WO2016139298A1 - Formulation de récupération de pétrole, contenant un polymère - Google Patents

Formulation de récupération de pétrole, contenant un polymère Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016139298A1
WO2016139298A1 PCT/EP2016/054528 EP2016054528W WO2016139298A1 WO 2016139298 A1 WO2016139298 A1 WO 2016139298A1 EP 2016054528 W EP2016054528 W EP 2016054528W WO 2016139298 A1 WO2016139298 A1 WO 2016139298A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ppm
polymer
oil
solution
process according
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2016/054528
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English (en)
Inventor
Jeffrey George Southwick
Volodimir Mikolajovitsj KARPAN
Esther Van Den Pol
Mark Michael SHUSTER
Gerardus GLASBERGEN
Carolus Hendricus Theodorus VAN RIJN
Diego WEVER
Li Li
Original Assignee
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Shell Oil Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V., Shell Oil Company filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Publication of WO2016139298A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016139298A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/58—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids
    • C09K8/588—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids characterised by the use of specific polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/03—Specific additives for general use in well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/035—Organic additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
    • C09K8/88—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds macromolecular compounds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for preparing an oil recovery formulation and to a process for oil production comprising injecting an oil recovery formulation thus prepared into an oil containing
  • One enhanced oil recovery method utilizes polymer or a combination of surfactant and polymer to flood an oil- bearing formation to increase the amount of oil recovered from the formation.
  • An aqueous dispersion of a polymer and optionally a surfactant is injected into an oil- bearing formation to increase recovery of oil from the formation, either after primary recovery or after a secondary recovery water flood.
  • the polymer is present to increase the viscosity of the enhanced oil recovery oil recovery formulation, preferably to the same order of magnitude as the oil in the formation in order to force the mobilized oil through the formation for production by the polymer containing flood.
  • the surfactant is thought to enhance recovery of oil from the formation by lowering interfacial tension between oil and water phases in the formation thereby mobilizing the oil for production. It was found that wells can become blocked when applying polymer containing oil recovery formulations . In some cases, this is attributed to the presence of undissolved material in the enhanced oil recovery solution. Dissolving the polymer is not trivial due to the inherent low entropy of mixing of high molecular weight polymers. Undissolved material could be removed with the help of an additional filtration step. However, it would be highly advantageous if such additional filtration step is not required. Furthermore, it was found that the filters used in the filtration sometimes became blocked as well.
  • the present invention relates to a process of preparing polymer containing oil recovery formulation which process comprises adding polymer to an alkaline solution having a pH of 8.5 or more.
  • These polymer containing solutions can be used in various applications in oil recovery such as in hydraulic fracturing and shutting off water-bearing channels or fractures within the formation to prevent water from making its way to the well, also referred to as water shut off.
  • the polymer containing formulations of the present invention are used in enhanced oil recovery.
  • the present invention furthermore relates to a process for oil production which process comprises injecting into an oil containing formation a polymer containing oil recovery formulation prepared according to the present invention.
  • a process for oil production comprises injecting into an oil containing formation a polymer containing oil recovery formulation prepared according to the present invention.
  • water is injected into the oil formation prior to injecting the polymer
  • the oil can be any hydrocarbon composition present in a formation including but not limited to oil referred to as crude oil or mineral oil.
  • the formulation to be injected into the formation generally is prepared by first preparing a so-called mother liquor containing the various components at relatively high concentration and subsequently diluting this mother-liquor.
  • the mother liquor can be prepared off site and later transported to the site where it is to be diluted and injected into the formation.
  • the polymer is added to a water containing solution having a pH of 8.5 or more.
  • a water containing solution having a pH of 8.5 or more.
  • Such alkaline solution generally will be prepared by adding an alkali to water or to an aqueous solution.
  • Pure water can be preferred for dissolving the polymer but pure water is not always available in sufficient quantity.
  • Pure water is considered to be water having a total dissolved solids content (TDS, measured according to ASTM D5907) of at most 4000 ppm, more specifically at most 2000 ppm, more specifically at most
  • ppm indicates parts per million by weight on total weight amount present.
