WO2016112719A1 - Temperature sensor integrated in rfid label - Google Patents

Temperature sensor integrated in rfid label Download PDF

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WO2016112719A1
WO2016112719A1 PCT/CN2015/092245 CN2015092245W WO2016112719A1 WO 2016112719 A1 WO2016112719 A1 WO 2016112719A1 CN 2015092245 W CN2015092245 W CN 2015092245W WO 2016112719 A1 WO2016112719 A1 WO 2016112719A1
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temperature
phase detector
controlled oscillator
oscillator
temperature sensor
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PCT/CN2015/092245
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
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何怡刚
邓芳明
佐磊
尹柏强
李兵
袁莉芬
项胜
何威
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合肥工业大学
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
    • G01K7/32—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using change of resonant frequency of a crystal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION, OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
    • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/099—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the controlled oscillator of the loop

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of temperature sensors, and in particular to a temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag.
  • RFID technology is a technology that utilizes radio frequency signals to realize non-contact information transmission through spatial coupling and achieves identification purposes through transmitted information. It is the specific application and development of automatic identification technology in radio technology.
  • RFID systems can be divided into active and passive categories. Since passive RFID tags do not require a built-in power supply, they are low cost and flexible, so they are more widely used in actual production and life. In recent years, research on the combination of RFID technology and wireless sensor networks has become a hot topic. The combination of RFID tag chip and temperature sensor can effectively utilize the passive characteristics and wireless identification characteristics of RFID technology, and has good temperature detection characteristics, which is an important research direction.
  • the traditional integrated temperature sensor is based on a bipolar process.
  • the change in ambient temperature causes a change in the junction voltage of the bipolar transistor, and the digital-to-analog converter (ADC) converts the voltage change into a corresponding digital signal output.
  • ADC digital-to-analog converter
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the existing integrated temperature sensor in low power consumption design, and provide a temperature sensor integrated with a radio frequency identification tag, the temperature sensor will temperature The change is converted to a change in frequency, and the digital signal is converted in the frequency domain, and the overall power consumption is less than 1 ⁇ W.
  • a temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag comprising a temperature controlled oscillator, a numerically controlled oscillator and a phase detector, wherein an output end of the temperature controlled oscillator is connected to an input end of the phase detector, and an output end of the numerically controlled oscillator is connected to the phase detector At the other input of the device, the digital output of the phase detector is connected to the input of the numerically controlled oscillator.
  • the temperature controlled oscillator is used to convert the temperature change into a frequency change.
  • the phase detector is configured to detect whether the oscillation frequency of the temperature controlled oscillator is backward or ahead of the oscillation frequency of the numerically controlled oscillator, and the digital output signal is feedback applied to the numerically controlled oscillator.
  • the average value of the phase detector output digital signal is proportional to the temperature change.
  • the temperature controlled oscillator adopts a ring oscillator structure, and the ring oscillator is connected by a temperature controlled delay unit and an odd number of inverters I to form a positive feedback loop. Therefore, the output oscillation frequency of the temperature controlled oscillator is controlled by temperature. .
  • the numerically controlled oscillator also adopts a ring oscillator structure, and the ring oscillator is connected end to end by an odd number of inverters II to form a positive feedback loop, and the number and circuit structure of the inverter II and the inverter I are completely the same.
  • the load capacitance of the output of the first stage inverter II of the ring oscillator used in the numerically controlled oscillator is composed of a bias capacitor and a switched capacitor in parallel, wherein the switched capacitor is controlled by the digital output signal of the phase detector.
  • phase detector employs a 1-bit D flip-flop.
  • the invention converts temperature change into frequency change, completes digital signal conversion in frequency domain, avoids the use of ADC with high power consumption; adopts all-digital structure, simple circuit structure, maintains good linearity between input and output, linear High degree, it can work at an ultra-low power supply voltage close to the process threshold voltage, and the overall power consumption is less than 1 ⁇ W, suitable for temperature sensor design integrated in RFID tags.
  • FIG. 1 is a structural diagram of a temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a temperature control delay unit of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the average duty cycle of the temperature and temperature sensor output of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a structural diagram of a temperature sensor integrated with a radio frequency identification tag according to the present invention. It is designed and implemented by a TSMC 0.18 ⁇ m CMOS process, and includes a temperature controlled oscillator, a numerically controlled oscillator, and a phase detector. The output of the temperature controlled oscillator is shown in FIG. Connected to one input end of the phase detector, the output end of the numerically controlled oscillator is connected to the other input end of the phase detector, and the digital output end of the phase detector is connected to the input end of the numerically controlled oscillator.
  • the temperature-controlled oscillator adopts a ring oscillator structure, and is formed by connecting a 3-stage inverter and a temperature-controlled delay unit in series.
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the temperature control delay unit, wherein MOS tubes M 1 -M 3 (ie, M 1 , M 2 , M 3 ) and MOS tubes M 4 -M 6 (ie, M 4 , M 5 , M 6 ) The delay function is completed, and the addition of M 4 -M 6 (ie, M 4 , M 5 , M 6 ) reduces the time of the rising and falling edges.
  • Delay time of temperature control delay unit Where V DD is the supply voltage, C q is the equivalent total capacitance at the output of the temperature-controlled delay unit, and I d1 is the leakage current of transistor M 1 .
  • the oscillation frequency f t of the temperature controlled oscillator is mainly determined by the delay time t d of the temperature control delay unit, so the oscillation frequency Since the leakage current I d1 of the transistor M1 has a characteristic proportional to the absolute temperature in the low voltage state, the oscillation frequency f t also has a characteristic proportional to the absolute temperature.
  • the numerically controlled oscillator adopts a ring oscillator structure, which is formed by a 3-stage inverter connected end to end.
  • the output of the first-stage inverter is connected with a load capacitance formed by a parallel connection of a bias capacitor C o and a switching capacitor C m .
  • the temperature controlled oscillator and the inverter in the numerically controlled oscillator adopt the same current-driven inverter structure and have good temperature stability.
  • the bias capacitor C o is designed as a programmable capacitor, and the fixed portion of the numerically controlled oscillator frequency determined by C o is equal to the fixed portion of the temperature of the temperature controlled oscillator.
  • the maximum variation range of the numerically controlled oscillator frequency determined by the switched capacitor C m is 1.5 times the maximum variation range of the temperature controlled oscillator frequency.
  • the integrated temperature sensor of the invention adopts an all-digital structure and can work under a 0.5V power supply voltage close to a threshold voltage of 0.18 ⁇ m CMOS process, and has a simple circuit structure and good linearity (as shown in FIG. 3), and the maximum power consumption does not exceed 1 ⁇ W. Suitable for temperature sensor design integrated in RFID tags.

