WO2016141153A1 - Appareils, systèmes et procédés pour des fantômes - Google Patents

Appareils, systèmes et procédés pour des fantômes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016141153A1
WO2016141153A1 PCT/US2016/020633 US2016020633W WO2016141153A1 WO 2016141153 A1 WO2016141153 A1 WO 2016141153A1 US 2016020633 W US2016020633 W US 2016020633W WO 2016141153 A1 WO2016141153 A1 WO 2016141153A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
phantom
channels
inflow
channel
outflow
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PCT/US2016/020633
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English (en)
Inventor
Barbrina Dunmire
John Kucewicz
Thomas J. Matula
Jeffry E. Powers
Vijay Shamdasani
Original Assignee
University Of Washington
Koninklijke Philips N.V.
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Publication of WO2016141153A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016141153A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
    • G09B23/28—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine
    • G09B23/30—Anatomical models
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
    • G09B23/28—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine
    • G09B23/30—Anatomical models
    • G09B23/32—Anatomical models with moving parts

Definitions

  • contrast enhanced ultrasound fCBUS uses contrast agents, such as mierobuhhSes, mixed with one or more liquids, to improve ultrasound imaging
  • contrast agents such as mierobuhhSes
  • phantoms may be used that mimic different organs and tissues, Including the vascular system.
  • Other uses of phantoms may include calibration, quali y assurance and control, performance testing, and pre-purchasing testing and evaluation.
  • phantoms be an important part of research, instrument validation, and training.
  • An example- phantom may include a an om body comprising -a pqrous: -material which includes a plurality of interconnected pores.
  • the ⁇ phantom body may include an inflow channel and an outflow channel, each terminating inside ihe porous material and each having a width greater than a diameter of the pores.
  • the porous material may be -saturated- with a fluid.
  • the phantom may further include an enclosure sealingS enclosin the phantom body.
  • the enclosure- may include an inlet fkidly coupling the inflow channel to an exterior of the enclosure and an outlet flu idly coupling the outflow channel to the exterior of the enclosure,
  • a phantom in accordance with further examples may i nclude a phantom body whic includes a porous material including a plurality of interconnected pores.
  • the phantom body may include wail-less inflow a d outflow channels, each having a width ' greater man a diameter of me pores.
  • the porous material may be saturated with a fluid and sealfngiy enclosed in an enclosure, which ma include a imaging window formed of a flexible mii e ria.1.
  • - a phantom may include- & phantom body which includes a sponge ' and a plurality of channels Formed in the sponge. One end of each of the plurality of channels may open into a surface of the sponge, and the s onge may be degassed and saturated with a fluid.
  • the phantom may further include enclosure defining a first chamber enclosing- the phantom body and at least one .fluid-filled chamber iluidly connected to the first chamber.
  • the enclosure may further include an inlet and an outlet- for iluidiy coupling the phantom body to:a» exterior of the enclosure.
  • FIG; I is a illustration of an apparatus in accordance with some examples disclosed herein;
  • FIG, 2 is an illustration of an apparatus in accordance with further examples disclosed herein;
  • FIG, 3 is an illustration of an apparatus- in. accordance with further examples disclosed herein;
  • ⁇ PIG. 4 is an Illustration of an apparatu in accordance with further examples disclosed herein;
  • ⁇ FiG, 5 is an illustration of a phantom bod in accordance with some examples disc ⁇ osed her i n ;
  • FIG. 6 is an illustration of a cross-section of the phantom body of the apparatus:, of FIG. 5:
  • FIG, 7 is as illustration of an apparatus according to further examples disclosed herein;
  • FIG. is an illustration of a system according to sotne examples di sclosed herein :
  • I4 ⁇ FIG. 9 shows exampl contrast and B-rnode ultrasound images, obtain using the apparatus ' in. PIG. 7; a id
  • FIG, 10 is an il lustration of an apparatus with a removable phantom ' chamber according to some examples disclosed, herei n,
  • CEUS contrast enhanced, ultrasound
  • contrast agents may be used for therapy monitoring of patients undergoing cytotoxic and anttangiogenio treatment.
  • JdiOf it may be desirable to test new- CEUS techniques- in a reclinical ' setting (euzeg., to test sew; probes for CEUS), in viim using a phantom in lieu of animal or human studies.
  • Phantoms in accordance with the present disclosure ma be configured to mimic different organs and tissues, including the -vascular system.
  • the disclosed phantoms can be formed in any suitable dimension. Phantoms of different di ensions may be designed for use with different medical instrumentation, such as different p obes (e.g., linear an curvilinear arrays, prostate probes, or the like).
  • an apparatus for use as a phantom, for exa ple s for use in CEUS imaging may include a phantem body which is made from a porous material having a plurality of mtereooneeted pores and which is saturated with a fluid, and a container sealingly enclosing the phantom body .
  • the porous material may be a synthetic material and may function, as tissue parenchyma, in some examples, the phantom body ma be implemented using a sponge, sucfc as a sponge made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or other commercially- available materials.
  • the spong may have an open-cell structure defining a plurality - ⁇ F isfereo&nectsd pores. Sponges having different properties (e.g., porosity) may be readily available ' (e.g., easily made or commercially available) ibr mimicking different types of organs or tissues. Phantoms us ng materi al other th an sponges may be implemented, with the pores of the material essentially emulating microvesseis and Including channels emulating larger vessels its the. tissue parenchyma.
  • Sponges having different properties e.g., porosity
  • Phantoms us ng materi al other th an sponges may be implemented, with the pores of the material essentially emulating microvesseis and Including channels emulating larger vessels its the. tissue parenchyma.
