US20180106140A1 - Systems and methods for determining the strain experienced by wellhead tubulars - Google Patents
Systems and methods for determining the strain experienced by wellhead tubulars Download PDFInfo
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- US20180106140A1 US20180106140A1 US15/567,321 US201615567321A US2018106140A1 US 20180106140 A1 US20180106140 A1 US 20180106140A1 US 201615567321 A US201615567321 A US 201615567321A US 2018106140 A1 US2018106140 A1 US 2018106140A1
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Images
Classifications
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- E21B47/0001—
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
- E21B43/10—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
- E21B43/101—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells for underwater installations
-
- E21B47/0006—
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/001—Survey of boreholes or wells for underwater installation
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/007—Measuring stresses in a pipe string or casing
-
- E21B47/011—
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/01—Devices for supporting measuring instruments on drill bits, pipes, rods or wirelines; Protecting measuring instruments in boreholes against heat, shock, pressure or the like
- E21B47/017—Protecting measuring instruments
Definitions
- Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to oil and gas wells. More particularly, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for measuring the strain experienced by tubular members employed in oil and gas wells.
- a large diameter hole is drilled from the surface to a selected depth.
- a primary conductor secured to the lower end of an outer wellhead housing disposed at the surface also referred to as a low pressure housing, is run into the borehole.
- Cement is pumped down the primary conductor and allowed to flow back up the annulus between the primary conductor and the borehole sidewall.
- the primary conductor is jetted into place (i.e., no cement is used).
- a drill bit is lowered through the primary conductor to drill the borehole to a second depth.
- an inner wellhead housing also referred to as a high pressure housing, is seated in the upper end of the outer wellhead housing.
- a string of casing secured to the lower end of the inner wellhead housing or seated in the inner wellhead housing extends downward through the primary conductor.
- Cement is pumped down the casing string, and allowed to flow back up the annulus between the casing string and the primary conductor to secure the casing string in place.
- the drill bit is lowered through the primary conductor and the casing string and drilling continues.
- a blowout preventer BOP
- LMRP lower marine riser package
- the drill string is suspended from the rig through the BOP (and LMPR in offshore operations) into the well bore. Drilling generally continues while successively installing concentric casing strings that line the borehole. Each casing string is cemented in place by pumping cement down the casing and allowing it to flow back up the annulus between the casing string and the borehole sidewall.
- the cased well is completed (i.e., prepared for production).
- a production tree is installed on the wellhead during completion operations and production tubing is run through the casing and suspended by a tubing hanger seated in a mating profile in the inner wellhead housing or production tree.
- the main function of the primary conductor is to resist axial and lateral loads imposed at the wellhead.
- loads can be particularly large in offshore operations where a relatively large, heavy stack of equipment (e.g., production tree, BOP, LMRP) is mounted atop the wellhead and is subjected to subsea currents.
- a relatively large, heavy stack of equipment e.g., production tree, BOP, LMRP
- the primary conductor typically experiences a significant amount of strain. In extreme scenarios, the strain may be sufficient to damage the primary conductor (either through fatigue or some other failure modality).
- the conductor includes a tubular member with a radially outer surface, and a sensor assembly.
- the sensor assembly includes a strain sensor coupled to the outer surface.
- the sensor assembly includes a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength and encasing the sensor and at least part of the outer surface.
- the sensor assembly includes a second coating having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness, a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength. The second coating encases the first coating and at least another part of the outer surface.
- the system includes a wellhead and a tubular member configured to be coupled to the wellhead and to extend into a wellbore.
- the tubular member has a radially outer surface.
- the system includes a first strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface and an outer coating disposed over the first strain sensor.
- the system includes a communication unit in communication with the first strain sensor and a remote surface location.
- the method includes (a) coupling a first strain sensor to a radially outer surface of the conductor.
- the first strain sensor is configured to measure the strain on outer surface.
- the method includes (b) encasing the first sensor with a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength after (a).
- the method includes (c) encasing the first coating with a second coating after (b).
- the second coating has a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness and a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength.
- the method includes (a) measuring a strain on the first conductor with a first strain sensor coupled to a radially outer surface of the first conductor.
- the method includes (b) protecting the first strain sensor during (a) with an outer coating.
- the method includes (c) routing data from the first strain sensor to a communication unit after (a).
- the method includes (d) wirelessly communicating with a remote surface location with the communication unit after (c).
- the system includes a tubular member including a radially outer surface.
- the system includes a sensor assembly.
- the sensor assembly includes a strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface of the tubular member.
- the sensor assembly includes a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength. The first coating encases the strain sensor and at least part of the radially outer surface of the tubular member.
- the system includes a second coating having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness and a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength. The second coating encases the first coating and at least another part of the radially outer surface.
- Embodiments described herein comprise a combination of features and advantages intended to address various shortcomings associated with certain prior devices, systems, and methods.
- the foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood.
- the various characteristics described above, as well as other features, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description, and by referring to the accompanying drawings. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of an offshore system in accordance with the principles disclosed herein for drilling and/or producing from a subsea wellbore;
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the offshore system and strain monitoring system of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the offshore system of FIG. 1 taken along section III-III in FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of one of the sensor assemblies of FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged perspective view of the conductor of FIG. 1 illustrating the sensor array of the monitoring system of FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 6 is a schematic, partial cross-sectional view of the outer coating of the sensor assemblies of FIG. 2 being applied to the conductor;
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the conductor of FIG. 1 illustrating an external gauge ring mounted thereto;
- FIGS. 8 and 9 are sequential schematic side views illustrating the installation of the conductor of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 10 is a schematic side cross-sectional view of an offshore system in accordance with the principles disclosed herein for drilling and/or producing from a subsea wellbore;
- FIG. 11 is a top cross-sectional view taken along section XI-XI of FIG. 10 ;
- FIG. 12 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of section XII-XII of FIG. 10 .
- the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . .”
- the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct connection, or through an indirect connection via other devices, components, and connections.
- the terms “axial” and “axially” generally mean along or parallel to a central axis (e.g., central axis of a body or a port), while the terms “radial” and “radially” generally mean perpendicular to the central axis.
- an axial distance refers to a distance measured along or parallel to the central axis
- a radial distance means a distance measured perpendicular to the central axis.
- well site personnel is used broadly to include any individual or group of individuals who may be disposed or stationed on a rig or worksite or offsite at a remote monitoring location (such as a remote office location). The term also would include any personnel involved in the drilling and/or production operations at or for an oil and gas well such as, for example, technicians, operators, engineers, analysts, etc.
- system 10 includes an offshore platform 20 at the sea surface 12 , a subsea blowout preventer (BOP) 30 mounted to a wellhead 40 at the sea floor 13 , and a lower marine riser package (LMRP) 50 mounted to BOP 30 .
- Platform 20 is equipped with a derrick 21 that supports a hoist (not shown).
- a drilling riser 25 extends from platform 20 to LMRP 50 .
- riser 25 is a large-diameter pipe that connects LMRP 50 to the floating platform 20 .
- riser 25 takes mud returns to the platform 20 .
- a primary conductor 60 is coupled to and extends from wellhead 40 into subterranean wellbore 11 .
- Conductor 60 is a tubular member including a central or longitudinal axis 65 , a first or upper end 60 a coupled to wellhead 40 , a second or lower end (not shown) disposed within the wellbore 11 , a radially outer surface 60 c extending axially between from end 60 a, and a radially inner surface 60 d also extending axially from end 60 a.
- Inner surface 60 d defines a throughbore 62 for receiving other components extending into and/or routed within wellbore (e.g., tubing, drill pipe, casing pipe, drill bits, downhole tools, etc.).
- the primary function of conductor 60 is to resist axial and lateral loads applied to wellhead 40 by various sources (e.g., ocean currents, waves, platform 20 , LMRP 50 , BOP 30 , etc.).
- sources e.g., ocean currents, waves, platform 20 , LMRP 50 , BOP 30 , etc.
- the vertical distance measured from the mud line to the point of fixity 5 along conductor 60 is schematically shown as depth D 5 .
- depth D 5 the vertical distance measured from the mud line to the point of fixity 5 along conductor 60 is schematically shown as depth D 5 .
- determining depth D 5 is difficult, especially in subsea applications, where the sea floor 13 and conductor 60 can be located over a mile below the sea surface 12 . Consequently, indirectly determining the strain experienced by a conductor via calculations relying on accelerometer measurements and estimations of depth D 5 is often imprecise, and can lead to erroneous conclusions by well site personnel (e.g., the calculated strain on conductor 60 is higher or lower than what is actually being experienced).
- embodiments disclosed herein include systems and methods for directly measuring the strain on a conductor (e.g., conductor 60 ), which offers the potential for more informed decisions by well site personnel regarding the remaining life or failure potential for the conductor 60 and related equipment.
- system 10 includes a strain monitoring system 100 for directly measuring and monitoring the strain experienced by conductor 60 during drilling and/or production operations.
- strain monitoring system 100 includes a sensor array 120 coupled to conductor 60 and a communication unit 150 coupled to wellhead 40 .
- Sensor array 120 and communication unit 150 are electrically coupled such that data and information can be communicated therebetween.
- sensor array 120 includes a plurality of sensor assemblies 128 mounted to radially outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 .
- sensor assemblies 128 are arranged into a plurality of axially stacked rows 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d.
- rows 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d are provided within array 120 with row 122 a being the axially uppermost row, row 122 d being the axially lowermost row, row 122 b being disposed immediately axially below row 122 a, and row 122 c being disposed axially between rows 122 b and 122 d.
- rows 122 a, 122 b, 122 c are all disposed above the sea floor 13 whereas row 122 d is disposed below the sea floor 13 .
- any desired number of rows of sensor assemblies 128 can be provided above and below the sea floor 13 .
- the three axially lowermost rows 122 b, 122 c, 122 d are disposed below the sea floor 13 , and in other embodiments, all of the rows 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d are disposed below the sea floor 13 .
- each row 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d includes four (4) uniformly circumferentially-spaced sensor assemblies 128 disposed about outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 .
- the sensor assemblies 128 in each row 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d are angularly spaced 90° apart about axis 65 .
- this embodiment of system 10 includes four rows 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d of four uniformly circumferentially-spaced sensor assemblies 128 , in general, other specific numbers, arrangements, and spacing for the sensor assemblies (e.g., sensor assemblies 128 ) can be employed while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- more or less than four (4) sensor assemblies 128 may be disposed within each row 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d, and sensor assemblies 128 may or may not be uniformly-circumferentially spaced about outer surface 60 d.
- FIG. 3 only one row 122 b is depicted in FIG. 3 , it should be appreciated that each row 122 a, 122 c, 122 d is arranged in the same manner.
- each sensor assembly 128 is secured to the radially outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 and includes a plurality of protective coatings or layers disposed thereon. As will be described in more detail below, these protective coatings protect the relatively fragile strain sensing elements within assembly 128 during transport and installation of conductor 60 , as well as during drilling and production operations.
- sensor assembly 128 includes a strain sensor 130 directly secured to radially outer surface 60 c with an adhesive 132 , a first or inner coating 134 disposed over and encasing sensor 130 , and a second or outer coating 136 disposed over and encasing inner coating 134 and sensor 130 .
- sensor 130 can be any suitable sensor for measuring or detecting the strain on a surface including, without limitation, a resistive strain gauge, a capacitive strain gauge, a fiber strain gauge, a semiconductor strain gauge, or the like.
- sensor 130 is a resistive based strain gauge that includes a metallic foil pattern having a total of three (3) terminals for connection to an electrical power source (however, it should be appreciated that such sensors may have more or less than three terminals, such as, for example, two or four terminals while still complying with the principles disclosed herein).
- the foil pattern is deformed (e.g., as a result of strain experienced by the support surface that the sensor is mounted to)
- the electrical resistance across the foil pattern between two of the terminals changes, and this change in electrical resistance can be directly correlated to an amount of strain on the support surface (e.g., in some embodiments the electrical resistance can be related to the strain by a gauge factor which is known and based on the particular type, size, etc. of strain sensor used).
- sensor 130 may comprise a load cell such has those manufactured and sold by Interface of Scottsdale, Ariz. (specific examples including the model 1010) and Tovey Engineering of Phoenix, Ariz. (specific examples including the model SW10).
