WO2016164561A1 - Appareil et procédé de refroidissement passif de volume intérieur - Google Patents

Appareil et procédé de refroidissement passif de volume intérieur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016164561A1
WO2016164561A1 PCT/US2016/026408 US2016026408W WO2016164561A1 WO 2016164561 A1 WO2016164561 A1 WO 2016164561A1 US 2016026408 W US2016026408 W US 2016026408W WO 2016164561 A1 WO2016164561 A1 WO 2016164561A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
membrane assembly
membrane
pores
recited
assembly
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2016/026408
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Derek Martin Stein
Original Assignee
Brown University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Brown University filed Critical Brown University
Priority to US15/506,074 priority Critical patent/US20180224137A1/en
Publication of WO2016164561A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016164561A1/fr
Priority to US15/443,001 priority patent/US10704794B2/en
Priority to US16/918,593 priority patent/US11209178B2/en
Priority to US17/560,072 priority patent/US11747029B2/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0007—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning
    • F24F5/0035—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater cooling apparatus specially adapted for use in air-conditioning using evaporation
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/002—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings made of webs, e.g. of fabrics, or wallpaper, used as coverings or linings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2221/00—Details or features not otherwise provided for
    • F24F2221/17—Details or features not otherwise provided for mounted in a wall
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/54—Free-cooling systems

Definitions

  • the subject disclosure relates to methods and systems for structure wall
  • the present disclosure is directed to a system and methods for passively cooling an interior area within a structure.
  • the present disclosure provides cooling power to an interior area while using fewer harmful refrigerants and consuming less electrical energy than traditional methods.
  • a system passively cools an interior area within a structure.
  • the system includes a membrane assembly covering a portion of the structure, wherein the membrane has an interior side facing the interior area and an exterior side.
  • the membrane assembly defines a plurality of pores.
  • the membrane assembly can include an architectural membrane coated with a porous matrix coating to form the pores.
  • a pump can provide the fluid to the interior side of the membrane assembly.
  • the architectural membrane is woven PTFE-coated fiberglass and the porous matrix coating is titanium dioxide and zeolites.
  • the porous matrix coating can be comprised of several layers, said layers having pores with decreasing radii as they approach the exterior side of the membrane assembly.
  • the plurality of pores may have radii ranging from about 10 nanometers to 100 microns and a length of about 80 microns.
  • a liquid content by mass of the porous matrix coating could be in a range of approximately 10-50%.
  • a tension system or a frame system supports the membrane assembly.
  • Another aspect of the subject disclosure is directed to a method for passively cooling an interior area within a structure.
  • the method includes coating an architectural membrane with a porous matrix coating to form pores, covering a portion of the structure with the architectural membrane, and providing a fluid onto the architectural membrane such that capillary action of the pores redistributes the fluid to create evaporation and, in turn, heat flow out of the interior area.
  • the method calculates a setpoint for the interior area based upon empirical data related to a cooling profile of the interior area.
  • the empirical data includes square footage of the membrane, temperature, humidity, wind and cloudiness.
  • a cooling fluid, such as water may be pumped onto the membrane assembly at varying degrees with a corresponding modification of the pumping based upon the setpoint.
  • the pores redistribute the fluid laterally along the same side of the architectural membrane.
  • the pores may redistribute the fluid from an interior side of the architectural membrane to an exterior side of the architectural membrane, or vice versa.
  • the coating step may include depositing a concentrated slurry including a binding agent and zeolites on the architectural membrane, then heating the concentrated slurry to set the binding agent and form the porous matrix.
  • the concentrated slurry may include titanium dioxide as a self cleaning agent.
  • the method calculates an overall heat transfer coefficient (U-value) for the structure; and calculating a setpoint based upon the U-value.