  • the phantoms may be homogeneous ⁇ e.g., having a same or substantial !y the same porosity throughout), in some exa pl s, phantoms with heterogeneous properties may be implemented usin ⁇ inclusions of porous materials with different ' properties.
  • acoustic properties of the phantom can be- fused to match that of human soft tissues.
  • the material properties of the sponge cat be selected to represent the acoustical properties of human soft tissues.
  • S me example parameters to consider for tailoring the phantom may be the speed at which sound travels through the phantom, the density , and the sound attenuation of the phaptom.
  • a preferred sound speed may be from about 1450 em/s io about S 600 em s
  • a preferred density may be density approximating tha of water
  • a preferred attenuation may be from about 03 dB cni/MH to about 1.2 dB/cn / Hz, with a frequency po er dependence of - ⁇ I .. Baefecatte may also be another parameter and may be considered when- selecting .th porou material for the phantom.
  • the phantom body may include a plurality of wail-less Inflow and outflow channels, each having a width that is greater than diameter of the pores.
  • the term wali-less may be used to imply that the channels are defined b the materiel of the phantom body, which may not otherwise include a separate material for forming walls of the channels.
  • the channels may be, formed in the phantom body (e.g., sponge) by known fabrication techniques (e.g., !maeMning, -drilling or ' , milling), is some examples, the channe s.
  • the channels may inflow and outflow channels which may be provided irt variety of patterns through the phsntoni body.
  • one Of more inflow- and outflow channels may he axialiy aligned, offset, parallel, mterdigitaied, or Otherwise arranged- i some eXafnpies, one or more inflow and outflow channels ma terminate in the porous material of the phantom body.
  • one or more inflow- and outflow channels may not terminate hut may instead he connected.
  • inflow and outflow are used to refer to a direction of fluid flow during use of the phaatom. That is, in use.
  • the phantom may operably form part of a fhridie system in which fluid flo s through the phantom body from one or more of the inflow channels towards one or sn re of the outflow channels, to facilitate flow, visualization such, as through.
  • CEIJS imaging
  • the phantom bod is ' saturated with fluid and enclosed within a .container.
  • the phantom body may be hard when it is dry which may facilitate the forming of the channels.
  • the phantom body may be enclosed i an enclosure, such as a container, which may include an imaging window formed of a flexible ' m larial to facilitate the placement of an ultrasound probe against the phantom body.
  • the flexible material may be any flexible material, and it may be desirable that the flexible material does not increase t he atiemtation of the system and is sufficiently n-ong to resist rapture under ' normal use (e.g,, pressure within the container, applied pressure and flow rate), I ' n some examples, the phantom may ' include an attenuating layer, which may be configured to attenuate ultrasonic waves to mimic a greater depth of transmission at the actual physical depth within She phantom ' body. For example, one or more attenuating layers may be provided between the imaging window and me.
  • the phantom bod may include multiple layers of material, one or more of which may be porous, so as to mimic passage of the ultrasonic waves through different tissue.
  • FIG. I shows ao illustration of an example apparatus 100 which may he used -as- a phantom for CEIJS imaging, it will be appreciated that the illustration, may be out of scale aad certain features ma he exaggerated to facilitate- an understanding of the present disclosure.
  • the apparatus includes a. phantom body 1 10 made from a porous material 102.
  • the phantom body 1 10 may be saturated with a fluid, in some examples, the phantom body «iay be. made- fro a sponge, such as a PVA sponge.
  • Sponges made from PVA typically have pores of greater uniformity, (e.g., in terms of size and orientation) than other sponge mater al (e. .. polyester sponges), which may he . advantageous; in some applications.
  • the sponge may be made, by wa of example, from polyester or
  • Otter porous materials that may be used may include agar gel, alginate, poiyviny1ehlori.de (PV ' C). as examples.
  • lew and high density polvurethane loam sponges* w ich may have pore sizes of about .800 pjft, ma be used, in some examples, a FVA sponge having a pore size ranging from about 200 pa3 ⁇ 4 (e.g., fine PVA sponge) to abauf SOOfim (e.g., course FVA sponge) may be used.
  • the phantom body 1 10 may be sealed in an enclosure 1:20,
  • the enclosure may be flexible- or rigid, in some examples, the enclosure may include a rigid container.
  • the enclosure may include an inlet and an outlet, -which may be disposed on opposite sides of the container, in some examples, the enclosure may define a .volume which is smaller than a n min l volume defined by Site porous .material (e.g., a volume of the porous material absent the application ⁇ »f physical force).
  • the porous material may be compressed when enclosed by the enclosure 120
  • the enclosure may be made from a Osxib!e material and may 1 ⁇ 2 suitable for imaging through the flexible material (e.gitch a material which does not increase the attenuation of sound waves transmitted to the phantom body).
  • the enclosure may be formed of flexible materia! arid wherein the imaging window 'maybe defined by the flexible material of the enclosure.
  • The-. hantom body may include a plurality of channels; J 12.
  • One or more channels may be provided on an inflow side 121. These channels may be referred to as inflow channels- 1 14,
  • One or more channels may be provided on an outflow side 123, which channels m be referred to as outflow channels 1 16.
  • the terms inflow and outflow may he used to refer to the direction of fluid flow through the phantom body.
  • the inflow and outflow sides may be arbitrar m that, in some examples, -the: pparatus may function equally well regardles of the ' direction of fluid flow.
  • the apparatus and/or the phantom body itself may be symmetric and the inflow and outflow sides may be arbitrarily selected (e.g., flow may be created, through the apparatus either -from the inflow to the outflow side- or in the reverse direction).
  • channels may also be provided In transverse directions and/or fluid may be flowed transversely to simulate different tissue or conditions.
  • the phantom body 1 10- may include at least one transverse channel to the inflow and/or outflow channels and materials (e.g., porous -materials) having different properties from the porous material 102 may be provided within one or more ' of the- transverse channels.
