WO2016100887A2 - Dispositifs et procédés de communication de rétrodiffusion à l'aide d'un ou de plusieurs protocoles de communication sans fil - Google Patents

Dispositifs et procédés de communication de rétrodiffusion à l'aide d'un ou de plusieurs protocoles de communication sans fil Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016100887A2
WO2016100887A2 PCT/US2015/066820 US2015066820W WO2016100887A2 WO 2016100887 A2 WO2016100887 A2 WO 2016100887A2 US 2015066820 W US2015066820 W US 2015066820W WO 2016100887 A2 WO2016100887 A2 WO 2016100887A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
frequency
signal
backscattered signal
backscatter
examples
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PCT/US2015/066820
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English (en)
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WO2016100887A3 (fr
Inventor
Matthew S. Reynolds
Joshua F. ENSWORTH
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University Of Washington
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by University Of Washington filed Critical University Of Washington
Publication of WO2016100887A2 publication Critical patent/WO2016100887A2/fr
Publication of WO2016100887A3 publication Critical patent/WO2016100887A3/fr
Priority to US15/249,167 priority Critical patent/US10079616B2/en
Priority to US16/119,055 priority patent/US20190068236A1/en
Priority to US16/297,355 priority patent/US10693521B2/en
Priority to US16/868,420 priority patent/US11411597B2/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
    • H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
    • H04L27/2627—Modulators

Definitions

  • Examples described herein are directed generally to wireless data transmission.
  • examples are described that transmit data wirelessly by backscattering a signal such that the backscattered signal is compatible with a wireless communication protocol utilized by a receiving device.
  • Wireless communication devices generally transmit information by generating a radiofrequency carrier using a circuit such as an oscillator, and modulating information onto the carrier wave using amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or other techniques including a combination of the aforementioned modulation types. Multiple such modulated signals may be combined to form more complex schemes such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).
  • the carrier is usually a sinusoidal voltage at a radio frequency; that is a frequency at which energy may be propagated in the form of an electromagnetic wave by connecting the sinusoidal voltage to an antenna.
  • the modulation process modifies the amplitude, frequency, and/or phase of the carrier in a time varying manner to convey information.
  • conventional wireless communication devices include analog communication systems such as analog AM and FM broadcast radio as well as digital communication systems such as the widely used Wi-Fi (e.g. IEEE 802.1 1) and Bluetooth data communication standards as well as digital television (e.g. DTV) and digital broadcast radio standards.
  • analog communication systems such as analog AM and FM broadcast radio
  • digital communication systems such as the widely used Wi-Fi (e.g. IEEE 802.1 1) and Bluetooth data communication standards as well as digital television (e.g. DTV) and digital broadcast radio standards.
  • Wi-Fi e.g. IEEE 802.1 1
  • Bluetooth data communication standards as well as digital television (e.g. DTV) and digital broadcast radio standards.
  • DTV digital television
  • conventional wireless communication devices have radiofrequency carrier generation and the modulation processes carried out in a single device or installation of interconnected devices.
  • backscatter devices generally refer to an alternative communication method where carrier generation and modulation are performed in separate devices.
  • a carrier frequency may be generated in a first device that emits an electromagnetic carrier wave.
  • a second device carries out the modulation process by scattering or reflecting the carrier wave, thus affecting the amplitude, frequency, and/or phase of the carrier emitted by the first device. This can be achieved by modulated scattering; that is by selective reflection of the incident carrier wave by means of a modulator circuit.
  • Backscatter devices requiring a modulator which may be a simple as a transistor, may be quite simple and low power.
  • Backscatter communication is widely used in ultra-high frequency RFID systems.
  • RFID tags are power efficient compared to alternative approaches using conventional wireless communication schemes.
  • RFID tags require a specialized reader or receiver hardware to receive the backscattered signal.
  • RFID readers for example, are complex devices which include a transmitter circuit, which performs the carrier wave generation process, along with a receiver circuit, which receives the modulated backscatter signal and extracts the data transmitted by the RFID tag.