  • an alternative preferred embodiment is to apply a combination of pure water and water having a relatively high TDS.
  • This embodiment comprises preparing a mother liquor by adding alkali to pure water. Subsequently, polymer is added and the mother liquor is allowed to mature after which the matured solution is diluted by adding aqueous solution having a substantial amount of TDS such as aqueous solution having a TDS of at least 1,000 up to at most 80,000 ppm.
  • aqueous solution is used herein to indicate that other compounds are present besides water.
  • a specific preferred embodiment comprises preparing the alkaline solution by adding alkali to an aqueous solution having a TDS of at most 2,000 ppm, maturing the solution and subsequently adding aqueous solution having a TDS of more than 2,000 to 60,000 ppm.
  • mother liquor is prepared without using pure water.
  • the mother liquor is prepared by adding alkali to aqueous solution having a TDS of from 3,000 to 60,000 ppm.
  • polymer is added and the mother liquor is allowed to mature and is diluted by adding further aqueous solution having a TDS of from 3,000 to 60,000 ppm .
  • Maturing of mother liquor is carried out by allowing the solution to develop for a time period of at least 0.5 hour, more specifically at least 1 hour, more preferably more than 1 hour. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, it is thought that the polymer further dissolves during this time.
  • the solution preferably is stirred during maturation. In commercial operation, maturation generally takes place for at most 10 hours. Research may allow for longer maturation times such as up to 72 hours for convenience or to make sure chemical equilibrium has been reached. Maturation times can be shortened by specific treatments for improving dissolution of the polymer such as treating the solution with a polymer slicing unit such as is commercially available from the company EP MECA. If maturation is carried out with intense mixing, the maturation time period can be of from 0.25 to 4 hours, more specifically of from 0.5 to 2 hours .
  • Water sources other than pure water are sea water, brackish water, aquifer water, formation water and brine.
  • Sources other than pure water generally have a TDS of more than 1,000 ppm, more specifically at least 2,000 ppm, more specifically at least 4,000 ppm, more
  • aqueous solutions have a TDS of less than 100,000 ppm, more specifically 80,000 ppm, more specifically at most 60,000 ppm, most specifically at most 40,000 ppm. These amounts are before alkali and polymer and optionally surfactant have been added. Most preferably, the aqueous solution used for preparing the alkaline solution has a reduced ionic strength namely of 0.15 M or less.
  • the aqueous solution for diluting the mother liquor preferably has an ionic strength of at most 0.1 M or at most 0.05 M, or at most 0.01 M, and may have an ionic strength of from 0.01 M to 0.15 M, or from 0.02 M to 0.125 M, or from 0.0 3M to 0.1 M.
  • aqueous solution including its preparation is described in WO-A-2014/0041856.
  • aqueous solutions are described in WO-A-2014/0041856.
  • the aqueous solution used for preparing the alkaline solution contains a limited amount of divalent ions such as less than 4000 ppm, more specifically less than 2000 ppm, more
  • these amounts relate to the calcium and/or magnesium containing salts.
  • the alkali used for preparing the alkaline solution can be a single compound or be a mixture of compounds.
  • the alkali is selected from the group consisting of trimethylamine , triethylamine , ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium bicarbonate, sodium
  • the alkali used is selected from the group consisting of trimethylamine,
  • the alkali used is selected from the group consisting of ammonia, sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
  • the preferred pH of the alkaline solution depends on the type and concentration of the polymer to be dissolved and the formation into which the formulation is to be injected.
  • the pH of the alkaline solution into which the polymer is to be dissolved is to be at least 8.5.
  • the pH of the alkaline solution into which the polymer is to be dissolved is at least 9, more specifically at least 9.5, more specifically at least 10, more specifically more than 10, most specifically at least 10.5, more specifically at least 11, more
  • the pH of the diluted mother liquor which is to be actually injected into the formation can be lower such as at least 8, more specifically at least 8.4.
  • the polymer is added to an alkaline solution having a pH of at most 13, more specifically at most 12.5, more specifically at most 12. These upper values apply to the alkaline solution to which the polymer is added.