Abstract

Provided is a temperature sensor integrated in an RFID label, comprising a temperature control oscillator, a numerical control oscillator, and a phase detector; the output terminal of the temperature control oscillator is connected to the input terminal of the phase detector; the output terminal of the numerical control oscillator is connected to the other input terminal of the phase detector; the digital output terminal of the phase detector is connected to the input terminal of the numerical control oscillator; the temperature sensor converts temperature change to frequency change, converting a digital signal within a frequency domain and avoiding the use of an ADC having a very high power consumption; an all-digital architecture is employed, the configuration of the circuit is simple, and good linearity is maintained between input and output, and the degree of linearity is high; the invention can be operated at an ultra-low power supply voltage approaching a process threshold voltage, has an overall power consumption of less than 1μW, and is suitable for the design of a temperature sensor integrated in an RFID label.

Description

一种集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器A temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag 技术领域Technical field
本发明涉及温度传感器领域，特别涉及一种集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器。The present invention relates to the field of temperature sensors, and in particular to a temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag.
背景技术Background technique
物联网已被确定为中国战略性新兴产业之一，而射频识别(RFID)技术作为物联网发展的关键技术，其应用市场必将随着物联网的发展而扩大。RFID技术是利用射频信号通过空间耦合实现非接触信息传递并通过所传递的信息达到识别目的的技术，是自动识别技术在无线电技术方面的具体应用和发展。一般来说，RFID系统可以分为有源和无源两类。由于无源RFID标签无需内置电源供电，成本低且灵活性强，因此更广泛的被应用于实际生产和生活中。近年来，RFID技术与无线传感器网络结合的研究成为热点。RFID标签芯片与温度传感器结合，可以有效利用RFID技术的无源特性及无线识别特性，同时具有良好的温度检测特性，是其中的重要研究方向。The Internet of Things has been identified as one of China's strategic emerging industries, and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology as a key technology for the development of the Internet of Things, its application market will certainly expand with the development of the Internet of Things. RFID technology is a technology that utilizes radio frequency signals to realize non-contact information transmission through spatial coupling and achieves identification purposes through transmitted information. It is the specific application and development of automatic identification technology in radio technology. In general, RFID systems can be divided into active and passive categories. Since passive RFID tags do not require a built-in power supply, they are low cost and flexible, so they are more widely used in actual production and life. In recent years, research on the combination of RFID technology and wireless sensor networks has become a hot topic. The combination of RFID tag chip and temperature sensor can effectively utilize the passive characteristics and wireless identification characteristics of RFID technology, and has good temperature detection characteristics, which is an important research direction.
传统的集成温度传感器基于双极性工艺，外界温度的变化引起双极性晶体管结电压的变化，再用数模转换器(ADC)将电压变化转换为相应的数字信号输出。这种方法可以获得高的精度和较宽的测量范围，但功耗甚高，往往达到mW级别，不适合低功耗应用。The traditional integrated temperature sensor is based on a bipolar process. The change in ambient temperature causes a change in the junction voltage of the bipolar transistor, and the digital-to-analog converter (ADC) converts the voltage change into a corresponding digital signal output. This method can achieve high accuracy and a wide measurement range, but the power consumption is very high, often reaching the mW level, and is not suitable for low power applications.
发明内容Summary of the invention
本发明要解决的技术问题是，克服现有集成温度传感器在低功耗设计上的不足，提供一种集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器，该温度传感器将温度 变化转换为频率的变化，在频率域完成数字信号的转换，整体功耗低于1μW。The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the existing integrated temperature sensor in low power consumption design, and provide a temperature sensor integrated with a radio frequency identification tag, the temperature sensor will temperature The change is converted to a change in frequency, and the digital signal is converted in the frequency domain, and the overall power consumption is less than 1 μW.
