WO2016113227A1 - Electric motor - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an electric motor comprising a shaft and at least two plates secured to the shaft. An even number of pairs of solenoids is arranged around the shaft. On either side of the solenoids, one magnet per pair of solenoids is arranged in the form of a circle on each plate. The rotor of the motor comprises the plates and the shaft. The stator comprises the solenoids. The solenoids are connected to a control signal generator arranged and connected to the solenoids such that two adjacent solenoids receive phase-quadrature control signals each time.

Description

 Electric motor

The present invention relates to an electric motor comprising an axle preferably mounted on a rolling bearing passing through at least one stator.

 Different types of stepper motors exist: the variable reluctance motor, the permanent magnet motor and the hybrid motor, which is a combination of the two previous technologies. These motors are powered in a certain sequence, or at each step the direction of the current flowing through the solenoids is reversed so as to generate a rotation of the rotor in the magnetic fields generated by different solenoids of the stator.

 The following documents describe different types of axial-gap electric motors.

 US 2006/043821 discloses an axial gap electric motor in which a stator and a rotor are oppositely disposed with a predetermined gap along the direction of the axial line of a rotating shaft of the rotor.

WO 00/048294 A1 describes an electric motor that can be used as a motor or generator which comprises a rotor provided ^with magnets, a rotor shaft and a plurality of electromagnet arranged at a certain distance from the axis of rotation of the rotor. However, this engine heats up a lot and requires the use of a position sensor to determine the start sequence reading position of the position sensor to allow the engine to start and turn in the desired direction.

 No. 5,514,923 discloses a permanent magnet tri-phased DC electric motor comprising an electronic switch which phases the attractive and repulsive forces between the permanent magnets and the air core solenoids in the stator. The uneven number of magnets and coils provides a designed imbalance, so that the correct excitation induces rotation and torque in the motor's dual rotor. The document describes that this engine simultaneously collects the power generated by certain disconnected solenoids during certain phases and directs this generated power to a power supply unit.

 GB 2 065 984 A discloses an electric stepper motor for the watch industry.

GB 2 482 928 A discloses an electric motor comprising a stator and a rotor. The stator has N toroidal electromagnets and the rotor includes a disk provided with N + 1 magnets, where N is the number of phases of the motor. The disk is intended to pass into the air gap of the stator electromagnets.

 WO 2007/022128 discloses an electric motor comprising a rotor provided with permanent magnets and a stator provided with coils wound on bars for interacting with the magnets through the gap defined between them. The bars and coils are surrounded by an annular stator, a housing that extends between the gap.

 The motors described above require the use of position sensors, for starting the motor, to adapt the electrical signal to the position of the rotor relative to the stator, and / or require the use of cooling means. In addition, the efficiency of these engines is not high enough and these engines often lack power at low speeds.

Summary of the invention

 The electric motor according to the present invention comprises an arrangement of solenoids and magnets different from the stepper motor. The solenoids are assembled concentrically around an axis and extend parallel thereto. This arrangement makes this electric motor modular and extremely simple to manufacture.

 An advantage of the present invention is to provide an axial air gap electric motor, requiring no or less cooling means or position sensor and providing better efficiency.

According to one aspect of the invention, an electric motor comprises at least two plates integral with the axis, and between two successive plates a stator of said at least one stator is interposed each time, each stator comprising an even number of pairs of solenoids arranged according to a first circle around and parallel to the axis, and each plate is provided with a magnet by pair of solenoids, which magnets are alternately arranged in polarity in a second circle and each time separated by a predetermined space, and which magnets are each arranged on two successive trays so that two magnets which are opposite each other have an opposite polarity, which magnets are also arranged so as to make it possible to buckle, as they pass in front of a pair of solenoids, each time, a magnetic field created by this pair of solenoids. The solenoids are connected to a control signal generator, which generator is arranged and connected to the solenoids in such a way that two adjacent solenoids each receive driving signals which are respectively in phase quadrature.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the electric motor comprises an axis and at least one stator mounted on this axis, and further comprises at least two plates integral with the axis, the two plates being fixed at an axial distance from the axis. one of the other, and between two successive plates a stator of said at least one stator is interposed each time, each stator comprising an even number of pairs of adjacent solenoids, or 4n where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1, each solenoid having an axis a _s and in which the solenoids are arranged in a first circle of radius n around the axis and whose axes a _s are parallel to the axis, the number of solenoids being identical on each stator, the spacing angular between two adjacent solenoids being constant, and each solenoid comprising an inner radius n and an outer radius r _{e ..}

Each plate is provided with 2n magnets which magnets are arranged, on each plate, alternately polarity according to a second circle of radius r ₂ , the radius r ₂ of this second circle substantially corresponding to the average radius of the first circle n according to which the solenoids are arranged, so that the magnets, during the operation of the motor, can be positioned in front of the solenoids, and which magnets are each placed on two successive trays so that two magnets which are face to face have a polarity opposite. The solenoids are connected to a driving signal generator, to provide each solenoid with driving signals so that the driving signals received by two adjacent solenoids are, in each case, in phase quadrature.

The width of the magnets, defined by the ends of the arc connecting the two ends of the edges of the magnet along the circle of radius r ₂ , corresponds at least to the minimum distance taken along the circle of radius n between the edges of the circles of radius n of two adjacent solenoids and at most at the maximum distance taken along the circle of radius r-ι between the edges of the circles of radius η of two adjacent solenoids so that two consecutive magnets are separated by the same predetermined space E. An electric motor of the present invention has the advantage that it is very easy to build. On the one hand, the elements that constitute it such as solenoids, magnets, and trays, are available on the market. On the other hand, the mechanical elements constituting the motor do not require any particular machining. The electric motor is also adjustable, by assembling a plurality of stators and trays around the axis. By increasing the number of stators and trays, the power generated by the engine is also increased.

 On the other hand, the space between the magnets allows an optimal use of the tangential forces of attraction and magnetic repulsion, contributing to the torque of the motor and a reduction of the magnetic axial forces.

 The space between magnets also has the advantage of reducing the interference between adjacent and opposite magnetic fields, and therefore greatly reduces the losses by Joule effect and consequently heating of the engine.

 This space also allows the permanent magnets of the rotor to be placed, under the effect of magnetic tangential forces released face solenoid stator, and independently of the control signal applied across the solenoids. An engine according to the invention does not require the use of a position sensor to apply a signal depending on the position of the stator at startup.

The electric motor according to the invention also has the following advantages:

- A direction of rotation defined and obtained without the assistance of position sensor from the presence of electrical stress thanks to the components of the tangential magnetic forces released.

 - Less magnetization and therefore lower cost and greater lightness.

 - A greatly reduced heating and therefore a much higher efficiency compared to conventional engines. In addition, the invention does not require forced cooling.

 - In case of overload, this engine does not pick up, thanks to the spaces between magnets and does not burn and can, by reducing its speed, resume its movement, and power.

- The speed is regulated by the switching frequency of the control signals.

- The applied voltage remains constant when it picks up.

- It has a strong starting torque. - In addition, the motor according to the invention has a high efficiency and provides a lot of power, especially at low speed.

 In a first optional embodiment according to the invention, the signal generator comprises a first and a second control signal sub-generator, which first signal sub-generator is arranged to produce a first signal and a second signal and the second pilot signal sub-generator is arranged to produce a third signal and a fourth signal, and which first and second signals respectively third and fourth signals are in phase opposition with each other and which first and third signals respectively second and fourth signals are in phase quadrature between them.

 This embodiment of the control signals is very simple to implement and makes it possible to supply the solenoids with voltage and / or current with control signals which are in phase quadrature.

Brief description of the drawings

 For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which:

 Figure 1 is an overall perspective view of the electric motor 100 according to the invention.

 Figure 2 illustrates a sectional view along the line ΙΙ-ΙΓ of the electric motor according to the invention.

 Figure 3 is an exploded view of Figure 2.

 FIG. 4 is a sectional view along line IV - IV of FIG.

 Figure 5 is a front view of one of the trays of Figure 2 comprising permanent magnets disposed along the periphery of the tray, according to the invention.

 FIG. 6a is a schematic sectional view of an electric motor according to the invention illustrating four magnets, eight solenoids and their magnetic polarity as well as their connection to pilot signal generators during the first sub-period.

Figure 6b illustrates the piloting signals during the first sub-period. Figure 6c illustrates the voltage applied across each solenoid during the first sub-period. Figure 6d is a schematic sectional view of the two plates of an electric motor according to the invention and the first four solenoids. The polarity of the magnetic fields is indicated and the field lines are also reconstructed.

 Figure 7a is a schematic view similar to Figure 6a during the second sub-period.

 Figure 7b illustrates the control signals during the second sub-period.

