WO2016168564A1 - Systèmes et procédés pour déterminer la contrainte subie par des éléments tubulaires de tête de puits - Google Patents

Systèmes et procédés pour déterminer la contrainte subie par des éléments tubulaires de tête de puits Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016168564A1
WO2016168564A1 PCT/US2016/027699 US2016027699W WO2016168564A1 WO 2016168564 A1 WO2016168564 A1 WO 2016168564A1 US 2016027699 W US2016027699 W US 2016027699W WO 2016168564 A1 WO2016168564 A1 WO 2016168564A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
conductor
radially outer
coating
strain
sensor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2016/027699
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English (en)
Inventor
Mark Francis BARRILLEAUX
David Foti
John Henderson
Jerry HENKENER
Jerome LEONARD
Kyle Robinson
Mark Waldron
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BP Corp North America Inc
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BP Corp North America Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by BP Corp North America Inc filed Critical BP Corp North America Inc
Priority to EP16718185.8A priority Critical patent/EP3283728A1/fr
Priority to US15/567,321 priority patent/US20180106140A1/en
Publication of WO2016168564A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016168564A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
    • E21B43/10—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
    • E21B43/101—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells for underwater installations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/001—Survey of boreholes or wells for underwater installation
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/007—Measuring stresses in a pipe string or casing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/01—Devices for supporting measuring instruments on drill bits, pipes, rods or wirelines; Protecting measuring instruments in boreholes against heat, shock, pressure or the like
    • E21B47/017—Protecting measuring instruments

Definitions

  • Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to oil and gas wells. More particularly, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for measuring the strain experienced by tubular members employed in oil and gas wells.
  • a large diameter hole is drilled from the surface to a selected depth.
  • a primary conductor secured to the lower end of an outer wellhead housing disposed at the surface also referred to as a low pressure housing, is run into the borehole.
  • Cement is pumped down the primary conductor and allowed to flow back up the annulus between the primary conductor and the borehole sidewalk Alternatively, the primary conductor is jetted into place (i.e., no cement is used).
  • a drill bit is lowered through the primary conductor to drill the borehole to a second depth.
  • an inner wellhead housing also referred to as a high pressure housing, is seated in the upper end of the outer wellhead housing.
  • a string of casing secured to the lower end of the inner wellhead housing or seated in the inner wellhead housing extends downward through the primary conductor.
  • Cement is pumped down the casing string, and allowed to flow back up the annulus between the casing string and the primary conductor to secure the casing string in place.
  • the drill bit is lowered through the primary conductor and the casing string and drilling continues.
  • a blowout preventer BOP
  • LMRP lower marine riser package
  • the drill string is suspended from the rig through the BOP (and LMPR in offshore operations) into the well bore. Drilling generally continues while successively installing concentric casing strings that line the borehole. Each casing string is cemented in place by pumping cement down the casing and allowing it to flow back up the annulus between the casing string and the borehole sidewall.
  • the cased well is completed (i.e., prepared for production).
  • a production tree is installed on the wellhead during completion operations and production tubing is run through the casing and suspended by a tubing hanger seated in a mating profile in the inner wellhead housing or production tree.
  • the main function of the primary conductor is to resist axial and lateral loads imposed at the wellhead.
  • loads can be particularly large in offshore operations where a relatively large, heavy stack of equipment (e.g., production tree, BOP, LMRP) is mounted atop the wellhead and is subjected to subsea currents.
  • a relatively large, heavy stack of equipment e.g., production tree, BOP, LMRP
  • the primary conductor typically experiences a significant amount of strain. In extreme scenarios, the strain may be sufficient to damage the primary conductor (either through fatigue or some other failure modality).
  • the conductor includes a tubular member with a radially outer surface, and a sensor assembly.
  • the sensor assembly includes a strain sensor coupled to the outer surface.
  • the sensor assembly includes a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength and encasing the sensor and at least part of the outer surface.
  • the sensor assembly includes a second coating having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness, a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength. The second coating encases the first coating and at least another part of the outer surface.
  • the system includes a wellhead and a tubular member configured to be coupled to the wellhead and to extend into a wellbore.
  • the tubular member has a radially outer surface.
  • the system includes a first strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface and an outer coating disposed over the first strain sensor.
  • the system includes a communication unit in communication with the first strain sensor and a remote surface location.
  • Other embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a method for manufacturing a conductor for use in an oil and gas well. In an embodiment, the method includes (a) coupling a first strain sensor to a radially outer surface of the conductor.
  • the first strain sensor is configured to measure the strain on outer surface.
  • the method includes (b) encasing the first sensor with a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength after (a). Further, the method includes (c) encasing the first coating with a second coating after (b). The second coating has a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness and a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength.
  • the method includes (a) measuring a strain on the first conductor with a first strain sensor coupled to a radially outer surface of the first conductor.
  • the method includes (b) protecting the first strain sensor during (a) with an outer coating.
  • the method includes (c) routing data from the first strain sensor to a communication unit after (a).
  • the method includes (d) wirelessly communicating with a remote surface location with the communication unit after (c).
  • the system includes a tubular member including a radially outer surface.
  • the system includes a sensor assembly.
  • the sensor assembly includes a strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface of the tubular member.
  • the sensor assembly includes a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength. The first coating encases the strain sensor and at least part of the radially outer surface of the tubular member.
  • the system includes a second coating having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness and a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength. The second coating encases the first coating and at least another part of the radially outer surface.
  • Embodiments described herein comprise a combination of features and advantages intended to address various shortcomings associated with certain prior devices, systems, and methods.
  • the foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood.
