compound of formula (I) on the plants or the plant propagation material thereof can additionally control aphids, so that a double effect may be achieved.
The term "stereoisomers" encompasses both optical isomers, such as enantiomers or diastereomers, the latter existing due to more than one centre of chirality in the molecule, as well as geometrical isomers (cis/trans isomers).
The invention provides both the pure enantiomers or diastereomers and their mixtures and the use according to the invention of the pure enantiomers or diastereomers of the compound I or its mixtures. Suitable compounds of the formula I also include all possible geometrical stereoisomers (cis/trans isomers) and mixtures thereof.
The term "N-oxide" relates to a form of compounds I in which thenitrogen atom is present in oxidized form (as NO). The compound of the formula I may be amorphous or may exist in one or more different crystalline states (polymorphs) which may have a different macroscopic properties such as stability or show different biological properties such as activities. The present invention includes both amorphous and crystalline compounds of the formula I, mixtures of different crystalline states of the respective compound I, as well as amorphous or crystalline salts thereof.
Salts of the compounds of the formula I are preferably agriculturally acceptable salts. They can be formed in a customary method, e.g. by reacting the compound with an acid of the anion in question if the compound of formula I has a basic functionality or by reacting an acidic compound of formula I with a suitable base.
Suitable agriculturally acceptable salts are especially the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts of those acids whose cations and anions, respectively, do not have any adverse effect on the action of the compounds according to the present invention.
Suitable cations are in particular the ions of the alkali metals, preferably lithium, sodium and potassium, of the alkaline earth metals, preferably calcium, magnesium and barium, and of the transition metals, preferably manganese, copper, zinc and iron, and also ammonium (NH4+) and substituted ammonium in which one to four of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by C C4-alkyl, Ci-C4-hydroxyalkyl, CrC4-alkoxy, Ci-C4-alkoxy-Ci-C4-alkyl, hydroxy-Ci-C4-alkoxy-Ci-C4-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl. Examples of substituted ammonium ions comprise methylammonium, isopropylammonium, dimethylammonium, diisopropylammonium, trimethylammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, 2-hydroxyethylammonium, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethylammonium, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium and benzl-triethylammonium, furthermore phosphonium ions, sulfonium ions, preferably tri(Ci-C4-alkyl)sulfonium, and sulfoxonium ions, preferably tri(Ci-C4-alkyl)sulfoxonium.
Anions of useful acid addition salts are primarily chloride, bromide, fluoride, hydrogen sulfate, sulfate, dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, phosphate, nitrate, hydrogen carbonate, carbonate, hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, benzoate, and the anions of CrC4-alkanoic acids, preferably formate, acetate, propionate and butyrate. They can be formed by reacting a compound of formulae I with an acid of the corresponding anion, preferably of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid.
As indicated above, it has been found that the compound of formula (I) may advantageously be used for protecting plants, the plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, against the attack or infestation by gastropods.
It is to be understood that the use for protecting plants, the plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, against the attack or infestation by gastropods, means that mollusc damage to plants can be reduced. This is achieved by either repelling the gastropods or killing the gastropods, e.g. if they ingest the compound of formula (I) by feeding from a treated plant. The use therefore preferably comprises applying the compound of formula (I) to the plants, the plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, in particular to the plants or the plant propagation material, especially to the seeds.
It is to be understood that the present invention also relates to a method for protecting plants, the plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, against the attack or infestation by gastropods comprising the application of a compound of formula (I). It is to be understood that it is in each case also referred to such a method, when it is referred to a use in the following.
As indicated above, it has further been found that compound of formula (I), may
advantageously be applied in a method for controlling gastropods, which comprises contacting the gastropods or their food supply, habitat or breeding ground; or plants or plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, wherein the gastropods are present or may occur, with a molluscicidally effective amount of compound of formula (I).
The term "controlling gastropods" is to be understood as achieving an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target organism. Preferably, control includes paralysis, repellency, feeding inhibition or killing of the gastropods. Particularly preferably, control of the gastropods is achieved by killing the gastropods, after they have been in contact with or have ingested the compound of formula (I).
The compounds of the present invention are effective through both contact and ingestion. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention can be applied to any and all
developmental stages, such as egg, juvenile, and adult.
In connection with the control of gastropods, it is typically required that the compound of formula (I) is applied in a molluscicidally effective amount, i.e. in an amount, which is sufficient to ensure control of gastropods. The molluscicidally effective amount can vary for the various compounds/compositions used according to the invention. A molluscicidally effective amount of the compounds of the invention will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired molluscicidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like.
As used herein, the term "contacting with" means applying the compound of formula (I) to something as indicated, or treating something as indicated with the compound of formula (I).
It is to be understood that the present invention also relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) for controlling gastropods, wherein the compound of formula (I) is contacted with the gastropods or their food supply, habitat or breeding ground; or plants or plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, wherein the gastropods are present or may occur, in a molluscicidally effective amount. It is to be understood that it is in each case also referred to such a use, when it is referred to a method in the following.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for controlling gastropods, which comprises contacting the gastropods or their food supply, habitat or breeding ground; or plants or plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, wherein the gastropods are present or may occur, with a molluscicidally effective amount of the compound of formula (I).
In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for controlling gastropods, which comprises contacting the gastropods or their food supply, habitat or breeding ground; or plants or plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, wherein the gastropods are present or may occur, with a molluscicidally effective amount of the compound of formula (I).
In connection with the above defined use and method according to the invention, the following gastropods, plants, mixing partners, formulations and application methods are particularly preferred. The preferred embodiments are to be understood as preferred on their own as well as preferably in combination with each other, and in combination with the preferred embodiments regarding the compound of formula (I) as defined above.
In connection with the following preferred embodiments regarding inter alia gastropods, plants, mixing partners, formulations, and application methods, it is in each case referred to the "use or method according to the invention comprising the application of a compound of formula (I) as defined above" or to the "use or method according to the invention" to indicate that the preferences refer to the above defined use or method in connection with the protection from gastropods or the control of gastropods, respectively, wherein the compound of formula (I) as defined above is used or applied. As used herein, the term "gastropod" includes the three sub-classes Prosobranchia,
Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata. In particular, the term "gastropods" includes Achatina spp., Agrioli max spp., Arion spp. (e.g. A. ater, A. circumscriptus, A. distinctus, A. fasciatus, A.
hortensis, A. intermedius, A. rufus, A. subfuscus, A. silvaticus, A. lusitanicus), Biomphalaria spp., Bradybaena spp. (e.g. B.fruticum), Bulinus spp., Cantareus spp. (e.g. C. asperses), Cepaea spp. (e.g. C. hortensis, C. nemoralis), Cernuella spp., Cochlicella spp., Cochlodina spp. (e.g. C. laminata), Deroceras spp. (e.g. D. agrestis, D. empiricorum, D. laeve, D. panornimatum, D. reticulatum), Discus spp. (e.g. D. rotundatus), Euomphalia spp., Galba spp. (e.g. G.
trunculata), Helicella spp. (e.g. H. itala, H. obvia), Helicigona spp. (e.g. H. arbustorum),
Helicodiscus spp., Helixspp. (e.g. H. aperta, H. aspersa, H. pomatia), Limaxspp. (e.g. L.
cinereoniger, L. flavus, L. marginatus, L. maximus, L. tenellus), Lymnaea spp. (e.g. L.
stagnalis), Milaxspp. (e.g. M. gagates, M. marginatus, M sowerbyi, M. budapestensis),
Oncomelania spp., Opeas spp., Oxyloma spp. (e.g. O. pfei fieri), Pomacea spp. (e.g. P.
canaliculate), Succinea spp., Tandonia spp. (e.g. T. budapestensis, T. sowerbyi), Theba spp., Vallonia spp., and Zonitoides spp. (e.g. Z. nitidus).
In one embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are selected from the group consisting of Achatina spp., Agriolimax spp., Arion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bradybaena spp., Bulinus spp., Cantareus spp., Cepaea spp., Cernuella spp., Cochlicella spp., Cochlodina spp., Deroceras spp., Discus spp., Euomphalia spp., Galba spp., Helicella spp., Helicigona spp., Helicodiscus spp., Helixspp., Limaxspp., Lymnaea spp., Milaxspp., Oncomelania spp., Opeas spp., Oxyloma spp., Pomacea spp., Succinea spp., Tandonia spp., Theba spp., Vallonia spp., and Zonitoides spp..
In a preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are selected from the group consisting of Achatina spp., Agriolimax spp., Arion ater, Arion hortensis, Arion lusitanicus, Bradybaena spp., Cantareus spp., Cepaea spp., Cernuella spp., Cochlicella spp., Cochlodina spp., Deroceras agreste, Deroceras reticulatum, Discus spp., Euomphalia spp., Helicella spp., Helicigona spp., Helicodiscus spp., Helixspp., Limaxspp., Milaxspp., Opeas spp., Oxyloma spp., Tandonia spp., Theba spp., Vallonia spp., and Zonitoides spp..
In a more preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are selected from the group consisting of Agriolimax spp., Arion ater, Arion hortensis, Arion lusitanicus, Helixspp., Limaxspp., Milaxspp., Deroceras agreste , and
Deroceras reticulatum, particularly preferably from the group consisting of Arion ater, Arion hortensis, Arion lusitanicus, Deroceras agreste, and Deroceras reticulatum. In one particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Achatina spp. (G-1 ), especially Achatina fulica (G-1 a).
In one particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Agriolimax spp. (G-2).
In one particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Arion spp. (G-3), especially Arion ater (G-3a), Arion hortensis (G-3b), or Arion lusitanicus (G-3c)
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Cernuella spp. (G-4), especially Cernuella virgata (G-4a).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Cochlicella spp. (G-5), especially Cochlicella acuta (G-5a) or Cochlicella barbara (G-5b).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Deroceras spp. (G-6), especially Deroceras agreste (G-6a) or Deroceras reticulatum (G-6b).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Helixspp. (G-7), especially Cryptomphalus aspersus (formerly Helix aspersa) (G-7a).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Umax spp. (G-8), especially Umax flavus (G-8a) or Umax maximus (G-8b). In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Milaxspp. (G-9), especially Milax gagates (G-9a).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Pomocea spp. (G-10), especially Pomocea canaliculate (G-10a).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Tandonia spp. (G-1 1 ), especially Tandonia budapestensis (G-1 1 a)
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Theba spp. (G-12), especially Theba pisana (G-12a).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the gastropods are Veronicellidae (G^ 3).
As used herein, the term "plant" includes cereals, e.g. durum and other wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats, rice, or maize (fodder maize and sugar maize / sweet and field corn); beet, e.g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits, such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e.g. apples, pears, plums, peaches, nectarines, almonds, cherries, papayas, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries or gooseberries; leguminous plants, such as beans, lentils, peas, alfalfa or soybeans; oil plants, such as rapeseed (oilseed rape), turnip rape, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cocoa beans, castor oil plants, oil palms, ground nuts or soybeans; cucurbits, such as squashes, pumpkins, cucumber or melons; fiber plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits or mandarins; vegetables, such as eggplant, spinach, lettuce (e.g. iceberg lettuce), chicory, cabbage, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, garlic, leeks, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits or sweet peppers; lauraceous plants, such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor; energy and raw material plants, such as corn, soybean, rapeseed, sugar cane or oil palm; tobacco; nuts, e.g. walnuts; pistachios; coffee; tea; bananas; vines (table grapes and grape juice grape vines); hop; sweet leaf (also called Stevia); natural rubber plants or ornamental and forestry plants, such as flowers (e.g. carnation, petunias,
geranium/pelargoniums, pansies and impatiens), shrubs, broad-leaved trees (e.g. poplar) or evergreens, e.g. conifers; eucalyptus; turf; lawn; grass such as grass for animal feed or ornamental uses. Preferred plants include potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rapeseed, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits; vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.
The term "plant" is to be understood as including wild type plants and plants, which have been modified by either conventional breeding, or mutagenesis or genetic engineering, or by a combination thereof.