Figure 7c illustrates the voltage applied across each solenoid during the second sub-period.

 Figure 7d is a schematic profile view similar to Figure 6d during the second sub-period.

 Figure 8a is a schematic view similar to Figure 6a during the third sub-period.

 Figure 8b illustrates the piloting signals during the third sub-period.

Figure 8c illustrates the voltage applied across each solenoid during the third sub-period.

 Figure 8d is a schematic profile view similar to Figure 6d during the third sub-period.

 Figure 9a is a schematic view similar to Figure 6a during the fourth sub-period.

 Figure 9b illustrates the piloting signals during the fourth sub-period.

Figure 9c illustrates the voltage applied across each solenoid during the fourth sub-period.

 Figure 9d is a schematic profile view similar to Figure 6d during the fourth sub-period.

 FIG. 10 is a figure similar to FIG. 6a in which the engine according to the invention comprises a second stator and a third plate.

 Figure 11 illustrates the arrangement of different layers of tinned copper and tinned iron between a magnet of a tray placed at one end and its associated plate.

 Figure 12 illustrates the arrangement of the magnets on a central plate motor. Figure 13 is a perspective view of the electric motor according to the invention comprising four plates and three stators.

FIG. 14a is a diagram similar to the diagram of FIG. 7a, during the second sub-period, where the trays are in the position corresponding to the first sub-period and illustrating the tangential forces of attraction and repulsion between magnets and solenoids, as they appear in one embodiment of the invention.

 FIG. 14b is a schematic profile view similar to FIG. 7d during the second sub-period, where the trays are in the position corresponding to the first sub-period, and illustrating the tangential forces of attraction and repulsion between magnets and solenoids as they appear in one embodiment of the invention.

 Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating the size of the magnets relative to that of the solenoids, for one embodiment of the invention.

 Figure 16a is a diagram illustrating the distribution and intensity of forces responsible for the rotation of a conventional engine.

 FIG. 16b is a diagram illustrating the distribution and the intensity of the forces responsible for the rotation of the electric motor according to the invention.

 FIG. 17 is a graph illustrating the power and the torque as a function of the load raised by the electric motor according to the invention.

 In the drawings the same reference has been assigned to the same element or a similar element. Figure 1 is an overall perspective view of the electric motor 100 according to the invention. A frame 150, for example of square shape, serves as a support element to the various mechanical components constituting the motor. Preferably, the frame is held by a base 155. According to one embodiment, the frame comprises two panels interconnected by spacers 150a fixed by bolts at the corners of the frame. Each panel of the frame is also provided with a recess 151, only one of the recesses being visible in FIG. The recesses 151 are preferably circular.

In a recess 151 of each panel (only one being visible) a circular tray 1 10.1 is placed each time. The diameter of the circular recesses is slightly greater than the diameter of the trays 1 10, 1 15. A plurality of solenoids C are fixed between the two panels of the frame. They are preferably attached to frame 150 by a solenoid holding structure 130. FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional view along the line ΙΙ-ΙΓ of the electric motor 100 according to the invention, illustrated in FIG. Figure 3 is an exploded view of Figure 2.

 The electric motor comprises a movable axis 105, on which the two plates 1 10, 1 15 are mounted so as to be integral with the axis. In the embodiment illustrated in Figures 1 to 3, the number of trays is two, but it goes without saying that other embodiments with more than two trays are also possible. The nuts 105a and 105b serve to hold the trays on the axis 105.

 According to an exemplary embodiment, the trays may be further provided with a notch 125a in which there is slipped a wedge. This is found housed in a groove 125b provided in the axis 105 of the engine. The groove 125b extends along the axis 105 and at least at the location provided to arrange the trays 1 10, 1 15 on the axis, so that the shim can be inserted into the groove 125b of to fix the respective plate relative to the axis 105. When the plates 1 10, 1 15 are correctly arranged on the axis, they are integral with the axis 105.

The first plate 1 10 and the second plate 1 15 are fixed at a distance from one another. The axis 105 extends over a distance d ₂ from the second plate 1 15.

 FIG. 4 is a sectional view along the line IV-IV of the engine illustrated in FIG. An even number of pairs of solenoids C are uniformly disposed in a first circle, radius r-1, around and in parallel with the axis 105. The solenoids can be arranged in uniform angular spacings, as shown for example Figure 13.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 4, the number of solenoids represented is sixteen, or sixteen is an even number of pairs, a multiple of 4. The number of solenoids can also be expressed as 4n where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1. On the other hand, the solenoids C, are placed between the two plates 1 10 and 1 15, as illustrated in Figures 1 to 3. The axis a _s of each solenoid is parallel to the axis _a of the engine, as illustrated in Figure 3. In an optional embodiment, the solenoids have an outer shell. The envelopes of two juxtaposed solenoids are preferably in contact with each other. These envelopes are electrically insulating. Preferably, the solenoids are attached to a solenoid-holding structure 130, as illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. This solenoid-holding structure is attached to the frame 150 so that the solenoids lie between the two. trays 1 10, 1 15 consecutive.

 In this exemplary embodiment the solenoid holding structure 130 may optionally comprise at its center two ball bearings 160 mounted on the axis 105 and placed next to each other. The two ball bearings 160 are preferably identical and comprise an outer ring 160a, an inner ring 160b whose diameter corresponds to the diameter of the axis 105, and balls 160c between the two rings. Thus, the axis 105 passes through the ball bearings 1 60 and is able to rotate without driving the rotating solenoids. The solenoids are attached to the solenoid holding structure 130 around the ball bearings 1 60. The solenoid holding structure 130 is itself attached to the frame 150, the solenoids are fixed.

 Solenoids C form the stator of the electric motor. They can be integrated in the motor by the solenoid holding structure 130. Optionally the stator of this motor is mounted on the axis 105 by means of the ball bearings 1 60. The plates 1 10, 1 15 being integral with the axis 105 form the rotor of the motor according to the invention.

 Advantageously, the axis 105, the solenoid holding structure 130, the frame 150, the ball bearings 1 60, and the trays 1 10, 1 15 are made of a non-magnetic material. Preferably, they are aluminum.

Each solenoid C, as illustrated in FIG. 4, comprises an inner radius η and an outer radius r _e , which depends on the thickness of the electrical wires used for their winding, the solenoid support of insulating material and the inner radius of the solenoid as will be understood by those skilled in the art. In an advantageous embodiment according to the invention, r _e may be substantially double of n.

At least one of the faces of each plate 1 10, 1 15 is provided with permanent magnets. FIG. 5 illustrates a disposition of magnets on one face of each plate 1 10, 1 15. The number of magnets per plate is a function of the number of pairs of solenoids C located between two consecutive plates. For each pair of solenoids C, a magnet is provided. So for the 4n solenoids, there are 2n magnets. The number of solenoids in Figure 4 being sixteen, n = 4, and the trays 1 10 and 1 15 hence each comprise eight magnets in the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 4.

Each magnet has an upper face and a lower face, the polarity of the upper face being always inverted with respect to the polarity of the lower face. As shown in FIG. 5, the polarities of the upper and / or lower faces of the magnets are indicated by N for the north and S for the south. The magnets are alternately arranged in polarity according to a second circle of radius r ₂ along the periphery of the plate and each time separated by a space E of predetermined size. This second circle has 4n segments. One segment out of two does not include a magnet and the polarities of the same faces of two successive magnets along the circle are opposite. It is the same with the magnets on the second plate, which magnets are located in front of the magnets of the first plate.

We choose the convention that the plate 1 15 corresponds to the upper plate and the plate 1 10 corresponds to the lower plate. Therefore, the underside of a magnet of the upper tray 1 faces the solenoids of the stator, and the upper face of a magnet of the tray 1 15, faces the outside of the motor. Conversely, the upper face of a magnet of the lower platen 1 faces the solenoids and the underside of a magnet of the lower platen 1 faces the outside of the motor. Depending on the shape of the magnets, each magnet further has a thickness, a width and an average height. The thickness of a magnet corresponds to the size of a magnet along the axis 105 of the motor. The average height of a magnet corresponds to the size of a magnet along the radius r ₂ , and the width of a magnet is defined by the ends of the arc inside the magnet, connecting two ends edges of the magnet along the circle of radius r ₂ .

According to an exemplary embodiment, each magnet preferably has the shape of an angular segment delimited by two circles whose mean radius is r ₂ , as shown in FIG. 5. However, the invention is not limited to a particular form of magnets. Other forms of magnets, in particular magnets of rectangular, trapezoidal, circular, elliptical or polygonal shape are conceivable.