  • the various characteristics described above, as well as other features, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description, and by referring to the accompanying drawings. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic side view of an offshore system in accordance with the principles disclosed herein for drilling and/or producing from a subsea wellbore;
  • Figure 2 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the offshore system and strain monitoring system of Figure 1 ;
  • Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of the offshore system of Figure 1 taken along section III- III in Figure 2;
  • Figure 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of one of the sensor assemblies of Figure 2;
  • Figure 5 is an enlarged perspective view of the conductor of Figure 1 illustrating the sensor array of the monitoring system of Figure 2;
  • Figure 6 is a schematic, partial cross-sectional view of the outer coating of the sensor assemblies of Figure 2 being applied to the conductor;
  • Figure 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the conductor of Figure 1 illustrating an external gauge ring mounted thereto;
  • Figures 8 and 9 are sequential schematic side views illustrating the installation of the conductor of Figure 1 ;
  • Figure 10 is a schematic side cross-sectional view of an offshore system in accordance with the principles disclosed herein for drilling and/or producing from a subsea wellbore;
  • Figure 11 is a top cross-sectional view taken along section XI-XI of Figure 10.
  • Figure 12 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of section XII-XII of Figure 10.
  • the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to... .”
  • the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct connection, or through an indirect connection via other devices, components, and connections.
  • the terms “axial” and “axially” generally mean along or parallel to a central axis (e.g., central axis of a body or a port), while the terms “radial” and “radially” generally mean perpendicular to the central axis.
  • an axial distance refers to a distance measured along or parallel to the central axis
  • a radial distance means a distance measured perpendicular to the central axis.
  • well site personnel is used broadly to include any individual or group of individuals who may be disposed or stationed on a rig or worksite or offsite at a remote monitoring location (such as a remote office location). The term also would include any personnel involved in the drilling and/or production operations at or for an oil and gas well such as, for example, technicians, operators, engineers, analysts, etc.
  • system 10 includes an offshore platform 20 at the sea surface 12, a subsea blowout preventer (BOP) 30 mounted to a wellhead 40 at the sea floor 13, and a lower marine riser package (LMRP) 50 mounted to BOP 30.
  • Platform 20 is equipped with a derrick 21 that supports a hoist (not shown).
  • a drilling riser 25 extends from platform 20 to LMRP 50.
  • riser 25 is a large-diameter pipe that connects LMRP 50 to the floating platform 20. During drilling operations, riser 25 takes mud returns to the platform 20.
  • a primary conductor 60 is coupled to and extends from wellhead 40 into subterranean wellbore 11.
  • Conductor 60 is a tubular member including a central or longitudinal axis 65, a first or upper end 60a coupled to wellhead 40, a second or lower end (not shown) disposed within the wellbore 11, a radially outer surface 60c extending axially between from end 60a, and a radially inner surface 60d also extending axially from end 60a.
  • Inner surface 60d defines a throughbore 62 for receiving other components extending into and/or routed within wellbore (e.g., tubing, drill pipe, casing pipe, drill bits, downhole tools, etc.).
  • the primary function of conductor 60 is to resist axial and lateral loads applied to wellhead 40 by various sources (e.g., ocean currents, waves, platform 20, LMRP 50, BOP 30, etc.). As a result, it is desirable to determine and monitor the strain on conductor 60 through its term of service to avoid potential failures and losses.
  • sources e.g., ocean currents, waves, platform 20, LMRP 50, BOP 30, etc.
  • embodiments disclosed herein include systems and methods for directly measuring the strain on a conductor (e.g., conductor 60), which offers the potential for more informed decisions by well site personnel regarding the remaining life or failure potential for the conductor 60 and related equipment.
  • system 10 includes a strain monitoring system 100 for directly measuring and monitoring the strain experienced by conductor 60 during drilling and/or production operations.
  • strain monitoring system 100 includes a sensor array 120 coupled to conductor 60 and a communication unit 150 coupled to wellhead 40. Sensor array 120 and communication unit 150 are electrically coupled such that data and information can be communicated therebetween.
  • sensor array 120 includes a plurality of sensor assemblies 128 mounted to radially outer surface 60c of conductor 60.
  • sensor assemblies 128 are arranged into a plurality of axially stacked rows 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d. More specifically, in this embodiment, four (4) axially stacked rows 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d are provided within array 120 with row 122a being the axially uppermost row, row 122d being the axially lowermost row, row 122b being disposed immediately axially below row 122a, and row 122c being disposed axially between rows 122b and 122d.
  • rows 122a, 122b, 122c are all disposed above the sea floor 13 whereas row 122d is disposed below the sea floor 13.
  • any desired number of rows of sensor assemblies 128 can be provided above and below the sea floor 13.
  • the three axially lowermost rows 122b, 122c, 122d are disposed below the sea floor 13, and in other embodiments, all of the rows 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d are disposed below the sea floor 13.
  • each row 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d includes four (4) uniformly circumferentially-spaced sensor assemblies 128 disposed about outer surface 60c of conductor 60.
  • the sensor assemblies 128 in each row 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d are angularly spaced 90° apart about axis 65.
  • this embodiment of system 10 includes four rows 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d of four uniformly circumferentially-spaced sensor assemblies 128, in general, other specific numbers, arrangements, and spacing for the sensor assemblies (e.g., sensor assemblies 128) can be employed while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • sensor assemblies 128 may be disposed within each row 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d, and sensor assemblies 128 may or may not be uniformly-circumferentially spaced about outer surface 60d.
  • sensor assemblies 128 may or may not be uniformly-circumferentially spaced about outer surface 60d.
  • FIG. 3 Only one row 122b is depicted in Figure 3, it should be appreciated that each row 122a, 122c, 122d is arranged in the same manner.