  • Still another embodiment of the subject technology is directed to a structure for passively cooling an interior area comprising: a wall structure having a frame, a membrane assembly covering a portion of the frame, wherein the membrane assembly defines a plurality of pores, and a liquid on the membrane assembly such that capillary action of the membrane assembly pores spreads the liquid to create evaporation and, in turn, cooling.
  • a fan system may increase air flow across the membrane assembly and/or provide airflow across the membrane assembly for delivery to a heating and ventilation system.
  • the pores can extend from an interior side to an exterior side of the membrane assembly and the membrane assembly can include an architectural membrane coated with a porous matrix coating to form the pores.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of a house utilizing a system in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 2A is a partial cross-sectional view of a wall assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 2B is a partial cross-sectional view of a membrane assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 2C is a schematic view of the coating of a membrane assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure, exaggerated for illustration of structural operation.
  • Figure 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a wall assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure designed for use in a typical wood-frame structure.
  • Figure 4A is a partial cross sectional view showing a possible coating location in a wall assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 4B is a partial cross sectional view showing a possible coating location in a wall assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 5A is a partial cross sectional view showing a wall assembly reducing or reversing the heat flux through an enclosure in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 5B is a partial cross sectional view showing a wall assembly using evaporatively chilled air as a coolant for ventilation air in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 5C is a partial cross sectional view showing a wall assembly boosting the efficiency of an air conditioner in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 6A is a front view of a structure designed in accordance with typical wood-frame construction and utilizing a wall assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 6B is a front view of a structure designed in accordance with typical braced frame construction and utilizing a wall assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 6C is a front view of a structure designed in accordance with typical tensile frame construction and utilizing a wall assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 7 is a block diagram showing a method of passively cooling an interior area within a structure in accordance with the subject disclosure.
  • Figure 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of a membrane assembly with a nanoporous coating in accordance with the subject disclosure, exaggerated to show pore structure.
  • the house 100 includes an interior area 102 that is maintained at a cool and comfortable temperature in an efficient manner.
  • the house 100 has a membrane assembly 110 stretched taught across a tensile framing system (not shown).
  • the house 100 also includes doors 104 for moving in and out of the interior area 102.
  • water is delivered, mechanically and/or passively, to the membrane assembly 110, which spreads the water by capillary action for enhanced evaporation.
  • the membrane assembly 110 can serve the role of siding, sheathing, a weather barrier, and/or a vapor barrier.
  • the house 100 includes a water pump 130 connected to a supply of water such as a well or municipal source. Greywater may also be used instead of, or in addition to, other water sources to reduce, or even eliminate, the strain on water resources.
  • the water pump 130 provides water to the membrane assembly 110. Additionally, water can reach the membrane assembly 110 by, for example, spraying water along membrane assembly 110, dripping water along membrane assembly 110, or through the water content of air as the air flows along the membrane assembly 110. As water evaporates from the membrane assembly 110, the latent heat of vaporization is extracted, some of it from the interior, generating cooling power on the order of hundreds of Watts per Square meter.
  • FIG. 2A a partial cross-sectional view of a wall assembly 200 in accordance with the subject technology is shown.
  • the wall assembly 200 is for a building 600B of the type shown in Figure 6B.
  • the wall assembly 200 includes an interior layer 202.
  • the interior layer 202 can be any material typically used in the interior of a building, such as drywall or plaster.
  • a layer of insulation 204 adjacent to the interior layer 202 provides efficient thermal retention for the building 600B.
  • a layer of cladding 206 protects the insulation 204 and the interior layer 202 from the outside elements.
  • structural members such as 2x4s or 2x6s are used to frame the building 600B.
  • a membrane assembly 210 is spaced from the cladding 206 to form an air gap 208.
  • the air gap 208 allows upward air flow, depicted by arrow "a", between cladding 206 and the membrane assembly 210.
  • the air flow may move in any direction and is preferably driven by an air handler including a fan.
  • the membrane assembly 210 includes an architectural fabric layer 212 having a coating 218, shown here on the exterior of the membrane assembly 210.