  • the formulation to be injected into the formation preferably has a pH of at most 12, more specifically at most 11, most specifically at most 10.5.
  • the polymer to be added to the alkaline aqueous solution generally is intended to provide the oil recovery formulation with a viscosity of the same order of magnitude as the viscosity of oil in the formation under formation temperature conditions so the oil recovery formulation may drive mobilized oil across the formation for production from the formation with a minimum of fingering of the oil through the oil recovery formulation and/or fingering of the oil recovery formulation through the oil.
  • the polymer can be a single compound or can be a mixture of compounds.
  • the polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylamide ; partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide ; polyacrylate ; ethylenic co-polymer;
  • carboxymethylcelloluse polyvinyl alcohol; polystyrene sulfonate; polyvinylpyrrolidone; biopolymers; 2- acrylamide-methyl propane sulfonate (AMPS) ; styrene- acrylate copolymer; co-polymers of acrylamide, acrylic acid, AMPS and n-vinylpyrrolidone in any ratio; and combinations thereof.
  • AMPS 2- acrylamide-methyl propane sulfonate
  • styrene- acrylate copolymer co-polymers of acrylamide, acrylic acid, AMPS and n-vinylpyrrolidone in any ratio; and combinations thereof.
  • Examples of ethylenic co-polymers include co-polymers of acrylic acid and acrylamide, acrylic acid and lauryl acrylate, and lauryl acrylate and acrylamide.
  • Examples of biopolymers include xanthan gum, guar gum, schizophyllan and scleroglucan .
  • the polymer is (hydrolyzed)
  • polyacrylamide includes but is not limited to copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid or sodium acrylate such as polymers which are being sold by SNF
  • the concentration of the polymer in the oil recovery formulation mother liquor may be substantially higher than the concentration of the oil recovery formulation actually injected into the formation.
  • the concentration of polymer in this mother liquor can be of from 80 to 80,000 ppm, more specifically of from 1250 to 50000 ppm, more specifically of from 2500 to 25000 ppm, most specifically of from 5000 to 10000 ppm based on total amount of formulation.
  • the concentration of the polymer in the oil recovery formulation to be injected into the formation preferably is sufficient to provide the oil recovery formulation with a dynamic viscosity of at least 0.3 mPa s (0.3 cP), more specifically at least 1 mPa s (1 cP), or at least 10 mPa s (10 cP), or at least 100 mPa s (100 cP), or at least 1000 mPa s (1000 cP) at 25°C or at a temperature within a formation temperature range.
  • the concentration of polymer in the oil recovery formulation preferably is from 250 ppm to 10000 ppm, or from 500 ppm to 5000 ppm, or from 1000 to 2000 ppm.
  • the molecular weight number average of the polymer in the oil recovery formulation preferably is at least 10000 daltons, or at least 50000 daltons, or at least 100000 daltons .
  • the polymer preferably has a molecular weight number average of from 10000 to 30000000 daltons, or from 100000 to 15000000 daltons.
  • the oil recovery formulation may also comprise co- solvent with water, where the co-solvent may be a low molecular weight alcohol including, but not limited to, methanol, ethanol, and iso-propanol, isobutyl alcohol, secondary butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, or a glycol including, but not limited to, ethylene glycol, 1 , 3-propanediol, 1 , 2-propandiol , diethylene glycol butyl ether, triethylene glycol butyl ether, or a sulfosuccinate including, but not limited to, sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate .
  • the co-solvent may be a low molecular weight alcohol including, but not limited to, methanol, ethanol, and iso-propanol, isobutyl alcohol, secondary butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, or a glycol including, but not limited
  • the co-solvent may be utilized for assisting in prevention of formation of a viscous emulsion. If present, the co-solvent preferably is present in an amount of from 100 ppm to 50000 ppm, or from 500 ppm to 5000 ppm of the total oil recovery formulation. A co-solvent may be absent from the oil recovery formulation.
  • the oil recovery formulation may additionally contain paraffin inhibitor to inhibit the formation of a viscous paraffin-containing emulsion in the mobilized oil by inhibiting the agglomeration of paraffins in the oil.