  • This specialized hardware presents a cost and complexity burden to users of the RFID system, in that RFID readers must be purchased, installed, and maintained on a data communication network to take advantage of the RFID tags.
  • An example device may include an antenna configured to receive an incident signal having a carrier frequency.
  • the device may further include a modulator and a symbol generator.
  • the symbol generator may be configured to provide a subcarrier frequency.
  • the symbol generator may further be configured to control the modulator to backscatter the incident signal having the carrier frequency using the subcarrier frequency to provide a backscattered signal to the antenna.
  • the backscattered signal may include a bandpass signal in a predetermined frequency range.
  • the predetermined frequency range is a range specified by a wireless communication standard.
  • the predetermined frequency range is a range of an advertising channel specified by a Bluetooth Low Energy specification.
  • the symbol generator may be configured to provide the backscattered signal in part by mixing the subcarrier frequency with the carrier frequency.
  • the symbol generator may be configured to provide the backscattered signal in part by mixing a harmonic of the subcarrier frequency with the carrier frequency.
  • the modulator may include a field effect transistor.
  • the backscattered signal may include a packet.
  • the packet may include a preamble, an access address, a payload data unit, and a cyclic redundancy check.
  • the device may further include a frequency source coupled to the symbol generator.
  • the frequency source may be configured to provide the subcarrier frequency.
  • the device may include multiple frequency sources coupled to the symbol generator.
  • the symbol generator may be configured to select at least one of the multiple frequency sources for use in providing the backscattered signal.
  • the symbol generator may be configured to select at least one of the multiple frequency sources in accordance with data provided to the symbol generator. In some examples, at least one of the multiple frequency sources is modulated in amplitude, frequency, and/or phase.
  • the subcarrier frequency may be modulated in amplitude, frequency, and/or phase.
  • the backscattered signal may be an orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signal.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplex
  • An example method may include receiving an incident signal having a carrier frequency.
  • the method may include backscattering the incident signal to provide a backscattered signal.
  • the backscattering may include modulating, using a backscatter device, impedance presented to at least one antenna in accordance with data to be provided in the backscattered signal, and mixing the carrier frequency with at least one subcarrier provided by the backscatter device.
  • the mixing may result in a bandpass signal having a predetermined frequency range.
  • the predetermined frequency range may include a range of a channel in accordance with a wireless communication standard.
  • the wireless communication standard comprises Bluetooth Low Energy.
  • modulating include modulating the amplitude, frequency, and/or phase of the backscattered signal in a pattern indicative of the data to be provided in the backscattered signal.
  • the data to be provided in the backscattered signal includes a packet having a preamble, an access address, a payload data unit, and a cyclic redundancy check.
  • a method further includes transmitting the backscattered signal.
  • the backscattered signal includes a reading of a sensor associated with a device providing the backscattered signal.
  • the backscattered signal may include an identification of an asset associated with a device providing the backscattered signal.
  • the device providing the backscattered signal includes a tag.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a system including a backscatter device in accordance with examples described herein;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a backscatter device in accordance with examples described herein;
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method in accordance with examples described herein;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an example packet compatible with the BTLE specification.
  • Examples described herein include backscatter devices (e.g. transmitters or transceivers) that utilize backscattered signals to communicate with each other and/or other devices in accordance with established wireless communication protocols.
  • a system may include a backscatter device that is configured to transmit data by modulating a backscattered version of an incident signal and mixing the carrier frequency of the incident signal with a subcarrier frequency such that a resulting backscatter signal includes a bandpass signal having a predetermined frequency range.
  • the predetermined frequency range may, for example, be a frequency range specified by a wireless communication protocol, such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), sometimes called Bluetooth Smart.
  • BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a system including a backscatter device in accordance with examples described herein.
  • the system may include a signal source 100, which may be configured to provide a signal 130 using antenna 105.
  • the system may include a backscatter device 1 10 which may be configured to receive the signal 130 using the antenna 1 15 and modulate a backscattered version of the signal 1 0 to provide a transmitted backscatter signal 135 using the antenna 1 15.