The magnets of two successive plates mounted on the axis are each arranged so that two magnets which are face to face on the other of the two successive plates have an opposite polarity. According to one embodiment, and assuming that two adjacent, ie consecutive, solenoids are touching, the width of the magnets corresponds to at least the minimum distance, taken along the circle of radius n, between the edges of the circles of radius η of two adjacent solenoids, which corresponds to 2 (Γ _β -η), and at most the maximum distance taken along the circle of radius r-ι between the edges of the circles of radius n of two adjacent solenoids, let 2 be (r _e + n). In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, r _e = 2n, this corresponds to a width in the interval [η, 6η]. However, the solenoids can also be spaced. In this case, the width of the magnets will have to be increased by the spacing between solenoids taken along the circle of radius n in order to keep the same overlap between magnets and solenoids during the operation of the motor.

The average height h of a magnet, the average height being defined as the dimension of the magnet along the radius r ₂ , is preferably in the range [2 ^* n; 2 ^* r _e ]. The average height of a magnet is illustrated in Figure 15 and represented by the letter h.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the width of a magnet M is preferably of the order of twice r _e , and the average height of a magnet M is preferably of the order of twice n so that a magnet M can be placed facing two solenoids, covering the surface of two halves of two adjacent solenoids. The magnets M are thus arranged so as to make it possible to buckle, when facing a pair of solenoids C, a magnetic field created by this pair of solenoids.

In this exemplary embodiment, each segment is substantially identical so that the width of the magnets M and spaces E between two consecutive (i.e. adjacent) magnets is substantially identical and corresponds to two times r _e . Therefore, the angle between two rays of a segment is 360 / (4n). Preferably, the radius of this second circle r ₂ substantially corresponds to the average radius of the first circle n according to which the solenoids are arranged so that the magnets can be positioned facing the solenoids. In this non-limiting exemplary embodiment, the width of the magnets, voids, and the diameter of the solenoids are all substantially the same.

Preferably, inside each solenoid C, a piece of ferromagnetic material is inserted to form a core, radius η as the Figure 4. This core makes it possible to increase the intensity of the magnetic field of the solenoid. Preferably, the core is made of a material whose magnetic permeability μ is at least 0.45 tesla.

 In one embodiment, the core material may be permimphy® (registered trademark of Aperam Alloys Imphy). In another embodiment, the core may consist of threaded rods of galvanized steel.

 The cores favor the flux in magnetic fields in the form of rings created between the magnets of two successive trays positioned face to face. The permimphy® cores lead the magnetic flux between the magnets of the plates 1 10 and 1 15 and promote the closing of the magnetic field lines, see Figure 7d.

 In an exemplary embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 13, the motor may comprise a plurality of stators 10 and trays provided with magnets, all of which are fixed on the axis 105 by the mechanism described above. The example illustrated in Figure 13 comprises three stators 10, and four trays. Each stator 10 comprises four solenoids C, the number of magnets M per plate is therefore two. Each stator is positioned between two trays. The outer plates bear the references 1 10, 1 15. The two central plates bear the references 1 1 1. An exemplary embodiment of arrangement of the magnets on the outer and inner trays is detailed later in the description, with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12.

FIG. 6a schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment according to the invention with a motor comprising eight solenoids C. As illustrated in FIG. 6b, a voltage generator 600 comprising two sub-generators 601, 602 makes it possible to feed the motor in electrical voltage. The two sub-generators 601, 602 generate control signals a1, a2 and b1, b2 of respective outputs 610, 620, and 630, 640, also shown in Figure 6b. The electrical connections of the eight solenoids to the two sub-generators are schematically illustrated in Figure 6a. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that each sub-generator can be viewed as a half-engine. This engine then comprises two half-motors, each half-motor being controlled by two-phase signals. In Figure 6a, the eight solenoids C-1, C-8 are seen in a sectional view. Each solenoid has a first and a second connector, indicated by the references P1, P2. The generator 600 is connected to the solenoid C connectors such that two adjacent solenoids receive driving signals which are respectively in phase quadrature. This electric motor operates in four phases. To achieve this, an exemplary embodiment of electrical connections and associated driving signals is described below.

 The solenoids are arranged such that for a series of four successive solenoids, a first solenoid (C-1; C-5) of the series of four solenoids has its first P1 and its second P2 connector respectively connected to the first 610 and at the second terminal 620 of the first sub-generator, a second solenoid (C-2; C-6) of the series of four solenoids has its first and second connectors respectively connected to the first 630 and the second terminal 640 of the second sub-generator, a third solenoid (C-3, C-7) of the series of four solenoids has its first and second connectors respectively connected to the second 620 and the first terminal 610 of the first sub-generator, and a fourth solenoid (C-4, C-8) of the series of four solenoids has its first and second connectors respectively connected to the second 640 and the first terminal 630 of the second sub-generator. Thus, the connections of the solenoid pairs C-1, C-2 are inverted with respect to the connections of solenoids C-3, C-4.

Preferably, the voltage applied across the terminals of each solenoid is in the form of a rectangular signal. Advantageously, the signal voltage may be a value V, other than 0, or 0 volts. In one embodiment, the voltage V is 24 volts. The control signals are illustrated in Figure 6b. The control signals are preferably periodic, of period T, divided into four identical sub-periods ΤΊ, T ₂ , T ₃ and T ₄ .

Since the motor is a four-phase motor, the operating principle of the motor according to the invention can be described for a series of four successive solenoids. The operation of the following four solenoid sets is identical to the operation of the first set of four solenoids. However, the number of solenoids must always be a multiple of four, or an even number of pairs of solenoids, as previously described. FIGS. 6a to 6d, 7a to 7d, 8a to 8d and 9a to 9d respectively illustrate the operation of the motor during the four sub-periods ΤΊ, T ₂ , T ₃ and T ₄ . For the sake of clarity, the figures illustrate an example of an engine comprising 4x2 = 8 solenoids. The number of magnets on each plate is therefore 8/2 = 4.

FIG. 6b illustrates the four control signals a1, a2 and b1, b2 generated by the two signal sub-generators. The evolution of the control signals is illustrated for each sub-period ΤΊ, T ₂ , T ₃ and T ₄ . The signals a1 and a2 respectively b1 and b2 are in phase opposition with each other and the signals a1 and b1 respectively a2 and b2 are in phase quadrature between them.

 Figure 6a schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment with eight solenoids, the four magnets and the magnetic relationship between solenoids C and magnets M. Solenoids C are viewed in sectional view. As illustrated in FIG. 6a, the four magnets M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4 are shown in dashed lines superimposed on the solenoids C. Only the magnets of the plate 1 are represented.

Figure 6d is a schematic view of the two plates 1 10, 1 provided with magnets M and solenoids C disposed between the two plates. Figure 6a is a top view of Figure 6d. The polarities of the magnetic fields, resulting from the voltage applied to the solenoid connectors, as well as the polarities of the upper and / or lower faces of the magnets, are illustrated by N and S, for North Pole and South Pole, respectively. Only a magnetic polarity of the face of the magnet near the solenoid, the lower face of the magnet, which face is facing the solenoid, is shown in Figures 6a and 6d. The polarity of the other face of the magnet, the upper face, naturally has a polarity opposite to the lower face, since it is permanent magnets. We also adopt the convention that each solenoid has an upper face and a lower face, the upper face being the near face of the upper plate 1 and the lower face of the solenoid being the near face of the lower plate 1 10. In Figure 6d the polarity of the magnetic field on each side, upper and lower, solenoids is shown. Only the upper surface of the solenoids, close to the magnets of the plate 1 15, is visible in FIG. 6a. It is the magnetic polarity of this solenoid face that is also shown in Figure 6a. On the other hand, Figure 6c illustrates the voltage generated within each solenoid resulting from the driving signals a1, a2 and b1, b2 applied to the connectors of each solenoid. The voltage generated within each solenoid is derived from the voltage difference applied to the first and second solenoid connectors. u1 is the voltage generated in the first solenoids (C-1, C-5) of the series, u2 the voltage generated within the second solenoids (C-2, C-6) of the series, u3 the voltage generated at the within the third solenoids (C-3, C-7) of the series, and u4 the voltage generated within the fourth solenoids (C-4, C-8) of the series. The voltages u1, u2, u3, and u4 as a function of time are expressed as follows:

ΐ½ (ί) = _] _ (t) - a ₂ (t),

2 (t) = b ^ t - b ₂ (t,

3 (t) = o ₂ (t) - t,

4 (t) = b ₂ (t - b ^ t.

During the first sub-period Ti _, the time t is in the range 0 t t <T _lt and OiCt) = V, o ₂ (t) = 0, _¾ (t) = V, b ₂ (t) = 0. Therefore,

 (t) = V,

 2 (t) = V,

w ₃ (= -V,

u ₄ (t) = -V

as shown in Figure 6c.