Plants, which have been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, and are of particular commercial importance, include alfalfa, rapeseed (e.g. oilseed rape), bean, carnation, chicory, cotton, eggplant, eucalyptus, flax, lentil, maize, melon, papaya, petunia, plum, poplar, potato, rice, soybean, squash, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet pepper, tobacco, tomato, and cereals (e.g. wheat), in particular maize, soybean, cotton, wheat, and rice. In plants, which have been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, one or more genes have been mutagen- ized or integrated into the genetic material of the plant. The one or more mutagenized or integrated genes are preferably selected from pat, epsps, cryl Ab, bar, cryl Fa2, cryl Ac, cry34Ab1 , cry35AB1 , cry3A, cryF, cryl F, mcry3a, cry2Ab2, cry3Bb1 , cry1 A.105, dfr, barnase, vip3Aa20, barstar, als, bxn, bp40, asnl , and ppo5. The mutagenesis or integration of the one or more genes is performed in order to improve certain properties of the plant. Such properties, also known as traits, include abiotic stress tolerance, altered growth/yield, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, modified product quality, and pollination control. Of these properties, herbicide tolerance, e.g. imidazolinone tolerance, glyphosate tolerance, or glufosinate tolerance, is of particular importance. Several plants have been rendered tolerant to herbicides by mutagenesis, for example Clearfield® oilseed rape being tolerant to
imidazolinones, e.g. imazamox. Alternatively, genetic engineering methods have been used to render plants, such as soybean, cotton, corn, beets and oil seed rape, tolerant to herbicides, such as glyphosate and glufosinate, some of which are commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady® (glyphosate) and LibertyLink® (glufosinate). Furthermore, insect resistance is of importance, in particular lepidopteran insect resistance and coleopteran insect resistance. Insect resistance is typically achieved by modifying plants by integrating cry and/or vip genes, which were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and code for the respective Bt toxins. Genetically modified plants with insect resistance are commercially available under trade names including WideStrike®, Bollgard®, Agrisure®, Herculex®, YieldGard®, Genuity®, and Intacta®. Plants may be modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering either in terms of one property (singular traits) or in terms of a combination of properties (stacked traits). Stacked traits, e.g. the combination of herbicide tolerance and insect resistance, are of increasing importance. In general, all relevant modified plants in connection with singular or stacked traits as well as detailed information as to the mutagenized or integrated genes and the respective events are available from websites of the organizations "International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA)" (http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase) and "Center for Environmental Risk Assessment (CERA)" (http://cera-gmc.org/GMCropDatabase). The term "plant propagation material" refers to all the generative parts of the plant such as seeds and vegetative plant material such as cuttings and tubers (e.g. potatoes), which can be used for the multiplication of the plant. This includes seeds, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, shoots, sprouts and other parts of plants. Seedlings and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from soil, may also be included. These plant propagation materials may be treated prophylactically with a plant protection compound either at or before planting or transplanting.
The term "seed" embraces seeds and plant propagules of all kinds including but not limited to true seeds, seed pieces, suckers, corms, bulbs, fruit, tubers, grains, cuttings, cut shoots and the like, and means in a preferred embodiment true seeds.
In one embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are selected from the group consisting of cereals including wheat, maize, barley, oat, rye, sorghum, and rice; oil crops including rapeseed and turnip rape, mustard, poppies, olives, sunflowers, coconuts, castor, cacao and peanuts; fiber plants including cotton, flax, hemp or jute; leaf vegetables including lettuce, spinach, and cabbage; bud vegetables including Brussels sprouts; tuber vegetables including potatoes; root vegetables including turnips, beets such as sugar or fodder beet, radishes, carrots, and swedes; leguminous vegetables including lentils, alfalfa, soybeans, beans and peas; stem shoot vegetables including asparagus; marrows including pumpkins, cucumbers and melons; laurels including avocado, cinnamonium and camphor; tobacco, nuts, coffee, egg plants, sugar cane, tea, pepper, grapevines, hops, the banana family, and latex plants; fruits including pome fruit, stone fruit, apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries; citrus fruits including oranges, lemons, grapefruits and tangerines; clover and newly sown leys; medicinal herbs; and ornamentals.
In a preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are selected from the group consisting of cereals including wheat, maize, barley, oat, rye, and rice; cotton; oil crops including poppies, rapeseed and turnip rape; leaf vegetables including lettuce, spinach, and cabbage; bud vegetables including Brussels sprouts; tuber vegetables including potatoes; root vegetables including turnips, beets including sugar and fodder beets, radishes, carrots, and swedes; leguminous vegetables including alfalfa, beans and peas; stem shoot vegetables including asparagus; tobacco; fruits including strawberries; clover and newly sown leys; medicinal herbs; and ornamentals.
In a more preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are selected from the group consisting of cereals (P-1 ), vegetables (P-2), fruits (P-3), oil crops (P-4), tobacco (P-5), and ornamental plants (P-6).
In one preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are crop plants selected from the group consisting of cereals (P-1 ), vegetables (P-2), fruits (P-3), oil crops (P-4), and tobacco (P-5).
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the plants are crop plants selected from the group consisting of wheat, barley, maize, rice, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, Brussels sprout, potatoes, sugar beets, radishes, carrots, beans, peas, asparagus, strawberries, rapeseed, and poppies. In one particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are cereals (P-1 ). Preferred cereals include wheat (P-1 a), barley (P-1 b), maize (P-1 c), and rice (P-1 d). One especially preferred cereal is wheat (P-1 a). Another especially preferred cereal is rice (P-1 d). In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are vegetables (P-2). Preferred vegetables include leaf vegetables, bud vegetables, tuber vegetables, root vegetables, leguminous vegetables, and stem shoot vegetables.
Particularly preferred vegetables include lettuce (P-2a), spinach (P-2b), cabbage (P-2c), Brussels sprout (P-2d), potatoes (P-2e), sugar beets (P-2f), radishes (P-2g), carrots (P-2h), beans (P-2i), peas (P-2j), and asparagus (P-2k).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are fruits (P-3), especially strawberries (P-3a).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are oil crops (P-4), preferably rapeseed (P-4a) or poppies (P-4b), especially rapeseed (P-4a). Rapeseed {Brassica napus) is also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed (and, in the case of one particular group of cultivars, canola).
In another particularly preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the plants are tobacco plants (P-5).
In another preferred embodiment, the plants are ornamental plants (P-6). Preferred
ornamental species include: Ageratum, Alonsoa, Anemone spp., Anisodontea capsenisis, Anthemis, Antirrhinum, Rhododendron spp., Begonia pp. (eg. B. elatior, B. semperflorens, B. tubereux), Bougainvillea spp., Brachyco me spp., Calceolaria, Capsicum annuum, Catharanthus roseus, Ornamental Brassica, Canna spp., Chrysanthemum, Cineraria spp. (C maritime), Crassula coccinea, Cuphea ignea, Dicentra spectabilis, Dorotheantus, Eustoma grandiflorum, Forsythia, Fuchsia spp., Geranium Gnaphalium, Gomphrena globosa, Heliotropium, Helianthus, Hibiscus, Hortensia, Hosta, Hypoestes phyllostachya, I mpatiens spp. (/. Waller/ana), Iresines, Kalanchoe spp., Lantana camara, Lavatera trimestris, Leonotis leonurus, Lilium,
Mesembryanthemum, Mimulus, Nemesia, Tagetes, Dianthus spp. (carnation), Canna, Oxalis, Bellis, Pelargonium spp. {P. peltatum, P. Zonale), Viola spp. (pansy), Petunia, Plecthranthus, Poinsettia, Parthenocissus spp. {P. Quinquefolia, P. Tricuspidata), Primula, Ranunculus, Rosa spp. (rose), Salvia, Scaevola aemola, Schizanthus wisetonensis, Solanum, Surfinia, Tagetes spp., Nicotinia, Verbena spp., Zinnia spp. and other bedding plants. Preferred within this class of ornamental crops are Viola, Petunia, Begonia, Impatiens, Geranium (including from seeds and cuttings), Chrysanthemum (including from cuttings), Rosa (including pot plants and from cuttings), Poinsettia, Ranunculus, Fuchsia, Salvia and Hortensia.
Mollusc control is of particular relevance in connection with certain combinations of plants and gastropods.
Therefore, the present invention also relates to the use or method according to the invention comprising the application of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, wherein the plants and gastropods correspond to one row of the following table II.
Table II (P = Plants; G = Gastropods)
40
No P G
11-1 P-1 G-4a, G-5a, G-5b, G-6a, G-6b, G-10a, G-12a
II-2 P-1 a G-4a, G-5a, G-5b, G-6a, G-6b, G-12a
II-3 P-1 b G-4a, G-5a, G-5b, G-6a, G-6b, G-12a
II-4 P-1 c G-4a, G-5a, G-5b, G-6a, G-6b, G-12a No P G
11-5 P-1 d G-4a, G-5a, G-5b, G-6a, G-6b, G-10a, G-12a
11-6 P-2 G-1 a, G-3a, G-3b, G-6a, G-6b, G-8a
11-7 P-2a G-3a, G-3b, G-6a, G-6b
11-8 P-2b G-6a, G-6b
11-9 P-2c G-6a, G-6b
11-10 P-2d G-6a, G-6b
11-1 1 P-2e G-3a, G-3b, G-6a, G-6b, G-9a
11-12 P-2f G-3a, G-3b, G-6a, G-6b
11-13 P-2g G-6a, G-6b
11-14 P-2h G-6a, G-6b, G-9a
11-15 P-2i G-6a, G-6b
11-16 P-2j G-6a, G-6b
11-17 P-2k G-3a, G-3b, G-6a, G-6b
11-18 P-3 G-6a, G-6b
11-19 P-3a G-6a, G-6b
II-20 P-4 G-3a, G-3b, G-4a, G-5a, G-5b, G-6a, G-6b, G-9a, and G-12a
11-21 P-4a G-3a, G-3b, G-4a, G-5a, G-5b, G-6a, G-6b, G-9a, and G-12a
II-22 P-4b G-3a, G-3b, G-6a, G-6b
II-23 P-5 G-6a, G-6b
II-24 P-6 G-1 a, G-3a, G-3b, G-6a, G-6b, G-8b
It is to be understood that each row of table II is disclosed in combination with the preferred embodiments regarding the compound of formula (I) as defined above.
Furthermore, preference is given to a use or method according to the invention, wherein the plants and the gastropods correspond to one row of the following table III.