- sensor 130 may comprise a strain gauge used within a pressure transducer such as those manufactured and sold by Omega Engineering, Inc. of Stamford, Conn. (specific examples including the PX409 pressure transducer) and Honeywell International Inc. of Morris Township, N.J. (specific examples including the SPT series pressure transducers).
- sensor 130 may comprise a wireless surface acoustic wave (“SAW”) sensor such as those manufactured by Syntonics L.L.C. of Columbia, Md.
- SAW wireless surface acoustic wave
- sensor 130 may be similar to one or more of those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,268,662, 7,434,989, 7,500,379, 7,791,249, 8,094,008, 8,441,168 and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2013/0130362 and 2014/0007692, wherein the contents of each of the above references are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
- sensor 130 may comprise a strain gauge configured to measure or detect the strain on outer surface 60 c along either a single axis (e.g., an axis oriented parallel with axis 65 , an axis disposed within a plane that is perpendicular to axis 65 , or an axis that is disposed somewhere between parallel and perpendicular to axis 65 ) or along multiple axes all while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- sensor 130 is configured to measure the strain on surface 60 c of conductor 60 along an axis oriented parallel to axis 65 .
- sensor assembly 128 also includes a temperature sensor 131 adjacent to strain sensor 130 .
- temperature sensor 131 can be any suitable temperature sensing device or apparatus known in the art, such as, for example, a thermocouple, a thermistor, a thermometer (e.g., a resistive thermometer), etc.
- temperature sensor 131 is positioned circumferentially adjacent to strain sensor 130 as shown, however, in other embodiments, the temperature sensor (e.g., temperature sensor 131 ) may be axially or radially adjacent to strain sensor 130 .
- each of the sensor assemblies 128 include both strain sensor 130 and temperature sensor 131 .
- sensor assemblies 128 may only include one of the strain sensor 130 and temperature sensor 131 , and in still other embodiments, some of the sensor assemblies 128 may include both sensors 130 , 131 , and others of the sensor assemblies 128 may include only one of the sensors 130 , 131 .
- Adhesive 132 secures sensors 130 , 131 to conductor 60 .
- adhesive 132 can comprise any adhesive suitable for use in subsea and/or downhole environments (i.e., adhesives capable of withstanding the anticipated temperatures, pressures, etc. in the subsea and/or downhole environment).
- adhesive 132 comprises an epoxy resin.
- An example of a suitable epoxy resin is a two-part epoxy available from Vishay Precision Group, Inc. of Raleigh, N.C. (specific examples including, but not limited to M-Bond 610 adhesive and M-Bond AE-15 adhesive), and HBM, Inc. of Marlborough, Mass. (specific examples including, but not limited to EP-310S adhesive and X280 adhesive).
- radially outer surface 60 c (or simply the portion of outer surface 60 c that sensors 130 , 131 will be mounted to) is subjected to a surface treatment prior to applying adhesive 132 .
- outer surface 60 c is shot blasted (e.g., with shot peen) to result in a white metal surface finish. The purpose of these surface treatments is to promote adhesion between adhesive 132 and surface 60 c, thereby promoting a secure mounting for sensor 130 , 131 .
- additional adhesive 132 may be disposed radially between sensors 130 , 131 to secure sensors 130 , 131 to one another.
- sensors 130 , 131 are encased and protected by a plurality of protective coatings 134 , 136 .
- Such coatings 134 , 136 are designed to protect sensors 130 , 131 from damage caused both by mechanical impact as well as contact with potentially corrosive or damaging fluids (e.g., chemicals, saltwater, hydrocarbon fluids, etc.).
- Inner coating 134 is disposed immediately around and over sensors 130 , 131 such that it contacts both of the sensors 130 , 131 as well as a region or portion 64 of outer surface 60 c immediately surrounding sensor 130 .
- coating 134 can comprise any suitable coating material(s) configured to restrict the ingress of water, formation fluids, or other fluids from the area immediately surrounding conductor 60 toward sensors 130 , 131 .
- coating 134 should also maintain a certain level of elasticity and deformability so that it does not interfere with the ability of sensor 130 (and potentially also sensor 131 ) to deform under the influence of strain experienced by conductor 60 .
- coating 134 has a tensile strength TS 134 that is equal to approximately 530 psi [or 3654 kPa], an elongation e 134 of 350%, and a Durometer A hardness of 55.
- coating 134 exhibits minimal corrosion, adhesion loss, or softening when exposed to salt water and jet fuel.
- inner coating 134 is an electrical insulator, and thus, is configured to shield sensors 130 , 131 from outside electrical influences during operations.
- coating 134 comprises multiple layers of bonding material, TEFLON® sheet(s), metallic foil, carbon fiber, other coating agents, or combinations thereof.
- coating 134 comprises a resin material such as, for example a two-part polysulfide Permapol® P-5 liquid polymer like PR-1770 available from PPG Industries, Inc. of Sylmar, Calif.
- inner coating 134 can be applied to sensors 130 , 131 in any suitable manner, such as, for example, extrusion, smearing, rolling, spraying, etc.
- inner coating 134 can be cured in any suitable manner such as, for example, by radiative heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, etc.
- coating 134 is cured involuntarily or naturally through an exothermic reaction; however, without being limited to this or any other theory, increasing the temperature by using heat lamps or applying the coating in a warm environment may accelerate the curing process.
- the curing method and parameters may affect the resulting properties of coating 134 , such as for, example, the hardness, flexibility, etc.
- One of ordinary skill would appreciate the proper curing methods and parameters which would result in the desired properties discussed above.
- outer coating 136 is disposed immediately around and over inner coating 134 such that it contacts both inner coating 134 and at least a region or potion 68 of outer surface 60 c immediately surrounding inner coating 134 .
- coating 136 can comprise any suitable coating material(s) configured to protect sensors 130 , 131 from damage caused by mechanical impacts. Such impacts may occur during transportation, handling, installation, and use of conductor 60 , and can include, impacting conductor 60 (particular the region of outer surface 60 c proximate sensors 130 , 131 ) with another object.
- outer coating 136 comprises one or more layers of urethane, carbon fiber, fiberglass, metallic wiring, rubber, and/or other resins.
- coating 136 comprises a resin material such as, for example polyurethane compound like PR-1535 available from PPG Industries, Inc. of Sylmar, Calif.
- coating 136 is utilized to guard against physical impacts and other direct trauma to sensor assembly 128 , it should also maintain a certain level of toughness—which is a measure of a material's ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing or failing. Toughness can also be thought of as a combination of tensile strength and elongation.
- coating 136 has a tensile strength TS 134 that is equal to approximately 4500 psi [or 31,030 kPa], an elongation e 136 of 500%, and a Durometer A hardness of 90.
- the tensile strength TS 136 and elongation e 136 of outer coating 136 is greater than the tensile strength TS 134 and elongation e 134 of inner coating 134
- the hardness of outer coating 136 is greater than the hardness of the inner coating 134
- outer coating 136 has a greater toughness than inner coating 134 .
- inner coating 134 is able to accommodate deformation of sensor 130 (and potentially also sensor 131 ) and resist fluid ingress toward sensors 130 , 131
- outer coating 136 is able to protect sensors 130 , 131 from mechanical impacts.
- the tensile strength TS 136 of outer coating 136 is approximately 8.5 times greater than the tensile strength TS 134 of inner coating 134
- the elongation e 136 of outer coating 136 is approximately 1.4 times the elongation e 134 of inner coating 134 .
- outer coating 136 has an outer surface 136 a disposed at a maximum distance R 128 measured from radially outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 .
- radial distance R 128 preferably ranges from 0 to 0.5 inches; however, other values are possible (e.g., values above 0.5 inches).
- the upper limit of radial distance R 128 is determined by the maximum radial distance to which other components of conductor 60 , such as couplers, extend. Therefore, limiting radial distance R 128 such that it is equal to or preferably less than the radial distance of these other components of conductor 60 prevents at least some engagement with sensor assemblies 128 during operations.
- coatings 134 and 136 can be applied in any suitable manner in order to fully and sufficiently cover and encase sensors 130 , 131 and inner coatings 134 , respectively.
- inner coating 134 and outer coating 136 are applied in a plurality of strips 139 , 140 , respectively, that extend axially along radially outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 .
- each strip 139 includes a first or upper end 139 a, a second or lower end 139 b opposite upper end 139 a, and an axial length L 139 extending between ends 139 a, 139 b.
- Axial length L 139 is sized such that each strip 139 covers one of the sensors 130 , 131 of each row 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d.
- one sensor 130 in each row 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d is axially aligned with a corresponding sensor 130 in each of the other rows 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d.
- one sensor 131 in each row 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d is axially aligned with a corresponding sensor 131 in each of the other rows 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d.
- Each strip 139 extends axially over each of the axially aligned sensors 130 , 131 .
- each strip 140 includes a first or upper end 140 a, a second or lower end 140 b opposite upper end 140 a, and an axial length L 140 extending between ends 140 a, 140 b.
- Axial length L 140 is sized such that each strip 140 covers one of the strips 139 (and the corresponding sensors 130 covered thereby). Therefore, in this embodiment, axial length L 140 is preferably equal to or greater than axial length L 139 .
- this arrangement of coatings 134 , 136 has the added benefit of preventing free rolling of conductor 60 about axis 65 when it is resting on radially outer surface 60 c, such as might be the case during storage and transportation of conductor 60 .
- each sensor 130 and each sensor 131 is coupled to an electrical connector 126 mounted to outer surface 60 c.
- a plurality of electrical conductors 129 electrically couple sensors 130 , 131 to connector 126 .
- each conductor 129 extends between one of the sensors 130 , 131 and connector 126 (note: only a single conductor 129 is shown extending across sensors 130 in rows 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d in FIG. 5 for simplicity).
- conductors 129 comprise TEFLON® insulated wires (i.e., conductors 129 include wires insulated with polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, fluorinated ethylene propylene, or combinations thereof); however, other coatings and insulation are possible. Also, in this embodiment (where conductors 129 are coated in TEFLON®) it is preferable to etch the insulation with a Fluorocarbon Etchant to promote a strong bond between the insulation and one or more of the coatings (e.g., coatings 134 , 136 , 137 , etc.).
- a Fluorocarbon Etchant e.g., coatings 134 , 136 , 137 , etc.
- conductor 129 insulation is etched with Tetra-Etch® available from Polytetra of Mönchengladbach, Germany.
- the insulation of conductors 129 is prepped to promote waterproofing thereof in a manner suitable for such purposes as would be known and appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.
- at least a part of each conductor 129 is encased by one of the strips 139 , 140 of coatings 134 , 136 , respectively.
- additional coating material(s) 137 encases portions of conductors 129 that are not proximate sensor assemblies 128 .
- coating 137 provides strain relief for conductors 129 as well as protection from egress of conductors 129 and connector 126 .
- Coating 137 may be the same or different as coating 136 or coating 134 while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of conductors 129 that extend above the sea floor 13 are not encased by coatings 134 , 136 , or 137 while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- electrical connector 126 can be any suitable electrical connector for coupling and transferring power, data, communication signals, or combinations thereof between sensors assemblies 128 and other components (e.g., communication unit 150 described in more detail below). In this embodiment, connector 126 comprises a dry mateable electrical connector 126 mounted to radially outer surface 60 c.
- strips 139 , 140 of coatings 134 , 136 can be disposed on outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 by any suitable method while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- each strip 140 of outer coating 136 is formed by constructing or forming a mold 145 around one sensor 130 of each row 122 a, 122 b, 122 c, 122 d after inner coating 134 is applied and cured.
- Mold 145 includes an inner cavity 146 sized and shaped to correspond with the desired size and shape of each strip 140 . Therefore, cavity 146 has a total axial length (with respect to axis 65 ) that is equal to length L 140 , previously described.
- mold 145 includes an upper end 145 a, a lower end 145 b, an outlet 149 at upper end 145 a, and an inlet 147 at a lower end 145 b. Both inlet 147 and outlet 149 provide access to cavity 146 .
- an injector 143 is connected to inlet 147 and injects the material(s) making up outer coating 136 from a supply 141 into cavity 146 in at least a semi-liquid state. Simultaneously with the injection of outer coating 136 into cavity 146 at inlet 147 , a vacuum or negative pressure is created at outlet 149 with a vacuum pump 148 , thereby creating a pressure differential across cavity 146 between inlet 147 and outlet 149 .