  • sensor assembly 128 includes a strain sensor 130 directly secured to radially outer surface 60c with an adhesive 132, a first or inner coating 134 disposed over and encasing sensor 130, and a second or outer coating 136 disposed over and encasing inner coating 134 and sensor 130.
  • sensor 130 can be any suitable sensor for measuring or detecting the strain on a surface including, without limitation, a resistive strain gauge, a capacitive strain gauge, a fiber strain gauge, a semiconductor strain gauge, or the like.
  • sensor 130 is a resistive based strain gauge that includes a metallic foil pattern having a total of three (3) terminals for connection to an electrical power source (however, it should be appreciated that such sensors may have more or less than three terminals, such as, for example, two or four terminals while still complying with the principles disclosed herein).
  • sensor 130 may comprise a load cell such has those manufactured and sold by Interface of Scottsdale, AZ (specific examples including the model 1010) and Tovey Engineering of Phoenix, AZ (specific examples including the model SW10).
  • sensor 130 may comprise a strain gauge used within a pressure transducer such as those manufactured and sold by Omega Engineering, Inc. of Stamford, CT (specific examples including the PX409 pressure transducer) and Honeywell International Inc. of Morris Township, New Jersey (specific examples including the SPT series pressure transducers).
  • sensor 130 may comprise a wireless surface acoustic wave (“SAW”) sensor such as those manufactured by Syntonics L.L.C. of Columbia, MD or by Applied Sensor Research & Development Corp. of Arnold, MD.
  • SAW wireless surface acoustic wave
  • sensor 130 may be similar to one or more of those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • sensor 130 may comprise a strain gauge configured to measure or detect the strain on outer surface 60c along either a single axis (e.g., an axis oriented parallel with axis 65, an axis disposed within a plane that is perpendicular to axis 65, or an axis that is disposed somewhere between parallel and perpendicular to axis 65) or along multiple axes all while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • sensor 130 is configured to measure the strain on surface 60c of conductor 60 along an axis oriented parallel to axis 65.
  • sensor assembly 128 also includes a temperature sensor 131 adjacent to strain sensor 130.
  • temperature sensor 131 can be any suitable temperature sensing device or apparatus known in the art, such as, for example, a thermocouple, a thermistor, a thermometer (e.g., a resistive thermometer), etc.
  • temperature sensor 131 is positioned circumferentially adjacent to strain sensor
  • the temperature sensor (e.g., temperature sensor 131) may be axially or radially adjacent to strain sensor 130.
  • each of the sensor assemblies 128 include both strain sensor 130 and temperature sensor 131.
  • sensor assemblies 128 may only include one of the strain sensor 130 and temperature sensor 131, and in still other embodiments, some of the sensor assemblies 128 may include both sensors 130, 131, and others of the sensor assemblies 128 may include only one of the sensors 130, 131.
  • Adhesive 132 secures sensors 130, 131 to conductor 60.
  • adhesive 132 can comprise any adhesive suitable for use in subsea and/or downhole environments (i.e., adhesives capable of withstanding the anticipated temperatures, pressures, etc.in the subsea and/or downhole environment).
  • adhesive 132 comprises an epoxy resin.
  • An example of a suitable epoxy resin is a two-part epoxy available from Vishay Precision Group, Inc. of Raleigh, North Carolina (specific examples including, but not limited to M-Bond 610 adhesive and M-Bond AE-15 adhesive), and HBM, Inc. of Marlborough, Massachusetts (specific examples including, but not limited to EP-310S adhesive and X280 adhesive).
  • radially outer surface 60c (or simply the portion of outer surface 60c that sensors 130, 131 will be mounted to) is subjected to a surface treatment prior to applying adhesive 132.
  • outer surface 60c is shot blasted (e.g., with shot peen) to result in a white metal surface finish. The purpose of these surface treatments is to promote adhesion between adhesive 132 and surface 60c, thereby promoting a secure mounting for sensor 130, 131.
  • sensors 130 is shot blasted (e.g., with shot peen) to result in a white metal surface finish.
  • additional adhesive 132 may be disposed radially between sensors 130, 131 to secure sensors 130, 131 to one another.
  • sensors 130, 131 are encased and protected by a plurality of protective coatings 134, 136.
  • Such coatings 134, 136 are designed to protect sensors 130, 131 from damage caused both by mechanical impact as well as contact with potentially corrosive or damaging fluids (e.g., chemicals, saltwater, hydrocarbon fluids, etc.).
  • Inner coating 134 is disposed immediately around and over sensors 130, 131 such that it contacts both of the sensors 130, 131 as well as a region or portion 64 of outer surface 60c immediately surrounding sensor 130.
  • coating 134 can comprise any suitable coating material(s) configured to restrict the ingress of water, formation fluids, or other fluids from the area immediately surrounding conductor 60 toward sensors 130, 131.
  • coating 134 should also maintain a certain level of elasticity and deformability so that it does not interfere with the ability of sensor 130 (and potentially also sensor 131) to deform under the influence of strain experienced by conductor 60.
  • coating 134 has a tensile strength TSi 34 that is equal to approximately 530 psi [or 3654 kPa], an elongation ei 34 of 350%, and a Durometer A hardness of 55.
  • coating 134 exhibits minimal corrosion, adhesion loss, or softening when exposed to salt water and jet fuel.
  • inner coating 134 is an electrical insulator, and thus, is configured to shield sensors 130, 131 from outside electrical influences during operations.
  • coating 134 comprises multiple layers of bonding material, TEFLON® sheet(s), metallic foil, carbon fiber, other coating agents, or combinations thereof.
  • coating 134 comprises a resin material such as, for example a two-part polysulfide Permapol® P-5 liquid polymer like PR- 1770 available from PPG Industries, Inc. of Sylmar, CA.