 FIG. 6a illustrates the arrangement of magnets M-1, M-2, M-3, M -4 relative to solenoids C-1, C-8 during the first sub-period T-i.

 The voltage applied across the terminals of each solenoid induces a magnetic field in this solenoid. The direction of the magnetic field generated by the solenoid depends on the direction of the current flowing through the turns of the solenoid. We choose the convention that a positive applied voltage results in a magnetic field of north (N) polarity on the upper face of the solenoid and vice versa, a negative applied voltage results in a magnetic field of south polarity (S) on the upper face of the solenoid. solenoid. In summary, a voltage + V / -V generated within a solenoid induces a magnetic field whose polarity on the upper face is respectively North / South.

During the first sub-period ΤΊ, the voltage applied across the terminals of each solenoid is illustrated in Figure 6c. Solenoids C-1, C-2 and C-3, C-4 are subject to a voltage of + V and -V respectively during this first sub-period. The intensity of the magnetic field resulting from this voltage is identical in the solenoids C-1, C-2 and C-3, C-4 since the same absolute value of voltage V is applied, but of opposite direction between on the one hand C-1, C-2 and secondly C-3, C-4, i.e. between two pairs of consecutive solenoids. We assume, for example, that during the first sub-period, an M-1 magnet whose polarity on the lower face is South, faces the pair of solenoids C-1, C-2. Similarly, we assume that a magnet M-

2, whose polarity on the lower face is a North, is facing the pair of solenoids C-

3, C-4, an M-3 magnet, whose polarity of the lower face is South, is facing the pair of solenoids C-5, C-6 and an M-4 magnet, whose polarity of the face lower is a North, is facing the pair of solenoids C-7, C-8.

 Therefore, the polarity of the magnetic field of the pairs of solenoids C-1, C-2 and C-3, C-4, illustrated in Figure 6a, is respectively a North pole and a South pole on the upper face of the solenoids. The following table shows the voltage applied within each solenoid C and the polarity of the magnetic field on the upper face of the corresponding solenoid.

Table 1. Solenoid, voltage, polarity on the upper side of the solenoid and polarity on the underside of the magnet during the first sub-period T1.

Since the polarity of the lower face of the magnet M-1 is a south, and the latter is facing the pair of solenoids C-1, C-2 whose polarity on the upper face is a North, the Magnetic field lines generated by pair of solenoids C-1, C-2 and magnet M-1 assemble to form a magnetic loop. The same is true for the following pairs of solenoids (C-3, C-4), (C-5, C-6), and (C-7, C-8) and magnets M-2, M- 3, M-4 respective.

FIG. 6d schematically shows a portion during the first sub-period of the engine illustrated in FIG. 6a on which are represented the solenoids C-8, C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5 and a part of the first plate 1 1 5 provided with magnets M-1, M-2, M-3, M -4 and the second plate 1 1 0 provided magnets M-1 1, M-12, M-13, M-14. The magnetic field lines are also shown in Figure 6d schematically for a pair of solenoids, in dashed lines.

 The arrangement of the magnets with respect to the solenoids for the upper plate has been described above with reference to FIG. 6a. It is also shown in Table 1. Identical reasoning is followed below, with reference to Figure 6d. We suppose that during the first sub-period Ti, the magnet M-1 1, whose polarity of the upper face is a North, is facing the pair of solenoids C-1, C-2, of polarity South on the lower side. Thus, the magnetic field lines of the magnets M-1 and M-1 1 (represented by dashes) and those of the solenoids C-1, C-2 (represented by dotted lines) mate and close to form a loop magnetic, shown in solid lines in Figure 6d. The magnets M-1 and M-1 1, are attracted by the pair of solenoids C-1, C-2. The two magnets M-1 and M-1 1, being face to face, in the example given one on the plate 1 1 5 and the other on the plate 1 1 0, have an opposite polarity on their face close to the solenoids. The same reasoning also applies for the following magnets of the two trays and for the following pairs of solenoids.

The operation of the engine during the second sub-period T2 is illustrated in FIGS. 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d. The values of the control signals a1, a2, a3 and a4 have changed, and have as voltage during this second sub-period T ₂ , a t) = 0, a ₂ (t) = V, b t) = V , b ₂ t) = 0. Therefore,

 = -V,

 2 (t) = V,

 3 (t) = V,

u ₄ (t) = -V

as shown in Figure 7c.

Voltages and ₃ (t) applied across solenoids C-1

(identical to solenoid C-5) and C-3 (same as solenoid C-7) are during this second inverted subperiod relative to the first sub-period. The polarity of the magnetic field on the upper face of these solenoids is therefore also reversed. The voltage applied across the terminals of each solenoid is illustrated in FIG. 7c. Solenoids C-2, C-3, and C-4, C-5 are subject to a voltage of + V and -V respectively during this second subperiod. The intensity of the magnetic field resulting from this voltage is identical in the solenoids C-2, C-3 and C-4, C-5 since the same absolute value of voltage V is applied, but of opposite direction between on the one hand C-2, C-3 and secondly C-4, C-5. The polarity of the magnetic field of the pairs of solenoids C-2, C-3 and C-4, C-5, illustrated in Figure 7a, is respectively a north pole and a south pole on the upper face of the solenoids.

 Table 2 illustrates the polarity of magnetic fields on the upper faces of solenoids C-1 ... C-8 during the second sub-period.

Table 2. Solenoid, voltage, polarity on the upper side of the solenoid and polarity on the underside of the magnet during the second sub-period T2.

The polarity of the magnetic field on the upper face of solenoid C-1 is a south pole. Since the polarity on the underside of the magnet M-1 is also a south pole, the latter is repelled by the solenoid C-1. However, the polarity of the field on the upper faces of solenoids C-2 and C-3 is a North Pole. The magnet M-1, of South polarity on the lower face, is thus attracted by the pair of solenoids C-2, C-3 and will move under the effect of the magnetic field of the solenoids C-2, C-3 until to the solenoids C-2, C-3.

 Simultaneously, the magnet M-2, whose polarity of the lower face is a North, is repelled by the solenoid C-3, whose polarity on the upper face is also a North pole during this second sub-period. The polarity of the field on the upper faces of solenoids C-4, C-5 is now a south pole. This pair of solenoids attracts the magnet M-2 and the magnet will move until it faces these two solenoids, as shown in Figure 7a.

The movement of the magnets M-1 and M-2, fixed to the plate 1 15, have since turned the plate clockwise. Magnets M-3 and M-4, whose configuration is identical to that of the magnets M-1 and M-2 respectively have, in the same way, contributed to the rotation of the plate.

Figure 7d is a view similar to Figure 6d but during the second sub-period T ₂ . In Figure 7d, only the magnets M-4, M-1 and M-2 are visible on the upper plate and the magnets M-14, M-1 1 and M-12 on the lower plate.

 The magnet M-1 1, the lower plate is of North polarity on its upper face, and is therefore repelled by the solenoid C-1 whose polarity on the underside is a North pole during the second sub-period. It is attracted by the pair of solenoids C-2, C-3, whose polarity on the lower faces is a South pole. The magnet M-1 1 will then move until it is facing the pair of solenoids C-2, C-3. Magnetic field lines (looped) of magnets (illustrated by dashes) and magnetic field lines (or loops) of solenoids (illustrated by dashed lines) mate and close to form a new loop. magnetic field, shown in solid lines in Figure 7d. This movement of the magnets of the trays 1 and 15 involves a rotation of the trays. The two plates 1 15 and 1 10 being integral with the axis 105, the axis 105 rotates.

The operation of the motor during the third sub-period T3 is illustrated in FIGS. 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d. The values of the driving signals a1, a2, a3 and a4 have changed, and have as voltage during this third sub-period T ₃ , t = 0, a ₂ (t) = V, b ^ t) = 0, b ₂ t = V. Therefore,

 = -V,

u ₂ (t) = -V,

 3 (t) = V,

u ₄ (t) = V

as illustrated in Figure 8c.

The voltages ₂ (t) and ₄ (t) applied across the solenoids C-2 (identical to solenoid C-6) and C-4 (identical to solenoid C-8) are during this third inverted subperiod with respect to the second sub-period. The polarity of the magnetic field on the upper face of these solenoids is therefore also reversed. The voltage applied across the terminals of each solenoid is illustrated in FIG. 8c. Solenoids C-3, C-4, and C-5, C-6 are subjected to a voltage of + V and -V respectively during this third sub-period. The intensity of the magnetic field resulting from this voltage is identical in the solenoids C-3, C-4 and C-5, C-6 since the same absolute value of voltage V is applied, but of opposite direction between on the one hand C-3, C-4 and on the other hand C-5, C-6. The polarity of the magnetic field of the pairs of solenoids C-3, C-4 and C-5, C-6, illustrated in Figure 8a, is respectively a north pole and a south pole on the upper face of the solenoids.