  • the architectural fabric layer 212 may be formed using typical commercial architectural materials for exterior membranes, for example, woven polytetrafluoroethylene coated fiberglass.
  • the membrane assembly may also use a more rigid base layer instead of architectural fabric depending upon the particular application and building structure.
  • the coating 218 defines a plurality of pores 216 which absorb and distribute water across the membrane assembly 210 through capillarity to enhance evaporation of water applied thereto.
  • the coating 218 may be any material which allows for water distribution, preferably through capillary effect, such as a porous ceramic. Capillary effect spreads the water applied to the coating 218 over a wide area to replenish what is lost to evaporation.
  • the coating 218 may be a different material which allows water distribution such as cloth, hydrogels, or cellulite.
  • FIG. 2B a partial cross-sectional view of the membrane assembly 210 is shown.
  • the membrane assembly 210 is shown only partially covered by a coating 218, such that underlying the architectural fabric layer 212 of the membrane assembly 210 is visible.
  • FIG. 2C a schematic view of the coating 218 is shown, exaggerated for illustration of structural operation.
  • the coating 218 defines a plurality of pores 216. Although the pores 216 are shown as uniform and aligned, the pores 216 in most practical applications will be randomly formed and arranged.
  • the pores 216 distribute water 50 across membrane assembly 210 via capillary action. While, for illustrative purposes, the pores 216 are depicted as running generally parallel throughout coating 218, one skilled in the art would recognize that the pores 216 formed through the creation of a nanoporous coating result in a network which is not of any particular or uniform configuration.
  • FIG. 3 a partial cross-sectional view of a wall assembly 300 in accordance with the subject disclosure is shown.
  • the wall assembly 300 is of a type typically used in brace-frame structures of the type shown in the building 600B of Figure 6B.
  • the wall assembly 300 utilizes similar principles to the wall assembly 200 described above. Accordingly, like reference numerals preceded by the numeral "3" instead of the numeral "2" are used to indicate like elements.
  • a primary difference of the wall assembly 300 is an air barrier 314 to protect the cladding 306 from the elements.
  • the air barrier 314 may be formed of any material typically used in building construction, such as TYVEK ® house wrap available from DuPont of Wilmington, Delaware.
  • the membrane assembly 310 may have the same architectural fabric layer 312 with a coating 318 or a different structure and arrangement.
  • Structural elements 322 provide support in the wall assembly 300.
  • the structural elements 322 may be ribs, studs, posts and the like.
  • FIGS 4A and 4B partial cross-sectional views of wall assemblies 402A-B are shown, respectively.
  • the wall assemblies 400 A-B utilize similar principles to the wall assembly 200 described above. Accordingly, like reference numerals preceded by the numeral "4" instead of the numeral "2" are used to indicate like elements.
  • the wall assemblies 400A-B depict possible locations for the coating 418 A-B.
  • the coating 418 A-B may be applied to one of the various layers of walls assemblies 418A-B, including for example, along the siding, the exterior insulation, and/or the cladding. Multiple coatings may be present, say for example, on each side of the air gaps 408 A-B.
  • the membrane assembly 41 OA includes cladding 406A with a coating 418A.
  • the coating 418A runs along the exterior side 415A of the cladding 406A, directly adjacent to air gap 408A, facilitating water distribution and evaporation along the exterior side of cladding 406.
  • the membrane assembly 410B includes an architectural fabric layer 412B with an inner coating 418B.
  • the coating 418B runs along the interior side 417B of membrane assembly 410B, directly adjacent to air gap 408B, facilitating water distribution and evaporation along the interior side 417B of the membrane assembly 410B.
  • evaporation causes the air in the air gaps 408A, 408B to be cooled directly while also being made more humid.
  • FIGS 5A-C partial cross-sectional views of wall assemblies 500 A-C in accordance with the subject disclosure are shown, respectively.