- injected coating 136 is drawn up (via the differential pressure) within cavity 146 from inlet 147 toward outlet 149 .
- mold 145 is removed and outer coating 136 is cured in any suitable manner such as, for example, by radiative heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, or placing coating 136 in a warm environment of approximately 80-130° F.
- UV ultraviolet
- inner coating 134 it should be appreciated that the curing method and parameters may affect the resulting properties of coating 136 , such as for, example, the hardness, flexibility, etc.
- strips 139 of inner coating 134 may be formed through a similar process to that described above for strips 140 while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- an external gauge ring 180 is disposed about conductor 60 axially below sensor array 120 to clear sediment in advance of array 120 during insertion of conductor 60 into the sea floor.
- ring 180 includes a first or upper end 180 a, a second or lower end 180 b opposite upper end 180 a, a radially outer surface 180 d extending between ends 180 a, 180 b, and a radially inner surface 180 c extending between ends 180 a, 180 b.
- inner surface 180 c is cylindrical and engages radially outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 .
- Outer surface 180 d includes a downward facing frustoconical surface 184 at lower end 180 b and an outer cylindrical surface 182 extending axially between frustoconical surface 184 and upper end 180 a.
- Outer cylindrical surface 182 extends to a maximum radius R 180 measured radially from outer surface 60 c that is preferably equal to or greater than the radius R 128 of sensor assemblies 128 .
- radius R 180 is preferably less than the maximum radial distance to which other components of conductor 60 , such as couplers, extend to avoid interference by ring 180 during installation and handling of conductor 60 as previously described above.
- radius R 180 is preferably less than 0.5 inches.
- gauge ring 180 may be installed on radially outer surface 60 c in any suitable manner while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- ring 180 may be secured to outer surface 60 c through welding, adhesive, securing members (e.g., bolts, rivets, etc.), interference fit, or combinations thereof.
- gauge ring 180 engages with sediment and directs it radially away from radially outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 and thus also away from the trailing sensor array 120 . Because radius R 180 is preferably equal to or larger than radius R 128 of sensor assemblies 128 within array 120 ( FIG. 7 ), ring 180 pushes sediment is radially beyond the reach of sensor assemblies 128 by as conductor 60 is advanced into sea floor. Therefore, the installation of gauge ring 180 offers the potential to reduce excessive engagement between the sediment below the sea floor 13 and sensor array 120 , which can prevent damage to array 120 during conductor 60 installation operations.
- communication unit 150 is received within a receptacle 46 mounted to a radially extending mounting bracket 44 extending from wellhead 40 .
- Communication unit 150 is configured to receive data from each of the sensors 130 , 131 within sensor array 120 (e.g., strain measurements, temperature measurements, etc.) during drilling and/or production operations, and transmit that received data to a remote surface location.
- the remote surface location may be any location that is removed from wellhead 40 and system 100 , and may include any suitable location for receiving data such as, for example, a control room. In this embodiment, the remote surface location is disposed on platform 20 .
- communication unit 150 includes a wet mateable electrical connector 154 coupled to connector 126 with a cable 127 .
- connector 126 is electrically coupled to sensors 130 in array 120 via conductors 129 .
- the connection between cable 127 and connector 154 may be made up by a remote operated vehicle (ROV) subsea or may be made up by well site personnel at platform 20 .
- ROV remote operated vehicle
- Communication unit 150 also includes a wireless transmitter 152 configured to communicate, via wireless signals 160 , with the remote surface location (e.g., platform 20 ).
- wireless signals 160 can comprise any suitable wireless communication signal for communication across atmospheric or oceanic space.
- signals 160 may comprise acoustic waves, radio waves, light waves, etc.
- signals 160 comprise acoustic signals.
- Transmitter 152 is configured to both transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., signals 160 ) during operation, and thus, communication unit 150 is configured to send and receive signals to and from both sensor array 120 and the remote surface location (e.g., platform 20 ).
- communication unit 150 is configured to receive raw data from sensors 130 , 131 (e.g., electrical resistance, voltage, impedance, etc. readings from sensors 130 , 131 ), calculate the resulting strain, temperature measurements, respectively, from the raw data, and then communicate the strain, temperature measurements to the remote location.
- communication unit 150 includes a processor configured to execute software stored on a memory.
- any strain experienced by conductor 60 causes deformation of sensors 130 within array 120 .
- the sensors 130 then output signals that include changes in at least one parameter as a result of the deformation (e.g., resistivity).
- This raw data signal is then routed to communication unit 150 via electrical conductors 129 , connector 126 , and cable 127 , where it is then translated into a measurement of strain on conductor 60 .
- the strain measurements communicated to communication unit 150 are then communicated wirelessly to platform 20 via communication signals 160 .
- strain measurements are taken at a sufficient sampling frequency in order for well site personnel to characterize cyclic loading conditions on conductor 60 .
- the data output from sensors 130 and/or stored and communicated by communication unit 150 may be sufficiently compressed through known methods to allow for more efficient transmission and analysis thereof.
- FIG. 10 another offshore system 200 for drilling and/or producing subsea wellbore 11 is shown.
- System 200 is substantially the same as system 10 , previously described, and thus, corresponding components are given the same reference numerals and the following description will focus on the differences between systems 10 , 200 .
- system 200 includes a second or inner conductor 210 extending concentrically within conductor 60 along axis 65 .
- Inner conductor 210 includes a first or upper end 210 a coupled to wellhead 40 , a second or lower end (not shown) disposed within wellbore 11 , a radially outer surface 210 c extending axially from end 210 a, and a radially inner surface 210 d also extending axially from end 210 a.
- annulus 205 is formed between radially inner surface 60 d of conductor 60 and radially outer surface 210 c of inner conductor 210 .
- system 200 also includes a strain monitoring system 220 for directly measuring and monitoring the strain experienced by conductor 210 during drilling and/or production operations.
- System 200 may include strain monitoring system 220 either in addition to or in lieu of strain monitoring system 100 previously described above.
- Strain monitoring system 220 includes a communication assembly 230 mounted to radially outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 and a strain measurement assembly 260 mounted to radially outer surface 210 c of inner conductor 210 .
- communication assembly 230 is a ring-shaped member that extends circumferentially about the radially outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 .
- Assembly 230 includes and houses a plurality of acoustic transducers 232 that are circumferentially spaced about axis 65 along surface 60 c.
- Communication assembly 230 can be secured to outer surface 60 c of conductor 60 through any suitable method while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- communication assembly 230 is a clam shell style member that includes two circumferential halves that are joined by a hinge (not shown) thereby allowing assembly 230 to be closed about radially outer surface 60 .
- assembly 230 is welded or bolted to radially outer surface 60 c.
- assembly 230 is secured to radially outer surface 60 c with an interference fit or an adhesive.
- Each transducer 232 includes one or more piezoelectric elements that allow each transducer 232 to generate acoustic signals (e.g., acoustic waves) in response to the receipt of input electrical signals (i.e., electric current), and further, to output electrical signals (i.e., electric current) in response to the receipt of input acoustic signals.
- acoustic signals e.g., acoustic waves
- input electrical signals i.e., electric current
- output electrical signals i.e., electric current
- each transducer 232 can be referred to as being a “piezoelectric” transducer.
- each transducer 232 is configured to generate and receive acoustic signals having frequencies between 100 MHz and 2000 MHz; however, other frequency ranges are possible.
- each piezoelectric transducer 232 can be any suitable piezoelectric transducer known in the art while still complying with the principles disclosed herein, and in some embodiments may include transducers that are configured to communicate with other non-acoustic wireless signals, such as, for example, optical signals, radio frequency (RF) signals, WiFi, BLUETOOTH®, etc.
- RF radio frequency
- Power and/or communication signals routed to and from transducers 232 in communication assembly 230 may be carried by a conductor 236 , shown in FIG. 10 .
- Conductor 236 is routed from communication assembly 230 along outer surface 60 c either to another communication device (e.g., communication unit 150 , previously described) or to some other remote location (e.g., platform 20 ). In this embodiment, conductor 236 is routed to platform 20 .
- Conductor 236 is configured substantially the same as conductors 129 , previously described, and may include any suitable conductor, such as, for example, wires or fiber optic cabling.
- conductor 236 may include a plurality of individual conductive elements (not shown) that are each coupled to one of the transducers 232 at one end and a separate component (e.g., communication unit 150 , device or component disposed on platform 20 , etc.) at an opposite end.
- a separate component e.g., communication unit 150 , device or component disposed on platform 20 , etc.
- strain measurement assembly 260 is circumferentially disposed about the radially outer surface 210 c of inner conductor 210 . As a result, assembly 260 is disposed within annulus 205 .
- Strain measurement assembly 260 generally includes a protective outer ring member 262 , and a plurality of strain sensor assemblies 128 (which may potentially include temperature sensor 131 as described above), each being the same as previously described above. Sensor assemblies 128 are mounted to and are circumferentially spaced about radially outer surface 210 c. As a result, assemblies 128 are configured to measure the strain (and potentially temperature) on inner conductor 210 during operations.
- assembly 260 includes a power storage and delivery unit 264 (referred to more simply herein as “power unit 264 ”) and a communication transducer 266 .
- power unit 264 a power storage and delivery unit 264
- communication transducer 266 Each of the sensor assemblies 128 , power unit 264 , and transducer 266 are coupled (e.g., electrically or otherwise) to one another with one or more conductors 268 extending along or proximate to radially outer surface 210 c.
- ring member 262 provides a protective outer shell to the other components of strain measurement assembly 260 during manufacturing, transportation, installation, and production operations for conductor 210 .
- member 262 includes a first or upper end 262 a, a second or lower end 262 b, a radially outer surface 262 c, and a radially inner surface 262 d.
- An annular recess 263 extends radially inward from radially inner surface 262 d. Recess 263 contains and houses each of the sensor assemblies 128 , power unit 264 , transducer 266 , and conductor(s) 268 during operations.
- ring member 262 may be secured to radially outer surface 210 c of inner conductor 210 through any suitable method, such as, for example, welding, bolting, interference fit, adhesive, clamping, etc.
- member 262 is a clam-shell type member that includes two circumferential halves joined by a hinge (not shown).
- recess 263 is sealed from the environment in annulus 205 . Such a seal may be achieved and maintained in any suitable manner while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- a pair of annular seal assemblies are disposed on radially inner surface 262 d, with one above recess 263 and the other below recess 263 .
- Each seal assembly may include an annular seal gland extending radially inward from radially inner surface 262 d and a sealing member (metallic, non-metallic, compliant, etc.) disposed therein that engages radially outer surface 210 c when member 262 is installed on conductor 210 .
- each sensor assembly 128 disposed within recess 263 is configured substantially the same as described above for strain monitoring system 100 .
- each sensor assembly 128 includes a strain sensor 130 (and possibly a temperature sensor 131 ) that is encased by an inner coating 134 , which is further encased by an outer coating 136 .
- Sensor 130 (and sensor 131 if applicable) and coatings 134 , 136 are the same as previously described above, and thus, a detailed description is omitted for conciseness.
- each of the sensors 130 (and sensors 131 if applicable) of assemblies 128 is coupled to power unit 264 and transducer 266 through conductor(s) 268 as previously described.
- a total of four (4) sensor assemblies 128 are disposed about radially outer surface 210 c, and each sensor assembly 128 is uniformly-circumferentially spaced such that each assembly 128 is circumferentially spaced approximately 90° from each immediately adjacent sensor assembly 128 .
- sensor assemblies 128 need not be uniformly-circumferentially spaced about radially outer surface 210 c, and more or less than four (4) sensor assemblies 128 may be included while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- Communication transducer 266 is configured substantially the same as transducers 232 of communication assembly 230 . Therefore, transducer 266 is configured to generate acoustic signals (e.g., acoustic waves) in response to the receipt of input electrical signals (i.e., electric current), and further, to output electrical signals (i.e., electric current) in response to the receipt of input acoustic signals. In this embodiment, transducer 266 is configured to communicate wirelessly with any one or more (or all) of the transducers 232 through annulus 205 and conductor 60 (i.e., across surfaces 60 d, 60 c ).
- acoustic signals e.g., acoustic waves
- input electrical signals i.e., electric current
- transducer 266 is configured to communicate wirelessly with any one or more (or all) of the transducers 232 through annulus 205 and conductor 60 (i.e., across surfaces 60 d, 60 c ).