  • the system may further include a wireless communication device 120 that may receive the transmitted backscatter signal 135 using an antenna 125.
  • the transmitted backscatter signal 135 may be constructed in accordance with established wireless communication protocols, such that the wireless communication device 120 may receive and decode the transmitted backscatter signal 135 without a need for custom programming (e.g., firmware, software) or hardware specific to communication with the backscatter device 1 10.
  • custom programming e.g., firmware, software
  • the signal source 100 may generally be any device that is capable of transmitting a suitable signal 130 for backscatter by the backscatter device 1 10.
  • the signal 130 may be a radio frequency signal, such as a wireless communication signal.
  • the signal 130 may have a carrier frequency (e.g. a frequency of a carrier wave that may be modulated with an input signal to provide data in the signal 130).
  • the signal 130 may generally be implemented using any signals which may be received and backscattered by backscatter devices described herein.
  • the signal 130 may be implemented using an RF signal including a wireless communication signal.
  • Examples of signals used to implement the signal 130 include, but are not limited to, television transmission signals, radio transmission signals, cellular communication signals, and Wi-Fi signals.
  • Devices which may be used to implement the signal source 100 include but are not limited to television transmitters, base stations including cellular base stations, AM or FM broadcast stations, digital radio stations, radar, Wi-Fi (e.g. IEEE 802.1 1) access points, Bluetooth devices, mobile devices, telephones (including cellular telephones), computers, routers, appliances, transceivers, tablets, and watches.
  • the signal source 100 may be terrestrial while in other examples the signal source 100 may be located on a satellite or spacecraft. It should be understood that any externally (e.g.
  • generated carrier having at least one frequency component in the frequency range of interest (sometimes referred to as F carrier ) may be employed.
  • the signal source 100 may supply at least a portion of the operating power for the backscatter device 110.
  • the signal 130 may be present in the environment from signal sources already present in an environment, and/or the signal 130 may be provided by a signal source placed in an environment for the purpose of providing a signal to the backscatter device 110. While shown as having one antenna 105 the signal source 100 may be implemented having any number of antennas, including a phased array antenna, or a multiple-input-multiple-output (MI MO) array of antennas.
  • MI MO multiple-input-multiple-output
  • the signal source 100 may include a frequency source, such as an oscillator or frequency synthesizer, which may supply radio frequency energy to the antenna 105, in some examples via a power amplifier included in the signal source 100.
  • the frequency source may include one or more of a fixed frequency source, a frequency hopping source, or a direct sequence spread spectrum source. It may be powered by batteries, by an AC power source, or by energy harvested from its environment (such as via a solar cell or a thermal or vibrational energy harvester).
  • the signal source 100 (e.g. a transmitter) may be fixed in location or it may be mobile, as in a handheld or vehicle mounted application.
  • the signal source 100 may include and/or be co-located with a receiver connected to the same antenna 105 or antenna array. In some examples the signal source 100 may be implemented using an RFID reader.
  • the backscatter device 1 10 may be implemented, for example, using a tag.
  • the backscatter device 110 may be implemented using a device for which low power communication is desirable, such as a tag, sensor node, or the like.
  • Tags implementing the backscatter device 1 10 may be associated with (e.g. placed on and/or proximate to) any of a variety of items to provide information about the items. Such items include, but are not limited to, appliances, food storage containers, inventory items such as personal electronics, and portions of a building. While shown as having one antenna 115, the backscatter device 1 10 may utilize any number of antennas in some examples.
  • the backscatter device 1 10 may modulate a backscattered version of the signal 130 from the signal source 100 to provide a transmitted backscatter signal 135 encoded with data to the wireless communication device 120.
  • the transmitted backscatter signal 135 may be formatted in accordance with predetermined wireless communication standards, such as but not limited to the Bluetooth Low Energy (also called Bluetooth Smart) standard.
  • Bluetooth Low Energy also called Bluetooth Smart
  • Data encoded in the transmitted backscatter signal 130 by the backscatter device 100 may, for example, be related to data received from a sensor or an input, or may be related to an identity or parameter of an item with which the backscatter device 1 10 is associated (e.g. temperature in a portion of a building, identity of an inventory item, temperature of a food storage container).