  • the phantom body 1 i 0 may include at least one manifold channel 18 formed -(e>g., machined, cast) in a surface of the porous material 102,
  • the manifold channel 1 18 ma extend along, at leas a ortion of, a side (e.g., the outflow side 123 sod/or the inflow side 121 ⁇ of the phantom body 1 10.
  • the inflow channels 1 14 may be Ouidly connected a manifold channel 1 IS on the inflow side 121 and the outflow channels 1 16 may be fiuidly connected to a manifold channel 1 18 on the outflow side 123.
  • the manifold channel 1 18 may act to direct fluid towards the inflow channels 1 14 and outflow channels ⁇ . 6. la some examples, ihe phantom body may not include -.a »anifoid channel 1 18.
  • each of the channels 1 12 may open into a surface of the phantom body 1 10. That is, each channel 1 12 may have an opening at one end, which opening i!uidiy connects the interior of the channel to. the exterior of the phantom body 1 12. in some examples. Inflow a d outflow channels may open into opposite surfaces, of the phantom body i 10. in.
  • inflow and outflow channels may open into adjacent surfaces of the phantom body 1 10,
  • An Opening of an inflow channel may also fee referred to as inlet of the Inflow channel and an opening of the outflow channel may be referred to as as outlet of the outflow channel, in exam l s,
  • the -phantom bod 1 10 includes a manifold channel 1 18, the itrflov? channels and the outflow channels m y open into- a respective manifold channel formed in a respective surface of the porous material 102.
  • the channels may terminate at another end opposit the. opening at an interior portion of the phantom body 1 10.
  • the inflow channel 114a ma include an inlet 1 14a-! at on end of the inflow .channel 1 14a and an inflow channel terminus 1 14a-2 at the opposite end of the inflow channel 1 14.
  • the terminus may be defined by a wall formed of the porous material.
  • the outflow channel 1 16a may include an outlet 1 i fia-l at one end of the outflow channel 1 16a and an outflow channel terminus 1 16a ⁇ 2 at the opposite end of the ⁇ .
  • the terminus 116a-.2 may be defined by a wall formed of the porous material.
  • the termini of the inflow and outflow channel may b spaced apart.
  • fluid flowing from the inflow channel 114a toward the outflow channel i f 6a may he: forced to pass through the porous material, disposed between the inflow and; outflow channels 1 14a, 1 16a, which ma emulate small vessel perfusion, i other examples, one or more of the channels may be connected forming one or more continuous channels through the porous material 102,
  • the inflow and outflow channels 1 14a and 3 16a may be spaced by a region 1 17 of porous material disposed between the inflow and outflow channels 114a and 1 16a, During use, contrast agent -flowing from the inflow channel 1 14a towards the outflo channel 116a ay fee caused to perfuse through the -porous material of at ' least a portion of the region 117. Images of flow through the channels 1 34a. 116a ami perfusion .through .region.
  • the channels may be axia!ly aligned and thus termini of the channel may be asiaily spaced. hi other example, as described below- with reference to PIG, 2, the channels ma be laterally spaced.
  • the inflo and outflow channels- : -rjrtay be generally axfel!y aligned.
  • the terminus i !4a-2 of the inflow channel 1 1.4a is aligned with the terminus 1 f6a-2 of the outflow channel 11 a
  • the inflow and outflow channels may be offset as will be described further, e.g., with reference to FIG, 2.
  • the phantom body may include a plurality of i nflow channels and a plurali of outflow channels. However, other number and combinations of channels are contemplated, so as to -mimic different Organs or parts of organ or tissues that may be of interest.
  • Parameters of the chan nels such as length, width of path, may be tailored as may be appropriate for a particular application (e.g., to mimic different types of tissue ⁇
  • the channels may have a. circular ' cross- section.
  • the channels may have a different cross-section (e.g., oval, square, or rectangular cross-section).
  • the shape of one or more of the c annels 120 may foe arbitrary .
  • The: enclosure: 120 -. may include an inlet and an outlet for coupling at least" one of the inflow and outflow channels to an exterior of the enclosure.
  • the enclosure 1,20 may include an opening on eac of the inflo and outflow sides, which may be selectively sealed (e,g,, with a valve) and which may fanctioo as an inlet 124 and outlet 126, respectively, of the apparatus 100.
  • The- apparatus 100 may be connected to a fluidic system an exam le of which is described with reference to FIG . 8.
  • the flukiie system may include a bubble trap provided upstream of the inlet, a pump for circulating a fluid through the system and/or a reservoir for supplying a fluid and/or a.
  • FIG. 2 shows an illustration of an. example apparatus 200 which may be used as a phantom for CBUS imaging.
  • the apparatus 200 may include components, features, or functionality which may be similar or the same as that of apparatus 100, and the description Of such components, features, or functionality may not be repeated.
  • the apparatus 200 m include a phantom body 210 sealed ithin, an enclosure 220. -The phantom body 210 way he muds- from a porous material, such as sponge (e.g.. a.
  • the phantom body 2 I f includes a plurality of sateidigitaied (or interleaved) channels 12.
  • the channels 212 may include at leasi: one inflow channel 21.4 and ai least one Outflow ' channel 216,
  • the channels 21 m She illustrated example are substantially (plus or minus 5 degrees) parallel
  • the -channels may be ngled relative to one another- For example, the distance between adjacent follow or outflow channels may increase or decrease along their respecti ve lengths.
  • the channels 212 may he imerdigitated but not intersecting.
  • & terminus portion 21 -2 of inflow channel 214 and term os. portion 21.6-2 of outflow channel 216 may be laterally spaced (e.g., by a distance d) from one another. In this manner, fluid flowing from an inflow channel toward atr outflow channel may be forced through the porous material - between she terminus portions of the inflow and outflow -channel.