  • the wall assemblies 500A-500C utilize similar principles to the wall assembly 200 described above. Accordingly, like reference numerals preceded by the numeral "5" instead of the numeral "2" are used to indicate like elements.
  • Figure 5A is included to help compare and contrast standard wall temperature change versus the improved wall temperature change of wall assemblies in accordance with the subject technology.
  • the primary difference in Figures 5B and 5C is that the wall assemblies 500B, 500C, depict various mechanisms for harnessing evaporative cooling power, in accordance with the subject technology. The following description is directed primarily to the differences.
  • FIG. 5A a partial cross sectional view of a wall assembly 500A is shown.
  • the subject technology can reduce or even reverse the heat flux through an enclosure.
  • Figure 5A has temperature gradient lines “e” and “f '.
  • Gradient line “e” represents the temperature gradient across a standard prior art wall.
  • gradient line “f ' illustrates the temperature gradient across the wall assembly 500 A in which the wall assembly 500A is maintained near the interior/setpoint temperature.
  • heat flows along the arrows "b" and "c”.
  • the wall assembly 500A being cooled by evaporative cooling, cools the interior and/or lessens the cooling energy required to maintain the cooler interior setpoint.
  • the cooling power advantages are
  • FIG. 5B a partial cross sectional view of another wall assembly 500B using evaporatively chilled air as a coolant for ventilation air in accordance with the subject disclosure is shown.
  • Evaporation on the exterior side 519B of the membrane assembly 510B causes heat flow from the air gap 508B through the membrane assembly 510B, as shown by arrow "g".
  • evaporation causes heat flow from the membrane assembly 510B out of the wall assembly 500B.
  • the latent heat of vaporization is extracted, as shown by heat flow arrows "b” and "c", causing cooling of the air gap 508B.
  • Evaporatively cooled air from the air gap 508B travels between cladding 506B and the membrane assembly 510B, as depicted by arrow "g", and into a heat exchanger 532B. Outside air enters a ventilation duct 536B, as shown by arrow “h”. The air in the ventilation duct 536B is moved through the heat exchanger 532B, and exits the heat exchanger 532B, as shown by arrow "i".
  • the cooled air from the air gap 508a circulates around the ventilation duct 536B and, in turn, cools the air in the ventilation duct 536B.
  • the air passing through the heat exchanger 532B via the ventilation duct 536B is cooled by the air from the air gap 508A.
  • the air exiting the heat exchanger 532B may directly cool the interior or pass into a ventilation unit, such as an air conditioner to provide pre-cooled air thereto.
  • the air conditioning unit 538C includes an air handler 540C and a condenser assembly 542C.
  • a refrigerant is contained within a coil assembly 546C that extends from the air handler assembly 540C to the condenser assembly 542C.
  • the refrigerant is driven by a pump/compressor assembly 544 to circulate throughout the coil assembly 546C.
  • the condenser assembly 542C includes a fan 545C to circulate air across the coil assembly 546C as is well known.
  • the air handler assembly 540C includes a fan 547C for moving interior air across the coil assembly 546C to cool such air.
  • evaporative cooling from the membrane assembly 5 IOC causes cooling of the air in air gap 508C. Cooled air from the air gap 508C travels, as shown by arrows "a", between membrane assembly 5 IOC and the cladding 506C, and into the condenser assembly 542C.
  • the condenser assembly 542C operates by cooling and condensing refrigerant in the coil assembly 546C. As the refrigerant is cooled in the condenser assembly 542C, heat in the form of hot air exits to the exterior, as shown by arrow "j".
  • the subject disclosure is capable of simultaneously reducing or reversing the heat flux through the enclosure, using evaporatively chilled air as a coolant for ventilation air, and boosting the efficiency of an air conditioner. It would also be understood by one skilled in the art that these embodiments could be used in combination with other means for cooling an interior.
  • FIG. 6A a building or structure 600 A designed in accordance with typical wood-frame construction and utilizing a wall assembly in accordance with the subject disclosure is shown.