Table III (P = Plants; G = Gastropods)
No P G No P G No P G
111-1 P-1 G-1 111-12 P-1 G-5b III-23 P-1 G-10
III-2 P-1 G-1 a 111-13 P-1 G-6 111 -24 P-1 G-10a
III-3 P-1 G-2 111-14 P-1 G-6a III-25 P-1 G-1 1
III-4 P-1 G-3 111-15 P-1 G-6b III-26 P-1 G-1 1 a
III-5 P-1 G-3a 111-16 P-1 G-7 III-27 P-1 G-12
III-6 P-1 G-3b 111-17 P-1 G-7a III-28 P-1 G-12a
III-7 P-1 G-3c 111-18 P-1 G-8 III-29 P-1 G-13
III-8 P-1 G-4 111-19 P-1 G-8a III-30 P-1 a G-1
III-9 P-1 G-4a III-20 P-1 G-8b 111-31 P-1 a G-1 a
111-10 P-1 G-5 111-21 P-1 G-9 III-32 P-1 a G-2
111-1 1 P-1 G-5a III-22 P-1 G-9a III-33 P-1 a G-3 No P G No P G No P G
111-34 P-1a G-3a 111-76 P-1b G-8 111-118 P-1d G-1 a
111-35 P-1a G-3b 111-77 P-1b G-8a 111-119 P-1d G-2
111-36 P-1a G-3c 111-78 P-1b G-8b 111-120 P-1d G-3
111-37 P-1a G-4 111-79 P-1b G-9 111-121 P-1d G-3a
111-38 P-1a G-4a 111-80 P-1b G-9a 111-122 P-1d G-3b
111-39 P-1a G-5 111-81 P-1b G-10 111-123 P-1d G-3c
111-40 P-1a G-5a III-82 P-1b G-10a 111-124 P-1d G-4
111-41 P-1a G-5b III-83 P-1b G-11 111-125 P-1d G-4a
III-42 P-1a G-6 III-84 P-1b G-11a 111-126 P-1d G-5
III-43 P-1a G-6a III-85 P-1b G-12 111-127 P-1d G-5a
III-44 P-1a G-6b III-86 P-1b G-12a 111-128 P-1d G-5b
III-45 P-1a G-7 III-87 P-1b G-13 111-129 P-1d G-6
III-46 P-1a G-7a III-88 P-1c G-1 111-130 P-1d G-6a
III-47 P-1a G-8 III-89 P-1c G-1 a 111-131 P-1d G-6b
III-48 P-1a G-8a III-90 P-1c G-2 111-132 P-1d G-7
III-49 P-1a G-8b 111-91 P-1c G-3 111-133 P-1d G-7a
III-50 P-1a G-9 III-92 P-1c G-3a 111-134 P-1d G-8
111-51 P-1a G-9a III-93 P-1c G-3b 111-135 P-1d G-8a
III-52 P-1a G-10 III-94 P-1c G-3c 111-136 P-1d G-8b
III-53 P-1a G-10a III-95 P-1c G-4 111-137 P-1d G-9
III-54 P-1a G-11 III-96 P-1c G-4a 111-138 P-1d G-9a
III-55 P-1a G-11a III-97 P-1c G-5 111-139 P-1d G-10
III-56 P-1a G-12 III-98 P-1c G-5a 111-140 P-1d G-10a
III-57 P-1a G-12a III-99 P-1c G-5b 111-141 P-1d G-11
III-58 P-1a G-13 111-100 P-1c G-6 111-142 P-1d G-11a
III-59 P-1b G-1 111-101 P-1c G-6a 111-143 P-1d G-12
III-60 P-1b G-1a 111-102 P-1c G-6b 111-144 P-1d G-12a
111-61 P-1b G-2 111-103 P-1c G-7 111-145 P-1d G-13
III-62 P-1b G-3 111-104 P-1c G-7a 111-146 P-2 G-1
III-63 P-1b G-3a 111-105 P-1c G-8 111-147 P-2 G-1 a
III-64 P-1b G-3b 111-106 P-1c G-8a 111-148 P-2 G-2
III-65 P-1b G-3c 111-107 P-1c G-8b 111-149 P-2 G-3
III-66 P-1b G-4 111-108 P-1c G-9 111-150 P-2 G-3a
III-67 P-1b G-4a 111-109 P-1c G-9a 111-151 P-2 G-3b
III-68 P-1b G-5 111-110 P-1c G-10 111-152 P-2 G-3c
III-69 P-1b G-5a 111-111 P-1c G-10a 111-153 P-2 G-4
III-70 P-1b G-5b 111-112 P-1c G-11 111-154 P-2 G-4a
111-71 P-1b G-6 111-113 P-1c G-11a 111-155 P-2 G-5
III-72 P-1b G-6a 111-114 P-1c G-12 111-156 P-2 G-5a
III-73 P-1b G-6b 111-115 P-1c G-12a 111-157 P-2 G-5b
III-74 P-1b G-7 111-116 P-1c G-13 111-158 P-2 G-6
III-75 P-1b G-7a 111-117 P-1d G-1 111-159 P-2 G-6a No P G No P G No P G
111-160 P-2 G-6b 111-202 P-2a G-12a III-244 P-2c G-5b
111-161 P-2 G-7 111-203 P-2a G-13 III-245 P-2c G-6
111-162 P-2 G-7a 111-204 P-2b G-1 III-246 P-2c G-6a
111-163 P-2 G-8 111-205 P-2b G-1 a III-247 P-2c G-6b
111-164 P-2 G-8a 111-206 P-2b G-2 III-248 P-2c G-7
111-165 P-2 G-8b 111-207 P-2b G-3 III-249 P-2c G-7a
111-166 P-2 G-9 111-208 P-2b G-3a III-250 P-2c G-8
111-167 P-2 G-9a 111-209 P-2b G-3b 111-251 P-2c G-8a
111-168 P-2 G-10 111-210 P-2b G-3c III-252 P-2c G-8b
111-169 P-2 G-10a 111-211 P-2b G-4 III-253 P-2c G-9
111-170 P-2 G-11 111-212 P-2b G-4a III-254 P-2c G-9a
111-171 P-2 G-11a 111-213 P-2b G-5 III-255 P-2c G-10
111-172 P-2 G-12 111-214 P-2b G-5a III-256 P-2c G-10a
111-173 P-2 G-12a 111-215 P-2b G-5b III-257 P-2c G-11
111-174 P-2 G-13 111-216 P-2b G-6 III-258 P-2c G-11a
111-175 P-2a G-1 111-217 P-2b G-6a III-259 P-2c G-12
111-176 P-2a G-1a 111-218 P-2b G-6b III-260 P-2c G-12a
111-177 P-2a G-2 111-219 P-2b G-7 111-261 P-2c G-13
111-178 P-2a G-3 III-220 P-2b G-7a III-262 P-2d G-1
111-179 P-2a G-3a 111-221 P-2b G-8 III-263 P-2d G-1 a
111-180 P-2a G-3b III-222 P-2b G-8a III-264 P-2d G-2
111-181 P-2a G-3c III-223 P-2b G-8b III-265 P-2d G-3
111-182 P-2a G-4 III-224 P-2b G-9 III-266 P-2d G-3a
111-183 P-2a G-4a III-225 P-2b G-9a III-267 P-2d G-3b
111-184 P-2a G-5 III-226 P-2b G-10 III-268 P-2d G-3c
111-185 P-2a G-5a III-227 P-2b G-10a III-269 P-2d G-4
111-186 P-2a G-5b III-228 P-2b G-11 III-270 P-2d G-4a
111-187 P-2a G-6 III-229 P-2b G-11a 111-271 P-2d G-5
111-188 P-2a G-6a III-230 P-2b G-12 III-272 P-2d G-5a
111-189 P-2a G-6b 111-231 P-2b G-12a III-273 P-2d G-5b
111-190 P-2a G-7 III-232 P-2b G-13 III-274 P-2d G-6
111-191 P-2a G-7a III-233 P-2c G-1 III-275 P-2d G-6a
111-192 P-2a G-8 III-234 P-2c G-1 a III-276 P-2d G-6b
111-193 P-2a G-8a III-235 P-2c G-2 III-277 P-2d G-7
111-194 P-2a G-8b III-236 P-2c G-3 III-278 P-2d G-7a
111-195 P-2a G-9 III-237 P-2c G-3a III-279 P-2d G-8
111-196 P-2a G-9a III-238 P-2c G-3b III-280 P-2d G-8a
111-197 P-2a G-10 III-239 P-2c G-3c 111-281 P-2d G-8b
111-198 P-2a G-10a III-240 P-2c G-4 III-282 P-2d G-9
111-199 P-2a G-11 111-241 P-2c G-4a III-283 P-2d G-9a
III-200 P-2a G-11a III-242 P-2c G-5 III-284 P-2d G-10
111-201 P-2a G-12 III-243 P-2c G-5a III-285 P-2d G-10a No P G No P G No P G
111-286 P-2d G-1 1 111-328 P-2f G-4a III-370 P-2g G-9a
111-287 P-2d G-1 1 a 111-329 P-2f G-5 111-371 P-2g G-10
111-288 P-2d G-12 111-330 P-2f G-5a III-372 P-2g G-10a
111-289 P-2d G-12a 111-331 P-2f G-5b III-373 P-2g G-1 1
111-290 P-2d G-13 III-332 P-2f G-6 III-374 P-2g G-1 1 a
111-291 P-2e G-1 III-333 P-2f G-6a III-375 P-2g G-12
III-292 P-2e G-1 a III-334 P-2f G-6b III-376 P-2g G-12a
III-293 P-2e G-2 III-335 P-2f G-7 III-377 P-2g G-13
III-294 P-2e G-3 III-336 P-2f G-7a III-378 P-2h G-1
III-295 P-2e G-3a III-337 P-2f G-8 III-379 P-2h G-1 a
III-296 P-2e G-3b III-338 P-2f G-8a III-380 P-2h G-2
III-297 P-2e G-3c III-339 P-2f G-8b 111-381 P-2h G-3
III-298 P-2e G-4 III-340 P-2f G-9 III-382 P-2h G-3a
III-299 P-2e G-4a 111-341 P-2f G-9a III-383 P-2h G-3b
III-300 P-2e G-5 III-342 P-2f G-10 III-384 P-2h G-3c
111-301 P-2e G-5a III-343 P-2f G-10a III-385 P-2h G-4
III-302 P-2e G-5b III-344 P-2f G-1 1 III-386 P-2h G-4a
III-303 P-2e G-6 III-345 P-2f G-1 1 a III-387 P-2h G-5
III-304 P-2e G-6a III-346 P-2f G-12 III-388 P-2h G-5a
III-305 P-2e G-6b III-347 P-2f G-12a III-389 P-2h G-5b
III-306 P-2e G-7 III-348 P-2f G-13 III-390 P-2h G-6
III-307 P-2e G-7a III-349 P-2g G-1 111-391 P-2h G-6a
III-308 P-2e G-8 III-350 P-2g G-1 a III-392 P-2h G-6b
III-309 P-2e G-8a 111-351 P-2g G-2 III-393 P-2h G-7
111-310 P-2e G-8b III-352 P-2g G-3 III-394 P-2h G-7a
111-31 1 P-2e G-9 III-353 P-2g G-3a III-395 P-2h G-8
111-312 P-2e G-9a III-354 P-2g G-3b III-396 P-2h G-8a
111-313 P-2e G-10 III-355 P-2g G-3c III-397 P-2h G-8b
111-314 P-2e G-10a III-356 P-2g G-4 III-398 P-2h G-9
111-315 P-2e G-1 1 III-357 P-2g G-4a III-399 P-2h G-9a
111-316 P-2e G-1 1 a III-358 P-2g G-5 III-400 P-2h G-10
111-317 P-2e G-12 III-359 P-2g G-5a 111-401 P-2h G-10a
111-318 P-2e G-12a III-360 P-2g G-5b III-402 P-2h G-1 1
111-319 P-2e G-13 111-361 P-2g G-6 III-403 P-2h G-1 1 a
III-320 P-2f G-1 III-362 P-2g G-6a III-404 P-2h G-12
111-321 P-2f G-1 a III-363 P-2g G-6b III-405 P-2h G-12a
III-322 P-2f G-2 III-364 P-2g G-7 III-406 P-2h G-13
III-323 P-2f G-3 III-365 P-2g G-7a III-407 P-2i G-1
III-324 P-2f G-3a III-366 P-2g G-8 III-408 P-2i G-1 a
III-325 P-2f G-3b III-367 P-2g G-8a III-409 P-2i G-2
III-326 P-2f G-3c III-368 P-2g G-8b 111-410 P-2i G-3
III-327 P-2f G-4 III-369 P-2g G-9 111-41 1 P-2i G-3a No P G No P G No P G
111-412 P-2i G-3b 111-454 P-2j G-8a III-496 P-3 G-2
111-413 P-2i G-3c 111-455 P-2j G-8b III-497 P-3 G-3
111-414 P-2i G-4 111-456 P-2j G-9 III-498 P-3 G-3a
111-415 P-2i G-4a 111-457 P-2j G-9a III-499 P-3 G-3b
111-416 P-2i G-5 111-458 P-2j G-10 III-500 P-3 G-3c
111-417 P-2i G-5a 111-459 P-2j G-10a 111-501 P-3 G-4
111-418 P-2i G-5b 111-460 P-2j G-1 1 III-502 P-3 G-4a
111-419 P-2i G-6 111-461 P-2j G-1 1 a III-503 P-3 G-5
III-420 P-2i G-6a III-462 P-2j G-12 III-504 P-3 G-5a
111-421 P-2i G-6b III-463 P-2j G-12a III-505 P-3 G-5b
III-422 P-2i G-7 III-464 P-2j G-13 III-506 P-3 G-6
III-423 P-2i G-7a III-465 P-2k G-1 III-507 P-3 G-6a
III-424 P-2i G-8 III-466 P-2k G-1 a III-508 P-3 G-6b
III-425 P-2i G-8a III-467 P-2k G-2 III-509 P-3 G-7
III-426 P-2i G-8b III-468 P-2k G-3 111-510 P-3 G-7a
III-427 P-2i G-9 III-469 P-2k G-3a 111-51 1 P-3 G-8
III-428 P-2i G-9a III-470 P-2k G-3b 111-512 P-3 G-8a
III-429 P-2i G-10 111-471 P-2k G-3c 111-513 P-3 G-8b
III-430 P-2i G-10a III-472 P-2k G-4 111-514 P-3 G-9
111-431 P-2i G-1 1 III-473 P-2k G-4a 111-515 P-3 G-9a
III-432 P-2i G-1 1 a III-474 P-2k G-5 111-516 P-3 G-10
III-433 P-2i G-12 III-475 P-2k G-5a 111-517 P-3 G-10a
III-434 P-2i G-12a III-476 P-2k G-5b 111-518 P-3 G-1 1
III-435 P-2i G-13 III-477 P-2k G-6 111-519 P-3 G-1 1 a
III-436 P-2j G-1 III-478 P-2k G-6a III-520 P-3 G-12
III-437 P-2j G-1 a III-479 P-2k G-6b 111-521 P-3 G-12a
III-438 P-2j G-2 III-480 P-2k G-7 III-522 P-3 G-13
III-439 P-2j G-3 111-481 P-2k G-7a III-523 P-3a G-1
III-440 P-2j G-3a III-482 P-2k G-8 III-524 P-3a G-1 a
111-441 P-2j G-3b III-483 P-2k G-8a III-525 P-3a G-2
III-442 P-2j G-3c III-484 P-2k G-8b III-526 P-3a G-3
III-443 P-2j G-4 III-485 P-2k G-9 III-527 P-3a G-3a
III-444 P-2j G-4a III-486 P-2k G-9a III-528 P-3a G-3b
III-445 P-2j G-5 III-487 P-2k G-10 III-529 P-3a G-3c
III-446 P-2j G-5a III-488 P-2k G-10a III-530 P-3a G-4
III-447 P-2j G-5b III-489 P-2k G-1 1 111-531 P-3a G-4a
III-448 P-2j G-6 III-490 P-2k G-1 1 a III-532 P-3a G-5
III-449 P-2j G-6a 111-491 P-2k G-12 III-533 P-3a G-5a
III-450 P-2j G-6b III-492 P-2k G-12a III-534 P-3a G-5b
111-451 P-2j G-7 III-493 P-2k G-13 III-535 P-3a G-6
III-452 P-2j G-7a III-494 P-3 G-1 III-536 P-3a G-6a
III-453 P-2j G-8 III-495 P-3 G-1 a III-537 P-3a G-6b No P G No P G No P G
111-538 P-3a G-7 111-580 P-4 G-13 III-622 P-4b G-6
111-539 P-3a G-7a 111-581 P-4a G-1 III-623 P-4b G-6a
111-540 P-3a G-8 III-582 P-4a G-1 a III-624 P-4b G-6b
111-541 P-3a G-8a III-583 P-4a G-2 III-625 P-4b G-7
III-542 P-3a G-8b III-584 P-4a G-3 III-626 P-4b G-7a
III-543 P-3a G-9 III-585 P-4a G-3a III-627 P-4b G-8
III-544 P-3a G-9a III-586 P-4a G-3b III-628 P-4b G-8a