  • a region of porous material feg,, -region.
  • contrast agent flowing from the inflow channel 214 towards the- outflow channel .216 may be caused to perfuse through the porous materia! of at least a portion of the region.217, and images of the flow through the cha nels and perfusion through region 21?, which may be enhanced by the contrast agent, may be imaged lor example using a. contrast imaging mode of an ultrasound imaging system.
  • the widths. lengths, overlap (e.g., interdi itation), spacing, and other parameters of the channels- within the . phantom bod 10 may be tailored to suit a ' particular application (e.g.
  • the phantom body 2.10 may include at least one manifold channel 218 which ma extend along, at least a portion of, a side of the -phantom -body 210.
  • the Inflow and outflo channels may be fktkily connected a respecti ve manifold chan nel s 218 on respective sides of the phantom body 210.
  • the enclosure 220 may be made from a -flexible material suitable lor imaging- through the flexible: material (e,g,, a material which does not increase the attenuation of sound waves transmitted to the phantom body), in some, examples, the enclosure 220 may include an opening on each, of the inflow and outflow sides, which may he selectively scaled e-.g., with a valve) and which may function as an inlet and outlet of the apparatus 200 such that the apparatus may be connected, to a fluidic system tor circulating a. flow and performing imaging operations, fits some examples, the enclosure 220 may sot include ah i nlet and an outlet and the enclosure 220 may primarily be used for transport of the phantom body 210.
  • a i nlet e.g., a material which does not increase the attenuation of sound waves transmitted to the phantom body
  • the enclosure 220 may include an opening on each, of the inflow and outflow sides, which may he selectively scaled
  • FIG, 3 shows an illustration of an apparatus 300, which may provide a phantom, e.g., for use in CEUS imaging.
  • the apparatus 300 includes a phantom body 310 and an enclosure (e.g., container 322).
  • the p an om body 310 m&y he iwplemert!ed in ccordance with any of the examples herein (e.g., phantom body i 10, 210).
  • the phanto body 31.0 may be made from a porous material 302, such as a sponge and -may include a plurality of channels 312 (e.g., inflow and outflow channels.
  • the channels 312 may be circular in cross-section.
  • Parameters (e.g., length L, diameter D, taper, shape) of the channels 312, arrangement and number of the channels 312, as examples, may be tailored as may be appropriate for a particular application.
  • the diameter of individual channels may be selected to correspond wit a diameter of large vessels within a tissue of interest (e.g., li er tissue, heart tissue, etc.)
  • a channel having a diameter of about 0, cm may be used to emulate a large haptk vessel.
  • Chatme!s . having different dimensions, such as different widths or length, may be used to emulate vessels in different tissue, as well,
  • the porous material may be selected to provide a desired ound speed, attenuation and power factor.
  • a PVA sponge w ich may provide attenuation from about 0,6 dB/cm/MIfe to about: 0,66 dB em/Mffe may be used io m re closely match the attenuation provided by liver tissue (e.g., about 0.6 dB/cnv ' Mife).
  • the inflow channels and the outflow channels may have the same, diameters and/or constant diameter along the lengths of the channels..
  • individual ones of the channels may have different diameters along the length of the channels.
  • the diameter of one or more of the channels may vary (e.g., decrease) along a length of a channel such as to mimic a Harrowing of the diameter of large vessels towards smaller vessels.
  • the diameter may vary, continu usl or discontimtously along the length of a channel.
  • Channels with a diseondnuousl varying diameter may- be formed, for example- by drilling concentric boreholes in the. phantom body, in some: examples, the channels.312 maybe ' defined throug a casting- process, e.g., by expanding the material of the phantom body into a mold with inserts for defining the channels,
  • The- phantom body 31.0 may be -saturated with a fluid (e.g., water, saline, or a bod mimicking fluid) and may be- sealed within the container 322, Irs some examples, the container 322 may define one or m re chambers, including a phantom chamber 322- 1 , in which She phantom-body 310 may ' he disposed, in some examples, the phantom body 310 may he ked for a press fit- within the phantom chamber 322- 1 of the container 322.
  • a fluid e.g., water, saline, or a bod mimicking fluid
  • the container 322 may be mads from a rigid material such as acrylic or from a different type of materia!, in some examples, the container 322 may be made, at least partially, from a flexible material In some examples, the container or a portion thereof m be optically transparent, w scb may enable a use ' to "visualize the flow of contrast agent.
  • the container 322 may include walls 328 which may define the -a or more, chambers.
  • the container 322 may he manufactured as a Unitary body, for example as a monolithic component made ftom a single block of material by machining or by additive manufacturing, in some examples, the' container 322 may be constructed from separate components using conventional techniques, for example by mechanically fastening, adhering or laser welding plates of the materia! defining the walls 328.
  • the container 322 may include as imaging windo 340 which may he configured for placing an imaging probe against th phantom body 310.
  • the imaging window 340 may be implemented using a flexible materia; 342 such a a sheet of vinyl, which may he attached across an imaging opening 344 of the container 322.
  • the container 322 may include a removable access pane!
  • the access panel 350 may be implemented in the form of a. removable cover of the container 322. in exa ples in which the container 322 is made from separable components (e.g., plana ' or contoured walls), at least one of the waifs rnay be removably attached to other wails and ma function as the access panel 350,
  • the phantom chamber 322- 1 may include an inlet opening 324 and an outlet opening 326, each fiuidly coupling the phantom body 310 with an exterior of the phantom chamber 322- ⁇ .