  • inner coating 134 can be applied to sensors 130, 131 in any suitable manner, such as, for example, extrusion, smearing, rolling, spraying, etc.
  • inner coating 134 can be cured in any suitable manner such as, for example, by radiative heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, etc.
  • coating 134 is cured involuntarily or naturally through an exothermic reaction; however, without being limited to this or any other theory, increasing the temperature by using heat lamps or applying the coating in a warm environment may accelerate the curing process.
  • the curing method and parameters may affect the resulting properties of coating 134, such as for, example, the hardness, flexibility, etc.
  • One of ordinary skill would appreciate the proper curing methods and parameters which would result in the desired properties discussed above.
  • outer coating 136 is disposed immediately around and over inner coating 134 such that it contacts both inner coating 134 and at least a region or potion 68 of outer surface 60c immediately surrounding inner coating 134.
  • coating 136 can comprise any suitable coating material(s) configured to protect sensors 130, 131 from damage caused by mechanical impacts. Such impacts may occur during transportation, handling, installation, and use of conductor 60, and can include, impacting conductor 60 (particular the region of outer surface 60c proximate sensors 130, 131) with another object.
  • outer coating 136 comprises one or more layers of urethane, carbon fiber, fiberglass, metallic wiring, rubber, and/or other resins.
  • coating 136 comprises a resin material such as, for example polyurethane compound like PR- 1535 available from PPG Industries, Inc. of Sylmar, CA.
  • coating 136 is utilized to guard against physical impacts and other direct trauma to sensor assembly 128, it should also maintain a certain level of toughness - which is a measure of a material's ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing or failing. Toughness can also be thought of as a combination of tensile strength and elongation.
  • coating 136 has a tensile strength TSi 34 that is equal to approximately 4500 psi [or 31,030 kPa], an elongation ei 36 of 500%, and a Durometer A hardness of 90.
  • the tensile strength TSi 36 and elongation ei 36 of outer coating 136 is greater than the tensile strength TSi 34 and elongation ei 34 of inner coating 134, and the hardness of outer coating 136 is greater than the hardness of the inner coating 134. Accordingly, outer coating 136 has a greater toughness than inner coating 134. As a result, inner coating 134 is able to accommodate deformation of sensor 130 (and potentially also sensor 131) and resist fluid ingress toward sensors 130, 131, while outer coating 136 is able to protect sensors 130, 131 from mechanical impacts.
  • the tensile strength TSi 36 of outer coating 136 is approximately 8.5 times greater than the tensile strength TSi 34 of inner coating 134, and the elongation ei 36 of outer coating 136 is approximately 1.4 times the elongation ei 34 of inner coating 134.
  • outer coating 136 has an outer surface 136a disposed at a maximum distance Ri 2 8 measured from radially outer surface 60c of conductor 60.
  • radial distance Ri 28 preferably ranges from 0 to 0.5 inches; however, other values are possible (e.g., values above 0.5 inches).
  • the upper limit of radial distance Ri 28 is determined by the maximum radial distance to which other components of conductor 60, such as couplers, extend. Therefore, limiting radial distance Ri 28 such that it is equal to or preferably less than the radial distance of these other components of conductor 60 prevents at least some engagement with sensor assemblies 128 during operations.
  • coatings 134 and 136 can be applied in any suitable manner in order to fully and sufficiently cover and encase sensors 130, 131 and inner coatings 134, respectively.
  • inner coating 134 and outer coating 136 are applied in a plurality of strips 139, 140, respectively, that extend axially along radially outer surface 60c of conductor 60.
  • each strip 139 includes a first or upper end 139a, a second or lower end 139b opposite upper end 139a, and an axial length L139 extending between ends 139a, 139b.
  • Axial length L139 is sized such that each strip 139 covers one of the sensors 130, 131 of each row 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d. Specifically, one sensor 130 in each row 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d is axially aligned with a corresponding sensor 130 in each of the other rows 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d. Similarly, one sensor 131 in each row 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d is axially aligned with a corresponding sensor 131 in each of the other rows 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d. Each strip 139 extends axially over each of the axially aligned sensors 130, 131.
  • each strip 140 includes a first or upper end 140a, a second or lower end 140b opposite upper end 140a, and an axial length Li 4 o extending between ends 140a, 140b.
  • Axial length Li 4 o is sized such that each strip 140 covers one of the strips 139 (and the corresponding sensors 130 covered thereby). Therefore, in this embodiment, axial length Li 4 o is preferably equal to or greater than axial length L 139 .
  • this arrangement of coatings 134, 136 has the added benefit of preventing free rolling of conductor 60 about axis 65 when it is resting on radially outer surface 60c, such as might be the case during storage and transportation of conductor 60.
  • each sensor 130 and each sensor 131 is coupled to an electrical connector 126 mounted to outer surface 60c.
  • a plurality of electrical conductors 129 electrically couple sensors 130, 131 to connector 126.
  • each conductor 129 extends between one of the sensors 130, 131 and connector 126 (note: only a single conductor 129 is shown extending across sensors 130 in rows 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d in Figure 5 for simplicity).
  • conductors 129 comprise TEFLON® insulated wires (i.e., conductors 129 include wires insulated with polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, fluorinated ethylene propylene, or combinations thereof); however, other coatings and insulation are possible. Also, in this embodiment (where conductors 129 are coated in TEFLON®) it is preferable to etch the insulation with a Fluorocarbon Etchant to promote a strong bond between the insulation and one or more of the coatings (e.g., coatings 134, 136, 137, etc.). For example, in some embodiments, conductor 129 insulation is etched with Tetra-Etch® available from Polytetra of Monchengladbach, Germany.
  • the insulation of conductors 129 is prepped to promote waterproofing thereof in a manner suitable for such purposes as would be known and appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • at least a part of each conductor 129 is encased by one of the strips 139, 140 of coatings 134, 136, respectively.