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem thereof is:
一种集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器，包括温控振荡器、数控振荡器和鉴相器，温控振荡器的输出端接鉴相器的一输入端，数控振荡器的输出端接鉴相器的另一输入端，鉴相器的数字输出端接数控振荡器的输入端。A temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag, comprising a temperature controlled oscillator, a numerically controlled oscillator and a phase detector, wherein an output end of the temperature controlled oscillator is connected to an input end of the phase detector, and an output end of the numerically controlled oscillator is connected to the phase detector At the other input of the device, the digital output of the phase detector is connected to the input of the numerically controlled oscillator.
所述温控振荡器用于完成温度变化转换为频率变化。The temperature controlled oscillator is used to convert the temperature change into a frequency change.
所述鉴相器用于检测温控振荡器的振荡频率是落后还是超前于数控振荡器的振荡频率，其数字输出信号经反馈作用于数控振荡器。在温度传感器反馈回路达到稳定情况下，鉴相器输出数字信号的平均值与温度变化成正比例。The phase detector is configured to detect whether the oscillation frequency of the temperature controlled oscillator is backward or ahead of the oscillation frequency of the numerically controlled oscillator, and the digital output signal is feedback applied to the numerically controlled oscillator. When the temperature sensor feedback loop is stable, the average value of the phase detector output digital signal is proportional to the temperature change.
进一步，所述温控振荡器采用环形振荡器结构，环形振荡器由温控延时单元与奇数个反相器Ⅰ首尾相连构成正反馈回路，因此，温控振荡器的输出振荡频率受温度控制。Further, the temperature controlled oscillator adopts a ring oscillator structure, and the ring oscillator is connected by a temperature controlled delay unit and an odd number of inverters I to form a positive feedback loop. Therefore, the output oscillation frequency of the temperature controlled oscillator is controlled by temperature. .
进一步，所述数控振荡器亦采用环形振荡器结构，环形振荡器由奇数个反相器Ⅱ首尾相连构成正反馈回路，反相器Ⅱ与反相器Ⅰ的数量和电路结构完全相同。Further, the numerically controlled oscillator also adopts a ring oscillator structure, and the ring oscillator is connected end to end by an odd number of inverters II to form a positive feedback loop, and the number and circuit structure of the inverter II and the inverter I are completely the same.
进一步，数控振荡器所采用的环形振荡器的第一级反相器Ⅱ输出端的负载电容由一个偏置电容和一个开关电容并联构成，其中开关电容受鉴相器的数字输出信号控制。Further, the load capacitance of the output of the first stage inverter II of the ring oscillator used in the numerically controlled oscillator is composed of a bias capacitor and a switched capacitor in parallel, wherein the switched capacitor is controlled by the digital output signal of the phase detector.
进一步，所述鉴相器采用1比特的D触发器。Further, the phase detector employs a 1-bit D flip-flop.
本发明将温度变化转换成频率变化，在频率域完成数字信号的转换，避免了功耗甚高的ADC的使用；采用全数字结构，电路结构简单，输入与输出之间保持良好的线性，线性度高，可以工作在接近工艺阈值电压的超低电源电压下，整体功耗低于1μW，适合集成于RFID标签的温度传感器设计。 The invention converts temperature change into frequency change, completes digital signal conversion in frequency domain, avoids the use of ADC with high power consumption; adopts all-digital structure, simple circuit structure, maintains good linearity between input and output, linear High degree, it can work at an ultra-low power supply voltage close to the process threshold voltage, and the overall power consumption is less than 1μW, suitable for temperature sensor design integrated in RFID tags.
附图说明DRAWINGS
图1为本发明之集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器的结构图；1 is a structural diagram of a temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag according to the present invention;
图2为本发明的温控延时单元电路图；2 is a circuit diagram of a temperature control delay unit of the present invention;
图3为本发明的温度与温度传感器输出平均占空比关系图。Figure 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the average duty cycle of the temperature and temperature sensor output of the present invention.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合附图和较优选实施例对本发明的技术方案进行详细地阐述。以下较优选实施例仅仅用于说明和解释本发明，而不构成对本发明技术方案的限制。The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. The following preferred embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting.