  • the mobilized oil therefore, may flow more freely through the formation for production relative to mobilized oil in which paraffins enhance the formation of viscous
  • the paraffin inhibitor of the oil recovery formulation may be a compound effective to inhibit or suppress formation of a paraffin-containing emulsion.
  • the paraffin inhibitor may be a compound effective to inhibit or suppress agglomeration of paraffins to inhibit or suppress paraffinic wax crystal growth in the oil of the formation upon contact of the oil recovery formulation with the oil in the formation.
  • the paraffin inhibitor may be any commercially available conventional crude oil pour point depressant or flow improver that is dispersible, and preferably soluble, in the fluid of the oil recovery formulation in the presence of the other components of the oil recovery formulation, and that is effective to inhibit or suppress formation of a paraffin-nucleated emulsion in the oil of the formation.
  • the paraffin inhibitor may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl acrylate copolymers, alkyl methacrylate copolymers, alkyl acrylate vinylpyridine copolymers, ethylene vinylacetate copolymers, maleic anhydride ester
  • paraffin inhibitors that may be used in the oil recovery formulation include HiTEC 5714, HiTEC 5788, and HiTEC 672 available from Afton Chemical Corp; FLOTRON D1330 available from Champion
  • the paraffin inhibitor is present in the oil recovery formulation in an amount effective to inhibit or suppress formation of a viscous paraffin-containing emulsion when the oil recovery formulation is introduced into an oil- bearing formation and contacted with oil in the formation to mobilize the oil, and the mobilized oil is produced from the formation.
  • the paraffin inhibitor may be present in the oil recovery formulation in an amount of from 5 ppm to 5000 ppm, or from 10 ppm to 1000 ppm, or from 15 ppm to 500 ppm, or from 20 ppm to 300 ppm based on total amount of formulation.
  • the oil recovery formulation may further comprise a surfactant, where the surfactant may be any surfactant effective to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water in the oil-bearing formation and thereby mobilize the oil for production from the formation.
  • the oil recovery formulation may comprise one or more surfactants.
  • the surfactant may be an anionic surfactant.
  • the anionic surfactant may be a sulfonate-containing compound, a sulfate-containing compound, a carboxylate compound, a phosphate compound, or a blend thereof.
  • the anionic surfactant may be an alpha olefin sulfonate compound, an internal olefin sulfonate compound, a branched alkyl benzene sulfonate compound, a propylene oxide sulfate compound, an ethylene oxide sulfate compound, a propylene oxide-ethylene oxide sulfate compound, or a blend thereof.
  • the anionic surfactant preferably contains from 12 to 28 carbons, or from 12 to 20 carbons.
  • the surfactant of the oil recovery formulation may comprise an internal olefin sulfonate compound containing from 15 to 18 carbons or a propylene oxide sulfate compound containing from 12 to 15 carbons, or a blend thereof, where the blend contains a volume ratio of the propylene oxide sulfate to the internal olefin sulfonate compound of from 1:1 to 10:1.
  • the oil recovery formulation may contain from 0.05 wt . % to 5 wt . % of the surfactant or combination of surfactants, or may contain from 0.1 wt . % to 3 wt . % of the surfactant or combination of surfactants based on total amount of formulation.
  • the alkali present in the oil recovery formulation may not only aid in dissolving the polymer but may also interact with oil in the formation to form a soap effective to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water in the formation.
  • the alkali added for this purpose can be incorporated in the formulation before or after the polymer is added and preferably is selected from the group consisting of lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, lithium silicate, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, lithium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and mixtures thereof.
  • the amount of the alkali effective to interact with the oil in the formation to form a soap effective to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water in the formation and thereby mobilize the oil for production from the formation preferably is of from 0.001 wt . % to 5 wt . % of the alkali, or from 0.005 wt . % to 1 wt . % of the alkali, or from 0.01 wt . % to 0.5 wt . % of the alkali based on total amount of enhanced oil recovery formulation.