  • the inlet opening 324, the outlet opening 326, or both may at least partially overlap an Met. (e.g., 3 i4a- i , 3 i4b- i ) or an outlet (e.g., 316a-L 3 ! f3 ⁇ 4» i , 3 i 6c-l ) of one of the channels, in some examples, the inlet ' opening and/or the outlet opening may be substantially aligned with one or more of the channels.
  • the apparatus 300 may be configured to reduce- the risk of bubble infiltration into the phantom body 310, targe bubble (e.g., bubbles greater than about ! Oum in diameter) may undesirably become lodged in the porous material 302, blocking fluid flow.
  • the apparatus 300 may include a bubble trap 330 upstream from the inle opening 324, The bubble trap 330 may be implemented in the -form of a second chamber 322-2 defined by the container 322, The second chamber 322-2 ma be filled with a fluid to allow larger bubbles that may be introduced into the apparatus ⁇ ' e.g., through an inflow line) to float up in the
  • the size of the second chamber 322-2 may be .determined, in part, on She arm of bubbles that may .need o be remo ed from the inflow of fluid.
  • the second chamber may include an inlet opening 327 for eormecting an inflow line, as will be further descri ed;
  • the inlet opening 327 to the chambe 322-2 functions as the inlet of t e apparatus 300 and the outlet opening 326 irora the chamber 322-1. functions- as the outlet of the apparatus : 3O0>
  • the apparatus 300 may include a valve 325 across each of the ink-; d the outlet to flnidly seal the conte ts of the container 322.
  • the valve 325 may be a one-way valve or another type of valve. When inflow -and -outflow lines ate connected to the apparatus 300, the valves 325 may be operable to allo -fluid to flow m one direction from the inflow side towards the outflow side (e.g., as shown by the arrows-Sol).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an apparatus 400 according to further examples of the present dsseloswre, "fhe apparatus 400 may Include One or more components that ate similar to those of the examples described with reference to FIGS. I --3, the description of which .may not be .repealed.
  • the apparatus 400 may include a. phantom body 410 with a plurality of -channels 412 * arts! art enclosure (e,g, t container 422),
  • the phantom body 419 may be implemented i accordance with any of the examples herein (e.g., phantom body 1 30, 2 S O, 310).
  • the apparatus 406 may be similar to the apparatus 300 but may include two bubble traps each provided o either side of the phantom chamber, hi. some examples, and by Virtue of this s mmetry, - the..apparatus ⁇ may be configured for use with the inflow ⁇ and .outflow lines connected to- either side- of the apparatus 400, which may increase the case of ase of the apparatus, i other examples, the apparatus may be configured for .unidirectional use, e.g., as may be determined by the arrangement of valves or other flow control devices of the apparatus.
  • the. apparatus 400 includes a -phantom .chamber 4224 which encloses a phantom body 410, and further includes -first and second fluids-filled chambers 4224a» 422 ⁇ 2h.
  • Each of the two fluid-filled chambers 4224a, 4224b is provided adjacent to and is fksidly connected to the phantom chamber 422-1,
  • the first and second fluid-filled chambers 4224s, 422.4b may be provided on opposite sides of the phantom chamber 422- F
  • the container 4.22 may include an inlet 405 and an outlet 407,
  • a valve 425 e.g., a cheek valve, or a two-way valve
  • An imaging window 440 may be provided along a side of the phantom chamber 422- 1 , for example along a top side of the container 42 between the first and second tluid- titled chambers 4224a, 4224b.
  • the imaging window 440 may formed of a .flexible- Material ' provided across an o ening in a wail of t e eo .tain.er 422, in s me examples, the container 422 may include a removable access panel 450, e.g., to enable the user to remove and/or replace the phantom, bod 410, la some examples, the container 422 may be- made from components (e ? g broadband planar or contoured walls):, at least one of which may be removably attached to oilier walls ami may function as the access panel 450.
  • inflow nd outflow lines may be connected to the inlet and outlet of the apparatus (e.g., apparatus 400), fo example using -quick -release cpnaectprs such as Luer fittings.
  • a pump e.g., a peristaltic pump, a pulsatile p m , or another type of pump
  • the pump may be upstream from the inlet and supply positive pressure.
  • the pump may be downstream and. apply negative- pressure (e.g., suction) which may more closely mimic blood flow through the heart.
  • the inflow line may be used to inject contrast agent, such as micro ubbles, which -may be mixed with the flow introduced into the apparatus via the inlet.
  • contrast agent such as micro ubbles
  • the fluid circulated through the system may be blood mimickiBg fluid (BMF)
  • imaging may be performed using any ultrasonic imaging . systems, such as the EFIQ ultrasoun system provided by Philips Healthcare.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a- phantom body 10 for an apparatus in accordance with further examples of the present disclosure.
  • the phantom body 5.10 may be used m combination with any of the apparatuses described herein.
  • the phantom body 510 may be configured- to provide a phantom with heterogeneou properties.
  • the phantom body 5-10 may be- formed using a first porous material 502 and may be provided with one or more inclusion (e.g., 504- 1. 504-2, 504-3) comprising porous -materials, having different properties than the first porous material 502.
  • one or more of the inclusions may have different properties (eg., pore size, pore density) than the. first -porous material 502, in some examples, one or more of the inclusions (e.g., 504- 1 , 504-2, 504-3) may have the same properties. In some examples, each of the inclusions may have different properties,
  • the phantom body 510 may include one or more of the features of phantom ' bodies described with reference to other examples herein.
  • the phantom body 510 nay include channels 51.2 including at least one inflow channel 514 and at least one outflow channel 516.
  • the channels 512 may be formed (e.g., drilled, or cast ⁇ In the porous material 502 before the porous material 502 is saturated with the fluid and inserted into an enclosure ⁇ e.g. « container 322, 422 ! of apparatus 300, or 400, respectively).