III-545 P-3a G-10 III-587 P-4a G-3c III-629 P-4b G-8b
III-546 P-3a G-10a III-588 P-4a G-4 III-630 P-4b G-9
III-547 P-3a G-1 1 III-589 P-4a G-4a 111-631 P-4b G-9a
III-548 P-3a G-1 1 a III-590 P-4a G-5 III-632 P-4b G-10
III-549 P-3a G-12 111-591 P-4a G-5a III-633 P-4b G-10a
III-550 P-3a G-12a III-592 P-4a G-5b III-634 P-4b G-1 1
111-551 P-3a G-13 III-593 P-4a G-6 III-635 P-4b G-1 1 a
III-552 P-4 G-1 III-594 P-4a G-6a III-636 P-4b G-12
III-553 P-4 G-1 a III-595 P-4a G-6b III-637 P-4b G-12a
III-554 P-4 G-2 III-596 P-4a G-7 III-638 P-4b G-13
III-555 P-4 G-3 III-597 P-4a G-7a III-639 P-5 G-1
III-556 P-4 G-3a III-598 P-4a G-8 III-640 P-5 G-1 a
III-557 P-4 G-3b III-599 P-4a G-8a 111-641 P-5 G-2
III-558 P-4 G-3c III-600 P-4a G-8b III-642 P-5 G-3
III-559 P-4 G-4 111-601 P-4a G-9 III-643 P-5 G-3a
III-560 P-4 G-4a III-602 P-4a G-9a III-644 P-5 G-3b
111-561 P-4 G-5 III-603 P-4a G-10 III-645 P-5 G-3c
III-562 P-4 G-5a III-604 P-4a G-10a III-646 P-5 G-4
III-563 P-4 G-5b III-605 P-4a G-1 1 III-647 P-5 G-4a
III-564 P-4 G-6 III-606 P-4a G-1 1 a III-648 P-5 G-5
III-565 P-4 G-6a III-607 P-4a G-12 III-649 P-5 G-5a
III-566 P-4 G-6b III-608 P-4a G-12a III-650 P-5 G-5b
III-567 P-4 G-7 III-609 P-4a G-13 111-651 P-5 G-6
III-568 P-4 G-7a 111-610 P-4b G-1 III-652 P-5 G-6a
III-569 P-4 G-8 111-61 1 P-4b G-1 a III-653 P-5 G-6b
III-570 P-4 G-8a 111-612 P-4b G-2 III-654 P-5 G-7
111-571 P-4 G-8b 111-613 P-4b G-3 III-655 P-5 G-7a
III-572 P-4 G-9 111-614 P-4b G-3a III-656 P-5 G-8
III-573 P-4 G-9a 111-615 P-4b G-3b III-657 P-5 G-8a
III-574 P-4 G-10 111-616 P-4b G-3c III-658 P-5 G-8b
III-575 P-4 G-10a 111-617 P-4b G-4 III-659 P-5 G-9
III-576 P-4 G-1 1 111-618 P-4b G-4a III-660 P-5 G-9a
III-577 P-4 G-1 1 a 111-619 P-4b G-5 111-661 P-5 G-10
III-578 P-4 G-12 III-620 P-4b G-5a III-662 P-5 G-10a
III-579 P-4 G-12a 111-621 P-4b G-5b III-663 P-5 G-1 1 No P G
111-664 P-5 G-1 1 a
111-665 P-5 G-12
111-666 P-5 G-12a
111-667 P-5 G-13
111-668 P-6 G-1
111-669 P-6 G-1 a
111-670 P-6 G-2
111-671 P-6 G-3
III-672 P-6 G-3a
III-673 P-6 G-3b
III-674 P-6 G-3c
III-675 P-6 G-4
III-676 P-6 G-4a
III-677 P-6 G-5
III-678 P-6 G-5a
III-679 P-6 G-5b
III-680 P-6 G-6
111-681 P-6 G-6a
III-682 P-6 G-6b
III-683 P-6 G-7
III-684 P-6 G-7a
III-685 P-6 G-8
III-686 P-6 G-8a
III-687 P-6 G-8b
III-688 P-6 G-9
III-689 P-6 G-9a
III-690 P-6 G-10
111-691 P-6 G-10a
III-692 P-6 G-1 1
III-693 P-6 G-1 1 a
III-694 P-6 G-12
III-695 P-6 G-12a
III-696 P-6 G-13 It is to be understood that each row of table III is disclosed in combination with the preferred embodiments regarding the compound of formula (I) as defined above.
In connection with the above defined use or method according to the invention, in particular in connection with the use or method according to the invention, wherein the plants and gastropods correspond to one row of table II or one row of table III, the compounds of the invention may either be applied alone or in combination with an additional molluscicide.
In one embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the compound of formula (I) is applied alone, i.e. not in combination with a further active agent, in particular not with an additional pesticide.
In another embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the compound of formula (I) is applied in combination with at least one additional pesticide or molluscicide.
In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) and the at least one additional molluscicide are applied in the form of a mixture. Preferred are binary mixtures of one compound of the present invention as component I with one additional molluscicide as component II. Preferred weight ratios for such binary mixtures are from 5000:1 to 1 :5000, preferably from 1000:1 to 1 :1000, more preferably from 100:1 to 1 :100, particularly preferably from 10:1 to 1 :10. The relative amounts of each compound in the mixture may be adjusted to take account of the properties of the selected compounds themselves, and to maximize the molluscicidal effect. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (I) and the additional molluscicide are applied separately. In particular, the compound of formula (I) may be applied to the plants or plant propagation material thereof, preferably to the seeds of the plants, or to the foliage of the plants, or to the soil around the base of a plant stem, in particular around the seedling stem, and the additional molluscicide may be applied in the form of a bait composition.
In one embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the compound of formula (I) is applied in combination with at least one molluscicide selected from the group consisting of metaldehyde (M-1 ), methiocarb (M-2), thiodicarb (M-3), spinosad (M-4), spinetoram (M-5), spinosyn mixture (M-6), niclosamine (M-7), ferric phosphate (M-8), fentin hydroxide (M-9), fentin acetate (M-10), tazimcarb (M-1 1 ), trifenmorph (M-12), trimethacarb (M-13), bensultap (M-14), pymetrozin (M-15), a strobilurin compound (M-16), or metallic ions (M-17), such as iron (M-17a) or copper (M-17b) or aluminum (M-17c), for example in the form of iron phosphate or iron chelate (such as FeEDTA).
In a preferred embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the compound of formula (I) is applied in combination with at least one molluscicide selected from the group consisting of metaldehyde, niclosamine, ferric phosphate, fentin hydroxide, fentin acetate, tazimcarb, trifenmorph, trimethacarb, bensultap, and pymetrozin.
In a further preferred embodiment, the molluscicide is spinetoram, spinosad or a spinosyn mixture.
Although, as mentioned in the beginning, it is often desired to avoid methiocarb and thiodicarb due to their unselective toxic effects, in particular cases, it may be advantageous to combine the compound of formula (I) with methiocarb and thiodicarb.
In a further preferred embodiment, the molluscicide is a strobilurin compound is selected from the group consisting of azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim methyl, enestrobin, orysastrobin, dimoxystrobin, metominostrobin, pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin, famoxadone and fenamidone. More preferably the strobilurin compound is selected from the group consisting of azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim methyl and pyraclostrobin. Most preferably, the strobilurin compound is azoxystrobin.
In a further preferred embodiment, the molluscicide is an iron ion, which is in the form of iron chelate, especially iron EDTA. Alternatively, the iron ion is in the form of iron phosphate.
In a further preferred embodiment, the molluscicide is a copper ion, preferably in the form of copper sulphate.
In a further preferred embodiment, the molluscicide is an aluminum ion, preferably in the form of aluminum sulphate.
In another embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, the compound of formula (I) is applied in combination with at least one plant-based molluscicide selected from the group consisting of saponins (M-18), tannins (M-19), alkaloids, alkenyl phenols, glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactons and terpenoids.
Of these, saponins appear to be the most potent class of molluscicides. Plants containing these compounds belong mostly to the plant families Euphorbiaceae, Phytolaccaceae,
Polygonaceae, Rutaceae and particulary Mimosaceae, Papilionaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. The latter three families contain many easily cultivated, drought-resistant trees with high-quality seed proteins. Saponin is preferably obtained from a plant selected from the group consisting of tea, and/or yucca and/or quillaia and/or quinoa and/or soya, particularly preferably from tea. Furthermore, saponin can be obtained from Camellia oleifera, Gleditsia amorphoides, and Quillaja saponaria.
Saponin-based molluscicides may for example be used in the form of aqueous solutions of plant powders. Alternatively, water extracts of the plants may be used. An example in this regard is endod berries. Water extracts of these berries can be obtained by soaking the carefully crushed berries in water for 24 hours at concentrations of 150 mg/l, 75 mg/l, and 37.5 mg/l.
Also tannin-bearing plants are considered to have a potential as molluscicides. For example, water extracts of Krameria triandra, Hamamelis virginiana and Quercus spp. may be used. Other promising species are Camillia spp., Potentilla erecta, Alchemilla spp., Acacia catechu, Dalbergia nitidula, Arctostaphylus uva-ursi, and Chinchona succirubra.
In another embodiment, the at least one additional molluscicide is tannic acid, tea tannin, polyphenyl hydrolysis products thereof or a mixture thereof.
Plant molluscicides such as saponins may also be used in combination with a further component selected from the group consisting of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, and methol. The combination of saponin with carvacrol is particularly preferred. Compositions comprising saponin and carvacrol typically comprise .1 -10 wt-%, preferably 0.15-8 wt-%, more preferably 0.2-5 wt-% of saponin, and 0.1 -10% wt-%, preferably 0.15-8 wt-% and more preferably 0.2-5 wt- % of carvacrol.
Furthermore, combinations of saponins and tannins are preferred.
Suitable plant molluscicide compositions are also described in EP2002721A2, which is incorporated by reference. In a particular embodiment of the use or method according to the invention, a combination of a compound of formula (I) with an additional molluscicide M according to one row of table IV is applied.
In one embodiment thereof, the combinations according to table IV are applied alone as binary mixture, i.e. not in combination with an additional pesticide.
In another embodiment thereof, the combinations according to table IV may also be applied in combination with an additional insecticide or fungicide, e.g. as ternary or multiple mixture.