- one or more (or all) transducers 232 receive electric signals (i.e., an electric current) from conductor 236 , converts the electric signals into acoustic signals 238 (i.e., acoustic waves 238 ), and outputs the acoustic signals 238 to transducer 266 .
- transducer 266 receives acoustic signals (i.e., acoustic signals 238 output from transducer(s) 232 ), converts the acoustic signals into electric signals (i.e., an electric current), and outputs the electric signals to power unit 264 and/or sensors 130 (e.g., through conductors 268 ).
- transducers 266 receives electric signals from one or more of the sensors 130 , converts the electric signals into acoustic signals 239 (i.e., acoustic waves 239 ), and outputs the acoustic signals 239 to one or more of the transducers 232 .
- one of more of the transducers 232 receive acoustic signal 239 (i.e., acoustic waves 239 output from transducer 266 ), converts the acoustic signals 239 into electric signals, and outputs the electric signals to conductor 236 .
- an additional conversion unit (or multiple conversion units) is disposed within recess 263 and is configured to convert electrical signals received from transducer 266 into a different signal format for submission to sensors 130 and/or power unit 264 as well as to convert signals received from sensors 130 and/or power unit 264 into electrical signals (e.g., when the signals received from sensors 130 and/or power unit 264 are other than electromagnetic signals) for submission to transducer 264 .
- Such a conversion unit would be particularly useful for embodiments where sensors 130 are coupled to transducer 266 through a wireless connection (e.g., RF, acoustic, WiFi, etc.).
- communication transducers 266 , 232 may operate in substantially the same manner to communicate signals from the temperature sensors 131 if such sensors are included in one or more of the sensor assemblies 128 as described above.
- the signal(s) from platform 20 and output from transducer(s) 232 are of a sufficient strength (i.e., the signals are strong enough account for expected attenuation due to environmental conditions) such that they provide the electrical power necessary to run various components of system 100 (e.g., transducer 266 , sensors 130 , etc.).
- transducer 266 may be configured to receive some amount of electric energy that is taken from signals emitted from transducer(s) 232 which may then be stored in power unit 264 and utilized to power transducer 266 , and sensors 130 for all operations described herein.
- transducer 266 may continuously receive power from transducer(s) 232 through acoustic signals throughout operations which again may then be utilized to power transducer 266 and sensors 130 , 131 for all operations described herein.
- the acoustic signals for transferring power from transducer(s) 232 to transducer 266 may be at a different frequencies or on different channels than other communication signals (e.g., through frequency-division multiplexing).
- acoustic communication between transducers 232 , 266 may only occur in one direction at any given time (e.g., either from transducer(s) 232 to transducer 266 or from transducer 266 to transducer(s) 232 ) such as, for example, through time-division multiplexing.
- acoustic communication between transducers 232 , 266 may occur in both directions simultaneously (e.g., simultaneously from transducer(s) 232 to transducer 266 and from transducer 266 to transducer(s) 232 .)
- Power unit 264 is configured to store and deliver electrical power to each of the sensors 130 , 131 within assemblies 128 as well as transducer 266 during operations.
- Power unit 264 may comprise any suitable element or device for storing and delivering electrical power, while still complying with the principles disclosed herein, such as, for example, a battery, capacitor, a wireless power receiver, or combinations thereof.
- electrical power is delivered to and stored in power unit 264 via the acoustic communication between transducer 266 and one or more of the transducers 232 in the manner previously described above.
- sensors 130 measure the strain on inner conductor 210 in the same manner as described above and output signals (that include either strain measurement values or some other measured value indicative of the strain such as a change in electric resistivity) to communication transducer 266 through conductors 268 .
- Transducer 266 then converts the received signals from sensors 130 into an acoustic signal 239 and routes signal 239 through annulus 205 and conductor 60 where it is received by one or more of the transducers 232 within communication assembly 230 .
- the received acoustic signal 239 is then converted back to an electromagnetic signal and routed to platform 20 (or some other remote location or device as described above) through conductor 236 .
- measurements or data may be generated by sensors 130 either automatically based on a set and predetermined time period (e.g., every minute, hour, day, week, etc.) or upon receipt of an interrogation signal originating from platform 20 or some other remote location.
- a set and predetermined time period e.g., every minute, hour, day, week, etc.
- an interrogation signal is routed via conductor 236 from some other remote location (e.g., platform 20 ) to transducers 232 in assembly 230 .
- one or more (or all) of the transducers 232 Upon receipt of the interrogation signal, one or more (or all) of the transducers 232 convert the electromagnetic signal into an acoustic interrogation signal 238 which is then routed across conductor 60 and annulus 205 to transducer 266 , which receives and converts signal 238 back to an electromagnetic interrogation signal in the manner previously described above. Thereafter, the newly converted interrogation signal is routed through conductors 268 to one or more (or all) of the sensors 130 which then take a reading of the strain on inner conductor 210 and output a measurement signal as described above. It should be appreciated that the communication operations with temperature sensors 131 is substantially the same as discussed above for strain sensors 130 .
- transducer 266 At least partially circumferential and axial alignment between transducer 266 and at least one of the transducers 232 is preferred to allow for effective communications therebetween.
- circumferential alignment is ensured since a plurality of transducers 232 are provided circumferentially about radially outer surface 60 c.
- transducers 266 is located circumferentially along radially outer surface 210 c of inner conductor 210 , it will be at least partially circumferentially aligned with one of the transducers 232 .
- Axial alignment of assemblies 230 , 260 is ensured by careful placement thereof along conductors 60 , 210 , respectively, and is facilitated by the fact that both conductors 60 , 210 are coupled to wellhead 40 at known (or determinable) axial positions.
- a strain monitoring system in accordance with the principles disclosed herein (e.g., system 100 )
- direct measurement and monitoring of the strain experienced by a wellhead conductor e.g., conductor 60
- well site personnel are able to determine whether the conductor is nearing a failure event due to excess strain, and can therefore take appropriate action to avoid the ultimate failure and mitigate any damage potentially caused thereby.
- strain monitoring system 100 has been described for use in an offshore drilling and/or production system 10 , it should be appreciated that embodiments of the strain monitoring system 100 disclosed herein may be utilized on a land based drilling and/or production system while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
- the communication unit 150 disclosed herein have been described as receiving raw data output from sensors 130 and then converting that raw data into strain measurements for communication to the remote surface location (e.g., on platform 20 ), it should be appreciated that in other embodiments, sensors 130 determine the strain on conductor 60 from the measured parameter(s) and then route these determined strain measurements to communication unit 150 via conductors 129 , connector 126 , and cable 127 as previously described.
- the raw data out put from the sensors 130 is converted into a measurement of strain on conductor 60 at the remote surface location (e.g., at platform 20 ).
- the communication unit 150 as described here in wirelessly communicates strain measurements to the remote location in real time or near real time, in other embodiments, the communication unit (e.g., communication unit 150 ) simply stores all received data for later retrieval to the remote surface location (e.g., platform).
- communication unit 105 stores data and is retrieved to the sea surface 12 by an ROV.
- strain measurement assembly 260 has included a transducer 266 for communication with one or more transducers 232 in communication assembly 230
- sensors 130 themselves may directly communicate with transducers 232 without the aid of a transducers 266
- each sensor 130 may include a wireless transceiver which is configured to produce an acoustic signal for transmission across annulus 205 and conductor 60 for receipt by one or more of the transducers 232 .
- an inner conductor e.g., such as conductor 210 and the embodiment shown in FIGS.
- communication assembly 230 may additionally function as a collection point for measurement signals not only from sensors 130 disposed on radially outer surface 210 c of inner conductor 210 , but may also collect signals from sensors 130 disposed on radially outer surface 60 c of outer conductor 60 .
- communication unit 150 can be mounted anywhere proximal to wellhead 40 or other similarly situated components (e.g., production tree) and need not be directly mounted to wellhead 40 as previously described above.
- sensor assemblies 128 that are all configured the same, it should be appreciated that other embodiments include sensors assemblies 128 that are configured differently (e.g., different sensor types, different coating arrangements, thicknesses, types, etc.) while still complying with the principles disclosed herein.
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Abstract
A system includes a tubular member (60) including a radially outer surface (60 c) and a sensor assembly (128). The sensor assembly includes a strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface. In addition, the sensor assembly includes a first coating having (134) a first hardness and a first tensile strength. The first coating encases the strain sensor (131,130) and at least part (64) of the outer surface. Further, the sensor assembly includes a second coating (136) having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness and a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength. The second coating encases the first coating and at least another part (68) of the radially outer surface.
Description
- This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/149,096 filed Apr. 17, 2015, and entitled “Systems and Methods for Determining the Strain Experienced by Wellhead Tubulars,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
- Not applicable.
- Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to oil and gas wells. More particularly, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for measuring the strain experienced by tubular members employed in oil and gas wells.
- In drilling operations, a large diameter hole is drilled from the surface to a selected depth. Then, a primary conductor secured to the lower end of an outer wellhead housing disposed at the surface, also referred to as a low pressure housing, is run into the borehole. Cement is pumped down the primary conductor and allowed to flow back up the annulus between the primary conductor and the borehole sidewall. Alternatively, the primary conductor is jetted into place (i.e., no cement is used).
- With the primary conductor secured in place, a drill bit is lowered through the primary conductor to drill the borehole to a second depth. Next, an inner wellhead housing, also referred to as a high pressure housing, is seated in the upper end of the outer wellhead housing. A string of casing secured to the lower end of the inner wellhead housing or seated in the inner wellhead housing extends downward through the primary conductor. Cement is pumped down the casing string, and allowed to flow back up the annulus between the casing string and the primary conductor to secure the casing string in place. The drill bit is lowered through the primary conductor and the casing string and drilling continues.
- Prior to continuing drilling operations in greater depths, a blowout preventer (BOP) is mounted to the wellhead, and in subsea environments, a lower marine riser package (LMRP) is mounted to the BOP. The drill string is suspended from the rig through the BOP (and LMPR in offshore operations) into the well bore. Drilling generally continues while successively installing concentric casing strings that line the borehole. Each casing string is cemented in place by pumping cement down the casing and allowing it to flow back up the annulus between the casing string and the borehole sidewall.
- Following drilling operations, the cased well is completed (i.e., prepared for production). Typically, a production tree is installed on the wellhead during completion operations and production tubing is run through the casing and suspended by a tubing hanger seated in a mating profile in the inner wellhead housing or production tree.
- During drilling and production operations, the main function of the primary conductor is to resist axial and lateral loads imposed at the wellhead. Such loads can be particularly large in offshore operations where a relatively large, heavy stack of equipment (e.g., production tree, BOP, LMRP) is mounted atop the wellhead and is subjected to subsea currents. As a result, the primary conductor typically experiences a significant amount of strain. In extreme scenarios, the strain may be sufficient to damage the primary conductor (either through fatigue or some other failure modality).
- Some embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a conductor for use in oil and gas wells. In an embodiment, the conductor includes a tubular member with a radially outer surface, and a sensor assembly. The sensor assembly includes a strain sensor coupled to the outer surface. In addition, the sensor assembly includes a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength and encasing the sensor and at least part of the outer surface. Further, the sensor assembly includes a second coating having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness, a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength. The second coating encases the first coating and at least another part of the outer surface.
- Other embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a system. In an embodiment, the system includes a wellhead and a tubular member configured to be coupled to the wellhead and to extend into a wellbore. The tubular member has a radially outer surface. In addition, the system includes a first strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface and an outer coating disposed over the first strain sensor. Further, the system includes a communication unit in communication with the first strain sensor and a remote surface location.
- Other embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a method for manufacturing a conductor for use in an oil and gas well. In an embodiment, the method includes (a) coupling a first strain sensor to a radially outer surface of the conductor. The first strain sensor is configured to measure the strain on outer surface. In addition, the method includes (b) encasing the first sensor with a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength after (a). Further, the method includes (c) encasing the first coating with a second coating after (b). The second coating has a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness and a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength.
- Other embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a method of measuring strain on a first conductor for use in an oil and gas well. In an embodiment, the method includes (a) measuring a strain on the first conductor with a first strain sensor coupled to a radially outer surface of the first conductor. In addition, the method includes (b) protecting the first strain sensor during (a) with an outer coating. Further, the method includes (c) routing data from the first strain sensor to a communication unit after (a). Still further, the method includes (d) wirelessly communicating with a remote surface location with the communication unit after (c).