  • the channels 512 may be axf&ii aligned., offset, parallel, or angled relative to one another, fe some examples, the channels 512 may he curved.
  • the channels may lie substantially within a plans o hi different pit®®, aiong a : thickness t of the p rous material 502.
  • the channels each inflow channel is axial ' ly aligned with, a respective outflow chattel and an inclusion is provided between each pair of inflow and outflow channels, in other examples, different arrangements may be xtsed, for example the inflow and outflow channels may be Offset from one another and the inclusion may occupy the space defined by the offset distance.
  • One or more -channels 12 may be arranged m adjacent plane -(e..g-., parallel planes) along the thickness of the porous materia!
  • 502 and inclusions may be provided between the adjacent planes to connect or substantially connect at least one portion of an inflo channel with at least one portion of an outflow channel.
  • Other arrangements and combinations will be appreciated in view of the present disclosure, as may be appropriate to match different types of organs or tissue.
  • the phantom body S 1 may include at. least one manifold chaime! 5 ! S formed (eg., machined, cast) in a surface of the porous material 502.
  • an ink! manifold channel 18-1 may be provided on an inflow side 521 and sn outlet manifold channel 518-2 may be provided on the .outflow side 523.
  • the Mow channels ' e.g., channel 514) and the outflow channels (e.g., channel 516 ⁇ may be f y idly connected to the inlet manifold channel 518-1 and She outlet manifold channel 518-2, respectively.
  • the manifold channel 518 may extend along a side (e.g., the outflow side 523 anoVor the inflow side 521) of the phantom body 510;
  • The- manifold channel 518 may extend only partially along the side which may reduce the amount of fluid flowing around the edges of the phantom body 10. That is, ends of the manifold channel 51 S ' may be spaced from the edges of the phantom body 510, e.g., by a distance s.
  • the distance of the ends of the manifold channel 518 to the respective edges of the phantom body 51 may be e ual, in some examples, the distance of the ends of the manifold channel 18 to the edges of the phant m bod 510 may be unequal The distance of the ends of the manifold channel 518 to the edges of the phantom bod 51 may depend on parameters of the phantom body 510 (e.g., size and porosity of the phantom body 510, channel dimensions, etc.) and/or flow parameters (e.g., pressure, flow rate),
  • parameters of the phantom body 510 e.g., size and porosity of the phantom body 510, channel dimensions, etc.
  • flow parameters e.g., pressure, flow rate
  • the phantom body 510 may be formed, of a porous material, such as a sponge.
  • the sponge may be solid-like and relatively hard when dry, which may facilitate the. forming f the channels ⁇ .g ⁇ , channel ' s 12, manifold channels 518 ⁇ via. conventional techniques ( ' e.g., drilling , or machining ⁇ .
  • the phantom body formed and channel defined through a molding or easting process For example, the channels illustrated in the exam le i FIG. 6 may be formed by first drilling the inflow and outflow channels, (e.g., drilling into the porous material torn the inflow aide and then from- tpe outflow side).
  • T ' he inflow and outflow channels may not be connected to one another but may terminate within the ioteiior of she porous material, thereby defining respective terminus portions of each channel.
  • the manifold channels 318 may b formed by drillin or machining a relatively shallow (e.g., about: 1/16 to about 1 ⁇ 4 of an inch deep) arid nerally elongate trench along a surface ' of the inflow and outflow sides.
  • the inclusions ' 504-1 , 504-2,, and 504-3 may e provided into transverse openin s 506 in the porous materia] 502.
  • the transverse openings 506 may be drilled ftom the front side 50?
  • each ofthe-opeaing 506 may correspond to the distance between a . pair of inflow and outflow channels.
  • the termini of the inflow and outflow channels in a pair may open into the same transvers opening flaidly connectin the inflow to the outflow channel -through the transverse opening to force- a flow to pass through the transverse opening and thereby through the inclusion provided therein.
  • any of the phantom bodies e.g., phatvto.ni body 1 0, 210, 31.0, 410, 1.0
  • any of the phantom bodies e.g., phatvto.ni body 1 0, 210, 31.0, 410, 1.0
  • any of the phantom bodies e.g., phatvto.ni body 1 0, 210, 31.0, 410, 1.0
  • any of the phantom bodies e.g., phatvto.ni body 1 0, 210, 31.0, 410, 1.0
  • contemplated embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to the specific illustrated examples.
  • FIG. 7 a non-limiting example of an apparatus 700 configured ' as a liver phantom is described, targe vessels of liver -tissue- were emulated, with a plurality of channels consistent wit . si3 ⁇ 4e- of the. haptic . artery formed ⁇ » a phan tom body 710 made from a sponge having a substantially uniform pore size of approximately I SO pin, which is representative of the icrOvasculature of liver tissue, in the illustrated example, a 17 -cm deep x 7 cm w ide x 3,25 cm. thick PVA sponge 703 was used.
  • the .sponge was selected ' to provide attenuation similar to thai f liver tissue.
  • the size of the sponge and dimensions of the container were such as to provide a tight lit ⁇ press or compression fit) between the sponge and the walls of the container so as to force most or substantially all of the flow through the sponge and reduce flow around the sides of the sponge.
  • inter igltated vessels or chatmeis were drilled into the sponge 703, with eight, of the channels provided on the inflow side 721 and referred to as inflow channels arid eight of the channels provided on the outflow side ?2.3 and referred to as outflow channels.
  • the vessels or channels from the two sides are off-set forcing the flow to go through the sponge.
  • the channels were drilled into the sponge before soaking and sealing the s onge 703 within a middle chamber (e.g.. phantom chamber 722-1 ⁇ of the container 722, Different arrangement of channels, dimensions for the sponge and Channels, properties (e.g.. porosity or density) of the sponge, md a different number of channels may be used io other examples, e.g., to mimic differen types of organs or tissue.