  • an identity or parameter of an item with which the backscatter device 1 10 is associated e.g. temperature in a portion of a building, identity of an inventory item, temperature of a food storage container.
  • Backscatter communication generally includes modulating the reflection of an incident signal at an antenna, rather than generating the signal itself.
  • the signal 130 used by the backscatter device 1 10 may include a signal having a carrier frequency that is provided by the signal source 100 for another purpose, such as a television broadcast or cellular communication between a base station and a mobile device.
  • the transmitted backscattered signal 135 may be encoded with data using a modulation scheme.
  • the backscatter device 1 10 may modulate the impedance of one or more antennas, such as the antenna 1 15, to alternate between two or more discrete states, e.g., including in some embodiments reflecting and not-reflecting.
  • the reflecting state of the antenna 1 15 may provide a reflection of the signal 130, and the non- reflecting state may not reflect the signal 130.
  • the backscatter device 1 10 may indicate either a '0' or a ⁇ ' bit by switching the state of the antenna 1 15 between the reflecting and non-reflecting states.
  • Switching the state of the antenna 115 of the backscatter device 110 may include adjusting an impedance of a load attached to the terminals of the antenna 1 15.
  • the magnitude and/or phase of the scattered signal from the antenna 1 15 is typically determined by the difference in the impedance values of the load attached to the terminals of the antenna 1 15.
  • the antenna 1 15 may have a first impedance (e.g., a short circuit) to a reference node and may reflect the signal 130 to provide a transmitted backscattered signal 135 that has a first signal magnitude and phase.
  • the antenna 115 may have a second impedance (e.g., an open circuit) to the reference node, and may reflect the signal 130 to provide a backscattered signal 135 that has a second signal magnitude and phase.
  • the first magnitude may be greater or less than the second magnitude.
  • ASK amplitude shift keying
  • the backscattered signal may differ primarily in phase between the first state and the second state. This yields a phase shift keying (PSK) backscattered signal.
  • PSK phase shift keying
  • phase states such as M states
  • the impedances of the loads attached to the terminals of the antenna are chosen to affect both the magnitude and the phase of the backscattered signals in each of several states.
  • a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) backscattered signal may be produced.
  • QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
  • the rate of this time varying pattern may then be referred to as the symbol rate of the backscattered signal.
  • the symbol rate is the rate at which the modulator changes its impedance state to convey different pieces of information (e.g. groups of one or more bits).
  • circuits or structures other than a switch may be used to change the impedance state of the load connected to the antenna 1 15.
  • Such devices as a PIN diode, a varactor diode, a field effect transistor, a bipolar transistor, or circuit combinations of these elements may also be used to change the impedance state of the load connected to antenna 115.
  • the backscatter device 1 10 may include a modulator that may function to modulate the backscatter of the signal 130, e.g. to switch an impedance of the load attached to antenna 1 15 from a non-reflecting to a reflecting state.
  • the backscatter device 1 10 may also provide a subcarrier frequency.
  • the subcarrier frequency may be provided, for example, by an oscillator.
  • the switching or modulating action of the backscatter device 1 10 may mix the subcarrier frequency with the carrier frequency of the signal 130 to adjust a frequency component of the transmitted backscatter signal 135.
  • the transmitted backscatter signal 135 may include a bandpass signal component having a predetermined frequency range, for example a frequency range specified by a wireless communication standard.
  • Examples of backscatter devices described herein, including the backscatter device 1 10 of FIG. 1, may have parameters selected to produce frequency components corresponding to at least one band-pass signal in the frequency spectrum of the scattered or reflected signal. These frequency components may be select to be compatible with a bandpass signal expected by a wireless communication device (e.g. the wireless communication device 120 of FIG. 1) such that the wireless communication device will accept and properly decode the transmitted backscattered signal.
  • the transmitted backscattered signal may contain other frequency components that are outside of the desired band-pass signal but these components may be out-of-band with respect to the communication signal and thus discarded by the wireless communication device 120.