- Still other embodiments disclosed herein are directed to a system. In an embodiment, the system includes a tubular member including a radially outer surface. In addition, the system includes a sensor assembly. The sensor assembly includes a strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface of the tubular member. In addition, the sensor assembly includes a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength. The first coating encases the strain sensor and at least part of the radially outer surface of the tubular member. Further, the system includes a second coating having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness and a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength. The second coating encases the first coating and at least another part of the radially outer surface.
- Embodiments described herein comprise a combination of features and advantages intended to address various shortcomings associated with certain prior devices, systems, and methods. The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. The various characteristics described above, as well as other features, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description, and by referring to the accompanying drawings. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
- For a detailed description of various exemplary embodiments, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of an offshore system in accordance with the principles disclosed herein for drilling and/or producing from a subsea wellbore; -
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the offshore system and strain monitoring system ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the offshore system ofFIG. 1 taken along section III-III inFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of one of the sensor assemblies ofFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 5 is an enlarged perspective view of the conductor ofFIG. 1 illustrating the sensor array of the monitoring system ofFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 6 is a schematic, partial cross-sectional view of the outer coating of the sensor assemblies ofFIG. 2 being applied to the conductor; -
FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the conductor ofFIG. 1 illustrating an external gauge ring mounted thereto; -
FIGS. 8 and 9 are sequential schematic side views illustrating the installation of the conductor ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 10 is a schematic side cross-sectional view of an offshore system in accordance with the principles disclosed herein for drilling and/or producing from a subsea wellbore; -
FIG. 11 is a top cross-sectional view taken along section XI-XI ofFIG. 10 ; and -
FIG. 12 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of section XII-XII ofFIG. 10 . - The following discussion is directed to various exemplary embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the examples disclosed herein have broad application, and that the discussion of any embodiment is meant only to be exemplary of that embodiment, and not intended to suggest that the scope of the disclosure, including the claims, is limited to that embodiment.
- Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular features or components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, different persons may refer to the same feature or component by different names. This document does not intend to distinguish between components or features that differ in name but not function. The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features and components herein may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhat schematic form and some details of conventional elements may not be shown in interest of clarity and conciseness.
- In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . .” Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either an indirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct connection, or through an indirect connection via other devices, components, and connections. In addition, as used herein, the terms “axial” and “axially” generally mean along or parallel to a central axis (e.g., central axis of a body or a port), while the terms “radial” and “radially” generally mean perpendicular to the central axis. For instance, an axial distance refers to a distance measured along or parallel to the central axis, and a radial distance means a distance measured perpendicular to the central axis. As used herein, the term “well site personnel” is used broadly to include any individual or group of individuals who may be disposed or stationed on a rig or worksite or offsite at a remote monitoring location (such as a remote office location). The term also would include any personnel involved in the drilling and/or production operations at or for an oil and gas well such as, for example, technicians, operators, engineers, analysts, etc.
- Referring now to
FIG. 1 , an embodiment of anoffshore system 10 for drilling and/or producing asubsea wellbore 11 is shown. In this embodiment,system 10 includes anoffshore platform 20 at thesea surface 12, a subsea blowout preventer (BOP) 30 mounted to awellhead 40 at thesea floor 13, and a lower marine riser package (LMRP) 50 mounted toBOP 30.Platform 20 is equipped with aderrick 21 that supports a hoist (not shown). Adrilling riser 25 extends fromplatform 20 to LMRP 50. In general,riser 25 is a large-diameter pipe that connectsLMRP 50 to the floatingplatform 20. During drilling operations,riser 25 takes mud returns to theplatform 20. - A
primary conductor 60, also referred to asconductor 60, is coupled to and extends fromwellhead 40 intosubterranean wellbore 11.Conductor 60 is a tubular member including a central orlongitudinal axis 65, a first orupper end 60 a coupled towellhead 40, a second or lower end (not shown) disposed within thewellbore 11, a radiallyouter surface 60 c extending axially between fromend 60 a, and a radiallyinner surface 60 d also extending axially fromend 60 a.Inner surface 60 d defines athroughbore 62 for receiving other components extending into and/or routed within wellbore (e.g., tubing, drill pipe, casing pipe, drill bits, downhole tools, etc.). During drilling and/or production operations, the primary function ofconductor 60 is to resist axial and lateral loads applied towellhead 40 by various sources (e.g., ocean currents, waves,platform 20,LMRP 50,BOP 30, etc.). As a result, it is desirable to determine and monitor the strain onconductor 60 through its term of service to avoid potential failures and losses. - Conventional systems for monitoring the strain on a conductor (e.g., conductor 60) typically involve the installation of accelerometers along the
wellhead 40,BOP 30,LMRP 50, or elsewhere to measure the movement of these corresponding components. The measured movements are then used to calculate the amount of strain experienced byconductor 60. To perform this calculation, it is necessary to define a point ordepth 5 below the mud line where the sediment is sufficiently consolidated to fully supportconductor 60 and prevent all bending or other movement thereof. Such a point (i.e., point 5) is sometimes referred to as the “point of fixity.” In the embodiment ofsystem 10 shown ofFIG. 1 , the vertical distance measured from the mud line to the point offixity 5 alongconductor 60 is schematically shown as depth D5. However, determining depth D5 is difficult, especially in subsea applications, where thesea floor 13 andconductor 60 can be located over a mile below thesea surface 12. Consequently, indirectly determining the strain experienced by a conductor via calculations relying on accelerometer measurements and estimations of depth D5 is often imprecise, and can lead to erroneous conclusions by well site personnel (e.g., the calculated strain onconductor 60 is higher or lower than what is actually being experienced). As a result, embodiments disclosed herein include systems and methods for directly measuring the strain on a conductor (e.g., conductor 60), which offers the potential for more informed decisions by well site personnel regarding the remaining life or failure potential for theconductor 60 and related equipment. - Referring now to
FIGS. 1 and 2 ,system 10 includes astrain monitoring system 100 for directly measuring and monitoring the strain experienced byconductor 60 during drilling and/or production operations. As best shown inFIG. 2 , in this embodiment,strain monitoring system 100 includes asensor array 120 coupled toconductor 60 and acommunication unit 150 coupled towellhead 40.Sensor array 120 andcommunication unit 150 are electrically coupled such that data and information can be communicated therebetween. - Referring now to
FIGS. 2 and 3 ,sensor array 120 includes a plurality ofsensor assemblies 128 mounted to radiallyouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60. In this embodiment,sensor assemblies 128 are arranged into a plurality of axially stackedrows rows array 120 withrow 122 a being the axially uppermost row,row 122 d being the axially lowermost row,row 122 b being disposed immediately axially belowrow 122 a, and row 122 c being disposed axially betweenrows FIG. 2 ,rows sea floor 13 whereasrow 122 d is disposed below thesea floor 13. However, in general, any desired number of rows ofsensor assemblies 128 can be provided above and below thesea floor 13. For example, in some embodiments, the three axiallylowermost rows sea floor 13, and in other embodiments, all of therows sea floor 13. - As best shown in
FIG. 3 , eachrow sensor assemblies 128 disposed aboutouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60. As a result, thesensor assemblies 128 in eachrow axis 65. Although this embodiment ofsystem 10 includes fourrows sensor assemblies 128, in general, other specific numbers, arrangements, and spacing for the sensor assemblies (e.g., sensor assemblies 128) can be employed while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. For example, in other embodiments, more or less than four (4)sensor assemblies 128 may be disposed within eachrow sensor assemblies 128 may or may not be uniformly-circumferentially spaced aboutouter surface 60 d. Although only onerow 122 b is depicted inFIG. 3 , it should be appreciated that eachrow - Referring now to
FIG. 4 , onesensor assembly 128 is shown, it being understood that eachsensor assembly 128 is the same. Eachsensor assembly 128 is secured to the radiallyouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60 and includes a plurality of protective coatings or layers disposed thereon. As will be described in more detail below, these protective coatings protect the relatively fragile strain sensing elements withinassembly 128 during transport and installation ofconductor 60, as well as during drilling and production operations. - In this embodiment,
sensor assembly 128 includes astrain sensor 130 directly secured to radiallyouter surface 60 c with an adhesive 132, a first orinner coating 134 disposed over and encasingsensor 130, and a second orouter coating 136 disposed over and encasinginner coating 134 andsensor 130. In general,sensor 130 can be any suitable sensor for measuring or detecting the strain on a surface including, without limitation, a resistive strain gauge, a capacitive strain gauge, a fiber strain gauge, a semiconductor strain gauge, or the like. In this embodiment,sensor 130 is a resistive based strain gauge that includes a metallic foil pattern having a total of three (3) terminals for connection to an electrical power source (however, it should be appreciated that such sensors may have more or less than three terminals, such as, for example, two or four terminals while still complying with the principles disclosed herein). When the foil pattern is deformed (e.g., as a result of strain experienced by the support surface that the sensor is mounted to), the electrical resistance across the foil pattern between two of the terminals changes, and this change in electrical resistance can be directly correlated to an amount of strain on the support surface (e.g., in some embodiments the electrical resistance can be related to the strain by a gauge factor which is known and based on the particular type, size, etc. of strain sensor used). In some embodiments,sensor 130 may comprise a load cell such has those manufactured and sold by Interface of Scottsdale, Ariz. (specific examples including the model 1010) and Tovey Engineering of Phoenix, Ariz. (specific examples including the model SW10). In other embodiments,sensor 130 may comprise a strain gauge used within a pressure transducer such as those manufactured and sold by Omega Engineering, Inc. of Stamford, Conn. (specific examples including the PX409 pressure transducer) and Honeywell International Inc. of Morris Township, N.J. (specific examples including the SPT series pressure transducers). In still other embodiments,sensor 130 may comprise a wireless surface acoustic wave (“SAW”) sensor such as those manufactured by Syntonics L.L.C. of Columbia, Md. or by Applied Sensor Research & Development Corp. of Arnold, Md. Also, in some embodiments,sensor 130 may be similar to one or more of those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,268,662, 7,434,989, 7,500,379, 7,791,249, 8,094,008, 8,441,168 and U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2013/0130362 and 2014/0007692, wherein the contents of each of the above references are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. - In addition,
sensor 130 may comprise a strain gauge configured to measure or detect the strain onouter surface 60 c along either a single axis (e.g., an axis oriented parallel withaxis 65, an axis disposed within a plane that is perpendicular toaxis 65, or an axis that is disposed somewhere between parallel and perpendicular to axis 65) or along multiple axes all while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. In this embodiment,sensor 130 is configured to measure the strain onsurface 60 c ofconductor 60 along an axis oriented parallel toaxis 65. - In this embodiment,
sensor assembly 128 also includes atemperature sensor 131 adjacent to strainsensor 130. In general,temperature sensor 131 can be any suitable temperature sensing device or apparatus known in the art, such as, for example, a thermocouple, a thermistor, a thermometer (e.g., a resistive thermometer), etc. In this embodiment,temperature sensor 131 is positioned circumferentially adjacent to strainsensor 130 as shown, however, in other embodiments, the temperature sensor (e.g., temperature sensor 131) may be axially or radially adjacent to strainsensor 130. In addition, in this embodiment, each of thesensor assemblies 128 include bothstrain sensor 130 andtemperature sensor 131. However, in other embodiments,sensor assemblies 128 may only include one of thestrain sensor 130 andtemperature sensor 131, and in still other embodiments, some of thesensor assemblies 128 may include bothsensors sensor assemblies 128 may include only one of thesensors -
Adhesive 132 securessensors conductor 60. In general, adhesive 132 can comprise any adhesive suitable for use in subsea and/or downhole environments (i.e., adhesives capable of withstanding the anticipated temperatures, pressures, etc. in the subsea and/or downhole environment). In this embodiment, adhesive 132 comprises an epoxy resin. An example of a suitable epoxy resin is a two-part epoxy available from Vishay Precision Group, Inc. of Raleigh, N.C. (specific examples including, but not limited to M-Bond 610 adhesive and M-Bond AE-15 adhesive), and HBM, Inc. of Marlborough, Mass. (specific examples including, but not limited to EP-310S adhesive and X280 adhesive). In addition, in at least some embodiments, radiallyouter surface 60 c (or simply the portion ofouter surface 60 c thatsensors outer surface 60 c is shot blasted (e.g., with shot peen) to result in a white metal surface finish. The purpose of these surface treatments is to promote adhesion betweenadhesive 132 andsurface 60 c, thereby promoting a secure mounting forsensor sensors sensors sensors - Referring still to