  • the container 72 was implemented in the form of a generally rectangular box defining three chambers ' (middle chamber serving as the phantom chamber ' 722- 1 , and outer chambers 722-2 serving as bubbl e traps 730 %.
  • the Avail 728 of the scholar tier were made from, clear acrylic (e.g., HJ!XIGLAS)-
  • the outer -chambers 722-2 were filled with ater to capture any larger bubbles that may otherwise block the flow through the pores of sponge 703 ,
  • a purge valve 752 e.g., one-way valve
  • Inlet 705 and outlet 707 of the apparatus 700 were implemented using Lue?
  • valves 754 to seal the contents of the apparatus 7(X ' s and enable quick connect and release of inflow and outflow lines 156- ⁇ , 756-2, respectively.
  • the apparatus 700 included an Imaging window 740 defined: y aft aperture 744 is the top wall of the container. A flexible material (e. g.. a sheet of vinyl) was provided across the aperture 744.
  • FIG. 8 which shows a system 800 In accordance with the present disclosure.
  • a pump 762 e.g., a pulsatile or peristaltic pamp
  • the pump 762 may be connected to the apparatus 700 to apply pressure and velocity waveforms to the fluid in the chambers to represent physiological flow conditions.
  • the pump 762 is used to apply positive pressure (e.g., to push the fluid through the inlet 705) or oegative pressure (e.g., to pull the fluid through the outlet 707), Flow rates of up to about.400 rnl mm were used, which is consistent with Ho rates in the hepatic artery.
  • the fluid with which the phantom, body 710 is saturated may he water, saline or BMF.
  • a supply reservoir 764 e.g., a BMP reservoir
  • the inflow line may be used to inject contrast agent, such as nncTobobfoies, which. -may he mixed- with the flow introduced into the apparatus vi the inlet.
  • contrast agent such as nncTobobfoies
  • a transducer probe 766, con3 ⁇ 4nustcatjveiy connected to- an imaging system (no? shown) may be positioned against the phantom body 710 via. the. imaging window 740 and ultrasound echoes may be obtained or imaging a flow of the contrast agent through the phantom body 710.
  • contrast flow through art organ typically includes; large vessel vascular inflow, small vessel perfusion throughout the tissue, then vascular outflow.
  • existing phantoms may not be able to emulate both large and small vessel vasculature the small vessel perfusion in which tissue hsckseatter and contrast backscatler are mi ed in the same volume elem nt, the phanto s in accor ance with the present disclosure may solve one or .more of the shortcomings Of e isting phantoms.
  • F l 9 shows ultrasound images of microbobbles Slowing through a phantom contracted in in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • FIG, 9(A) shows a contrast image and.
  • PiG, 9(B) shows a B-tnode i mage.
  • the images were obtained using .a phantom thai includes a phantom body made ' ' ftoin a Sponge with i o £e rd feita ted c annels drilled into the sponge.
  • the inflow ars l outflow channels- are not connected and perfusion of contrast agent through the sponge material between adjacent inflo and outflow channels.
  • Phantoms in accordance with the present disclosure ay useful to researchers for developing new C.EIJS imaging techniques, .manufacturers of ultrasound systems for instrument validation,. and/or clinicians and technicians .tor education and training. Phantoms in accordance with the present disclosure may be useful in research studies, for calibration, algorithm ' development, testing and demonstration, and many other applications. Phantoms in accordance with the present disclosure may be cosfigared tor CBUS imaging over a broad range of depth to mimic different clinical scenarios, showing effects such as neariteld destruction phenomena arid &r6eld acoustic penetrauo-n.
  • Phantoms in accordance with the present disclosure may provide a good image contrast between larger vessels and the perfused parenchyma and may provide the ability to study bubble resolution, destruction reperfusion, bolus injection washin/ ashont and destruction-replenishment kinetics. Phantoms in accordance with som examples may provide one o more or none of the aforementioned advantages and uses.
  • a replacement kit may include a replacement phantom body with die plurality of channels formed therein ⁇ e.g., as shown in FIG. I and 5).
  • the phantom body may he degassed and saturated with the thud prior to being sealed within an enclosure (e.g., enclosure 120, 220) e.g., for transport.
  • the enclosure may be a rigid enclosure or a flexible (e.g., vinyl) enclosure.
  • replacement phantom body is already degassed and. fully saturated, replacement may easily be performed by submerging both ⁇ the sealed replacement .
  • phantom body and the apparatus in a tank full of the fluid, removing the replacement phantom body from its enclosure, and inserting it into the phantom chamber (e.g., via the access panel) -in place of the old phantom body.
  • FIG. 10 shows an apparatus 1.000 according to further examples.
  • the components of the apparatus 1000 may be similar to components of other apparatuses described herein.
  • the apparatus 1000 nsay include a phantom body 101.0 which
  • the phantom body 1010 may be formed of a porous .materia! which may Include eharme-b . 1012 formed therein.
  • th phantom- body 1010 may he saturated with a fluid and sealed within a substantially rigid enclosure- 1020 (e.g., except for a flexible material thai i ttetions as a imaging window 1(540),
  • the rigid enclosure 1020 may function as the phantom chamber.
  • enclosure 1-020 jafty be reniovabiy eonriecsabie to one or more additional chambers that may provide the fun tional t of bubble . traps.
  • the enclosure 1020 may be insertable within an outer container 1022 that defines a single chamber.
  • the enclosure 1020 may be posiisonable at iiuermediate location, between sidewaiis of the outer container 1.022-, to define bubble traps 1.030 on -either side of the phantom chamber, la some examples, the outer container $02:2 may he sized such that only a single bubble trap is provided on the- inflow side of- the phantom chamber.