  • the wireless communication device 120 may accordingly receive the transmitted backscatter signal 135 at the antenna 125.
  • the wireless communication device 120 may be implemented using any device capable of wireless communication, including but not limited to, a cellular telephone, computer, server, router, laptop, tablet, wearable device, watch, appliance, automobile, or airplane.
  • the wireless communication device 120 may be configured to (e.g. include hardware and/or firmware and software for) communicate using a particular protocol for a wireless communication signal (e.g. Bluetooth Low Energy, Bluetooth Smart, Wi-Fi, CDMA, TDMA).
  • the backscatter device 1 10 may provide a transmitted backscatter signal 135 formatted in accordance with the wireless communication protocol expected by the wireless communication device 120.
  • the wireless communication device 120 may employ a frequency shift keying (FSK) or Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) standard having at least one or more specified frequency deviations, one or more specified channel center frequencies, and one or more specified symbol rates.
  • FSK frequency shift keying
  • GFSK Gaussian frequency shift keying
  • the aforementioned FSK or GFSK standard is that of the Bluetooth Low Energy specification as defined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).
  • SIG Bluetooth Special Interest Group
  • the backscatter device 1 10 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal 135 compatible with the FSK or GFSK standard employed by the wireless communication device 120.
  • the wireless communication device 120 may employ a phase shift keying (PSK) standard. Accordingly, in some examples the backscatter device 1 10 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal 135 compatible with the PSK standard. It should be appreciated that the PSK signal so generated may use two distinct phases to encode a symbol or a bit, or it may alternatively have more than two distinct phases to encode a symbol or a group of bits as in M-ary PSK.
  • PSK phase shift keying
  • the wireless communication device 120 may employ an amplitude shift keying (ASK) standard. Accordingly, in some examples the backscatter device 110 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal 135 compatible with the ASK standard. It should be appreciated that the ASK signal so generated may use two distinct amplitudes to encode a symbol or a bit, or it may alternatively have more than two distinct amplitudes to encode a symbol or a group of bits as in pulse amplitude modulation (PAM).
  • PAM pulse amplitude modulation
  • the wireless communication device 120 may employ a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) standard. Accordingly, in some examples the backscatter device 1 10 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal 135 compatible with the QAM standard. It should be appreciated that the QAM signal may have more than two distinct amplitudes and phase combinations to encode a symbol or a group of bits, as in M-ary QAM.
  • QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
  • the wireless communication device 120 may employ an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) standard and/or technique. Accordingly, in some examples the backscatter device 1 10 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal 135 compatible with the OFDM standard and/or technique. This may be achieved by modulating the backscattered signal 135 with more than one subcarrier frequency at the same time. Each subcarrier may in turn be modulated with ASK, PAM, PSK, or QAM to form the OFDM backscattered signal.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
  • FIG. 1 depicts one backscatter device 1 10
  • the system may include more than one backscatter device, and multiple backscatter devices may be in communication with the wireless communication device 120 using signals backscattered from the signal source 100.
  • FIG. 1 depicts one signal source 100, in some examples, the system may include more than one signal source.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a backscatter device in accordance with examples described herein.
  • the backscatter device 200 may be used, for example to implement the backscatter device 1 10 of FIG. 1.
  • the backscatter device 200 includes an antenna 215, a modulator 220, and a symbol generator 230.
  • the modulator 220 may modulate an impedance of the antenna 215 to change the magnitude and/or phase of an incident signal, e.g. the signal 130 of FIG. 1.
  • the antenna 215 may be used to implement the antenna 1 15 of FIG. 1 in some examples.
  • the antenna 215, during operation, may receive an incident signal having a carrier frequency, such as the signal 130 of FIG. 1.
  • the antenna 215 may further transmit a transmitted backscattered signal, e.g. the signal 135 of FIG. 1, by reflecting and'or absorbing portions of the signal 130 as controlled by the modulator 220 and symbol generator 230.