  • additional coating material(s) 137 encases portions of conductors 129 that are not proximate sensor assemblies 128. Without being limited to this or any other theory, coating 137 provides strain relief for conductors 129 as well as protection from egress of conductors 129 and connector 126.
  • Coating 137 may be the same or different as coating 136 or coating 134 while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of conductors 129 that extend above the sea floor 13 are not encased by coatings 134, 136, or 137 while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • electrical connector 126 can be any suitable electrical connector for coupling and transferring power, data, communication signals, or combinations thereof between sensors assemblies 128 and other components (e.g., communication unit 150 described in more detail below). In this embodiment, connector 126 comprises a dry mateable electrical connector 126 mounted to radially outer surface 60c.
  • strips 139, 140 of coatings 134, 136 can be disposed on outer surface 60c of conductor 60 by any suitable method while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • each strip 140 of outer coating 136 is formed by constructing or forming a mold 145 around one sensor 130 of each row 122a, 122b, 122c, 122d after inner coating 134 is applied and cured.
  • Mold 145 includes an inner cavity 146 sized and shaped to correspond with the desired size and shape of each strip 140. Therefore, cavity 146 has a total axial length (with respect to axis 65) that is equal to length L 14 o, previously described.
  • mold 145 includes an upper end 145a, a lower end 145b, an outlet 149 at upper end 145a, and an inlet 147 at a lower end 145b. Both inlet 147 and outlet 149 provide access to cavity 146.
  • an injector 143 is connected to inlet 147 and injects the material(s) making up outer coating 136 from a supply 141 into cavity 146 in at least a semi-liquid state. Simultaneously with the injection of outer coating 136 into cavity 146 at inlet 147, a vacuum or negative pressure is created at outlet 149 with a vacuum pump 148, thereby creating a pressure differential across cavity 146 between inlet 147 and outlet 149.
  • injected coating 136 is drawn up (via the differential pressure) within cavity 146 from inlet 147 toward outlet 149.
  • mold 145 is removed and outer coating 136 is cured in any suitable manner such as, for example, by radiative heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, or placing coating 136 in a warm environment of approximately 80-130°F.
  • UV ultraviolet
  • inner coating 134 it should be appreciated that the curing method and parameters may affect the resulting properties of coating 136, such as for, example, the hardness, flexibility, etc.
  • strips 139 of inner coating 134 may be formed through a similar process to that described above for strips 140 while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • an external gauge ring 180 is disposed about conductor 60 axially below sensor array 120 to clear sediment in advance of array 120 during insertion of conductor 60 into the sea floor.
  • ring 180 includes a first or upper end 180a, a second or lower end 180b opposite upper end 180a, a radially outer surface 180d extending between ends 180a, 180b, and a radially inner surface 180c extending between ends 180a, 180b.
  • inner surface 180c is cylindrical and engages radially outer surface 60c of conductor 60.
  • Outer surface 180d includes a downward facing frustoconical surface 184 at lower end 180b and an outer cylindrical surface 182 extending axially between frustoconical surface 184 and upper end 180a.
  • Outer cylindrical surface 182 extends to a maximum radius Riso measured radially from outer surface 60c that is preferably equal to or greater than the radius Ri 28 of sensor assemblies 128.
  • radius Riso is preferably less than the maximum radial distance to which other components of conductor 60, such as couplers, extend to avoid interference by ring 180 during installation and handling of conductor 60 as previously described above.
  • radius Riso is preferably less than 0.5 inches.
  • gauge ring 180 may be installed on radially outer surface 60c in any suitable manner while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • ring 180 may be secured to outer surface 60c through welding, adhesive, securing members (e.g., bolts, rivets, etc.), interference fit, or combinations thereof.
  • gauge ring 180 engages with sediment and directs it radially away from radially outer surface 60c of conductor 60 and thus also away from the trailing sensor array 120. Because radius Riso is preferably equal to or larger than radius R128 of sensor assemblies 128 within array 120 ( Figure 7), ring 180 pushes sediment is radially beyond the reach of sensor assemblies 128 by as conductor 60 is advanced into sea floor. Therefore, the installation of gauge ring 180 offers the potential to reduce excessive engagement between the sediment below the sea floor 13 and sensor array 120, which can prevent damage to array 120 during conductor 60 installation operations.
  • communication unit 150 is received within a receptacle 46 mounted to a radially extending mounting bracket 44 extending from wellhead 40.
  • Communication unit 150 is configured to receive data from each of the sensors 130, 131 within sensor array 120 (e.g., strain measurements, temperature measurements, etc.) during drilling and/or production operations, and transmit that received data to a remote surface location.
  • the remote surface location may be any location that is removed from wellhead 40 and system 100, and may include any suitable location for receiving data such as, for example, a control room. In this embodiment, the remote surface location is disposed on platform 20.
  • communication unit 150 includes a wet mateable electrical connector 154 coupled to connector 126 with a cable 127.
  • connector 126 is electrically coupled to sensors 130 in array 120 via conductors 129.
  • the connection between cable 127 and connector 154 may be made up by a remote operated vehicle (ROV) subsea or may be made up by well site personnel at platform 20.
  • ROV remote operated vehicle
  • Communication unit 150 also includes a wireless transmitter 152 configured to communicate, via wireless signals 160, with the remote surface location (e.g., platform 20).
  • wireless signals 160 can comprise any suitable wireless communication signal for communication across atmospheric or oceanic space.
  • signals 160 may comprise acoustic waves, radio waves, light waves, etc.
  • signals 160 comprise acoustic signals.