  • the structure 600A has a traditional wood frame and utilizes wall assemblies 601 A, such as those depicted in Figure 3, to create a code-compliant wall.
  • the wall assembly can have a membrane assembly 61 OA.
  • a membrane assembly 61 OA may also be placed across the roof 611 A of the structure.
  • the membrane assembly 61 OA could placed along some other portion of the wall assembly, for example, the side walls of the structure or as depicted in Figures 4A-4B.
  • a braced frame is a similar structure to a wood lattice.
  • a brace frame provides an open framework that is overlapped or overlaid in a regular, crisscross pattern to form a grid.
  • the grid can be made of any material such as wood or steel.
  • a membrane assembly 610B in accordance with one embodiment, is shown stretched taught across the grid as the exterior layer of the wall assembly 601B. Alternatively, or additionally, the membrane assembly 610B could be placed along another portion of the wall assembly, for example, as depicted in Figures 4A-4B.
  • a braced frame is a similar structure to a wood lattice.
  • the lattice or grid provides an open framework that is overlapped or overlaid in a regular, crisscross pattern.
  • the grid can be made of various materials, such as wood or steel.
  • a membrane assembly 610C in accordance with one embodiment is shown stretched taught as the exterior layer of the wall assembly 601 C. Alternatively, or additionally, the membrane assembly 610 could be placed along another portion of the wall assembly, for example, as depicted in Figures 4A-4B.
  • a flowchart 700 showing a method of passively cooling an interior area within a structure in accordance with the subject disclosure is shown.
  • the flowchart 700 includes the following steps.
  • the coating may be any material which allows for and/or enhances fluid distribution for increased evaporation.
  • the coating forms pores that distribute the fluid through capillary effect such as a porous ceramic coating.
  • a ceramic coating can be made up of titanium dioxide particles and zeolites. Zeolite particles are hygroscopic aluminosilicate materials whose micro- and nanoporous molecular structures offer a large capillary effect.
  • the ceramic coating can be formed, for example, by depositing titanium dioxide and zeolite particles from a slurry containing colloidal polytetrafluoroethylene, the lattermost acting as a binding agent when heated above 260 degrees Celsius.
  • the quantity of polymer used to bind particles in the coating may influence evaporation by blocking a fraction of the pores.
  • the materials can then be heated to dry and fuse them. This technique can be repeated to produce layered coatings.
  • a portion of a structure is covered with the architectural membrane.
  • the structure may be any of the wall assemblies above, variations thereof, and other structures as would be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art based upon review of the subject disclosure.
  • a fluid is provided onto the architectural membrane such that capillary action of the pores redistributes the fluid to create evaporation and, in turn, heat flow out of the interior area of the structure.
  • a set point temperature for the interior area can be calculated based on empirical data related to a cooling profile. Relevant data related to a cooling profile may include, for example, square footage of the membrane, temperature, humidity, wind, cloudiness, the type of cooling fluid, the method and rate of administration of the cooling fluid, and/or empirical performance data.
  • the setpoint may also be based on the overall heat transfer coefficient, or U-value. Fluid may then be distributed, in accordance with step 706, by pumping fluid across the membrane at a varying rate based upon the setpoint.
  • FIG 8 a partial cross-sectional view of a membrane assembly with a nanoporous coating in accordance with the subject disclosure, exaggerated to show pore structure, is shown generally by reference numeral 810.
  • the membrane assembly 810 has a coating 818 which includes three layers 819, 821, 823 over an architectural fabric layer 812. While, for illustrative purposes, the coating has pores 816a, 816b, 816c which are depicted as running parallel throughout coating 818, one skilled in the art would recognize that pores 816a, 816b, 816c formed through the creation of a nanoporous coating result in a network which is not of any particular or uniform configuration.
  • the first coating layer 819 is attached directly to the architectural fabric layer 812.
  • a second coating layer 821 is shown over the first coating layer 819, and a third coating layer 823 is shown over the second coating layer 821.