  • the reflected and/or absorbed portions of the signal 130 may be modulated in combinations of amplitude and phase, and subcarrier frequency and phase as described herein, for example.
  • the modulator 220 may generally be implemented using any device capable of modulating an impedance of the antenna 215 in accordance with a control signal provided by the symbol generator 230.
  • the modulator 220 is shown in FIG. 2 implemented using a single field effect transistor.
  • the gate of the field effect transistor may be coupled to the symbol generator 230 and receive a control signal from the symbol generator 230 based on the data to be encoded into the backscatter signal.
  • Other devices may be used to implement the modulator 220 in other examples.
  • Such devices as a PIN diode, a varactor diode, a field effect transistor, a bipolar transistor, or circuit combinations of these elements may also be used to change the impedance state of the modulator 220, and thus change the impedance of the load connected to antenna 215.
  • the symbol generator 230 may provide at least one subcarrier frequency. In some examples, only one subcarrier frequency may be provided by the symbol generator 230. In some examples, multiple subcarrier frequencies may be provided.
  • the symbol generator 230 may provide the subcarrier frequency, for example, by having a frequency source that provides the subcarrier frequency. For example, the symbol generator may have one or more oscillators that may oscillate at the subcarrier frequency or sub-harmonics thereof.
  • the symbol generator may have multiple frequency sources coupled to and/or included in the symbol generator and the symbol generator may select one of the multiple frequency sources for use in providing the backscattered signal. The symbol generator may select one of the multiple frequency sources in accordance with data provided to the symbol generator. For example, one of the frequency sources may be used corresponding to a '0' bit and another of the frequency sources may be used corresponding to a ⁇ ' bit.
  • the symbol generator 230 may control the modulator 220 to backscatter an incident signal having a carrier frequency (e.g. the signal 130 of FIG. 1) using the subcarrier frequency to provide a backscattered signal at the antenna.
  • a carrier frequency e.g. the signal 130 of FIG. 1
  • the backscattered signal may include a bandpass signal in a predetermined frequency range.
  • the predetermined frequency range may be specified by a combination of the carrier and subcarrier frequencies.
  • the backscatter device 200 may use sub-harmonic mixing to permit a carrier at a fraction of a desired band-pass signal frequency to produce energy in the desired communication frequency band.
  • the signal source e.g. the signal source 100 of FIG. 1
  • the signal source 100 may be at a sub-harmonic frequency F carrier /n where n is a harmonic number.
  • F carrier a sub-harmonic frequency
  • the predetermined frequency range may be a range specified by a wireless communication protocol (e.g. a wireless communication standard).
  • a wireless communication protocol e.g. a wireless communication standard
  • the wireless communication protocol may be Bluetooth Low Energy and the frequency range may be a range of an advertising channel specified by a Bluetooth Low Energy specification.
  • the symbol generator 230 may control the modulator to modulate the magnitude and/or phase of an incident signal to generate a backscattered signal.
  • the backscattered signal may encode data, which may be provided to the symbol generator 230.
  • the data may be, e.g. data collected by a sensor or other device in communication with the backscatter device 200.
  • the data may be stored by the backscatter device 200. Examples of the data include, but are not limited to, a temperature of a portion of a building, an identity of an inventory item, and a temperature of a food container.
  • the backscattered signal may be formatted in accordance with a protocol expected by a wireless communication device (e.g. a wireless communication standard).
  • the backscattered signal may include a packet.
  • the symbol generator 230 may control the modulator 220 to provide a packet formatted in accordance with a particular wireless communication protocol.
  • the packet may include a preamble, an access address, a payload data unit, and a cyclic redundancy check.
  • the symbol generator may be implemented using hardware, software, or combinations thereof.
  • the symbol generator 230 may be implemented using a microprocessor.
  • the backscatter device 200 may include a processor (not shown in FIG. 2, but which processor may be in communication with the symbol generator 230).
  • the processor may be, for example, implemented using fixed-function digital logic (such as a finite state machine or FSM) or a microprocessor or microcontroller which implements operations including memory and optional sensor inputs.
  • the processor may encode a data stream including a unique identifier for the backscatter device 200.