 Table 3 illustrates the polarity of the magnetic fields on the upper faces of solenoids C-1 ... C-8 during the third sub-period.

Table 3. Solenoid, voltage, polarity on the upper side of the solenoid and polarity on the underside of the magnet during the third sub-period T3.

The polarity of the magnetic field on the upper face of solenoid C-2 is a south pole. Since the polarity of the magnet M-1 is also a south pole, the latter is repelled by the solenoid C-2. However, the polarity of the field on the upper faces of solenoids C-3 and C-4 is a North Pole. The M-1 magnet, of South polarity on its lower face, is thus attracted by the new pair of solenoids C-3, C-4 and will move under the effect of the magnetic field of the solenoids C-3, C-4 until it faces solenoids C-3, C-4.

 Simultaneously, the magnet M-2, whose polarity of the lower face is a North, is repelled by the solenoid C-4, whose polarity on the upper face is also a North pole during this third sub-period. The polarity of the field on the upper faces of solenoids C-5, C-6 is now a south pole. This new pair of solenoids attracts the magnet M-2 and it will move until it faces these two solenoids, as shown in Figure 8a.

The magnets M-1 and M-2, fixed to the plate 1 15, have since turned the plate clockwise. The magnets M-3 and M-4, whose configuration is identical to that of magnets M-1 and M-2 respectively, have, in the same way, contributed to the rotation of the plate. Figure 8d is a side view similar to Figure 7d during the third sub-period T ₃ . Only magnets M-3, M-4, M-1 and M-2 are now visible on the top plate and magnets M-13, M-14, M-1 1 and M-12 on the lower plate.

 The magnet M-1 1, of the lower plate and whose polarity of the upper face is a North, is repelled by the solenoid C-2 whose polarity on the lower face is a North pole during the third sub-period. It is attracted by the pair of solenoids C-3, C-4, whose polarity on the lower faces is a South pole. The magnet M-1 1 will then move until it faces the pair of solenoids C-3, C-4. Magnetic field lines (loops) of magnets (illustrated by dashes) and magnetic field lines (loops) of solenoids (illustrated with dotted lines) mate and close to form a new magnetic field loop. illustrated in solid lines in Figure 8d. An identical reasoning applies to each magnet of the lower plate 1 10. This movement of the magnets of the plates 1 and 15 involves a rotation of the plates. The two plates 1 15 and 1 10 being integral with the axis 105, the axis 105 rotates.

The operation of the motor during the fourth sub-period T ₄ is illustrated in Figures 9a, 9b, 9c and 9d. The values of the control signals a1, a2, a3 and a4 have changed, and have as voltage during this fourth sub-period T ₄ , a ₁ (t) = F, a ₂ (t) = 0, b t = 0 , b ₂ {t) = V. Therefore,

 (t) = V,

u ₂ (t) = -V,

w ₃ (t) = -V,

u ₄ (t) = V

as shown in Figure 9c.

Voltages and ₃ (t) applied across solenoids C-1

(identical to solenoid C-5) and C-3 (same as solenoid C-7) are during this fourth inverted sub-period compared to the third sub-period. The polarity of the magnetic field on the upper face of these solenoids is therefore also reversed. The voltage applied across the terminals of each solenoid is illustrated in Figure 9c. Solenoids C-4, C-5, and C-6, C-7 are subjected to a voltage of + V and -V respectively during this fourth sub-period. The intensity of the magnetic field resulting from this voltage is identical in solenoids C-4, C-5 and C-6, C-7 since the same absolute value of voltage V is applied, but of opposite direction between C-4, C-5 and C-6, C-7. The polarity of the magnetic field of the pairs of solenoids C-4, C-5 and C-6, C-7, illustrated in Figure 9a, is respectively a north pole and a south pole on the upper face of the solenoids.

 Table 4 illustrates the polarity of magnetic fields on the upper faces of solenoids C-1 ... C-8 during the fourth sub-period.

Table 4. Solenoid, voltage, polarity on the upper side of the solenoid and polarity on the underside of the magnet during the fourth sub-period T4. The polarity of the magnetic field on the upper face of solenoid C-3 is a south pole. Since the polarity of the magnet M-1 is also a south pole on its lower face, the latter is repelled by the solenoid C-3. However, the polarity of the field on the upper faces of solenoids C-4 and C-5 is a North Pole. The M-1 magnet, of South polarity on its lower face, is thus attracted by the new pair of solenoids C-4, C-5 and will move under the effect of the magnetic field of the solenoids C-4, C-5 until it faces solenoids C-4, C-5.

 Simultaneously, the magnet M-2, whose polarity of the lower face is a North, is repelled by the solenoid C-5, whose polarity on the upper face is also a North pole during this fourth sub-period. The polarity of the field on the upper faces of solenoids C-6, C-7 is now a south pole. This new pair of solenoids attracts the magnet M-2 and the magnet will move until it faces these two solenoids, as shown in Figure 9a.

The magnets M-1 and M-2, fixed to the plate 1 15, have since turned the plate clockwise. The magnets M-3 and M-4, whose configuration is identical to that of magnets M-1 and M-2 respectively, have, in the same way, contributed to the rotation of the plate. Figure 9d is a side view similar to Figure 8d during the fourth sub-period T ₄ . Only the magnets M-3, M-4, and M-1 are now visible on the upper plate 1 15 and the magnets M-13, M-14, and M-1 1 on the lower plate 1 10.

 The magnet M-1 1, of the lower plate and whose polarity of the upper face is a North, is repelled by the solenoid C-3 whose polarity on the lower face is a North pole during the fourth sub-period. It is attracted by the pair of solenoids C-4, C-5, whose polarity on the lower faces is a South pole. The magnet M-1 1 will then move until it faces the pair of solenoids C-4, C-5. Magnetic field lines (looped) of magnets (shown as dashes) and magnetic field lines (loop) of solenoids (illustrated with dotted lines) mate and close to form a new field loop. magnetic, illustrated in solid lines in Figure 9d. An identical reasoning applies to each magnet of the lower plate 1 10. This movement of the magnets of the plates 1 and 15 involves a rotation of the plates. The two plates 1 15 and 1 10 being integral with the axis 105, the axis 105 rotates.

On the plate 1 10, the magnets are subjected to the same magnetic forces and cause the rotation of the plate 1 10. The rotations of the two plates 1 10 and 1 15, cause a rotation of the axis 105 by an angle of 2π / 8 between two successive subperiods, for an engine comprising 8 solenoids.

 In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 6a-9d, the electric motor comprises eight solenoids. In another embodiment of the present invention, the electric motor may comprise an even number of solenoid pairs, i.e., a multiple of four, 4n, where n is an integer greater than or equal to one, four, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, etc. solenoids. At most the number of solenoids is high, the more the speed of the motor decreases and its power increases.

The number of periods T of the driving signals required for the trays to perform a complete revolution depends on the number of solenoids. For four solenoids, a period is required for the trays to complete one revolution. For eight solenoids, two periods are necessary. For 4n solenoids, n periods are necessary. The speed of rotation of the plates and of the axis therefore depends on the one hand on the frequency of the signal, which is inversely proportional to the period T, but also the number of solenoids. On the other hand, the rotation performed by the plateaux between two consecutive subperiods is 2ττ / (4η), where 4n is the number of solenoids.

 The transition time between two successive sub-periods preferably lasts less than 200 nanoseconds.

FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention, in which the motor according to the invention comprises three plates and two stators, or each stator comprises a set of 4n solenoids. The configuration of the solenoids of the second set C-1 1, C-12, C-13, C-14 is identical to that of the first C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4. The third plate 1 1 1, central, is inserted between the two stators. The length of the motor axis 105 in this embodiment therefore depends on the number of trays and stators.

 In this embodiment, the magnetic field loops extend to the third board. The magnets of the third central plate 11, 1 serve to ensure the continuity of the magnetic field lines induced by the solenoids which extend to the plate 1 10, as illustrated in FIG.

 When the motor comprises a number of trays greater than two, as shown in FIG. 13, the disposition of the magnets on the central trays 11 and preferably is different to that of the trays 1, 10, 1 located at the ends of the motor. , as shown in Figures 1 1 and 12. The magnets of the central plate 1 1 1 participate in the magnetic fields generated by the solenoids located on either side of the magnets. FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the disposition of the magnets on the central plates 1 1 1 of FIG. 13. Each central plate 1 1 1 is preferably symmetrical, and the arrangement of the magnets M on the plates 1 1 1 is also perfectly symmetrical. The magnetization of the magnets of the central plate 1 1 1 may preferably be minimal because they serve mainly to ensure the continuity of the magnetic field lines between the two stators.