  • the oil recovery formulation to be injected into the formation preferably has a pH of at least 8 and a TDS of from 80 to 40,000 ppm; and from 100 to 40,000 ppm, more specifically from 250 ppm to 10,000 ppm, or from 500 ppm to 5,000 ppm, or from 1000 to 2000 ppm of polymer or a combination of polymers based on total amount of
  • the oil recovery formulation is introduced into an oil- bearing formation or oil formation.
  • the oil contained in the oil-bearing formation may have a dynamic viscosity under formation conditions (in particular, at
  • formation may have a dynamic viscosity under formation temperature conditions of from 1 to 10000000 mPa s (1 to 10000000 cP) .
  • Example 8 both those prepared not according to the invention and those prepared according to the invention had similar
  • Flopaam 3230s and 3130s are commercially available partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides available from SNF Floerger .
  • the time required for 20 g of solution to pass the filter close to the end of the filtration (t 2 oo g - t i 80g ) is divided by the time required for 20 g of solution to pass the filter at the start of the filtration (t 80g - t 6 o g ) ⁇ This ratio is termed the Filtration Ratio (FR) .

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de préparation d'une formulation de récupération de pétrole, contenant un polymère, lequel procédé comprend l'addition de polymère à une solution alcaline ayant un pH de 8,5 ou plus ainsi qu'un procédé pour la production de pétrole comprenant les étapes consistant à injecter une formulation de récupération de pétrole ainsi préparée dans une formation contenant du pétrole.
PCT/EP2016/054528 2015-03-04 2016-03-03 Formulation de récupération de pétrole, contenant un polymère WO2016139298A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
RU2015107677 2015-03-04
RU2015107677 2015-03-04

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WO2016139298A1 true WO2016139298A1 (fr) 2016-09-09

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6197100B1 (en) * 1998-12-04 2001-03-06 Hercules Incorporated Dispersible water soluble polymers
US7482310B1 (en) * 2003-11-12 2009-01-27 Kroff Chemical Company, Inc. Method of fracturing subterranean formations utilizing emulsions comprising acrylamide copolymers
US20120067579A1 (en) * 2010-09-20 2012-03-22 S.P.C.M. Sa Process for enhanced oil recovery using the asp technique
WO2014041856A1 (fr) 2012-09-13 2014-03-20 電気化学工業株式会社 Composition de caoutchouc, et vulcanisat et article moulé à base de celle-ci
US20140174735A1 (en) * 2012-12-26 2014-06-26 Shell Oil Company Method, system, and composition for producing oil
US20140367096A1 (en) * 2011-05-27 2014-12-18 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Composition and method for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6197100B1 (en) * 1998-12-04 2001-03-06 Hercules Incorporated Dispersible water soluble polymers
US7482310B1 (en) * 2003-11-12 2009-01-27 Kroff Chemical Company, Inc. Method of fracturing subterranean formations utilizing emulsions comprising acrylamide copolymers
US20120067579A1 (en) * 2010-09-20 2012-03-22 S.P.C.M. Sa Process for enhanced oil recovery using the asp technique
US20140367096A1 (en) * 2011-05-27 2014-12-18 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Composition and method for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery
WO2014041856A1 (fr) 2012-09-13 2014-03-20 電気化学工業株式会社 Composition de caoutchouc, et vulcanisat et article moulé à base de celle-ci
US20140174735A1 (en) * 2012-12-26 2014-06-26 Shell Oil Company Method, system, and composition for producing oil

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
D. LEVITT: "The optimal use of enhanced oil recovery polymers under hostile conditions - PhD thesis", 31 May 2009 (2009-05-31), XP055270076, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.pge.utexas.edu/images/pdfs/theses09/levitt.pdf> [retrieved on 20160502] *
H A NASR-EI-DIN ET AL: "Viscosity Behavior of Alkaline, Surfactant, Polyacrylamide Solutions Used for Enhanced Oil Recovery", SPE, 22 February 1991 (1991-02-22), XP055270075 *
PCI MAGAZINE: "2012 Additives Handbook", 1 June 2012 (2012-06-01), pages 1 - 175, XP055172212, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.pcimag.com/articles/97893-additives-handbook> [retrieved on 20150226] *

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