Table IV ((a)/(b) = compound of formula (I); M = additional molluscicide)
No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M
IV-1 1-1 M-1 IV-33 I-2 M-1 1 IV-65 I-3 M-18
IV-2 1-1 M-2 IV-34 I-2 M-12 IV-66 I-3 M-19
IV-3 1-1 M-3 IV-35 I-2 M-13 IV-67 I-4 M-1
IV-4 1-1 M-4 IV-36 I-2 M-14 IV-68 I-4 M-2
IV-5 1-1 M-5 IV-37 I-2 M-15 IV-69 I-4 M-3
IV-6 1-1 M-6 IV-38 I-2 M-16 IV-70 I-4 M-4
IV-7 1-1 M-7 IV-39 I-2 M-17 IV-71 I-4 M-5
IV-8 1-1 M-8 IV-40 I-2 M-17a IV-72 I-4 M-6
IV-9 1-1 M-9 IV-41 I-2 M-17b IV-73 I-4 M-7
IV-10 1-1 M-10 IV-42 I-2 M-17c IV-74 I-4 M-8
IV-1 1 1-1 M-1 1 IV-43 I-2 M-18 IV-75 I-4 M-9
IV-12 1-1 M-12 IV-44 I-2 M-19 IV-76 I-4 M-10
IV-13 1-1 M-13 IV-45 I-3 M-1 IV-77 I-4 M-1 1
IV-14 1-1 M-14 IV-46 I-3 M-2 IV-78 I-4 M-12
IV-15 1-1 M-15 IV-47 I-3 M-3 IV-79 I-4 M-13
IV-16 1-1 M-16 IV-48 I-3 M-4 IV-80 I-4 M-14
IV-17 1-1 M-17 IV-49 I-3 M-5 IV-81 I-4 M-15
IV-18 1-1 M-17a IV-50 I-3 M-6 IV-82 I-4 M-16
IV-19 1-1 M-17b IV-51 I-3 M-7 IV-83 I-4 M-17
IV-20 1-1 M-17c IV-52 I-3 M-8 IV-84 I-4 M-17a
IV-21 1-1 M-18 IV-53 I-3 M-9 IV-85 I-4 M-17b
IV-22 1-1 M-19 IV-54 I-3 M-10 IV-86 I-4 M-17c
IV-23 I-2 M-1 IV-55 I-3 M-1 1 IV-87 I-4 M-18
IV-24 I-2 M-2 IV-56 I-3 M-12 IV-88 I-4 M-19
IV-25 I-2 M-3 IV-57 I-3 M-13 IV-89 I-5 M-1
IV-26 I-2 M-4 IV-58 I-3 M-14 IV-90 I-5 M-2
IV-27 I-2 M-5 IV-59 I-3 M-15 IV-91 I-5 M-3
IV-28 I-2 M-6 IV-60 I-3 M-16 IV-92 I-5 M-4
IV-29 I-2 M-7 IV-61 I-3 M-17 IV-93 I-5 M-5
IV-30 I-2 M-8 IV-62 I-3 M-17a IV-94 I-5 M-6
IV-31 I-2 M-9 IV-63 I-3 M-17b IV-95 I-5 M-7
IV-32 I-2 M-10 IV-64 I-3 M-17c IV-96 I-5 M-8 No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M
IV-97 I-5 M-9 IV-139 I-7 M-7 IV-181 I-9 M-5
IV-98 I-5 M-10 IV-140 I-7 M-8 IV-182 I-9 M-6
IV-99 I-5 M-1 1 IV-141 I-7 M-9 IV-183 I-9 M-7
IV-100 I-5 M-12 IV-142 I-7 M-10 IV-184 I-9 M-8
IV-101 I-5 M-13 IV-143 I-7 M-1 1 IV-185 I-9 M-9
IV-102 I-5 M-14 IV-144 I-7 M-12 IV-186 I-9 M-10
IV-103 I-5 M-15 IV-145 I-7 M-13 IV-187 I-9 M-1 1
IV-104 I-5 M-16 IV-146 I-7 M-14 IV-188 I-9 M-12
IV-105 I-5 M-17 IV-147 I-7 M-15 IV-189 I-9 M-13
IV-106 I-5 M-17a IV-148 I-7 M-16 IV-190 I-9 M-14
IV-107 I-5 M-17b IV-149 I-7 M-17 IV-191 I-9 M-15
IV-108 I-5 M-17c IV-150 I-7 M-17a IV-192 I-9 M-16
IV-109 I-5 M-18 IV-151 I-7 M-17b IV-193 I-9 M-17
IV-1 10 I-5 M-19 IV-152 I-7 M-17c IV-194 I-9 M-17a
IV-1 1 1 I-6 M-1 IV-153 I-7 M-18 IV-195 I-9 M-17b
IV-1 12 I-6 M-2 IV-154 I-7 M-19 IV-196 I-9 M-17c
IV-1 13 I-6 M-3 IV-155 I-8 M-1 IV-197 I-9 M-18
IV-1 14 I-6 M-4 IV-156 I-8 M-2 IV-198 I-9 M-19
IV-1 15 I-6 M-5 IV-157 I-8 M-3 IV-199 1-10 M-1
IV-1 16 I-6 M-6 IV-158 I-8 M-4 IV-200 1-10 M-2
IV-1 17 I-6 M-7 IV-159 I-8 M-5 IV-201 1-10 M-3
IV-1 18 I-6 M-8 IV-160 I-8 M-6 IV-202 1-10 M-4
IV-1 19 I-6 M-9 IV-161 I-8 M-7 IV-203 1-10 M-5
IV-120 I-6 M-10 IV-162 I-8 M-8 IV-204 1-10 M-6
IV-121 I-6 M-1 1 IV-163 I-8 M-9 IV-205 1-10 M-7
IV-122 I-6 M-12 IV-164 I-8 M-10 IV-206 1-10 M-8
IV-123 I-6 M-13 IV-165 I-8 M-1 1 IV-207 1-10 M-9
IV-124 I-6 M-14 IV-166 I-8 M-12 IV-208 1-10 M-10
IV-125 I-6 M-15 IV-167 I-8 M-13 IV-209 1-10 M-1 1
IV-126 I-6 M-16 IV-168 I-8 M-14 IV-210 1-10 M-12
IV-127 I-6 M-17 IV-169 I-8 M-15 IV-21 1 1-10 M-13
IV-128 I-6 M-17a IV-170 I-8 M-16 IV-212 1-10 M-14
IV-129 I-6 M-17b IV-171 I-8 M-17 IV-213 1-10 M-15
IV-130 I-6 M-17c IV-172 I-8 M-17a IV-214 1-10 M-16
IV-131 I-6 M-18 IV-173 I-8 M-17b IV-215 1-10 M-17
IV-132 I-6 M-19 IV-174 I-8 M-17c IV-216 1-10 M-17a
IV-133 I-7 M-1 IV-175 I-8 M-18 IV-217 1-10 M-17b
IV-134 I-7 M-2 IV-176 I-8 M-19 IV-218 1-10 M-17c
IV-135 I-7 M-3 IV-177 I-9 M-1 IV-219 1-10 M-18
IV-136 I-7 M-4 IV-178 I-9 M-2 IV-220 1-10 M-19
IV-137 I-7 M-5 IV-179 I-9 M-3 IV-221 1-1 1 M-1
IV-138 I-7 M-6 IV-180 I-9 M-4 IV-222 1-1 1 M-2 No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M
IV-223 1-1 1 M-3 IV-265 1-13 M-1 IV-307 1-14 M-18
IV-224 1-1 1 M-4 IV-266 1-13 M-2 IV-308 1-14 M-19
IV-225 1-1 1 M-5 IV-267 1-13 M-3 IV-309 1-15 M-1
IV-226 1-1 1 M-6 IV-268 1-13 M-4 IV-310 1-15 M-2
IV-227 1-1 1 M-7 IV-269 1-13 M-5 IV-31 1 1-15 M-3
IV-228 1-1 1 M-8 IV-270 1-13 M-6 IV-312 1-15 M-4
IV-229 1-1 1 M-9 IV-271 1-13 M-7 IV-313 1-15 M-5
IV-230 1-1 1 M-10 IV-272 1-13 M-8 IV-314 1-15 M-6
IV-231 1-1 1 M-1 1 IV-273 1-13 M-9 IV-315 1-15 M-7
IV-232 1-1 1 M-12 IV-274 1-13 M-10 IV-316 1-15 M-8
IV-233 1-1 1 M-13 IV-275 1-13 M-1 1 IV-317 1-15 M-9
IV-234 1-1 1 M-14 IV-276 1-13 M-12 IV-318 1-15 M-10
IV-235 1-1 1 M-15 IV-277 1-13 M-13 IV-319 1-15 M-1 1
IV-236 1-1 1 M-16 IV-278 1-13 M-14 IV-320 1-15 M-12
IV-237 1-1 1 M-17 IV-279 1-13 M-15 IV-321 1-15 M-13
IV-238 1-1 1 M-17a IV-280 1-13 M-16 IV-322 1-15 M-14
IV-239 1-1 1 M-17b IV-281 1-13 M-17 IV-323 1-15 M-15
IV-240 1-1 1 M-17c IV-282 1-13 M-17a IV-324 1-15 M-16
IV-241 1-1 1 M-18 IV-283 1-13 M-17b IV-325 1-15 M-17
IV-242 1-1 1 M-19 IV-284 1-13 M-17c IV-326 1-15 M-17a
IV-243 1-12 M-1 IV-285 1-13 M-18 IV-327 1-15 M-17b
IV-244 1-12 M-2 IV-286 1-13 M-19 IV-328 1-15 M-17c
IV-245 1-12 M-3 IV-287 1-14 M-1 IV-329 1-15 M-18
IV-246 1-12 M-4 IV-288 1-14 M-2 IV-330 1-15 M-19
IV-247 1-12 M-5 IV-289 1-14 M-3 IV-331 1-16 M-1
IV-248 1-12 M-6 IV-290 1-14 M-4 IV-332 1-16 M-2
IV-249 1-12 M-7 IV-291 1-14 M-5 IV-333 1-16 M-3
IV-250 1-12 M-8 IV-292 1-14 M-6 IV-334 1-16 M-4
IV-251 1-12 M-9 IV-293 1-14 M-7 IV-335 1-16 M-5
IV-252 1-12 M-10 IV-294 1-14 M-8 IV-336 1-16 M-6
IV-253 1-12 M-1 1 IV-295 1-14 M-9 IV-337 1-16 M-7
IV-254 1-12 M-12 IV-296 1-14 M-10 IV-338 1-16 M-8
IV-255 1-12 M-13 IV-297 1-14 M-1 1 IV-339 1-16 M-9
IV-256 1-12 M-14 IV-298 1-14 M-12 IV-340 1-16 M-10
IV-257 1-12 M-15 IV-299 1-14 M-13 IV-341 1-16 M-1 1
IV-258 1-12 M-16 IV-300 1-14 M-14 IV-342 1-16 M-12
IV-259 1-12 M-17 IV-301 1-14 M-15 IV-343 1-16 M-13
IV-260 1-12 M-17a IV-302 1-14 M-16 IV-344 1-16 M-14
IV-261 1-12 M-17b IV-303 1-14 M-17 IV-345 1-16 M-15
IV-262 1-12 M-17c IV-304 1-14 M-17a IV-346 1-16 M-16
IV-263 1-12 M-18 IV-305 1-14 M-17b IV-347 1-16 M-17
IV-264 1-12 M-19 IV-306 1-14 M-17c IV-348 1-16 M-17a No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M
IV-349 1-16 M-17b IV-391 1-18 M-17 IV-433 b2 M-15
IV-350 1-16 M-17c IV-392 1-18 M-17a IV-434 b2 M-16
IV-351 1-16 M-18 IV-393 1-18 M-17b IV-435 b2 M-17
IV-352 1-16 M-19 IV-394 1-18 M-17c IV-436 b2 M-17a
IV-353 1-17 M-1 IV-395 1-18 M-18 IV-437 b2 M-17b
IV-354 1-17 M-2 IV-396 1-18 M-19 IV-438 b2 M-17c
IV-355 1-17 M-3 IV-397 b1 M-1 IV-439 b2 M-18
IV-356 1-17 M-4 IV-398 b1 M-2 IV-440 b2 M-19
IV-357 1-17 M-5 IV-399 b1 M-3 IV-441 b3 M-1
IV-358 1-17 M-6 IV-400 b1 M-4 IV-442 b3 M-2
IV-359 1-17 M-7 IV-401 b1 M-5 IV-443 b3 M-3
IV-360 1-17 M-8 IV-402 b1 M-6 IV-444 b3 M-4
IV-361 1-17 M-9 IV-403 b1 M-7 IV-445 b3 M-5
IV-362 1-17 M-10 IV-404 b1 M-8 IV-446 b3 M-6
IV-363 1-17 M-1 1 IV-405 b1 M-9 IV-447 b3 M-7
IV-364 1-17 M-12 IV-406 b1 M-10 IV-448 b3 M-8
IV-365 1-17 M-13 IV-407 b1 M-1 1 IV-449 b3 M-9
IV-366 1-17 M-14 IV-408 b1 M-12 IV-450 b3 M-10
IV-367 1-17 M-15 IV-409 b1 M-13 IV-451 b3 M-1 1
IV-368 1-17 M-16 IV-410 b1 M-14 IV-452 b3 M-12
IV-369 1-17 M-17 IV-41 1 b1 M-15 IV-453 b3 M-13
IV-370 1-17 M-17a IV-412 b1 M-16 IV-454 b3 M-14
IV-371 1-17 M-17b IV-413 b1 M-17 IV-455 b3 M-15
IV-372 1-17 M-17c IV-414 b1 M-17a IV-456 b3 M-16
IV-373 1-17 M-18 IV-415 b1 M-17b IV-457 b3 M-17
IV-374 1-17 M-19 IV-416 b1 M-17c IV-458 b3 M-17a
IV-375 1-18 M-1 IV-417 b1 M-18 IV-459 b3 M-17b
IV-376 1-18 M-2 IV-418 b1 M-19 IV-460 b3 M-17c
IV-377 1-18 M-3 IV-419 b2 M-1 IV-461 b3 M-18
IV-378 1-18 M-4 IV-420 b2 M-2 IV-462 b3 M-19
IV-379 1-18 M-5 IV-421 b2 M-3 IV-463 b4 M-1
IV-380 1-18 M-6 IV-422 b2 M-4 IV-464 b4 M-2
IV-381 1-18 M-7 IV-423 b2 M-5 IV-465 b4 M-3
IV-382 1-18 M-8 IV-424 b2 M-6 IV-466 b4 M-4
IV-383 1-18 M-9 IV-425 b2 M-7 IV-467 b4 M-5
IV-384 1-18 M-10 IV-426 b2 M-8 IV-468 b4 M-6
IV-385 1-18 M-1 1 IV-427 b2 M-9 IV-469 b4 M-7
IV-386 1-18 M-12 IV-428 b2 M-10 IV-470 b4 M-8
IV-387 1-18 M-13 IV-429 b2 M-1 1 IV-471 b4 M-9
IV-388 1-18 M-14 IV-430 b2 M-12 IV-472 b4 M-10
IV-389 1-18 M-15 IV-431 b2 M-13 IV-473 b4 M-1 1
IV-390 1-18 M-16 IV-432 b2 M-14 IV-474 b4 M-12 No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M
IV-475 b4 M-13 IV-517 b6 M-1 1 IV-559 b8 M-9
IV-476 b4 M-14 IV-518 b6 M-12 IV-560 b8 M-10
IV-477 b4 M-15 IV-519 b6 M-13 IV-561 b8 M-1 1
IV-478 b4 M-16 IV-520 b6 M-14 IV-562 b8 M-12
IV-479 b4 M-17 IV-521 b6 M-15 IV-563 b8 M-13
IV-480 b4 M-17a IV-522 b6 M-16 IV-564 b8 M-14
IV-481 b4 M-17b IV-523 b6 M-17 IV-565 b8 M-15
IV-482 b4 M-17c IV-524 b6 M-17a IV-566 b8 M-16
IV-483 b4 M-18 IV-525 b6 M-17b IV-567 b8 M-17
IV-484 b4 M-19 IV-526 b6 M-17c IV-568 b8 M-17a
IV-485 b5 M-1 IV-527 b6 M-18 IV-569 b8 M-17b
IV-486 b5 M-2 IV-528 b6 M-19 IV-570 b8 M-17c
IV-487 b5 M-3 IV-529 b7 M-1 IV-571 b8 M-18
IV-488 b5 M-4 IV-530 b7 M-2 IV-572 b8 M-19
IV-489 b5 M-5 IV-531 b7 M-3 IV-573 b9 M-1
IV-490 b5 M-6 IV-532 b7 M-4 IV-574 b9 M-2
IV-491 b5 M-7 IV-533 b7 M-5 IV-575 b9 M-3
IV-492 b5 M-8 IV-534 b7 M-6 IV-576 b9 M-4
IV-493 b5 M-9 IV-535 b7 M-7 IV-577 b9 M-5
IV-494 b5 M-10 IV-536 b7 M-8 IV-578 b9 M-6
IV-495 b5 M-1 1 IV-537 b7 M-9 IV-579 b9 M-7
IV-496 b5 M-12 IV-538 b7 M-10 IV-580 b9 M-8
IV-497 b5 M-13 IV-539 b7 M-1 1 IV-581 b9 M-9
IV-498 b5 M-14 IV-540 b7 M-12 IV-582 b9 M-10
IV-499 b5 M-15 IV-541 b7 M-13 IV-583 b9 M-1 1
IV-500 b5 M-16 IV-542 b7 M-14 IV-584 b9 M-12
IV-501 b5 M-17 IV-543 b7 M-15 IV-585 b9 M-13
IV-502 b5 M-17a IV-544 b7 M-16 IV-586 b9 M-14
IV-503 b5 M-17b IV-545 b7 M-17 IV-587 b9 M-15
IV-504 b5 M-17c IV-546 b7 M-17a IV-588 b9 M-16
IV-505 b5 M-18 IV-547 b7 M-17b IV-589 b9 M-17
IV-506 b5 M-19 IV-548 b7 M-17c IV-590 b9 M-17a
IV-507 b6 M-1 IV-549 b7 M-18 IV-591 b9 M-17b