The motor of the present invention can therefore generally comprise m stators and m + 1 trays, where m is an integer greater than or equal to 1. The configuration of each stator, or each set of solenoids is identical. Preferably, the central trays 1 1 1 intercalated between two stators 10, are all identical. However, the trays 1, 10, 1 located at the ends may, in an optional embodiment, be different from the central trays 1 1 1. The length of the movable axis 105 connecting all these elements of the engine is therefore adapted to the numbers of trays and stators.

 In an optional embodiment according to the invention, the fasteners of the magnets M of the trays 1 10, 1 15 located at the ends of the axis 105 are made by a plurality of layers of tinned iron and tinned copper. FIG. 11 illustrates these different intermediate layers deposited between the magnets M and the plate 1 10, 1 15. Preferably, the plate 1 10, 1 15 is made of a non-magnetic material, preferably aluminum. On the tray 1 10, 1 15, a first layer of tinned copper 1210, is deposited, fixed or glued. Preferably, the tinned copper comprises a layer of tin 1215 on one side of the copper layer 1212. The copper layer 1212 may advantageously be in direct contact with the plate 1 10, 1 15. On the tin layer 1215, a tin-plated iron layer 1220 is deposited, fixed or glued. The tinned iron 1220 may comprise a layer of tin 1222 on either side of the iron layer 1224. Preferably, the tinned iron 1220 may be tinplate. The thickness of tinned iron 1220 may preferably be between 0.1 and 2 mm, more preferably between 0.2 mm and 1 mm, and even more preferably between 0.2 and 0.3 mm. The thickness of the tin layer 1222 on either side of the iron 1224 is a few microns, preferably a maximum of 5 microns. Advantageously, the magnet M can be glued or fixed by screws to the upper tin layer 1222 of the tinned iron 1220.

 These different layers make it possible to improve the confinement of the magnetic field between the solenoids C and the magnets M placed on the plates 1, 10, 1 placed at the ends, and make it possible to limit the thickness of the magnets while keeping the intensity of the field magnetic required in the trays 1 10, 1 15.

 The different layers can in one embodiment be glued together but they can also, in another embodiment, be fixed together by screws fixed to the plate.

In this configuration, tin acts as a magnetic guide. The first layer of tin 1222, being only a few microns, a part of the magnetic field will thus enter the iron 1224. On the other side of the iron, there are two tin layers, a first from tinned iron 1222 and a second tinned copper 1215. The tinned copper 1210 is used because the tin 1215, deposited on the copper 1212 by heating, can strengthen the thickness of tin 1 122 of the tinned iron 1220. These two layers will act as a second stronger magnetic insulator. The magnetic field penetrating the iron 1224, will have to emerge through the ends (the edges) of the iron layer 1224. This field that emerges by the edges will oppose the field present between the pair of solenoids C and the magnet M facing this pair and so will confine this field. The magnetic field, between the pair of solenoids and the magnet, is thus displaced. The magnetic field generated is thus more compact. Thinner magnets can thus be used. This has the effect of reducing the magnetization of magnets trays placed at the ends.

 In another embodiment, the tinned copper 1210 may be replaced by a tin layer attached to the tin-plated iron 1220 and whose thickness is greater than the tin thickness of the layer 1222.

 Conversely, the central plates being solicited on both sides by the solenoids located on either side, do not require this addition, and are preferably all identical and symmetrical, as shown in Figure 12. Indeed, magnets M trays Central 1 1 1 serve to ensure the continuity of the magnetic field lines all along.

 The combination of a plurality of rotors in parallel as described above has the advantage that the power of the motor is increased for the same speed of rotation.

 In the embodiment described, the control signals are rectangular waves of period T. The sum of the four signals in quadrature phase is at each instant constant. This is why the current flowing through the solenoids is a continuous pseudo current, since the sum of the currents is constant at each instant. The frequency of the rectangular control signals will determine the speed of rotation of the plates and the axis.

In another embodiment, the control signals may also be sinusoidal periodic signals. The sum of four quarter-shifted sinusoidal signals is also constant at each instant. In another embodiment, the control signals may also be triangular periodic signals. The sum of four quarterly out-of-phase quarter-wave signals is also constant at each moment.

 In one embodiment of the present invention, with a power consumption of 72 Watts, this motor is capable of lifting 10 kg. A time measurement was made on a trace of three meters in height, which allowed to determine an approximate power of 10 Joules / sec. The weight that this engine is able to lift naturally depends on its speed. For low speeds, the model as presented, consisting of 1 6 solenoids is capable in the state to lift a maximum of 10 kg.

 The thickness that constitutes the mass of the magnet depends on the power of the solenoids and their nucleus. If the magnets are too strong compared to the solenoids, one solution is to move the trays away from the solenoids.

 Advantageously, the necessary magnetization of the permanent magnets is very low in comparison with the permanent magnets used in the engines in the current state of the art.

 Preferably, the magnetic neutral (North-South inversion point) remains centered in the middle of the solenoids and by the geometry of the motor in the middle of the magnets. The motor is mechanically balanced and thus allows a lightening of the intermediate trays.

 An advantage of the electric motor according to the present invention is that it heats very little. In fact, if the engine were to stop because of any technical problem, and the pilot signal sub-generators continued to generate a voltage applied across each solenoid of the engine, the magnetic fields generated by each solenoid would continue to reverse. However, the engine components will heat up only slightly, and the engine will not melt. The motor then delivers the magnetic field and its heating is limited. In case of overload, this engine does not pick up and can decreasing its speed to resume its movement.

This consequent reduction of heating of the engine, allowing it not to require cooling means while preventing it from burning, is obtained thanks to the spaces E between magnets. Indeed, these spacings make it possible on the one hand to greatly reduce the interference between two adjacent magnetic fields and opposed and on the other hand to use more effectively the tangential force of attraction and magnetic repulsion between rotor magnets and solenoid stator. The motor heating being reduced, the efficiency of the motor is therefore greatly increased, as we will see below. The optimization of the driving force while reducing the interference of opposing adjacent magnetic fields, makes this motor more efficient, while limiting losses by Joule effect, and therefore prevent it from heating.

Figures 14a and 14b are two figures similar to Figures 7a and 7d. However, FIGS. 14a and 14b show the state of transition between two sub-periods, that is to say the state of the motor when the pilot signals have just changed. In this example, the control signals correspond to those of the second sub-period T2, as illustrated in FIGS. 7a to 7d, and the magnets are still in the position corresponding to the first sub-period T1, that is, as illustrated in FIGS. 6a to 6d. These figures serve to schematically illustrate the forces that come into play at the moment of transition between two sub-periods and which are responsible for the rotation of the electric motor according to the invention. The reference Pt indicates the tangential component of the thrust (originating from the magnetic repulsion between a magnet and a solenoid) and Tt the tangential component of the traction (coming from the magnetic attraction between a solenoid and a magnet). For example Pt1 denotes the tangential component of the thrust on the magnet M-1 exerted in particular by the solenoid C-1. During the transition period, each magnet (for example M-1) is simultaneously attracted by the pair of upstream solenoids (C-2, C-3), mainly by the solenoid C-3, and is repelled by the pair of solenoids located downstream (C-8, C-1), mainly by solenoid C-1. The magnetic attraction forces between magnet M-1 and solenoid C-3 are mainly tangential, and correspond mainly to the Tt1 component. The repulsion forces between the solenoid C-1 and the magnet M-1, tangential, correspond mainly to the component Pt1. The same reasoning applies for magnets M-2, M-3 and M-4 and the corresponding solenoids. In addition, the magnetic attraction forces between the magnet M-1 and the solenoid C-2 are mainly radial and non-tangential, and the repulsion forces between the solenoid C-8 and the magnet M-1, tangential, are weaker given the distance between magnet M-1 and solenoid C-8. It is important to specify that Joule losses occur mainly in this solenoid C-2, that is to say the solenoid which, between two sub-periods is subjected to the same voltage. The space E between magnets as described above for the motor embodiments according to the invention, allows the creation of the tangential components of the magnetic attraction and repulsion forces, parallel and in the same direction as the rotation of the trays. .

 Figure 14b is a schematic view of the two plates 1 10, 1 provided with the magnets M and solenoids C disposed between the two plates. Figure 14a is a top view of Figure 14b. The pushing and pulling forces Pt1 1, Tt1 1 and Pt12, Tt12 respectively of the magnets M-1 1 and M-12 are also illustrated schematically in FIG. 14b. These forces which are created on the upper plate 1 15 and lower 1 10 cause the rotation of the trays 1 10, 1 15.