  • Transmitter 152 is configured to both transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., signals 160) during operation, and thus, communication unit 150 is configured to send and receive signals to and from both sensor array 120 and the remote surface location (e.g., platform 20).
  • communication unit 150 is configured to receive raw data from sensors 130, 131 (e.g., electrical resistance, voltage, impedance, etc. readings from sensors 130, 131), calculate the resulting strain, temperature measurements, respectively, from the raw data, and then communicate the strain, temperature measurements to the remote location.
  • communication unit 150 includes a processor configured to execute software stored on a memory.
  • any strain experienced by conductor 60 causes deformation of sensors 130 within array 120.
  • the sensors 130 then output signals that include changes in at least one parameter as a result of the deformation (e.g., resistivity).
  • This raw data signal is then routed to communication unit 150 via electrical conductors 129, connector 126, and cable 127, where it is then translated into a measurement of strain on conductor 60.
  • the strain measurements communicated to communication unit 150 are then communicated wirelessly to platform 20 via communication signals 160.
  • strain measurements are taken at a sufficient sampling frequency in order for well site personnel to characterize cyclic loading conditions on conductor 60.
  • the data output from sensors 130 and/or stored and communicated by communication unit 150 may be sufficiently compressed through known methods to allow for more efficient transmission and analysis thereof.
  • FIG. 10 another offshore system 200 for drilling and/or producing subsea wellbore 11 is shown.
  • System 200 is substantially the same as system 10, previously described, and thus, corresponding components are given the same reference numerals and the following description will focus on the differences between systems 10, 200.
  • system 200 includes a second or inner conductor 210 extending concentrically within conductor 60 along axis 65.
  • Inner conductor 210 includes a first or upper end 210a coupled to wellhead 40, a second or lower end (not shown) disposed within wellbore 11, a radially outer surface 210c extending axially from end 210a, and a radially inner surface 210d also extending axially from end 210a.
  • annulus 205 is formed between radially inner surface 60d of conductor 60 and radially outer surface 210c of inner conductor 210.
  • system 200 also includes a strain monitoring system 220 for directly measuring and monitoring the strain experienced by conductor 210 during drilling and/or production operations.
  • System 200 may include strain monitoring system 220 either in addition to or in lieu of strain monitoring system 100 previously described above.
  • Strain monitoring system 220 includes a communication assembly 230 mounted to radially outer surface 60c of conductor 60 and a strain measurement assembly 260 mounted to radially outer surface 210c of inner conductor 210.
  • communication assembly 230 is a ring-shaped member that extends circumferentially about the radially outer surface 60c of conductor 60.
  • Assembly 230 includes and houses a plurality of acoustic transducers 232 that are circumferentially spaced about axis 65 along surface 60c.
  • Communication assembly 230 can be secured to outer surface 60c of conductor 60 through any suitable method while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • communication assembly 230 is a clam shell style member that includes two circumferential halves that are joined by a hinge (not shown) thereby allowing assembly 230 to be closed about radially outer surface 60.
  • assembly 230 is welded or bolted to radially outer surface 60c.
  • assembly 230 is secured to radially outer surface 60c with an interference fit or an adhesive.
  • Each transducer 232 includes one or more piezoelectric elements that allow each transducer 232 to generate acoustic signals (e.g., acoustic waves) in response to the receipt of input electrical signals (i.e., electric current), and further, to output electrical signals (i.e., electric current) in response to the receipt of input acoustic signals.
  • acoustic signals e.g., acoustic waves
  • input electrical signals i.e., electric current
  • output electrical signals i.e., electric current
  • each transducer 232 can be referred to as being a "piezoelectric" transducer.
  • each transducer 232 is configured to generate and receive acoustic signals having frequencies between 100 MHz and 2000 MHz; however, other frequency ranges are possible.
  • each piezoelectric transducer 232 can be any suitable piezoelectric transducer known in the art while still complying with the principles disclosed herein, and in some embodiments may include transducers that are configured to communicate with other non-acoustic wireless signals, such as, for example, optical signals, radio frequency (RF) signals, WiFi, BLUETOOTH®, etc.
  • RF radio frequency
  • Power and/or communication signals routed to and from transducers 232 in communication assembly 230 may be carried by a conductor 236, shown in Figure 10.
  • Conductor 236 is routed from communication assembly 230 along outer surface 60c either to another communication device (e.g., communication unit 150, previously described) or to some other remote location (e.g., platform 20). In this embodiment, conductor 236 is routed to platform 20.
  • Conductor 236 is configured substantially the same as conductors 129, previously described, and may include any suitable conductor, such as, for example, wires or fiber optic cabling.
  • conductor 236 may include a plurality of individual conductive elements (not shown) that are each coupled to one of the transducers 232 at one end and a separate component (e.g., communication unit 150, device or component disposed on platform 20, etc.) at an opposite end.
  • a separate component e.g., communication unit 150, device or component disposed on platform 20, etc.
  • strain measurement assembly 260 is circumferentially disposed about the radially outer surface 210c of inner conductor 210. As a result, assembly 260 is disposed within annulus 205. Strain measurement assembly 260 generally includes a protective outer ring member 262, and a plurality of strain sensor assemblies 128 (which may potentially include temperature sensor 131 as described above), each being the same as previously described above. Sensor assemblies 128 are mounted to and are circumferentially spaced about radially outer surface 210c. As a result, assemblies 128 are configured to measure the strain (and potentially temperature) on inner conductor 210 during operations.
  • assembly 260 includes a power storage and delivery unit 264 (referred to more simply herein as "power unit 264”) and a communication transducer 266.
  • power unit 264 a power storage and delivery unit 264
  • communication transducer 266 Each of the sensor assemblies 128, power unit 264, and transducer 266 are coupled (e.g., electrically or otherwise) to one another with one or more conductors 268 extending along or proximate to radially outer surface 210c.