IV-508 b6 M-2 IV-550 b7 M-19 IV-592 b9 M-17c
IV-509 b6 M-3 IV-551 b8 M-1 IV-593 b9 M-18
IV-510 b6 M-4 IV-552 b8 M-2 IV-594 b9 M-19
IV-51 1 b6 M-5 IV-553 b8 M-3 IV-595 b10 M-1
IV-512 b6 M-6 IV-554 b8 M-4 IV-596 b10 M-2
IV-513 b6 M-7 IV-555 b8 M-5 IV-597 b10 M-3
IV-514 b6 M-8 IV-556 b8 M-6 IV-598 b10 M-4
IV-515 b6 M-9 IV-557 b8 M-7 IV-599 b10 M-5
IV-516 b6 M-10 IV-558 b8 M-8 IV-600 b10 M-6 No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M No (a)/(b) M
IV-601 b10 M-7 IV-643 b12 M-5 IV-685 b14 M-3
IV-602 b10 M-8 IV-644 b12 M-6 IV-686 b14 M-4
IV-603 b10 M-9 IV-645 b12 M-7 IV-687 b14 M-5
IV-604 b10 M-10 IV-646 b12 M-8 IV-688 b14 M-6
IV-605 b10 M-1 1 IV-647 b12 M-9 IV-689 b14 M-7
IV-606 b10 M-12 IV-648 b12 M-10 IV-690 b14 M-8
IV-607 b10 M-13 IV-649 b12 M-1 1 IV-691 b14 M-9
IV-608 b10 M-14 IV-650 b12 M-12 IV-692 b14 M-10
IV-609 b10 M-15 IV-651 b12 M-13 IV-693 b14 M-1 1
IV-610 b10 M-16 IV-652 b12 M-14 IV-694 b14 M-12
IV-61 1 b10 M-17 IV-653 b12 M-15 IV-695 b14 M-13
IV-612 b10 M-17a IV-654 b12 M-16 IV-696 b14 M-14
IV-613 b10 M-17b IV-655 b12 M-17 IV-697 b14 M-15
IV-614 b10 M-17c IV-656 b12 M-17a IV-698 b14 M-16
IV-615 b10 M-18 IV-657 b12 M-17b IV-699 b14 M-17
IV-616 b10 M-19 IV-658 b12 M-17c IV-700 b14 M-17a
IV-617 b1 1 M-1 IV-659 b12 M-18 IV-701 b14 M-17b
IV-618 b1 1 M-2 IV-660 b12 M-19 IV-702 b14 M-17c
IV-619 b1 1 M-3 IV-661 b13 M-1 IV-703 b14 M-18
IV-620 b1 1 M-4 IV-662 b13 M-2 IV-704 b14 M-19
IV-621 b1 1 M-5 IV-663 b13 M-3
IV-622 b1 1 M-6 IV-664 b13 M-4
IV-623 b1 1 M-7 IV-665 b13 M-5
IV-624 b1 1 M-8 IV-666 b13 M-6
IV-625 b1 1 M-9 IV-667 b13 M-7
IV-626 b1 1 M-10 IV-668 b13 M-8
IV-627 b1 1 M-1 1 IV-669 b13 M-9
IV-628 b1 1 M-12 IV-670 b13 M-10
IV-629 b1 1 M-13 IV-671 b13 M-1 1
IV-630 b1 1 M-14 IV-672 b13 M-12
IV-631 b1 1 M-15 IV-673 b13 M-13
IV-632 b1 1 M-16 IV-674 b13 M-14
IV-633 b1 1 M-17 IV-675 b13 M-15
IV-634 b1 1 M-17a IV-676 b13 M-16
IV-635 b1 1 M-17b IV-677 b13 M-17
IV-636 b1 1 M-17c IV-678 b13 M-17a
IV-637 b1 1 M-18 IV-679 b13 M-17b
IV-638 b1 1 M-19 IV-680 b13 M-17c
IV-639 b12 M-1 IV-681 b13 M-18
IV-640 b12 M-2 IV-682 b13 M-19
IV-641 b12 M-3 IV-683 b14 M-1
IV-642 b12 M-4 IV-684 b14 M-2 It is to be understood that each row of table IV discloses the combination of individual embodiments regarding the plants and gastropods as defined further above.
Therefore, the present invention relates in certain embodiments to the use or method according to the invention, wherein the plants and gastropods correspond to one row of table II or III, and wherein a combination according to one row of table IV is applied. Each individual combination of rows of table II or III and rows of table IV is to be understood as encompassed by the present invention.
It is known in the art that plants are often not only attacked by gastropods, but also by other pests. For example, rapeseed is often attacked by aphids including, e.g., cabbage aphids, green peach aphids, and turnip aphids. The same considerations also apply to other crop plants, including, e.g., cereals, sugar beet, and potato. It is accordingly often desired to simultaneously control gastropods and other pests including in particular aphids.
In one embodiment, the present invention therefore also relates to the use or method according to the invention comprising the application of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, wherein the pesticide additionally controls pests, preferably aphids, whiteflies, dipteral, leafhopper, and/or thrips, more preferably aphids and/or whiteflies, most preferably aphids.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use or method according to the invention comprising the application of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, wherein the plants and gastropods correspond to one row of table II or one row of table III, and wherein the pesticide additionally controls pests, preferably aphids, whiteflies, dipteral, leafhopper, and/or thrips, more preferably aphids and/or whiteflies, most preferably aphids.
In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use or method according to the invention comprising the application of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, wherein the compound of formula (I) additionally controls cabbage aphids, green peach aphids, turnip aphids, or a combination thereof.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use or method according to the invention comprising the application of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, wherein the plants and gastropods correspond to one row of table II or one row of table III, and wherein the compound of formula (I) additionally controls cabbage aphids, green peach aphids, turnip aphids, or a combination thereof.
In connection with the above defined uses or methods, rapeseed is of particular relevance. In connection with the above defined uses or methods, it is in each case to be understood that the compound of formula (I) may either be applied alone or in combination with at least one additional molluscicide as defined above, in particular in combination with an additional molluscicide according to one row of table IV.
In connection with the above defined use or method according to the invention, it is particularly preferred that the compound of formula (I) is applied to the plant propagation material or the area surrounding the plant propagation material.
In one embodiment, the present invention therefore relates to the use or method according to the invention, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied to plant propagation material, preferably to the seeds of a plant, or to the foliage of the plant, or to the soil around the base of a plant stem, in particular around the base of a seedling stem. Preferred modes of application include seed treatment and soil drenching, which are explained in further detail below.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use or method according to the invention comprising the application of a compound of formula (I) as defined above, wherein the plants and gastropods correspond to one row of table II or one row of table III, and wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied to plant propagation material, preferably to the seeds of a plant, or to the foliage of the plant, or to the soil around the base of a plant stem, in particular around the base of a seedling stem. In connection with the above defined uses or methods, it is in each case to be understood that the compound of formula (I) may either be applied alone or in combination with at least one additional molluscicide as defined above, in particular in combination with an additional molluscicide according to one row of table IV. Seed treatment
The compositions of the present invention are also suitable for the protection of plant propagation material, for example seed, such as fruits, tubers or kernels, from gastropods. The propagation material can be treated with a suitable composition prior to planting, for example by soaking, spraying or coating seed prior to sowing. Alternatively, the composition can be applied directly to the locus at which the propagation material is to be planted (for example onto the ground, into a seed furrow, or into pot plant growing media).
In a preferred embodiment, the bait composition is applied to the soil, wherein plants are growing or are intended to grow.
In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula (I) is applied to plant propagation material, such as seeds, at a rate of 0.1 to 100, preferably 1 to 60, more preferably 4 to 40, g/100kg of seeds.
The application can be carried out both before and after the infestation of the crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, soil, or the area, material or environment by the gastropod pests.
Suitable application methods include inter alia soil treatment, seed treatment, in furrow application, and foliar application. Soil treatment methods include drenching the soil, drip irrigation (drip application onto the soil), dipping roots, tubers or bulbs, or soil injection. Soil drenching is particularly preferred according to the invention. During a soil drench, the diluted active agent(s) is/are poured over the roots of the plants near the stem or trunk. The active agent(s) then preferably disperse(s) within the plant and act systemically. Seed treatment techniques include seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking, and seed pelleting. Seed treatment is also particularly preferred according to the invention and is described in further detail below. In furrow applications typically include the steps of making a furrow in cultivated land, seeding the furrow with seeds, applying the molluscicidally active compound to the furrow, and closing the furrow. Foliar application refers to the application of the molluscicidally active compound to plant foliage, e.g. through spray equipment. Foliar application is also particularly preferred according to the invention. For foliar applications, it can be advantageous to modify the behavior of the pests by use of pheromones in combination with the compounds of the present invention. Suitable pheromones for specific crops and pests are known to a skilled person and publicly available from databases of pheromones and
semiochemicals, such as http://www.pherobase.com.