FIG. 4 , as previously described,sensors protective coatings Such coatings sensors Inner coating 134 is disposed immediately around and oversensors sensors portion 64 ofouter surface 60 c immediately surroundingsensor 130. In general, coating 134 can comprise any suitable coating material(s) configured to restrict the ingress of water, formation fluids, or other fluids from the area immediately surroundingconductor 60 towardsensors conductor 60. For example, in this embodiment, coating 134 has a tensile strength TS134 that is equal to approximately 530 psi [or 3654 kPa], an elongation e134 of 350%, and a Durometer A hardness of 55. In addition, coating 134 exhibits minimal corrosion, adhesion loss, or softening when exposed to salt water and jet fuel. Further, in this embodiment,inner coating 134 is an electrical insulator, and thus, is configured to shieldsensors - In general,
inner coating 134 can be applied tosensors inner coating 134 is applied tosensors coating 134, such as for, example, the hardness, flexibility, etc. One of ordinary skill would appreciate the proper curing methods and parameters which would result in the desired properties discussed above. - Referring still to
FIG. 4 ,outer coating 136 is disposed immediately around and overinner coating 134 such that it contacts bothinner coating 134 and at least a region orpotion 68 ofouter surface 60 c immediately surroundinginner coating 134. In general, coating 136 can comprise any suitable coating material(s) configured to protectsensors conductor 60, and can include, impacting conductor 60 (particular the region ofouter surface 60 cproximate sensors 130, 131) with another object. In some embodiments,outer coating 136 comprises one or more layers of urethane, carbon fiber, fiberglass, metallic wiring, rubber, and/or other resins. In this embodiment, coating 136 comprises a resin material such as, for example polyurethane compound like PR-1535 available from PPG Industries, Inc. of Sylmar, Calif. In addition, because coating 136 is utilized to guard against physical impacts and other direct trauma tosensor assembly 128, it should also maintain a certain level of toughness—which is a measure of a material's ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing or failing. Toughness can also be thought of as a combination of tensile strength and elongation. For example, in this embodiment, coating 136 has a tensile strength TS134 that is equal to approximately 4500 psi [or 31,030 kPa], an elongation e136 of 500%, and a Durometer A hardness of 90. - Therefore, in this embodiment, the tensile strength TS136 and elongation e136 of
outer coating 136 is greater than the tensile strength TS134 and elongation e134 ofinner coating 134, and the hardness ofouter coating 136 is greater than the hardness of theinner coating 134. Accordingly,outer coating 136 has a greater toughness thaninner coating 134. As a result,inner coating 134 is able to accommodate deformation of sensor 130 (and potentially also sensor 131) and resist fluid ingress towardsensors outer coating 136 is able to protectsensors outer coating 136 is approximately 8.5 times greater than the tensile strength TS134 ofinner coating 134, and the elongation e136 ofouter coating 136 is approximately 1.4 times the elongation e134 ofinner coating 134. - Referring still to
FIG. 4 , it is generally desirable to limit the radial distance to whichsensor assemblies 128 extend fromconductor 60 to reduce the potential forsensor assemblies 128 to physically interfere with other equipment during operations (e.g., transportation, handling, installation, etc.). As a result, in this embodiment,outer coating 136 has anouter surface 136 a disposed at a maximum distance R128 measured from radiallyouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60. In this embodiment, radial distance R128 preferably ranges from 0 to 0.5 inches; however, other values are possible (e.g., values above 0.5 inches). Typically, the upper limit of radial distance R128 is determined by the maximum radial distance to which other components ofconductor 60, such as couplers, extend. Therefore, limiting radial distance R128 such that it is equal to or preferably less than the radial distance of these other components ofconductor 60 prevents at least some engagement withsensor assemblies 128 during operations. - In general,
coatings sensors inner coatings 134, respectively. Referring now toFIG. 5 , in this embodiment,inner coating 134 andouter coating 136 are applied in a plurality ofstrips outer surface 60 c ofconductor 60. As shown inFIG. 5 , eachstrip 139 includes a first orupper end 139 a, a second orlower end 139 b oppositeupper end 139 a, and an axial length L139 extending betweenends strip 139 covers one of thesensors row sensor 130 in eachrow corresponding sensor 130 in each of theother rows sensor 131 in eachrow corresponding sensor 131 in each of theother rows strip 139 extends axially over each of the axially alignedsensors strip 140 includes a first orupper end 140 a, a second orlower end 140 b oppositeupper end 140 a, and an axial length L140 extending betweenends strip 140 covers one of the strips 139 (and the correspondingsensors 130 covered thereby). Therefore, in this embodiment, axial length L140 is preferably equal to or greater than axial length L139. Without being limited to this or any other theory, this arrangement ofcoatings conductor 60 aboutaxis 65 when it is resting on radiallyouter surface 60 c, such as might be the case during storage and transportation ofconductor 60. - Referring now to
FIGS. 2 and 5 , eachsensor 130 and eachsensor 131 is coupled to anelectrical connector 126 mounted toouter surface 60 c. In particular, a plurality ofelectrical conductors 129electrically couple sensors connector 126. Preferably, eachconductor 129 extends between one of thesensors single conductor 129 is shown extending acrosssensors 130 inrows FIG. 5 for simplicity). In this embodiment,conductors 129 comprise TEFLON® insulated wires (i.e.,conductors 129 include wires insulated with polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, fluorinated ethylene propylene, or combinations thereof); however, other coatings and insulation are possible. Also, in this embodiment (whereconductors 129 are coated in TEFLON®) it is preferable to etch the insulation with a Fluorocarbon Etchant to promote a strong bond between the insulation and one or more of the coatings (e.g.,coatings conductor 129 insulation is etched with Tetra-Etch® available from Polytetra of Mönchengladbach, Germany. In addition, in at least some embodiments, the insulation ofconductors 129 is prepped to promote waterproofing thereof in a manner suitable for such purposes as would be known and appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. As is best shown inFIG. 5 , at least a part of eachconductor 129 is encased by one of thestrips coatings conductors 129 that are notproximate sensor assemblies 128. Without being limited to this or any other theory, coating 137 provides strain relief forconductors 129 as well as protection from egress ofconductors 129 andconnector 126. Coating 137 may be the same or different ascoating 136 orcoating 134 while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion ofconductors 129 that extend above thesea floor 13 are not encased bycoatings electrical connector 126 can be any suitable electrical connector for coupling and transferring power, data, communication signals, or combinations thereof betweensensors assemblies 128 and other components (e.g.,communication unit 150 described in more detail below). In this embodiment,connector 126 comprises a dry mateableelectrical connector 126 mounted to radiallyouter surface 60 c. - In general, strips 139, 140 of
coatings outer surface 60 c ofconductor 60 by any suitable method while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. However, as best shownFIG. 6 , in this embodiment eachstrip 140 ofouter coating 136 is formed by constructing or forming amold 145 around onesensor 130 of eachrow inner coating 134 is applied and cured.Mold 145 includes aninner cavity 146 sized and shaped to correspond with the desired size and shape of eachstrip 140. Therefore,cavity 146 has a total axial length (with respect to axis 65) that is equal to length L140, previously described. In addition,mold 145 includes anupper end 145 a, alower end 145 b, anoutlet 149 atupper end 145 a, and aninlet 147 at alower end 145 b. Bothinlet 147 andoutlet 149 provide access tocavity 146. To fillmold cavity 146, aninjector 143 is connected toinlet 147 and injects the material(s) making upouter coating 136 from asupply 141 intocavity 146 in at least a semi-liquid state. Simultaneously with the injection ofouter coating 136 intocavity 146 atinlet 147, a vacuum or negative pressure is created atoutlet 149 with avacuum pump 148, thereby creating a pressure differential acrosscavity 146 betweeninlet 147 andoutlet 149. As a result, injectedcoating 136 is drawn up (via the differential pressure) withincavity 146 frominlet 147 towardoutlet 149. Aftercavity 146 has been completely filled,mold 145 is removed andouter coating 136 is cured in any suitable manner such as, for example, by radiative heat, ultraviolet (UV) light, or placingcoating 136 in a warm environment of approximately 80-130° F. As is similarly explained forinner coating 134, it should be appreciated that the curing method and parameters may affect the resulting properties ofcoating 136, such as for, example, the hardness, flexibility, etc. One of ordinary skill would appreciate the proper curing methods and parameters which would result in the desired properties discussed above. In addition, it should be appreciated thatstrips 139 ofinner coating 134 may be formed through a similar process to that described above forstrips 140 while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. - Referring now to
FIG. 7 , anexternal gauge ring 180 is disposed aboutconductor 60 axially belowsensor array 120 to clear sediment in advance ofarray 120 during insertion ofconductor 60 into the sea floor. In particular, in this embodiment,ring 180 includes a first orupper end 180 a, a second orlower end 180 b oppositeupper end 180 a, a radiallyouter surface 180 d extending betweenends inner surface 180 c extending betweenends inner surface 180 c is cylindrical and engages radiallyouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60.Outer surface 180 d includes a downward facingfrustoconical surface 184 atlower end 180 b and an outercylindrical surface 182 extending axially betweenfrustoconical surface 184 andupper end 180 a. Outercylindrical surface 182 extends to a maximum radius R180 measured radially fromouter surface 60 c that is preferably equal to or greater than the radius R128 ofsensor assemblies 128. In at least some embodiments, radius R180 is preferably less than the maximum radial distance to which other components ofconductor 60, such as couplers, extend to avoid interference byring 180 during installation and handling ofconductor 60 as previously described above. In this embodiment, radius R180 is preferably less than 0.5 inches. In general,gauge ring 180 may be installed on radiallyouter surface 60 c in any suitable manner while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. For example,ring 180 may be secured toouter surface 60 c through welding, adhesive, securing members (e.g., bolts, rivets, etc.), interference fit, or combinations thereof. - Referring now to
FIGS. 8 and 9 , during insertion ofconductor 60 into thesea floor 13,frustoconical surface 184 ofgauge ring 180 engages with sediment and directs it radially away from radiallyouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60 and thus also away from the trailingsensor array 120. Because radius R180 is preferably equal to or larger than radius R128 ofsensor assemblies 128 within array 120 (FIG. 7 ),ring 180 pushes sediment is radially beyond the reach ofsensor assemblies 128 by asconductor 60 is advanced into sea floor. Therefore, the installation ofgauge ring 180 offers the potential to reduce excessive engagement between the sediment below thesea floor 13 andsensor array 120, which can prevent damage toarray 120 duringconductor 60 installation operations. - Referring again to
FIG. 2 ,communication unit 150 is received within areceptacle 46 mounted to a radially extending mountingbracket 44 extending fromwellhead 40.Communication unit 150 is configured to receive data from each of thesensors wellhead 40 andsystem 100, and may include any suitable location for receiving data such as, for example, a control room. In this embodiment, the remote surface location is disposed onplatform 20. In this embodiment,communication unit 150 includes a wet mateableelectrical connector 154 coupled toconnector 126 with acable 127. As previously described above,connector 126 is electrically coupled tosensors 130 inarray 120 viaconductors 129. The connection betweencable 127 andconnector 154 may be made up by a remote operated vehicle (ROV) subsea or may be made up by well site personnel atplatform 20. -
Communication unit 150 also includes awireless transmitter 152 configured to communicate, via wireless signals 160, with the remote surface location (e.g., platform 20). In general, wireless signals 160 can comprise any suitable wireless communication signal for communication across atmospheric or oceanic space. For example, signals 160 may comprise acoustic waves, radio waves, light waves, etc. In this embodiment, signals 160 comprise acoustic signals.Transmitter 152 is configured to both transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., signals 160) during operation, and thus,communication unit 150 is configured to send and receive signals to and from bothsensor array 120 and the remote surface location (e.g., platform 20). - In this embodiment,
communication unit 150 is configured to receive raw data fromsensors 130, 131 (e.g., electrical resistance, voltage, impedance, etc. readings fromsensors 130, 131), calculate the resulting strain, temperature measurements, respectively, from the raw data, and then communicate the strain, temperature measurements to the remote location. Accordingly,communication unit 150 includes a processor configured to execute software stored on a memory. - Referring again to
FIGS. 1-4 , during drilling and/or production operations (i.e., following installation ofsystems 10, 100), any strain experienced by conductor 60 (particularly onouter surface 60 c) causes deformation ofsensors 130 withinarray 120. Thesensors 130 then output signals that include changes in at least one parameter as a result of the deformation (e.g., resistivity). This raw data signal is then routed tocommunication unit 150 viaelectrical conductors 129,connector 126, andcable 127, where it is then translated into a measurement of strain onconductor 60. The strain measurements communicated tocommunication unit 150 are then communicated wirelessly toplatform 20 via communication signals 160. In at least some embodiments, strain measurements are taken at a sufficient sampling frequency in order for well site personnel to characterize cyclic loading conditions onconductor 60. In addition, in some embodiments, the data output fromsensors 130 and/or stored and communicated bycommunication unit 150 may be sufficiently compressed through known methods to allow for more efficient transmission and analysis thereof. - While embodiments disclosed herein have focused on the measurement of strain on the outermost conductor tubular (e.g., conductor 60), it should be appreciated that other embodiments can also be utilized to measure and monitor the strain on other tubulars, such as, for example, other casing or conductor tubulars disposed within the outermost conductor of an oil and gas well. For example, referring now to