  • ring member 262 provides a protective outer shell to the other components of strain measurement assembly 260 during manufacturing, transportation, installation, and production operations for conductor 210.
  • member 262 includes a first or upper end 262a, a second or lower end 262b, a radially outer surface 262c, and a radially inner surface 262d.
  • An annular recess 263 extends radially inward from radially inner surface 262d.
  • Recess 263 contains and houses each of the sensor assemblies 128, power unit 264, transducer 266, and conductor(s) 268 during operations.
  • ring member 262 may be secured to radially outer surface 210c of inner conductor 210 through any suitable method, such as, for example, welding, bolting, interference fit, adhesive, clamping, etc.
  • member 262 is a clam-shell type member that includes two circumferential halves joined by a hinge (not shown).
  • recess 263 is sealed from the environment in annulus 205. Such a seal may be achieved and maintained in any suitable manner while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • a pair of annular seal assemblies (not shown) are disposed on radially inner surface 262d, with one above recess 263 and the other below recess 263.
  • Each seal assembly may include an annular seal gland extending radially inward from radially inner surface 262d and a sealing member (metallic, non-metallic, compliant, etc.) disposed therein that engages radially outer surface 210c when member 262 is installed on conductor 210.
  • a sealing member metallic, non-metallic, compliant, etc.
  • each sensor assembly 128 disposed within recess 263 is configured substantially the same as described above for strain monitoring system 100.
  • each sensor assembly 128 includes a strain sensor 130 (and possibly a temperature sensor 131) that is encased by an inner coating 134, which is further encased by an outer coating 136.
  • Sensor 130 (and sensor 131 if applicable) and coatings 134, 136 are the same as previously described above, and thus, a detailed description is omitted for conciseness.
  • Each of the sensors 130 (and sensors 131 if applicable) of assemblies 128 is coupled to power unit 264 and transducer 266 through conductor(s) 268 as previously described.
  • each sensor assembly 128 is uniformly-circumferentially spaced such that each assembly 128 is circumferentially spaced approximately 90° from each immediately adjacent sensor assembly 128.
  • sensor assemblies 128 need not be uniformly- circumferentially spaced about radially outer surface 210c, and more or less than four (4) sensor assemblies 128 may be included while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • Communication transducer 266 is configured substantially the same as transducers 232 of communication assembly 230. Therefore, transducer 266 is configured to generate acoustic signals (e.g., acoustic waves) in response to the receipt of input electrical signals (i.e., electric current), and further, to output electrical signals (i.e., electric current) in response to the receipt of input acoustic signals. In this embodiment, transducer 266 is configured to communicate wirelessly with any one or more (or all) of the transducers 232 through annulus 205 and conductor 60 (i.e., across surfaces 60d, 60c).
  • acoustic signals e.g., acoustic waves
  • input electrical signals i.e., electric current
  • transducer 266 is configured to communicate wirelessly with any one or more (or all) of the transducers 232 through annulus 205 and conductor 60 (i.e., across surfaces 60d, 60c).
  • one or more (or all) transducers 232 receive electric signals (i.e., an electric current) from conductor 236, converts the electric signals into acoustic signals 238 (i.e., acoustic waves 238), and outputs the acoustic signals 238 to transducer 266.
  • transducer 266 receives acoustic signals (i.e., acoustic signals 238 output from transducer(s) 232), converts the acoustic signals into electric signals (i.e., an electric current), and outputs the electric signals to power unit 264 and/or sensors 130 (e.g., through conductors 268).
  • transducers 266 receives electric signals from one or more of the sensors 130, converts the electric signals into acoustic signals 239 (i.e., acoustic waves 239), and outputs the acoustic signals 239 to one or more of the transducers 232.
  • acoustic signal 239 i.e., acoustic waves 239 output from transducer 266), converts the acoustic signals 239 into electric signals, and outputs the electric signals to conductor 236.
  • an additional conversion unit (or multiple conversion units) is disposed within recess 263 and is configured to convert electrical signals received from transducer 266 into a different signal format for submission to sensors 130 and/or power unit 264 as well as to convert signals received from sensors 130 and/or power unit 264 into electrical signals (e.g., when the signals received from sensors 130 and/or power unit 264 are other than electromagnetic signals) for submission to transducer 264.
  • Such a conversion unit would be particularly useful for embodiments where sensors 130 are coupled to transducer 266 through a wireless connection (e.g., RF, acoustic, WiFi, etc.).
  • communication transducers 266, 232 may operate in substantially the same manner to communicate signals from the temperature sensors 131 if such sensors are included in one or more of the sensor assemblies 128 as described above.
  • transducer 266 may be configured to receive some amount of electric energy that is taken from signals emitted from transducer(s) 232 which may then be stored in power unit 264 and utilized to power transducer 266, and sensors 130 for all operations described herein.
  • transducer 266 may continuously receive power from transducer(s) 232 through acoustic signals throughout operations which again may then be utilized to power transducer 266 and sensors 130, 131 for all operations described herein.
  • the acoustic signals for transferring power from transducer(s) 232 to transducer 266 may be at a different frequencies or on different channels than other communication signals (e.g., through frequency-division multiplexing).
  • acoustic communication between transducers 232, 266 may only occur in one direction at any given time (e.g., either from transducer(s) 232 to transducer 266 or from transducer 266 to transducer(s) 232) such as, for example, through time-division multiplexing.
  • acoustic communication between transducers 232, 266 may occur in both directions simultaneously (e.g., simultaneously from transducer(s) 232 to transducer 266 and from transducer 266 to transducer(s) 232.)
  • Power unit 264 is configured to store and deliver electrical power to each of the sensors 130, 131 within assemblies 128 as well as transducer 266 during operations.