In the case of soil treatment, in furrow application or of application to the pests dwelling place or nest, the quantity of active ingredient ranges from 0.0001 to 500 g per 100 m2, preferably from 0.001 to 20 g per 100 m2.
For use in treating crop plants, e.g. by foliar application, the rate of application of the active ingredients of this invention may be in the range of 0.0001 g to 4000 g per hectare, e.g. from 1 g to 2 kg per hectare or from 1 g to 750 g per hectare, desirably from 1 g to 100 g per hectare, more desirably from 10 g to 50 g per hectare, e.g., 10 to 20 g per hectare, 20 to 30 g per hectare, 30 to 40 g per hectare, or 40 to 50 g per hectare.
The compounds of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in the treatment of seeds in order to protect the seeds, and the resulting seedling's roots and shoots against from gastropods. The present invention therefore also relates to a method for the protection of seeds from and of the seedling's roots and shoots from gastropods, said method comprising treating the seeds before sowing and/or after pregermination with a compound of the present invention. The protection of the seedling's roots and shoots is preferred.
The term "seed treatment" comprises all suitable seed treatment techniques known in the art, such as seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking, seed pelleting, and in-furrow application methods. Preferably, the seed treatment application of the active compound is carried out by spraying or by dusting the seeds before sowing of the plants and before emergence of the plants.
The present invention also comprises seeds coated with or containing the active compound. The term "coated with and/or containing" generally signifies that the active ingredient is for the most part on the surface of the propagation product at the time of application, although a greater or lesser part of the ingredient may penetrate into the propagation product, depending on the method of application. When the said propagation product is (re)planted, it may absorb the active ingredient.
Suitable seed is for example seed of cereals, root crops, oil crops, vegetables, spices, ornamentals, for example seed of durum and other wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize (fodder maize and sugar maize / sweet and field corn), soybeans, oil crops, crucifers, cotton, sunflowers, bananas, rice, oilseed rape, turnip rape, sugarbeet, fodder beet, eggplants, potatoes, grass, lawn, turf, fodder grass, tomatoes, leeks, pumpkin/squash, cabbage, iceberg lettuce, pepper, cucumbers, melons, Brassica species, melons, beans, peas, garlic, onions, carrots, tuberous plants such as potatoes, sugar cane, tobacco, grapes, petunias,
geranium/pelargoniums, pansies and impatiens.
In addition, the active compound may also be used for the treatment of seeds from plants, which have been modified by mutagenisis or genetic engineering, and which e.g. tolerate the action of herbicides or fungicides or insecticides. Such modified plants have been described in detail above.
Conventional seed treatment formulations include for example flowable concentrates FS, solutions LS, suspoemulsions (SE), powders for dry treatment DS, water dispersible powders for slurry treatment WS, water-soluble powders SS and emulsion ES and EC and gel formulation GF. These formulations can be applied to the seed diluted or undiluted. Application to the seeds is carried out before sowing, either directly on the seeds or after having pregerminated the latter. Preferably, the formulations are applied such that germination is not included.
The active substance concentrations in ready-to-use formulations, which may be obtained after two-to-tenfold dilution, are preferably from 0.01 to 60% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 40 % by weight.
In a preferred embodiment a FS formulation is used for seed treatment. Typically, a FS formulation may comprise 1-800 g/l of active ingredient, 1 -200 g/l Surfactant, 0 to 200 g/l antifreezing agent, 0 to 400 g/l of binder, 0 to 200 g/l of a pigment and up to 1 liter of a solvent, preferably water.
Especially preferred FS formulations of the compounds of the present invention for seed treatment usually comprise from 0.1 to 80% by weight (1 to 800 g/l) of the active ingredient, from 0.1 to 20 % by weight (1 to 200 g/l) of at least one surfactant, e.g. 0.05 to 5 % by weight of a wetter and from 0.5 to 15 % by weight of a dispersing agent, up to 20 % by weight, e.g. from 5 to 20 % of an anti-freeze agent, from 0 to 15 % by weight, e.g. 1 to 15 % by weight of a pigment and/or a dye, from 0 to 40 % by weight, e.g. 1 to 40 % by weight of a binder (sticker /adhesion agent), optionally up to 5 % by weight, e.g. from 0.1 to 5 % by weight of a thickener, optionally from 0.1 to 2 % of an anti-foam agent, and optionally a preservative such as a biocide, antioxidant or the like, e.g. in an amount from 0.01 to 1 % by weight and a filler/vehicle up to 100 % by weight.
In the treatment of seed, the application rates of the compounds of the invention are generally from 0.1 g to 10 kg per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 g to 5 kg per 100 kg of seed, more preferably from 1 g to 1000 g per 100 kg of seed and in particular from 1 g to 200 g per 100 kg of seed, e.g. from 1 g to 100 g or from 5 g to 100 g per 100 kg of seed.
The invention therefore also relates to seed comprising a compound of the present invention, or an agriculturally useful salt thereof, as defined herein. The amount of the compound of the present invention or the agriculturally useful salt thereof will in general vary from 0.1 g to 10 kg per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 g to 5 kg per 100 kg of seed, in particular from 1 g to 1000 g per 100 kg of seed. For specific crops such as lettuce the rate can be higher.
Compositions, formulations and baits
The compounds of the present invention are preferably applied in the form of an agricultural composition comprising an auxiliary and at least one compound of the present invention or a mixture thereof.
The compounds of the present invention or the mixtures thereof can be converted into customary types of agrochemical compositions, e. g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof. Examples for
composition types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g. EC), emulsions (e.g. EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g. BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e.g. LN), as well as gel formulations for the treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds (e.g. GF). These and further compositions types are defined in the "Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system", Technical Mono-graph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLife International.
The compositions are prepared in a known manner, such as described by Mollet and Grube- mann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001 ; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.
Examples for suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifi- ers and binders.
Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g. kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g. toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclo-"hexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, e.g. cyclohexanone; esters, e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.
Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharide powders, e.g. cellulose, starch;
fertilizers, e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emusifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol.1 : Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).
Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of sulfonates are alkylaryl- sulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkyhnaphthalenes, sulfosucci nates or sulfosuccinamates. Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters. Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol eth- oxylates.
Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-subsituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents. Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide. Exam- pies of N-subsititued fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides. Examples of sugar- based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or alkylpolyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are homo- or copolymers of
vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or polyethyleneamines.
Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the compounds of the present invention on the target. Examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxilaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.
Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazoli- nones and benzisothiazolinones.
Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.
Suitable colorants (e.g. in red, blue, or green) are pigments of low water solubility and water- soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanofer- rate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).
Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidons, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.
Examples for composition types and their preparation are:
i) Water-soluble concentrates (SL, LS)
10-60 wt% of a compound according to the invention and 5-15 wt% wetting agent (e.g. alcohol alkoxylates) are dissolved in water and/or in a water-soluble solvent (e.g. alcohols) up to 100 wt%. The active substance dissolves upon dilution with water.
ii) Dispersible concentrates (DC)
5-25 wt% of a compound according to the invention and 1 -10 wt% dispersant (e. g. polyvinylpyrrolidone) are dissolved in up to 100 wt% organic solvent (e.g. cyclohexanone). Dilution with water gives a dispersion.
iii) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
15-70 wt% of a compound according to the invention and 5-10 wt% emulsifiers (e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in up to 100 wt% water- insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon). Dilution with water gives an emulsion. iv) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES) 5-40 wt% of a compound according to the invention and 1 -10 wt% emulsifiers (e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in 20-40 wt% water-insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon). This mixture is introduced into up to 100 wt% water by means of an emulsifying machine and made into a homogeneous emulsion. Dilution with water gives an emulsion.
v) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS)
In an agitated ball mill, 20-60 wt% of a compound according to the invention are comminuted with addition of 2-10 wt% dispersants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate), 0,1-2 wt% thickener (e.g. xanthan gum) and up to 100 wt% water to give a fine active substance suspension. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active sub-stance. For FS type composition up to 40 wt% binder (e.g. polyvinylalcohol) is added.
vi) Water-dispersible granules and water-soluble granules (WG, SG)
50-80 wt% of a compound according to the invention are ground finely with addition of up to 100 wt% dispersants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate) and prepared as water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (e. g. extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
vii) Water-dispersible powders and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, WS)
50-80 wt% of a compound according to the invention are ground in a rotor-stator mill with ad- dition of 1-5 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1-3 wt% wetting agents (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate) and up to 100 wt% solid carrier, e.g. silica gel. Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
viii) Gel (GW, GF)
In an agitated ball mill, 5-25 wt% of a compound according to the invention are comminuted with addition of 3-10 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1-5 wt% thickener (e.g. car- boxymethylcellulose) and up to 100 wt% water to give a fine suspension of the active substance. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance.
ix) Microemulsion (ME)
5-20 wt% of a compound according to the invention are added to 5-30 wt% organic solvent blend (e.g. fatty acid dimethylamide and cyclohexanone), 10-25 wt% surfactant blend (e.g. alkohol ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate), and water up to 100 %. This mixture is stirred for 1 h to produce spontaneously a thermodynamically stable microemulsion.
x) Microcapsules (CS)
An oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of a compound according to the invention, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), 2-15 wt% acrylic monomers (e.g.
methylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid and a di- or triacrylate) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). Radical polymerization initiated by a radical initiator results in the formation of poly(meth)acrylate microcapsules. Alternatively, an oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of a compound according to the invention, 0-40 wt% water insolu- ble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), and an isocyanate monomer (e.g. diphenylme- thene-4,4'-diisocyanatae) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). The addition of a polyamine (e.g. hexamethylenediamine) results in the formation of a polyurea microcapsule. The monomers amount to 1 -10 wt%. The wt% relate to the total CS composition. xi) Dustable powders (DP, DS)
1-10 wt% of a compound according to the invention are ground finely and mixed intimately with up to 100 wt% solid carrier, e.g. finely divided kaolin.
xii) Granules (GR, FG)
0.5-30 wt% of a compound according to the invention is ground finely and associated with up to 100 wt% solid carrier (e.g. silicate). Granulation is achieved by extrusion, spray-drying or the fluidized bed.
xiii) Ultra-low volume liquids (UL)
1-50 wt% of a compound according to the invention are dissolved in up to 100 wt% organic solvent, e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon.
The compositions types i) to xiii) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1-1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1-1 wt% colorants.
The agrochemical compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%, preferably be- tween 0.1 and 90%, and most preferably between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of active sub-stance. The active substances are employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).
Various types of oils, wetters, adjuvants, fertilizer, or micronutrients, and other pesticides (e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, safeners) may be added to the active substances or the compositions comprising them as premix or, if appropriate not until immediately prior to use (tank mix). These agents can be admixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably 1 :10 to 10:1 .
The user applies the composition according to the invention usually from a predosage device, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray plane, or an irrigation system. Usually, the agrochemical composition is made up with water, buffer, and/or further auxiliaries to the desired application concentration and the ready-to-use spray liquor or the agrochemical composition according to the invention is thus obtained. Usually, 20 to 2000 liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters, of the ready-to-use spray liquor are applied per hectare of agricultural useful area.
According to one embodiment, individual components of the composition according to the invention such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture may be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank and further auxiliaries may be added, if appropriate.
In a further embodiment, either individual components of the composition according to the invention or partially premixed components, e. g. components comprising compounds of the present invention and/or mixing partners as defined above, may be mixed by the user in a spray tank and further auxiliaries and additives may be added, if appropriate.
In a further embodiment, either individual components of the composition according to the invention or partially premixed components, e. g. components comprising compounds of the present invention and/or mixing partners as defined above, can be applied jointly (e.g. after tank mix) or consecutively.
The compounds of the present invention can be applied as such or in form of compositions comprising them as defined above. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention can be applied together with a molluscicide as mixing partner as defined above or in form of compositions comprising said mixtures as defined above. The components of said mixture can be applied simultaneously, jointly or separately, or in succession, that is immediately one after another and thereby creating the mixture "in situ" on the desired location, e.g. the plant, the sequence, in the case of separate application, generally not having any effect on the result of the control measures.
The compounds of the present invention may also be applied in the form of bait compositions, e.g. in the form of slug pellets.
In one aspect, the present invention therefore relates to a composition comprising
(i) at least one compound of formula (I) as defined above;
(ii) at least one mollusc attractant; and optionally
(iii) at least one further additive.
The composition is suitable as a bait composition due to the presence of the mollusc attractant.
The bait composition may be applied in connection with the above defined uses and methods of the present invention. It is to be understood that the preferred embodiments regarding gastropods, plants, and mixing partners are also preferred in connection with the above defined bait composition. In particular, reference is made to the preferred embodiments defined in tables II, III, and IV.