FIG. 10 , anotheroffshore system 200 for drilling and/or producingsubsea wellbore 11 is shown.System 200 is substantially the same assystem 10, previously described, and thus, corresponding components are given the same reference numerals and the following description will focus on the differences betweensystems system 10,system 200 includes a second orinner conductor 210 extending concentrically withinconductor 60 alongaxis 65.Inner conductor 210 includes a first orupper end 210 a coupled towellhead 40, a second or lower end (not shown) disposed withinwellbore 11, a radiallyouter surface 210 c extending axially fromend 210 a, and a radiallyinner surface 210 d also extending axially fromend 210 a. As shown inFIG. 10 , wheninner conductor 210 is concentrically disposed withinconductor 60, anannulus 205 is formed between radiallyinner surface 60 d ofconductor 60 and radiallyouter surface 210 c ofinner conductor 210. - Referring now to
FIGS. 10 and 11 ,system 200 also includes astrain monitoring system 220 for directly measuring and monitoring the strain experienced byconductor 210 during drilling and/or production operations.System 200 may includestrain monitoring system 220 either in addition to or in lieu ofstrain monitoring system 100 previously described above.Strain monitoring system 220 includes acommunication assembly 230 mounted to radiallyouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60 and astrain measurement assembly 260 mounted to radiallyouter surface 210 c ofinner conductor 210. - As is best shown in
FIG. 11 ,communication assembly 230 is a ring-shaped member that extends circumferentially about the radiallyouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60.Assembly 230 includes and houses a plurality ofacoustic transducers 232 that are circumferentially spaced aboutaxis 65 alongsurface 60 c.Communication assembly 230 can be secured toouter surface 60 c ofconductor 60 through any suitable method while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments,communication assembly 230 is a clam shell style member that includes two circumferential halves that are joined by a hinge (not shown) thereby allowingassembly 230 to be closed about radiallyouter surface 60. In other embodiments,assembly 230 is welded or bolted to radiallyouter surface 60 c. In still other embodiments,assembly 230 is secured to radiallyouter surface 60 c with an interference fit or an adhesive. - Each
transducer 232 includes one or more piezoelectric elements that allow eachtransducer 232 to generate acoustic signals (e.g., acoustic waves) in response to the receipt of input electrical signals (i.e., electric current), and further, to output electrical signals (i.e., electric current) in response to the receipt of input acoustic signals. Accordingly, eachtransducer 232 can be referred to as being a “piezoelectric” transducer. In this embodiment, eachtransducer 232 is configured to generate and receive acoustic signals having frequencies between 100 MHz and 2000 MHz; however, other frequency ranges are possible. In general, eachpiezoelectric transducer 232 can be any suitable piezoelectric transducer known in the art while still complying with the principles disclosed herein, and in some embodiments may include transducers that are configured to communicate with other non-acoustic wireless signals, such as, for example, optical signals, radio frequency (RF) signals, WiFi, BLUETOOTH®, etc. - Power and/or communication signals (e.g., electromagnetic signals, light signals, etc.) routed to and from
transducers 232 incommunication assembly 230 may be carried by aconductor 236, shown inFIG. 10 .Conductor 236 is routed fromcommunication assembly 230 alongouter surface 60 c either to another communication device (e.g.,communication unit 150, previously described) or to some other remote location (e.g., platform 20). In this embodiment,conductor 236 is routed toplatform 20.Conductor 236 is configured substantially the same asconductors 129, previously described, and may include any suitable conductor, such as, for example, wires or fiber optic cabling. In addition,conductor 236 may include a plurality of individual conductive elements (not shown) that are each coupled to one of thetransducers 232 at one end and a separate component (e.g.,communication unit 150, device or component disposed onplatform 20, etc.) at an opposite end. - Referring still to
FIGS. 10 and 11 ,strain measurement assembly 260 is circumferentially disposed about the radiallyouter surface 210 c ofinner conductor 210. As a result,assembly 260 is disposed withinannulus 205.Strain measurement assembly 260 generally includes a protectiveouter ring member 262, and a plurality of strain sensor assemblies 128 (which may potentially includetemperature sensor 131 as described above), each being the same as previously described above.Sensor assemblies 128 are mounted to and are circumferentially spaced about radiallyouter surface 210 c. As a result,assemblies 128 are configured to measure the strain (and potentially temperature) oninner conductor 210 during operations. In addition, in this embodiment,assembly 260 includes a power storage and delivery unit 264 (referred to more simply herein as “power unit 264”) and acommunication transducer 266. Each of thesensor assemblies 128,power unit 264, andtransducer 266 are coupled (e.g., electrically or otherwise) to one another with one ormore conductors 268 extending along or proximate to radiallyouter surface 210 c. - Referring now to
FIGS. 11 and 12 ,ring member 262 provides a protective outer shell to the other components ofstrain measurement assembly 260 during manufacturing, transportation, installation, and production operations forconductor 210. As best shown inFIG. 12 ,member 262 includes a first orupper end 262 a, a second orlower end 262 b, a radiallyouter surface 262 c, and a radiallyinner surface 262 d. Anannular recess 263 extends radially inward from radiallyinner surface 262 d. Recess 263 contains and houses each of thesensor assemblies 128,power unit 264,transducer 266, and conductor(s) 268 during operations. As withcommunication assembly 230,ring member 262 may be secured to radiallyouter surface 210 c ofinner conductor 210 through any suitable method, such as, for example, welding, bolting, interference fit, adhesive, clamping, etc. In this embodiment,member 262 is a clam-shell type member that includes two circumferential halves joined by a hinge (not shown). In at least some embodiments,recess 263 is sealed from the environment inannulus 205. Such a seal may be achieved and maintained in any suitable manner while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. For example, in at least some embodiments, a pair of annular seal assemblies (not shown) are disposed on radiallyinner surface 262 d, with one aboverecess 263 and the other belowrecess 263. Each seal assembly may include an annular seal gland extending radially inward from radiallyinner surface 262 d and a sealing member (metallic, non-metallic, compliant, etc.) disposed therein that engages radiallyouter surface 210 c whenmember 262 is installed onconductor 210. - Referring still to
FIGS. 11 and 12 , as previously described, eachsensor assembly 128 disposed withinrecess 263 is configured substantially the same as described above forstrain monitoring system 100. Specifically, as best shown inFIG. 12 , eachsensor assembly 128 includes a strain sensor 130 (and possibly a temperature sensor 131) that is encased by aninner coating 134, which is further encased by anouter coating 136. Sensor 130 (andsensor 131 if applicable) andcoatings sensors 131 if applicable) ofassemblies 128 is coupled topower unit 264 andtransducer 266 through conductor(s) 268 as previously described. As shown inFIG. 11 , in this embodiment, a total of four (4)sensor assemblies 128 are disposed about radiallyouter surface 210 c, and eachsensor assembly 128 is uniformly-circumferentially spaced such that eachassembly 128 is circumferentially spaced approximately 90° from each immediatelyadjacent sensor assembly 128. However, as previously described above,sensor assemblies 128 need not be uniformly-circumferentially spaced about radiallyouter surface 210 c, and more or less than four (4)sensor assemblies 128 may be included while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. -
Communication transducer 266 is configured substantially the same astransducers 232 ofcommunication assembly 230. Therefore,transducer 266 is configured to generate acoustic signals (e.g., acoustic waves) in response to the receipt of input electrical signals (i.e., electric current), and further, to output electrical signals (i.e., electric current) in response to the receipt of input acoustic signals. In this embodiment,transducer 266 is configured to communicate wirelessly with any one or more (or all) of thetransducers 232 throughannulus 205 and conductor 60 (i.e., acrosssurfaces transducers 232 receive electric signals (i.e., an electric current) fromconductor 236, converts the electric signals into acoustic signals 238 (i.e., acoustic waves 238), and outputs theacoustic signals 238 totransducer 266. In addition,transducer 266 receives acoustic signals (i.e.,acoustic signals 238 output from transducer(s) 232), converts the acoustic signals into electric signals (i.e., an electric current), and outputs the electric signals topower unit 264 and/or sensors 130 (e.g., through conductors 268). Further,transducers 266 receives electric signals from one or more of thesensors 130, converts the electric signals into acoustic signals 239 (i.e., acoustic waves 239), and outputs theacoustic signals 239 to one or more of thetransducers 232. In addition, one of more of thetransducers 232 receive acoustic signal 239 (i.e.,acoustic waves 239 output from transducer 266), converts theacoustic signals 239 into electric signals, and outputs the electric signals toconductor 236. In some embodiments, an additional conversion unit (or multiple conversion units) is disposed withinrecess 263 and is configured to convert electrical signals received fromtransducer 266 into a different signal format for submission tosensors 130 and/orpower unit 264 as well as to convert signals received fromsensors 130 and/orpower unit 264 into electrical signals (e.g., when the signals received fromsensors 130 and/orpower unit 264 are other than electromagnetic signals) for submission totransducer 264. Such a conversion unit would be particularly useful for embodiments wheresensors 130 are coupled totransducer 266 through a wireless connection (e.g., RF, acoustic, WiFi, etc.). In addition, it should be appreciated thatcommunication transducers temperature sensors 131 if such sensors are included in one or more of thesensor assemblies 128 as described above. - Further, during communication operations between transducer(s) 232 and
transducer 266, in at least some embodiments the signal(s) fromplatform 20 and output from transducer(s) 232 are of a sufficient strength (i.e., the signals are strong enough account for expected attenuation due to environmental conditions) such that they provide the electrical power necessary to run various components of system 100 (e.g.,transducer 266,sensors 130, etc.). For example, in some embodiments transducer 266 may be configured to receive some amount of electric energy that is taken from signals emitted from transducer(s) 232 which may then be stored inpower unit 264 and utilized topower transducer 266, andsensors 130 for all operations described herein. Alternatively, for some embodiments transducer 266 may continuously receive power from transducer(s) 232 through acoustic signals throughout operations which again may then be utilized topower transducer 266 andsensors transducer 266 may be at a different frequencies or on different channels than other communication signals (e.g., through frequency-division multiplexing). In addition, in some embodiments acoustic communication betweentransducers transducer 266 or fromtransducer 266 to transducer(s) 232) such as, for example, through time-division multiplexing. Alternatively, in other embodiments acoustic communication betweentransducers transducer 266 and fromtransducer 266 to transducer(s) 232.) -
Power unit 264 is configured to store and deliver electrical power to each of thesensors assemblies 128 as well astransducer 266 during operations.Power unit 264 may comprise any suitable element or device for storing and delivering electrical power, while still complying with the principles disclosed herein, such as, for example, a battery, capacitor, a wireless power receiver, or combinations thereof. During operations, electrical power is delivered to and stored inpower unit 264 via the acoustic communication betweentransducer 266 and one or more of thetransducers 232 in the manner previously described above. - During strain measurement operations,
sensors 130 measure the strain oninner conductor 210 in the same manner as described above and output signals (that include either strain measurement values or some other measured value indicative of the strain such as a change in electric resistivity) tocommunication transducer 266 throughconductors 268.Transducer 266 then converts the received signals fromsensors 130 into anacoustic signal 239 and routes signal 239 throughannulus 205 andconductor 60 where it is received by one or more of thetransducers 232 withincommunication assembly 230. The receivedacoustic signal 239 is then converted back to an electromagnetic signal and routed to platform 20 (or some other remote location or device as described above) throughconductor 236. During these operations, measurements or data may be generated bysensors 130 either automatically based on a set and predetermined time period (e.g., every minute, hour, day, week, etc.) or upon receipt of an interrogation signal originating fromplatform 20 or some other remote location. Specifically, in some embodiments, an interrogation signal is routed viaconductor 236 from some other remote location (e.g., platform 20) totransducers 232 inassembly 230. Upon receipt of the interrogation signal, one or more (or all) of thetransducers 232 convert the electromagnetic signal into anacoustic interrogation signal 238 which is then routed acrossconductor 60 andannulus 205 totransducer 266, which receives and converts signal 238 back to an electromagnetic interrogation signal in the manner previously described above. Thereafter, the newly converted interrogation signal is routed throughconductors 268 to one or more (or all) of thesensors 130 which then take a reading of the strain oninner conductor 210 and output a measurement signal as described above. It should be appreciated that the communication operations withtemperature sensors 131 is substantially the same as discussed above forstrain sensors 130. - During these communication operations, at least partially circumferential and axial alignment between
transducer 266 and at least one of thetransducers 232 is preferred to allow for effective communications therebetween. In this embodiment, circumferential alignment is ensured since a plurality oftransducers 232 are provided circumferentially about radiallyouter surface 60 c. Thus, no matter wheretransducers 266 is located circumferentially along radiallyouter surface 210 c ofinner conductor 210, it will be at least partially circumferentially aligned with one of thetransducers 232. Axial alignment ofassemblies conductors conductors wellhead 40 at known (or determinable) axial positions. - In the manner described, through use of a strain monitoring system in accordance with the principles disclosed herein (e.g., system 100), direct measurement and monitoring of the strain experienced by a wellhead conductor (e.g., conductor 60) is possible. As a result, well site personnel are able to determine whether the conductor is nearing a failure event due to excess strain, and can therefore take appropriate action to avoid the ultimate failure and mitigate any damage potentially caused thereby.