  • Power unit 264 may comprise any suitable element or device for storing and delivering electrical power, while still complying with the principles disclosed herein, such as, for example, a battery, capacitor, a wireless power receiver, or combinations thereof.
  • electrical power is delivered to and stored in power unit 264 via the acoustic communication between transducer 266 and one or more of the transducers 232 in the manner previously described above.
  • sensors 130 measure the strain on inner conductor 210 in the same manner as described above and output signals (that include either strain measurement values or some other measured value indicative of the strain such as a change in electric resistivity) to communication transducer 266 through conductors 268.
  • Transducer 266 then converts the received signals from sensors 130 into an acoustic signal 239 and routes signal 239 through annulus 205 and conductor 60 where it is received by one or more of the transducers 232 within communication assembly 230.
  • the received acoustic signal 239 is then converted back to an electromagnetic signal and routed to platform 20 (or some other remote location or device as described above) through conductor 236.
  • measurements or data may be generated by sensors 130 either automatically based on a set and predetermined time period (e.g., every minute, hour, day, week, etc.) or upon receipt of an interrogation signal originating from platform 20 or some other remote location.
  • a set and predetermined time period e.g., every minute, hour, day, week, etc.
  • an interrogation signal is routed via conductor 236 from some other remote location (e.g., platform 20) to transducers 232 in assembly 230.
  • one or more (or all) of the transducers 232 Upon receipt of the interrogation signal, one or more (or all) of the transducers 232 convert the electromagnetic signal into an acoustic interrogation signal 238 which is then routed across conductor 60 and annulus 205 to transducer 266, which receives and converts signal 238 back to an electromagnetic interrogation signal in the manner previously described above. Thereafter, the newly converted interrogation signal is routed through conductors 268 to one or more (or all) of the sensors 130 which then take a reading of the strain on inner conductor 210 and output a measurement signal as described above. It should be appreciated that the communication operations with temperature sensors 131 is substantially the same as discussed above for strain sensors 130.
  • transducer 266 At least partially circumferential and axial alignment between transducer 266 and at least one of the transducers 232 is preferred to allow for effective communications therebetween.
  • circumferential alignment is ensured since a plurality of transducers 232 are provided circumferentially about radially outer surface 60c.
  • transducers 266 is located circumferentially along radially outer surface 210c of inner conductor 210, it will be at least partially circumferentially aligned with one of the transducers 232.
  • Axial alignment of assemblies 230, 260 is ensured by careful placement thereof along conductors 60, 210, respectively, and is facilitated by the fact that both conductors 60, 210 are coupled to wellhead 40 at known (or determinable) axial positions.
  • strain monitoring system 100 has been described for use in an offshore drilling and/or production system 10, it should be appreciated that embodiments of the strain monitoring system 100 disclosed herein may be utilized on a land based drilling and/or production system while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
  • the communication unit 150 disclosed herein have been described as receiving raw data output from sensors 130 and then converting that raw data into strain measurements for communication to the remote surface location (e.g., on platform 20), it should be appreciated that in other embodiments, sensors 130 determine the strain on conductor 60 from the measured parameter(s) and then route these determined strain measurements to communication unit 150 via conductors 129, connector 126, and cable 127 as previously described.
  • the raw data out put from the sensors 130 is converted into a measurement of strain on conductor 60 at the remote surface location (e.g., at platform 20).
  • the communication unit 150 as described here in wirelessly communicates strain measurements to the remote location in real time or near real time, in other embodiments, the communication unit (e.g., communication unit 150) simply stores all received data for later retrieval to the remote surface location (e.g., platform).
  • communication unit 105 stores data and is retrieved to the sea surface 12 by an ROV.
  • strain measurement assembly 260 has included a transducer 266 for communication with one or more transducers 232 in communication assembly 230, it should be appreciated that in other embodiments, sensors 130 themselves may directly communicate with transducers 232 without the aid of a transducers 266.
  • each sensor 130 may include a wireless transceiver which is configured to produce an acoustic signal for transmission across annulus 205 and conductor 60 for receipt by one or more of the transducers 232.
  • communication assembly 230 may additionally function as a collection point for measurement signals not only from sensors 130 disposed on radially outer surface 210c of inner conductor 210, but may also collect signals from sensors 130 disposed on radially outer surface 60c of outer conductor 60.
  • communication unit 150 can be mounted anywhere proximal to wellhead 40 or other similarly situated components (e.g., production tree) and need not be directly mounted to wellhead 40 as previously described above. While embodiments disclosed herein include sensor assemblies 128 that are all configured the same, it should be appreciated that other embodiments include sensors assemblies 128 that are configured differently (e.g., different sensor types, different coating arrangements, thicknesses, types, etc.) while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.

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  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
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  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système comprend un élément tubulaire (60) qui comprend une surface radialement extérieure (60c) et un ensemble capteur (128). L'ensemble capteur comprend un capteur de contrainte accouplé à la surface radialement extérieure. De plus, l'ensemble capteur comprend un premier revêtement (134) qui présente une première dureté et une première résistance à la traction. Le premier revêtement enferme le capteur de contrainte (131 130) et au moins une partie (64) de la surface extérieure. En outre, l'ensemble capteur comprend un second revêtement (136) qui présente une seconde dureté qui est supérieure à la première dureté et une seconde résistance à la traction qui est supérieure à la première résistance à la traction. Le second revêtement enferme le premier revêtement et au moins une autre partie (68) de la surface radialement extérieure.
PCT/US2016/027699 2015-04-17 2016-04-15 Systèmes et procédés pour déterminer la contrainte subie par des éléments tubulaires de tête de puits Ceased WO2016168564A1 (fr)

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