In a preferred embodiment, the bait composition is applied in methods and uses according to the invention, wherein the plants and gastropods are defined according to any one of the rows of tables II or III.
In another preferred embodiment, the bait composition comprises at least one additional molluscicide. Preferably, the molluscicide is selected from the molluscicides defined above. In particular, active agent combinations according to any one of the rows of table IV are preferred. Thus, the present invention relates in one embodiment to the use or method according to the invention as defined above, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied in the form of a compositions as defined above.
Of particular relevance in connection with the above defined compositions is the mollusc attractant, which causes the gastropods to get in contact with or ingest the compound of formula
C - ln a preferred embodiment of the above defined composition, the mollusc attractant is
(iia) a phagostimulant, which is selected from the group consisting of ground cereals including cereal flours, cereal brans, and rice starch; crushed soybeans; crushed rapeseed; fish meal; molasses; and any combination thereof; or
(iib) an attractant, which is selected from the group consisting of plant materials including grass and grass seeds; extracts from fruits, cabbage, herbs, tomatoes or potatoes; beer; yeast; extracts from dead slugs; and any combination thereof; or
(iic) a combination of (iia) and (iib).
In a more preferred embodiment, the mollusc attractant is
(iia) a phagostimulant, which is selected from the group consisting of wheat flour, barley flour, rye flour, rice starch, and combinations thereof.
Phagostimulants may also advantageously act as carriers, so that an additional carrier is not necessarily required to form, e.g., slug pellets. However, mixtures of phagostimulants with other suitable organic and/or inorganic carriers may also be present in the compositions of the invention.
To make the composition more palatable for gastropods, one or more of the following substances may also be used as additive: a) vitamin B, in particular B1 , B2, nicotinic acid or nicotinamide; b) vitamin E; c) animal or vegetable proteinaceous material, for example albumins and their hydrolytic degradation products, in particular those obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis by, for example, pepsin (such as metaproteins, proteoses, peptones, polypeptides, peptides, diketopiperazines and amino acids); d) one or more amino acids or salts or amides thereof, which may also be synthetic products; e) a nucleic acid or a hydrolytic degradation product thereof, such as a nucleotide, a nucleoside, adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine; f) urea or carbamic acid; g) an ammonium salt, for example ammonium acetate; h) an amino sugar, for example glucosamine or galactosamine; i) compounds of sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium, or traces of compounds of manganese, copper, iron, cobalt, zinc, aluminium, boron or molybdenum; j) phosphoric acid or sugar phosphates; k) water.
Furthermore, the composition may comprise at least one additive selected from bittering agents and repellents to protect farm animals, pets, and livestock, in particular hedgehogs and birds. The bait composition may thus preferably comprise one or more bird repellents, such as anthraquinone.
The bait composition may optionally comprise stabilizers that have a fungistatic, fungicidal, bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal action, such as sodium benzoate, methyl p- hydroxy-benzoate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, citric acid, tartaric acid, sorbic acid, phenols, alkylphenols or chlorinated phenols.
The composition may be formulated to provide a slow or delayed release of the compound of formula (I) over time, so as to provide long-term protection against gastropods. Suitable slow- release additives which may be employed in the formulation include, for example, resins (such as urea/formaldehyde resins), soybean meal, waxes, stearates and oils (such as castor oil).
Other additives that may be used in the composition of the present invention include, for example, binders (such as methylcellosolve, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol,
polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, natural waxes, chemically modified waxes and synthetic waxes, sugars, starch, alginates, agar, lignosulphonates and gum arabic), humectants (such as polyalcohols, for example sugars or glycerol), preservatives, colorants and repellents for warmblooded species.
The bait composition may also be coated to protect it from moisture degradation, and subsequent leaching of the compound of formula (I) into the soil. Such a coating may extend the life of the bait composition, and reduce the re-application frequency needed. Suitably the bait composition does not prematurely degrade when it is applied to damp soil.
The bait composition is typically provided in the form of granules or pellets. The size of the pellets is such that they can be readily consumed by the target gastropods to ensure ingestion. Typically, the pellets are from about 1 to about 5 mm in length.
Also from the bait compositions described herein, the compound of formula (I) may be released as such that they act systemically in the plants as they may be taken up by plant roots and transported around the plant. The uptake of the compound by the plant from the soil has the added benefit that not only the gastropods feeding from the slug pellets are exposed to the compound of formula (I), but also the gastropods feeding from the plants. The systemic action of the compound of formula (I) in the plant will last longer than the molluscicidal action of the bait composition itself, as the bait composition will leach the active agent after a certain time, while the active agent is then taken up by the plants in the surrounding area.
Formulations that are particularly suitable for bait compositions according to the present invention are granules or pellets which comprise from 0 to 90% by weight of carrier material, from 0.01 to 20 wt% by weight of active ingredient (i.e. compound of formula (I)), from 10 to 95% by weight of phagostimulant, from 0.5 to 25% by weight of binder, and optionally from 0 to 15% by weight of other additives. Suitably, the granules or pellets comprise from 0 to 70 wt% by weight of carrier material, from 1 to 10% by weight of active ingredient, from 25 to 90% by weight of phagostimulant, from 5 to 20% by weight of binder, and optionally from 0 to 15% by weight of other additives.
The application rate of the bait composition of the invention depends on the concentration of the compound of formula (I) in the formulation. Typically, the concentration of the compound of formula (I) will be adjusted so that the composition may be applied at a dose in the range from about 1 to 15 kg bait /ha. When the composition comprises from 0.01 to 20 wt % of active ingredient, this is equivalent to applying between about 0.1 g ai /ha and 3000g ai/ha. To achieve optimal control, it is preferable that the bait composition is distributed as uniformly as possible between the plants. In an embodiment, the rates for compound of formula (I) per ha are estimated to be between 1 g and 1 kg, preferably 10 g to 250 g, more preferably 50 g to 200 g, ai. In a preference, a bait is concentrated between 0.01 and 5, preferably between 0.5 and 2 wt% of the compound.
Biological Examples
B.1 : Activity against great grey slug {Umax maximus) on cabbage The testing is conducted as a whole plant assay by foliar spray treatment
A stock solution of the compound of formula (I) having a concentration 100g a.i./L DC was diluted with deionized water to the concentration given in the table below. The treatment solution had 0.1 % v/v Kinetic added to the final volume of a treatment. Potted cabbage plants at 2-4 true leaf stages were treated with a spray chamber application at 300L/ha using a three nozzle "U" shaped boom which applies spray above and to the underside of leaves. After application 3 plants were put in each 3 gallon plastic ice-cream buckets and held at 25°C at 70% humidity in an incubator with 14:10 day:night light cycle for 7 days after treatment.
Three slugs, starved for 48 hours, were placed onto the leaves of the treated plants at 0.5 hours after treatment. Slug mortality was recorded at 7 days after treatment, and percent feeding damage estimated per plant by visual assessment. Treatment Application rates (g/ha) % Mortality % Feeding Damage
Blank test 0 0 18
Compound of formula (1) 50* 67 0
*equivalent to 170ppm of a.i.

Claims

Claims
Use of a pesticidal pyripyropene derivative of formula (I)
Figure imgf000040_0001
for protecting plants, the plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, in which the plants are growing, against the attack or infestation by gastropods.
The use according to claim 1 , wherein the pesticide is a compound of formula I, wherein the pesticidal pyripyropene derivative of formula (I) is applied in a mixture combined with another pesticidal, preferably a molluscidal active compound.
The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied in combination with at least one molluscicide selected from the group consisting of metaldehyde (M-1 ), methiocarb
(M-2), thiodicarb
(M-3), spinosad
(M-4), spinetoram
(M-5), spinosyn mixture
(M-6), niclosamine
(M-7), ferric phosphate
(M-8), fentin hydroxide
(M-9), fentin acetate
(M-10), tazimcarb (M-1 1 ), trifenmorph (M-12), trimethacarb (M-13), bensultap (M-14), pymetrozin (M-15), a strobilurin compound (M-16), or metallic ions (M- 17), such as iron (M-17a) or copper (M-17b) or aluminum (M-17c).
The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied in combination with at least one molluscicide selected from the group consisting of azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim methyl, enestrobin, orysastrobin, dimoxystrobin, metominostrobin, pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin, famoxadone and fenamidone; more preferably from the group azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim methyl and pyraclostrobin; and most preferably the molluscicide is azoxystrobin
A method for controlling gastropods comprising contacting the gastropods or their food supply, habitat or breeding ground; or plants or plant propagation material thereof, or soil or water, wherein the gastropods are present or may occur, with a molluscicidally effective amount of the compound of formula (I) or any of its mixture as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4.
The use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, or the method according to claim 4, wherein the gastropods are selected from the group consisting of Achat/na spp., Agriolimaxspp., Arion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bradybaena spp., Bulinus spp.,
Cantareus spp., Ce ?aea spp., Cernuella spp., Cochlicella spp., Cochlodina spp., Deroceras spp., Discus spp., Euomphalia spp., Ga/fra spp., Helicella spp., Helicigona spp., Helicodiscus spp., Helixspp., Limaxspp., Lymnaea spp., /avspp., Oncomelania spp., < ?eas spp., Ct y/cwa spp., Pomacea spp., Succinea spp., Tandonia spp., 777e£<9 spp., l/a//o 7/a spp., and Zonitoides spp., and wherein the gastropods are preferably selected from the group consisting of Achatina spp., Agriolimaxspp., Arion ater, Arion hortensis, Arion lusitanicus, Bradybaena spp., Cantareus spp., Ce ?aea spp., Cernuella spp., Cochlicella spp., Cochlodina spp., Deroceras agreste, Deroceras reticulatum, Discus spp., Euomphalia spp., Helicella spp., Helicigona spp., Helicodiscus spp., //e//A- spp., Limaxspp., Milaxspp., Opeas spp., Oxyloma spp., Tandonia spp., Theba spp., Vallonia spp., and Zonitoides spp., and in particular from the group consisting of Agriolimaxspp., Arion ater, Arion hortensis, Arion lusitanicus, Helixspp., Limaxspp., Milaxspp., Deroceras agreste, and Deroceras reticulatum.
The use according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or 6, or the method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the plants are selected from the group consisting of cereals including wheat, maize, barley, oat, rye, sorghum, and rice; oil crops including rapeseed and turnip rape, mustard, poppies, olives, sunflowers, coconuts, castor, cacao and peanuts; fiber plants including cotton, flax, hemp or jute; leaf vegetables including lettuce, spinach, and cabbage; bud vegetables including Brussels sprouts; tuber vegetables including potatoes; root vegetables including turnips, beets such as sugar or fodder beet, radishes, carrots, and swedes; leguminous vegetables including lentils, alfalfa, soybeans, beans and peas; stem shoot vegetables including asparagus; marrows including pumpkins, cucumbers and melons; laurels including avocado, cinnamonium and camphor; tobacco, nuts, coffee, egg plants, sugar cane, tea, pepper, grapevines, hops, the banana family, and latex plants; fruits including pome fruit, stone fruit, apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries; citrus fruits including oranges, lemons, grapefruits and tangerines; clover and newly sown leys; medicinal herbs; and
ornamentals.
The use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 6, or 7, or the method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the pesticide is applied to plant propagation material, preferably to the seeds of a plant, or to the foliage of a plant, or to the soil around the base of a plant stem, in particular around the base of a seedling stem.
A composition comprising
(i) at least the compound of formula (I) alone or in combination with another one
pesticide or molluscide as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3;
(ii) at least one mollusc attractant; and optionally
(iii) at least one further additive.
0. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the mollusc attractant is
(iia) a phagostimulant, which is selected from the group consisting of ground cereals including cereal flours, cereal brans, and rice starch; crushed soybeans; crushed rapeseed; fish meal; molasses; and any combination thereof; or
(iib) an attractant, which is selected from the group consisting of plant materials including grass and grass seeds; extracts from fruits, cabbage, herbs, tomatoes or potatoes; beer; yeast; extracts from dead slugs; and any combination thereof; or
(iic) a combination of (iia) and (iib).
1 1. The composition according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the mollusc attractant is
(iia) a phagostimulant, which is selected from the group consisting of wheat flour, barley flour, rye flour, rice starch, and combinations thereof.
12. The composition according to any one of claims 9 to 1 1 , wherein the at least one additive is selected from bittering agents and repellents.
13. The composition according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the composition is applied as a bait.
14. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 6, 7 or 8, or the method according to any of claims 5 to 8, wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied in the form of a composition as defined in any one of claims 8 to 13, and wherein said composition is then preferably applied to the soil, wherein plants are growing or are intended to grow.
PCT/IB2016/052736 2015-05-13 2016-05-12 Molluscicide and bait composition comprising a molluscicide WO2016181339A1 (en)

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