  • a cover "1029 may fee position over the opening: of containe 102:2 and attached (e.g., bond d or fastened) to the container 1.022 aod or enclosure - 1020.
  • a s aling gasket may be provided between the containers and the: cover to ensure a water tight seal
  • Each of the enclosure 1 20 and. container 1022 ma be provided with Inflow and outflow openings- for ilnidly corineetkvg the apparatus 1000 to a pump, a reservoir, or both to enable the injection and circulation of fluids (e.g., BMP, contrast agent) through the system.
  • fluids e.g., BMP, contrast agent
  • the phantom body 101,0 may include one or more channels 1012.
  • the hannel pay be provided in a variety of patterns through the phantom body *
  • the channels S012 may include one or more inflow and one or more outflow channels.
  • Inflow and outflow channels may be aligned, offset,, parallel, interdigitated, or otherwise arranged.
  • the spacing between channels may be regular or irregular, in some examples, one or more inflow and outflow channels may terminate in the porous material of the phantom body. Is some examples, one or more inflow and outflow channels may nor terminate but may instead be connected thereby formin one or more continuous channels through the porous material.
  • the individual channel geometry and/or arrangement of the channels in the porous material may e: tailored to emulate a variety of tissues or organs.
  • one-: or more of the channels may have constan width along a length of the channel i n
  • one or more of the channels may have a varying width, such as a decreasing width towards the center of the phantom body.
  • -Channels - ith decreasin width may be implemented in the form of continuously tapering (e.g., inwardly tapering) channels or ia the form of concentric bores with decreasing diameter towards the center. Numerous other arrangements or combinations can. fee im lemented without departing from the scope of the reset ⁇ disclosure,
  • su h recitation should be inte reted to mean at least the recited number ie,g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or snore recitations).
  • ail ranges disclosed herein also encompass any md all -possible -subranges and combinations- of s branges thereof. Any Iked. -.range -can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can. be .readily broken down into a lower third, -middle third and upper third, etc.
  • any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operabiy connected”, or “operabiy coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operabiy eoupiabie ;1 , to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
  • Operabiy eooplable include but are not limited - ' to physically mateabie and/or- physically interacting com onents and/or wire!essiy mteractable and or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting andV r logically ' interaetable components.

Abstract

Un fantôme donné à titre d'exemple peut comprendre un corps de fantôme comprenant un matériau poreux comportant une pluralité de pores interconnectés, le corps de fantôme comprenant un canal d'entrée qui, dans certains exemples, peut être sans paroi. Les canaux peuvent avoir une largeur plus grande qu'un diamètre des pores. Le matériau poreux peut être saturé avec un fluide et enfermé à l'intérieur d'une enceinte. L'enceinte peut comporter un orifice d'entrée couplant de manière fluidique un canal d'entrée à un extérieur de l'enceinte et un orifice de sortie couplant de manière fluidique un canal de sortie à l'extérieur de l'enceinte. Dans certains exemples, l'enceinte peut comporter une fenêtre d'imagerie qui peut être formée d'un matériau flexible. Dans certains exemples, l'enceinte peut définir une première chambre qui enferme le corps de fantôme et au moins une chambre remplie de fluide connectée de manière fluidique à la première chambre.
PCT/US2016/020633 2015-03-03 2016-03-03 Appareils, systèmes et procédés pour des fantômes WO2016141153A1 (fr)

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GB2547727A (en) * 2016-02-29 2017-08-30 Gold Standard Phantoms Ltd Perfusion phantom

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US4286455A (en) * 1979-05-04 1981-09-01 Acoustic Standards Corporation Ultrasound phantom
US5560242A (en) * 1994-08-16 1996-10-01 Flextech Systems, Inc. Ultrasonic system evaluation phantoms
US6190915B1 (en) * 1999-06-25 2001-02-20 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Ultrasound phantoms
US6352860B1 (en) * 2000-11-17 2002-03-05 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Liquid and solid tissue mimicking material for ultrasound phantoms and method of making the same
US6744039B1 (en) * 2001-06-14 2004-06-01 Biomec, Inc. Single-chamber fillable phantom for nuclear imaging
WO2009056857A1 (fr) * 2007-10-31 2009-05-07 Imperial Innovations Limited Correction d'atténuation lors de l'imagerie d'un agent de contraste par ultrasons
US20100041005A1 (en) * 2008-08-13 2010-02-18 Gordon Campbell Tissue-mimicking phantom for prostate cancer brachytherapy

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US4286455A (en) * 1979-05-04 1981-09-01 Acoustic Standards Corporation Ultrasound phantom
US5560242A (en) * 1994-08-16 1996-10-01 Flextech Systems, Inc. Ultrasonic system evaluation phantoms
US6190915B1 (en) * 1999-06-25 2001-02-20 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Ultrasound phantoms
US6352860B1 (en) * 2000-11-17 2002-03-05 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Liquid and solid tissue mimicking material for ultrasound phantoms and method of making the same
US6744039B1 (en) * 2001-06-14 2004-06-01 Biomec, Inc. Single-chamber fillable phantom for nuclear imaging
WO2009056857A1 (fr) * 2007-10-31 2009-05-07 Imperial Innovations Limited Correction d'atténuation lors de l'imagerie d'un agent de contraste par ultrasons
US20100041005A1 (en) * 2008-08-13 2010-02-18 Gordon Campbell Tissue-mimicking phantom for prostate cancer brachytherapy

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GB2547727A (en) * 2016-02-29 2017-08-30 Gold Standard Phantoms Ltd Perfusion phantom
GB2547727B (en) * 2016-02-29 2022-05-04 Gold Standard Phantoms Ltd Perfusion phantom

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