  • the third coating layer 823 has a membrane assembly surface 825 on the side furthest from the architectural fabric layer 812.
  • the coating layers 819, 821, 823 have pores 816a, 816b, 816c of a generally decreasing radius as they move away from the architectural fabric layer 812 towards the membrane assembly surface 825.
  • the capillary effect increases as the size of the pore radii decreases.
  • a multitude of small pores 816c near the membrane assembly surface 825 increases the capillary effect of the coating 818 while large pores 816a closer to the architectural fabric layer 812 enhance the flow rate by lowering the hydrodynamic impedance.
  • pores 816c nearest the membrane assembly surface 825 have radii as low as several nanometers while pores 816a nearest the architectural fabric layer 812 have radii of several micrometers. Pores with radii of other sizes may be used to balance the evaporation rate with the rate at which the coating 218 passively fuels the evaporative cooling process. By balancing the evaporation rate with the rate at which the evaporative cooling process is fueled, the need for periodic misting or wetting of the coating can be minimized or avoided.
  • coating 818 may contain various numbers of layers having various pore sizes to allow capillary action across membrane assembly 810.
  • the air conditioning unit, water pump, thermostat control and the like would include electronics such as a processor and memory to form a controller for utilizing the setpoint for control. Additionally, user interfaces in the form of displays, buttons, scanners, usb ports and the like would be incorporated to input and output data. Additionally, the controller could have wireless capabilities for interaction with a network, smartphone, tablet and the like for additional input and output of data and information.
  • any functional element may perform fewer, or different, operations than those described with respect to the illustrated embodiment.
  • functional elements e.g., structural elements, sheaths, vapor barriers, water barriers, wind barriers, cladding and the like
  • shown as distinct for purposes of illustration may be incorporated within other functional elements in a particular implementation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système qui refroidit passivement une zone intérieure au sein d'une structure. Le système comprend un ensemble membrane recouvrant une partie de la structure, la membrane ayant un côté intérieur faisant face à la zone intérieure et un côté extérieur. L'ensemble membrane définit une pluralité de pores. Lorsqu'une alimentation en fluide est fournie à l'ensemble membrane, une action capillaire des pores redistribue le fluide pour créer une évaporation et, à son tour, le flux de chaleur souhaité. L'ensemble membrane peut comprendre une membrane architecturale revêtue d'un revêtement de matrice poreux pour former les pores. Une pompe peut fournir le fluide au côté intérieur de l'ensemble membrane. De préférence, la membrane architecturale est une fibre de verre revêtue de PTFE tissée, et le revêtement de matrice poreux est du dioxyde de titane et des zéolites. La pluralité de pores peuvent avoir des rayons allant d'environ 10 nanomètres à 100 micromètres et une longueur d'environ 80 microns.
PCT/US2016/026408 2015-04-07 2016-04-07 Appareil et procédé de refroidissement passif de volume intérieur WO2016164561A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15/506,074 US20180224137A1 (en) 2015-04-07 2016-04-07 Apparatus and method for passively cooling an interior
US15/443,001 US10704794B2 (en) 2015-04-07 2017-02-27 Apparatus and method for passively cooling an interior
US16/918,593 US11209178B2 (en) 2015-04-07 2020-07-01 Apparatus and method for passively cooling an interior
US17/560,072 US11747029B2 (en) 2015-04-07 2021-12-22 Apparatus and method for passively cooling an inferior

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201562143851P 2015-04-07 2015-04-07
US62/143,851 2015-04-07
US201562186105P 2015-06-29 2015-06-29
US62/186,105 2015-06-29

Related Child Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US15/506,074 A-371-Of-International US20180224137A1 (en) 2015-04-07 2016-04-07 Apparatus and method for passively cooling an interior
US15/443,001 Continuation-In-Part US10704794B2 (en) 2015-04-07 2017-02-27 Apparatus and method for passively cooling an interior

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