 We will now describe the dimensions of the magnets and spaces between magnets, relative to the dimensions of the solenoids, to optimally use these forces and, at the same time, to reduce heating of the electric motor according to the invention.

FIG. 15 (which shows a pair of solenoid in section as for example in FIG. 4) illustrates three different configurations, in which the width of the magnets (defined by the ends of the arc connecting two ends of the edges of the magnet along the circle of radius r ₂ ) relative to the dimensions of the solenoids of a pair of solenoids respectively correspond to:

 a) the maximum distance taken along the circle of radius n between the edges of the circles of radius n of two adjacent solenoids,

 b) the minimum distance taken along the circle of radius r-ι between the edges of the circles of radius η of two adjacent solenoids,

 c) the distance taken along the circle of radius n between the centers of two adjacent solenoids.

In one embodiment, when the solenoids are provided with a core of radius η, the maximum magnetic force is located on the circumference of the nuclei of the solenoids (and is zero in the center of the cores, by symmetry). The maximum force of the magnets is on the edge of the magnets, which edge is perpendicular to the direction of movement of the magnets (and is also zero in the center, by symmetry). However, push-pull forces, tangential, remain considerably active even a little distant from this edge. Configurations a and b in Figure 15 work but are not optimal. Indeed, in configuration a, the engine runs but heats more than in the configuration c. The heat does not bring power but induces a waste of unnecessary energy. In the configuration b, the magnetization is too "short", and therefore induces less power. The configuration c is optimal because it makes it possible, during the rotation of the plates, to match the edges of two consecutive cores to the two edges of the same magnet, and thus makes it possible to best use the tangential magnetic repulsion-attraction forces, such as illustrated in Figure 15 d. If furthermore the radius of the nucleus corresponds to half of the external radius of the solenoid, ie r _e = 2n, the width of the magnets, the voids and the diameters of the solenoids are identical, and the magnetic attraction and repulsion forces are optimal while reducing magnetic interference between two neighboring and opposite fields.

 We have assumed that the solenoids are in contact. If the solenoids are not in contact, the width of the magnets is then increased by the distance taken along the circle of radius r-ι between two adjacent solenoids.

 The release of the tangential forces has the other consequence that the engine according to the invention does not require the use of a position sensor to ensure its startup. Indeed, the tangential forces ensure a spontaneous start in the desired direction, as a function of the phase shift between the signals of two adjacent solenoids, + π / 2 or -ττ / 2.

 In addition, the increase in confinement of the field between the plates, by the use of tin-iron layers, as described with reference to the description of FIG. 11, allows a further improvement in the use of tangential forces, and thus, improved performance.

FIGS. 16a and 16b respectively show, schematically, the distribution of the intensity of the forces that come into play during the operation of the motor when the magnets and the N nuclei of the solenoids are brought together, as in conventional motors, and when the magnets and cores are spaced apart, as in an example of an engine according to the invention. It is important to note that the force intensity distribution shown schematically corresponds to the distribution of force intensity for magnets and nuclei when these the last are isolated from each other. The interaction of forces is not represented. Solenoids are not shown in these figures, so as not to overload the figures. In each of FIGS. 16a and 16b, the first diagram represents a first sub-period where each magnet M1, M2 is respectively positioned facing a pair of nuclei (N1, N2) and (N3, N4) of opposite polarity on the upper face, the second diagram illustrates an unstable magnetic transition phase 1 -2, where the nuclei N1 and N3 have just reversed their magnetic field (following the changes of the control signals in the corresponding solenoids and not shown in the figure) and where the magnets M1 and M2 have not moved yet, similar to the transition phase described with reference to FIGS. 14a and 14b, and the third diagram represents a second sub-period where the magnets have moved to position themselves on the new pair of solenoids under the action of magnetic forces from this change of field in the nuclei.

 In Fig. 16a, the magnetic forces between magnets and cores are dominated by normal or radial forces on the three patterns. Indeed, when the size of the magnets is such that each magnet substantially covers the surface of two adjacent solenoids, the only magnetic forces that work are perpendicular to the rotational movement, because the tangential forces are canceled by the opposite components from the lines of force. neighboring and opposite magnetic fields.

However, in the second diagram of FIG. 16b, that is to say during the transition between two successive sub-periods, in the space between the magnets M-3 and M-4, the appearance force vectors T3, corresponding to the tensile force of the magnet M3 by the nuclei N6 and N7 and originating from the resultant of the force vectors M3-N6b and M3-N7a (not shown for the sake of clarity) and P4, corresponding to the pushing force of the magnet M4 by the nuclei N6 and N7, and coming from the resultant of the force vectors N6b-M4 and N6a-M4, not shown for the sake of clarity (a and b respectively indicate the left and right corners of the nuclei). The tangential components of the T3 and P4 vectors are predominant over their normal components. It is obvious that the same reasoning applies for the other magnets of the trays. This is very limited in conventional engines, see second diagram of Figure 1 6a, by the size of the cores and magnets, which flood these fields between their powerful magnetic forces whose normal component is preponderant therefore counterproductive because useless and thermogenic. The non-magnetic voids between two consecutive magnets allow the tangential components not to mutually suppress each other.

 In addition, it is important to note that these forces develop during the transition between two subperiods, this is an instantaneous work done by these forces at the moment the mechanics are in a certain state but where the Magnetism has just been modified, as in the second diagram of Figure 1 6b (and in Figures 14a and 14b).

 To further reduce the maximum stabilization temperature reached, holes or recesses can be formed in the trays to allow air circulation between the trays and thereby reduce the maximum temperature reached in use.

 Since the heating of the motor according to the invention is reduced, without forced cooling, compared to a conventional motor comprising magnets whose width is close to the diameter of a solenoid, the efficiency of the engine according to the invention resulting from it is greatly increased. . The surface of the trays without magnets is 50% against 5 to 10% for other engines of the state of the art. The gain in yield obtained solely by this reduction in magnetization is 40 to 45%. Without these spaces, the attraction - repulsion of the solenoids is orthogonal to the rotational movement and heats up because of the unused energy remaining accumulated in the solenoids, by Joule effect. The normal force of attraction being proportional to the surface of magnets and nuclei, most of the energy is wasted.

As an example, a prototype electric motor that has been constructed according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, comprising a stator with 16 solenoids and wherein the rotor comprises 8 magnets per motor tray and two trays. The distance between the motor trays and the stator solenoids being 4 mm in this embodiment. The motor is powered by a battery of 24 V. The axis of the motor has a radius of 1 cm. The distance from the center of the motor axis to the center of any core is 6.66 cm.

Characteristics of solenoids:

 - Outside diameter: 26 mm

- Outer diameter - copper wire: 23 mm - Inner diameter: 14 mm

 - Axial length of the solenoid: 23 mm

 - 0.2mm diameter enamelled copper wire

 - Number of turns: about 2000

 - Calculated yarn length: 143 - 151 m

 - DC resistance of a solenoid measured with a digital ohmmeter MICRONTA 22-194 is 92 Ohms.

 Core :

 - Core diameter: 12 mm

 - Material: Permimphy®

 Br: 0.45T; Hc = 0.65A / m at 80A / m (Arcelor)

 Measurement bridge (RLC MW1008P bridge, RME LABS, measurements performed with a sinusoidal signal at 1 kHz).

 - Q factor measured at the measuring bridge: 3.3

 - Rated voltage 24V

 - Impedance module at 1 KHz: 1, 217 KOhm

 - phase shift voltage-current at 1 KHz: + 73.3 °

Characteristics of the magnets:

 The size of a core has been chosen so that it corresponds to half the size of a coil along the periphery of the circle according to which they are arranged in the motor.

 This makes it possible to keep the spacing between the cores and thus the angular dimension of the magnet at a minimum. The magnets are in this prototype of an exemplary embodiment in the form of circular segments, as illustrated in FIG.

 - Thickness: 2mm

 - Width of the magnets: 26mm in the center (23 and 32 on the lower and upper edges)

 - Height: 20 mm

 - Material: Neodymium-Iron-Boron

 - NeFeB Br = [1 -1, 5] T Hc = [900-2000] KA / m

 Signal characteristic: Double bidirectional currents in phase quadrature:

- Current intensity of max signals: 1 .6A To obtain a motor running at 500 Hz, a signal having a frequency of 1 6 x 500 Hz = 8 kHz is required.