  • the transmitted backscattered signal may include a unique identifier for the backscatter device 200.
  • the optional sensor inputs may influence one or more bits of the data stream in such a way as to encode the value of the optional sensor inputs into the data stream by changing the unique identifier that is sent. In such cases the aforementioned data stream may then be fed into the symbol generator as described herein and shown in FIG. 2.
  • the processor formats the unique identifier, the optional sensor input(s), and'or other data that is desired to be sent in the transmitted backscattered signal into a specified packet format, such as but not limited to a Bluetooth Low Energy advertising packet, an IEEE 802.11 beacon frame, an IEEE 802.15.4 beacon frame, or another specified packet format.
  • the packet format may then form a data stream which may be provided to the symbol generator as described herein.
  • information about the channel on which the packet is being sent may be encoded in to the data stream itself.
  • the channel number may be derived from the parameters of the carrier frequency and the configuration of the symbol generator as described herein.
  • the backscatter device 200 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal compatible with an FSK or GFSK standard employed by a receiving wireless communication device.
  • the symbol generator 230 may include or be in communication with a frequency source that may be operated at one of two frequency states, F mod1 or F mod2 . The selection of the frequency state may be made under the control of data that is input to the symbol generator (e.g. from a sensor or microprocessor).
  • the frequency source may include, for example, a resistance-capacitance (RC) oscillator, an inductance-capacitance (LC) oscillator, a quartz crystal oscillator, a frequency synthesizer, the output of a digital-to-analog converter, the output of a direct digital synthesizer, the output of a clock generator, an arbitrary waveform generator, or any other analog or digital frequency source or combinations thereof.
  • the aforementioned frequency source produces a square-wave output, and in some examples the aforementioned frequency source produces a sinusoidal output.
  • the frequency source produces any waveform having energy at least including the frequency components F mod1 and F mod2 .
  • regulatory limits on occupied bandwidth or other properties of the signal may influence the choice of frequency source waveforms.
  • the sum of the frequency of an incident carrier F carrier (e.g. the carrier received from the signal source 100 of FIG. 1), plus the average of F mod1 and F mod2 is provided to be within an acceptable range (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification) of a channel center frequency signal specification.
  • F carrier F carrier + mean(F mod1 , F mod2 ), where x is a frequency within an acceptable range of a channel center frequency signal specification.
  • the frequency source in the backscatter device may have any waveform shape.
  • the difference between the two frequencies, dl abs(F mod1 - F mod2 ), where abs() denotes the absolute value operator, is provided to be within an acceptable frequency deviation range of a frequency shift keying (FSK) or Gaussian frequency shift keying signal specification.
  • FSK frequency shift keying
  • Gaussian frequency shift keying signal specification
  • the frequency source may have any waveform shape.
  • the difference between the two frequencies, d2 abs(F mod1 - F mod2 ), where abs() denotes the absolute value operator, is provided within an acceptable frequency deviation range of a frequency shift keying (FSK) or Gaussian frequency shift keying signal specification.
  • harmonics of the backscatter signal may be used to form the transmitted backscattered signal.
  • the frequency source may preferentially have a square wave shape with n being an odd number, but any waveform shape having energy at the harmonics of F mod1 and F mod2 are possible.
  • die frequencies the difference between the two frequencies, d2 n x abs(F mod1 - F mod2 ).
  • abs() denotes the absolute value operator, is provided to be within an acceptable frequency deviation range (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification) of a frequency shift keying (FSK) or Gaussian frequency shift keying signal specification.
  • the frequency source switches nearly instantaneously between F mod1 and F mod2 at a rate within an acceptable symbol rate range of a signal specification (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification).
  • the frequency source transitions smoothly between F mod1 and F mod2 over a period of time, such that the transition is completed within an acceptable symbol rate range of a signal specification (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification).
  • the smooth transition between F mod1 and F mod2 occurs according to a function of time such that the occupied bandwidth of the backscattered signal complies with a regulatory or specification requirement.
  • the transition is designed to produce a Gaussian frequency shift keying spectrum.