图1为本发明的集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器结构图，采用台积电0.18μm CMOS工艺设计并实现，包含温控振荡器、数控振荡器和鉴相器三部分，温控振荡器的输出端接鉴相器的一输入端，数控振荡器的输出端接鉴相器的另一输入端，鉴相器的数字输出端接数控振荡器的输入端。1 is a structural diagram of a temperature sensor integrated with a radio frequency identification tag according to the present invention. It is designed and implemented by a TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process, and includes a temperature controlled oscillator, a numerically controlled oscillator, and a phase detector. The output of the temperature controlled oscillator is shown in FIG. Connected to one input end of the phase detector, the output end of the numerically controlled oscillator is connected to the other input end of the phase detector, and the digital output end of the phase detector is connected to the input end of the numerically controlled oscillator.
所述温控振荡器，采用环形振荡器结构，由3级反相器与温控延时单元首尾串联而成。The temperature-controlled oscillator adopts a ring oscillator structure, and is formed by connecting a 3-stage inverter and a temperature-controlled delay unit in series.
图2为所述温控延时单元电路图，其中MOS管M1-M3(即M1、M2、M3)与MOS管M4-M6(即M4、M5、M6)都完成延时功能，M4-M6(即M4、M5、M6)的加入减小了上升和下降沿的时间。温控延时单元的延迟时间
Figure PCTCN2015092245-appb-000001
其中VDD为电源电压，Cq为温控延时单元输出端的等效总电容，Id1为晶体管M1的漏电流。2 is a circuit diagram of the temperature control delay unit, wherein MOS tubes M 1 -M 3 (ie, M 1 , M 2 , M 3 ) and MOS tubes M 4 -M 6 (ie, M 4 , M 5 , M 6 ) The delay function is completed, and the addition of M 4 -M 6 (ie, M 4 , M 5 , M 6 ) reduces the time of the rising and falling edges. Delay time of temperature control delay unit
Figure PCTCN2015092245-appb-000001
Where V DD is the supply voltage, C q is the equivalent total capacitance at the output of the temperature-controlled delay unit, and I d1 is the leakage current of transistor M 1 .
所述温控振荡器的振荡频率ft主要由温控延时单元的延迟时间td决定，因此振荡频率
Figure PCTCN2015092245-appb-000002
由于在低压状态下，晶体管M1的漏电流Id1具有与绝对温度成正比例关系特性，因此导致振荡频率ft也具有与绝对温度成正 比例关系特性。The oscillation frequency f t of the temperature controlled oscillator is mainly determined by the delay time t d of the temperature control delay unit, so the oscillation frequency
Figure PCTCN2015092245-appb-000002
Since the leakage current I d1 of the transistor M1 has a characteristic proportional to the absolute temperature in the low voltage state, the oscillation frequency f t also has a characteristic proportional to the absolute temperature.
所述数控振荡器，采用环形振荡器结构，由3级反相器首尾相连而成，其中一级反相器输出端接一个偏置电容Co和一个开关电容Cm并联构成的负载电容。The numerically controlled oscillator adopts a ring oscillator structure, which is formed by a 3-stage inverter connected end to end. The output of the first-stage inverter is connected with a load capacitance formed by a parallel connection of a bias capacitor C o and a switching capacitor C m .
所述温控振荡器与数控振荡器中的反相器采用完全相同的电流驱动型反相器结构，具有良好的温度稳定性。The temperature controlled oscillator and the inverter in the numerically controlled oscillator adopt the same current-driven inverter structure and have good temperature stability.
由于工艺误差等影响，所述的偏置电容Co被设计成可编程电容，Co所决定的数控振荡器频率的固定部分与温控振荡器频率的固定部分相等。Due to the influence of process error and the like, the bias capacitor C o is designed as a programmable capacitor, and the fixed portion of the numerically controlled oscillator frequency determined by C o is equal to the fixed portion of the temperature of the temperature controlled oscillator.
所述开关电容Cm所决定的数控振荡器频率的最大变化范围为温控振荡器频率的最大变化范围的1.5倍。The maximum variation range of the numerically controlled oscillator frequency determined by the switched capacitor C m is 1.5 times the maximum variation range of the temperature controlled oscillator frequency.
本发明的集成温度传感器，采用全数字结构，可以工作在接近0.18μm CMOS工艺阈值电压的0.5V电源电压下，电路结构简单，线性度好(如图3所示)，最大功耗不超过1μW，适合集成于RFID标签的温度传感器设计。 The integrated temperature sensor of the invention adopts an all-digital structure and can work under a 0.5V power supply voltage close to a threshold voltage of 0.18 μm CMOS process, and has a simple circuit structure and good linearity (as shown in FIG. 3), and the maximum power consumption does not exceed 1 μW. Suitable for temperature sensor design integrated in RFID tags.