This engine has raised 1 0,5Kg of chains under 24V and 3,2A is with the power of a 220volts traditional electric bulb filament: 76W electric. This means a torque (maximum) of 1.03 Nm. The motor test defines a maximum load before stall of 1 0.5 Kg. The force applied on the axis of 1 cm is therefore 1 0.5 x 9.81 = 103 N. The motor torque is therefore 0.01 x 10 03 N = 1.03 Nm. The torque of each face of each solenoid is 1.03 / 1 6/2 = 0.0321 875 Nm. The strength of each face of each solenoid, F _s , is F _s = 0.0321875 / 0.0349 = 0.9222 N.

Figure 14a illustrates the tangential components of thrust (Pti, i = 1, 2,3,4) and tensile (Tti, i = 1,2,3,4) of each magnet i from the magnetic force. The force F _s is divided into a tensile component T of the rear magnet (of the solenoid) and a thrust component P of the front magnet which are worth, for this embodiment, each F _s 12 = 0.9222 N / 2 = 0.461 1 N. The tangential component Tt and Pt of these forces T and P is equal to these forces T and P multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the center of the force resulting from any nucleus and the center the resultant force of the magnet associated with that moment.

 The heating of the motor is limited to heating caused by the resistance of the copper wire present in the solenoids. The engine according to this embodiment has reached a stabilization temperature, during its operation, of the order of 60 ° C. The engine does not require cooling means, and, moreover, the engine does not burn. The solenoids responsible for heating the motor are those which, between two successive subperiods, are powered by the same electrical signal and are held between two magnets. Thanks to the spaces between magnets, this heating is reduced so that the motor at low speed (60 revolutions per minute (rpm)) reaches a temperature of about 60 ° C and average speed (200 rpm) or high speed (450 rpm) , do not heat at all. Spaces reduce warming without reducing power. It is obvious that the motor can reach higher speeds, for example 3000 rpm, the motor speed depending on the switching frequency of the control signals.

 Table 5 illustrates the results obtained during load tests on the prototype:

Load tests U (V) test l (A) Pe (W) m P (N) t1 m va (m / s) Pm

 (Kg) (s) (Nm / s)

1 24 1 .3 31 .2 1 9.81 3 0.3333333 3.27

 2 24 1 .6 38.4 2 19.62 4 0.25 4.905

 3 24 1 .95 46.8 3 29.43 4.5 0.2222222 6.54

 4 24 2.2 52.8 4 39.24 5.5 0.1818182 7.1345455

5 24 2.5 60 5 49.05 6.5 0.1538462 7.5461538

6 23.9 2.6 62.14 6 58.86 7 0.1428571 8.4085714

7 23.9 2.8 66.92 7 68.67 7.5 0.1333333 9.156

 8 23.9 3.1 74.09 8 78.48 8.5 0.1 176471 9.2329412

9 23.9 3.15 75.285 9 88.29 9 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9.81

 10 23.6 3.2 75.52 10 98.1 9.5 0.1052632 10.32631 6 where "U" represents the voltage across the battery (in Volts), "I" represents the current delivered by the battery (in Amperes), "Pe" represents the electrical power supplied by the battery (in Watts), "m" represents the mass of the load (in Kg), "P" the Weight of the load (in Newtons), "t1 m" the time to raise the load by one meter ( in seconds), "goes" the rate of rise of the load (in meters per second) and "Pm" the mechanical power supplied to the load (in Newton-meter per second).

 The tests were carried out on a scaffolding of 4 meters height equipped with a pulley at the top, with non-extensible rope connecting the axis of the motor - the pulley - a gradual weight (from 1 to 10 kg, in increments of 1 kg ). The measuring apparatus consisted of markers on the scaffolding, a chronometer. The load was measured on a load scale. The intensity and voltage values of the current absorbed were respectively performed using an ammeter connected in series and a voltmeter connected in parallel to the battery.

 The results of Table 5 obtained are shown in the graph of FIG. 17, which illustrates the electric power (Watts) and the mechanical power supplied by the engine as a function of the weight of the load raised. This graph reflects that the electric power is proportional to the mechanical power. Therefore, the efficiency of the engine is almost constant and does not vary with the load.

Claims

Electric motor comprising

 an axis (105) and at least one stator mounted on this axis (105),

 - at least two plates (1 10, 1 15) integral with the axis, and each having two faces, the two plates being fixed at an axial distance from one another, and

- between two successive plates (1 10, 1 15) a stator of said at least one stator is intercalated each time, each stator comprising an even number of pairs of solenoids (C) adjacent, or 4n where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1, each solenoid (C) having an axis a _s longitudinal, and wherein the solenoids are arranged in a first circle radius r-ι about the axis (105), and whose axes a _s are parallel to the axis (105), the number of solenoids being identical on each stator, the angular spacing between two adjacent solenoids along the circle of radius n being uniform, and each solenoid comprising an inner radius η and an outer radius r _e concentric, and in which

- At least one face of each plate (1 10, 1 15) is provided with 2n magnets (M) which magnets are arranged on each plate alternately polarity according to a second circle of radius r ₂ , concentric with the first circle of radius r-ι, the radius of this second circle r ₂ corresponding substantially to the mean radius of the first circle n along which the solenoids are arranged so that the magnets can be positioned facing the solenoids, and which magnets are arranged on two trays (1 10, 1 15) successive so that two magnets (M) which are face to face, each on a plate, have an opposite polarity,

 the solenoids (C) are configured to be able to receive control signals, so that the control signals received by two adjacent solenoids are in each case control signals which are respectively in phase quadrature,

characterized in that

the width of a magnet (M), defined by the ends of the arc connecting two ends of the edges of the magnet along the circle of radius r ₂ , corresponds to at least at the minimum distance taken along the circle of radius r- _\ between the edges of circles of radius n of two adjacent solenoids (C) and at most at the maximum distance taken along the circle of radius n between the edges of circles of radius η of two adjacent solenoids such that two consecutive magnets (M) are separated by a same predetermined space (E).

2. An electric motor according to claim 1, wherein the dimension of the outer radius of a solenoid r _e is substantially twice the inner radius η of the solenoid (C).

3. Electric motor according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the width of the magnets (M) and predetermined spaces (E) between two consecutive magnets is substantially identical.

An electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the average height (h) of a magnet (M), defined by the size of the magnet along the radius r ₂ , and passing through the center of the magnet is in the range [2 ^* n; 2 ^* r _e ].

5. Electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the motor further comprises a signal generator comprising a first and a second pilot signal sub-generator, which first signal sub-generator is arranged to producing a first signal a1 and a second signal a2 and the second control signal sub-generator is arranged to produce a third signal b1 and a fourth signal b2, and which signals a1 and a2 respectively b1 and b2 are in phase opposition between they and which signals a1 and b1 respectively a2 and b2 are in phase quadrature between them.

Electric motor according to claim 5, characterized in that the first and second signal sub-generators each comprise a first and a second terminal, and each solenoid comprises a first and a second connector, the solenoids are arranged in such a way as to what for two pairs of successive solenoids, a first solenoid of a first pair of said two pairs of successive solenoids has its first and second connectors connected to the first and second terminals of the first sub-generator, a second solenoid of a first pair of solenoids. say two pairs of successive solenoids has its first and second connectors connected to the first and second terminals of the second sub-generator, a first solenoid of a second pair of said two pairs of successive solenoids has its first and second connectors connected to the second and first terminals of the first sub-generator, a second solenoid of a second pair of said two pairs of successive solenoids has its first and second connectors connected to the second and the first terminals of the second sub-generator. generator.

7. Electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each control signal is a periodic signal is rectangular, either triangular or sinusoidal period T divided into four sub-periods T1, T2, T3 and T4.

An electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the driving signals are configured to vary between two voltage levels.

An electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each solenoid comprises a core, said core being made of a ferromagnetic material having a determined permeability.

The electric motor of claim 9, wherein the core is made of permimphy® or the like.

1 1. An electric motor according to claim 9, wherein the core consists of threaded zinc-plated steel rods.

12. Electric motor according to any one of claims 9 to 1 1, wherein the core has a radius corresponding substantially to the internal radius n solenoids.

An electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the solenoids have an envelope, which envelopes are electrically insulating and are in contact with each other.

14. Electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the two trays forming the ends of the motor comprise, between the trays and the magnets attached thereto, intermediate layers of tinned copper and tin-plated iron, tinned copper comprising tin only on one side and the tin-plated iron comprising tin on its first and second faces, the copper face of the tin-plated copper being placed on the plate, the first tin face of the tin-plated iron being placed on the tin-tinned tin, and the magnet being placed on the second tin face of the tin-plated iron.

15. An electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein each plate is made of a non-magnetic material, in particular aluminum.

16. Electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, each magnet has the shape of an angular segment whose mean radius is r ₂ , the shape of a circle, the shape of a trapezium, the shape a rectangle, the shape of an ellipse, or the shape of a polygon.

17. An electric motor according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the trays comprise apertures.