- While preferred embodiments have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or teachings herein. The embodiments described herein are exemplary only and are not limiting. Many variations and modifications of the systems, apparatus, and processes described herein are possible and are within the scope of the disclosure.
- For example, while embodiments of the
strain monitoring system 100 have been described for use in an offshore drilling and/orproduction system 10, it should be appreciated that embodiments of thestrain monitoring system 100 disclosed herein may be utilized on a land based drilling and/or production system while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. In addition, while embodiments of thecommunication unit 150 disclosed herein have been described as receiving raw data output fromsensors 130 and then converting that raw data into strain measurements for communication to the remote surface location (e.g., on platform 20), it should be appreciated that in other embodiments,sensors 130 determine the strain onconductor 60 from the measured parameter(s) and then route these determined strain measurements tocommunication unit 150 viaconductors 129,connector 126, andcable 127 as previously described. Also, in still other embodiments, the raw data out put from thesensors 130 is converted into a measurement of strain onconductor 60 at the remote surface location (e.g., at platform 20). Further, althoughcommunication unit 150 as described here in wirelessly communicates strain measurements to the remote location in real time or near real time, in other embodiments, the communication unit (e.g., communication unit 150) simply stores all received data for later retrieval to the remote surface location (e.g., platform). For example, in some embodiments, communication unit 105 stores data and is retrieved to thesea surface 12 by an ROV. Still further, while embodiments ofstrain measurement assembly 260 have included atransducer 266 for communication with one ormore transducers 232 incommunication assembly 230, it should be appreciated that in other embodiments,sensors 130 themselves may directly communicate withtransducers 232 without the aid of atransducers 266. For example, in some embodiment, eachsensor 130 may include a wireless transceiver which is configured to produce an acoustic signal for transmission acrossannulus 205 andconductor 60 for receipt by one or more of thetransducers 232. Also, it should be appreciated that embodiments for measuring and monitoring the strain on an inner conductor (e.g., such asconductor 210 and the embodiment shown inFIGS. 10-12 ) may be utilized along with an embodiment of a strain monitoring system for measuring and monitoring the strain on an outer conductor (e.g., such asconductor 60, and the embodiment ofFIGS. 1-5 ). When such assemblies and systems are utilized together,communication assembly 230 may additionally function as a collection point for measurement signals not only fromsensors 130 disposed on radiallyouter surface 210 c ofinner conductor 210, but may also collect signals fromsensors 130 disposed on radiallyouter surface 60 c ofouter conductor 60. It should further be appreciated thatcommunication unit 150 can be mounted anywhere proximal towellhead 40 or other similarly situated components (e.g., production tree) and need not be directly mounted towellhead 40 as previously described above. While embodiments disclosed herein includesensor assemblies 128 that are all configured the same, it should be appreciated that other embodiments includesensors assemblies 128 that are configured differently (e.g., different sensor types, different coating arrangements, thicknesses, types, etc.) while still complying with the principles disclosed herein. - Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited to the embodiments described herein, but is only limited by the claims that follow, the scope of which shall include all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. Unless expressly stated otherwise, the steps in a method claim may be performed in any order. The recitation of identifiers such as (a), (b), (c) or (1), (2), (3) before steps in a method claim are not intended to and do not specify a particular order to the steps, but rather are used to simplify subsequent reference to such steps.
Claims (15)
1. A system, comprising:
a tubular member including a radially outer surface; and
a sensor assembly comprising:
a strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface of the tubular member;
a first coating having a first hardness and a first tensile strength, wherein the first coating encases the strain sensor and at least part of the radially outer surface of the tubular member;
a second coating having a second hardness that is greater than the first hardness and a second tensile strength that is greater than the first tensile strength, wherein the second coating encases the first coating and at least another part of the radially outer surface of the tubular member.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the strain sensor assembly extends radially outward to a distance from the radially outer surface of the tubular member that is less than about 0.5 inches.
3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
an electrical conductor that is coupled to the strain sensor and extends along the radially outer surface of the tubular member, wherein the second coating encases at least a portion of the electrical conductor; and
an electrical connector that is coupled to the electrical conductor and disposed on the radially outer surface of the tubular member.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first coating is an electric insulator and is configured to restrict contact of liquid disposed around the tubular member with the strain sensor; and
wherein the second coating comprises one of at least one of resin, carbon fiber, and rubber.
5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an external gauge ring disposed about the radially outer surface of the tubular member, axially below the sensor assembly;
wherein the external gauge ring includes a frustoconical lower surface and a radially outer surface; and
wherein the radially outer surface of the external gauge ring is radially outward from the second coating of the sensor assembly.
6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a communication unit in communication with the strain sensor; wherein the communication unit is configured to communicate with a remote surface location via a wireless signal.
7. The system of claim 6 , further comprising:
a temperature sensor coupled to the radially outer surface of the tubular member;
wherein the communication unit is in communication with the temperature sensor.
8. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
an inner tubular disposed within the tubular member such that an annulus is formed between the inner tubular and the tubular member, wherein the inner tubular has a radially outer surface;
a second strain sensor coupled to the radially outer surface of the inner tubular;
a first transducer coupled to the radially outer surface of the tubular member;
a second transducer coupled to the radially outer surface of the inner tubular;
wherein the second transducer is electrically coupled to the second strain sensor; and
wherein the first transducer is configured to wirelessly communicate with the second transducer across the annulus.
9. The system of claim 8 , further comprising:
a ring member disposed about the radially outer surface of the inner tubular;
wherein the ring member includes an annular recess, wherein the second strain sensor and the second transducer are disposed within the annular recess; and
a power unit disposed within the annular recess and configured to store electrical power and deliver electrical power to the second transducer and the second strain sensor.
10. A method of measuring strain on a first conductor for use in an oil and gas well, the method comprising:
(a) measuring a strain on the first conductor with a first strain sensor coupled to a radially outer surface of the first conductor;
(b) protecting the first strain sensor during (a) with an outer coating;
(c) routing data from the first strain sensor to a communication unit after (a);
(d) wirelessly communicating with a remote surface location with the communication unit after (c).
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein (a) comprises deforming the first sensor with the strain on the first conductor; and wherein the method further comprises:
(e) accommodating the deformation in (a) with an inner coating disposed between the outer coating and the first strain sensor; and
(f) resisting contact between liquids disposed about the first conductor and the first strain sensor with the inner coating.
12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
(g) forcing the first conductor into a wellbore before (a);
(h) engaging sediment in the wellbore during (g) with an external gauge ring disposed about the first conductor below the first strain sensor; and
(i) forcing the sediment radially away from the radially outer surface of the first conductor during (h).
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
measuring strain on a second conductor disposed within the first conductor with a second strain sensor coupled to a radially outer surface of the second conductor; and
(k) routing data from the second strain sensor across an annulus formed between the first conductor and the second conductor.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein (k) comprises routing data from the second strain sensor across the annulus with a wireless signal.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the wireless signal comprises an acoustic signal.
Priority Applications (1)
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US15/567,321 US20180106140A1 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2016-04-15 | Systems and methods for determining the strain experienced by wellhead tubulars |
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US201562149096P | 2015-04-17 | 2015-04-17 | |
US15/567,321 US20180106140A1 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2016-04-15 | Systems and methods for determining the strain experienced by wellhead tubulars |
PCT/US2016/027699 WO2016168564A1 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2016-04-15 | Systems and methods for determining the strain experienced by wellhead tubulars |
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US15/567,321 Abandoned US20180106140A1 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2016-04-15 | Systems and methods for determining the strain experienced by wellhead tubulars |
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Cited By (4)
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US20190390522A1 (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2019-12-26 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Axial and rotational alignment system and method |
US10580231B2 (en) * | 2018-06-01 | 2020-03-03 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Methods and vehicles for health monitoring vehicle substrates and coatings |
WO2021183775A1 (en) | 2020-03-11 | 2021-09-16 | Conocophillips Company | Management of subsea wellhead stresses |
US11644371B1 (en) * | 2022-01-08 | 2023-05-09 | Astro Technology Group, Llc | Systems, devices and methods for monitoring support platform structural conditions |
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GB2591461B (en) * | 2020-01-27 | 2022-08-03 | Datatecnics Corp Ltd | Apparatus and method for the detection of properties of a pipe |
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US3089107A (en) * | 1961-04-14 | 1963-05-07 | Iii Mills Dean | Waterproofing strain gages |
WO2008001046A1 (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2008-01-03 | Schlumberger Holdings Limited | Fiber optic sensor for use on sub-sea pipelines |
GB0718956D0 (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2007-11-07 | Qinetiq Ltd | Wireless communication system |
JP2009128009A (en) * | 2007-11-19 | 2009-06-11 | Fujikura Ltd | Optical fiber sensor |
GB2483675A (en) * | 2010-09-16 | 2012-03-21 | Bruce Arnold Tunget | Shock absorbing conductor orientation housing |
US9057247B2 (en) * | 2012-02-21 | 2015-06-16 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Measurement of downhole component stress and surface conditions |
FR2999677B1 (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2015-01-16 | V & M France | ELEMENT OF DRIVING TEAM |
US9279666B1 (en) * | 2014-12-02 | 2016-03-08 | General Electric Company | System and method for monitoring strain |
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- 2016-04-15 US US15/567,321 patent/US20180106140A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10580231B2 (en) * | 2018-06-01 | 2020-03-03 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Methods and vehicles for health monitoring vehicle substrates and coatings |
US20190390522A1 (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2019-12-26 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Axial and rotational alignment system and method |
US10954724B2 (en) * | 2018-06-26 | 2021-03-23 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Axial and rotational alignment system and method |
WO2021183775A1 (en) | 2020-03-11 | 2021-09-16 | Conocophillips Company | Management of subsea wellhead stresses |
EP4118296A4 (en) * | 2020-03-11 | 2023-08-16 | ConocoPhillips Company | Management of subsea wellhead stresses |
US11644371B1 (en) * | 2022-01-08 | 2023-05-09 | Astro Technology Group, Llc | Systems, devices and methods for monitoring support platform structural conditions |
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EP3283728A1 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
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