Claims (5)

  1. 一种集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器，其特征在于，包括温控振荡器、数控振荡器和鉴相器，温控振荡器的输出端接鉴相器的一输入端，数控振荡器的输出端接鉴相器的另一输入端，鉴相器的数字输出端接数控振荡器的输入端；A temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag, comprising: a temperature controlled oscillator, a numerically controlled oscillator and a phase detector, wherein an output end of the temperature controlled oscillator is connected to an input end of the phase detector, and an output of the numerical control oscillator Terminating another input end of the phase detector, the digital output end of the phase detector is connected to the input end of the numerical control oscillator;
    所述温控振荡器用于完成温度变化转换为频率变化；The temperature controlled oscillator is configured to convert a temperature change into a frequency change;
    所述鉴相器用于检测温控振荡器的振荡频率是落后还是超前于数控振荡器的振荡频率，其数字输出信号经反馈作用于数控振荡器；鉴相器输出数字信号的平均值与温度变化成正比例。The phase detector is configured to detect whether the oscillation frequency of the temperature controlled oscillator is backward or ahead of the oscillation frequency of the numerically controlled oscillator, and the digital output signal is fed back to the numerically controlled oscillator through feedback; the average value and temperature change of the digital signal output by the phase detector Proportional.
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器，其特征在于，温控振荡器采用环形振荡器结构，环形振荡器由温控延时单元与奇数个反相器Ⅰ首尾相连组成，温控振荡器的输出振荡频率受温度控制。The temperature sensor integrated with the RFID tag according to claim 1, wherein the temperature controlled oscillator adopts a ring oscillator structure, and the ring oscillator is composed of a temperature controlled delay unit and an odd number of inverters I connected end to end. The output oscillation frequency of the temperature controlled oscillator is temperature controlled.
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器，其特征在于，数控振荡器亦采用环形振荡器结构，环形振荡器由奇数个反相器Ⅱ首尾相连构成，反相器Ⅱ与反相器Ⅰ的数量和电路结构完全相同。The temperature sensor integrated with the radio frequency identification tag according to claim 2, wherein the numerically controlled oscillator also adopts a ring oscillator structure, and the ring oscillator is composed of an odd number of inverters II connected end to end, and the inverter II and the inverse The number of phase I and the circuit structure are identical.
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器，其特征在于，环形振荡器的第一级反相器Ⅱ输出端的负载电容由一个偏置电容和一个开关电容并联构成，开关电容受鉴相器的数字输出信号控制。The RFID tag integrated temperature sensor according to claim 3, wherein the load capacitance of the output of the first stage inverter II of the ring oscillator is formed by a parallel connection of a bias capacitor and a switched capacitor, and the switch capacitor is subjected to The digital output signal control of the phase detector.
  5. 根据权利要求1或2所述的集成于射频识别标签的温度传感器，其特征在于，鉴相器采用1比特的D触发器。 The temperature sensor integrated in a radio frequency identification tag according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the phase detector employs a 1-bit D flip-flop.
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