  • F mod1 and F mod2 other examples may include more than two modulator frequencies, such as in m-ary FSK, where m refers to a number of frequency states. In such cases multiple modulator frequencies (F mod1 ...F mod2 ) may be employed.
  • F mod1 ...F mod2 multiple modulator frequencies
  • the backscatter device 200 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal compatible with phase shift keying (PSK) standard employed by a receiving wireless communication device.
  • PSK phase shift keying
  • the PSK standard may have at least one or more specified phase differences, one or more specified channel center frequencies and one or more specified symbol rates.
  • the symbol generator 230 may include a frequency source that may be operated at a frequency F mod with one of at least two phase states, P mod1 , ⁇ mod2 through P mod_n - The selection of the phase state is made under the control of a data stream input to the symbol generator. For example, one phase state may be selected corresponding to a '0' bit and another phase state selected corresponding to a ' F bit.
  • P mod1 and P mod2 differ by 180 degrees (pi radians).
  • n-PSK where n is the number of different phase states, multiple different phases may be employed.
  • the frequency source may include a resistance-capacitance (RC) oscillator, an inductance-capacitance (LC) quartz crystal oscillator, a frequency synthesizer, the output of a digital-to-analog converter, the output of a direct digital synthesizer, the output of a clock generator, an arbitrary waveform generator, or any other analog or digital frequency source.
  • RC resistance-capacitance
  • LC inductance-capacitance
  • a frequency synthesizer the output of a digital-to-analog converter
  • the output of a direct digital synthesizer the output of a clock generator
  • an arbitrary waveform generator or any other analog or digital frequency source.
  • the aforementioned frequency source produces a square-wave output, while in other embodiments the aforementioned frequency source produces a sinusoidal output.
  • the frequency source produces any waveform having energy at least including the frequency component F mod with a phase that can be varied from P mod1 to
  • the frequency source may have any waveform shape.
  • the difference between the phase states P mod1 , P mod2 through P modn is selected to be within an acceptable phase shift range (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification) of a phase shift keying (PSK) signal specification.
  • PSK phase shift keying
  • the frequency source may have any waveform shape.
  • the difference between the phase states P mod1 , P mod2 through P modn is selected to be within an acceptable phase shift range (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification) of a phase shift keying (PSK) signal specification.
  • PSK phase shift keying
  • the frequency source may preferentially have a square wave shape with n being an odd number, but any waveform shape having energy at the harmonics of F mod are possible.
  • the frequency source switches nearly instantaneously between phase states at a rate within an acceptable symbol rate range (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification) of a signal specification.
  • the frequency source transitions smoothly between phase states over a period of time, such that the transition is completed within an acceptable symbol rate range (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification) of a signal specification.
  • the smooth transition between phase states occurs according to a function of time such that the occupied bandwidth of the backscattered signal complies with a regulatory or specification requirement.
  • the backscatter device 200 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal compatible with amplitude shift keying (ASK) standard employed by a receiving wireless communication device.
  • the ASK standard may have a specified modulation depth, one or more specified channel center frequencies, and one or more specified symbol rates.
  • one input to the modulator (e.g. modulator 220 of FIG. 2) may be provided.
  • This input may be toggled (e.g. by the symbol generator 230) at a first frequency F mo dsc for one symbol period when the symbol to be sent is e.g. a "1 ".
  • the input is held off (e.g. not toggled) for one symbol period when the symbol to be sent is e.g. a "0".
  • At least two inputs to the backscatter modulator are provided to permit amplitude shift keying with other than 100% modulation depth.
  • a first input is used to generate a subcarrier frequency by switching the modulator 220 at a first frequency F modsc .
  • a second input is used to vary the modulation depth of the subcarrier frequency at the symbol rate.
  • One method for varying the modulation depth is to add a resistor in parallel with the aforementioned modulator 220, such as a resistor with a resistance R in parallel with the switching FET.
  • the real part of the impedance presented to the antenna then varies between the real part of the parallel circuit with the transistor off (R //transistor impedance off) and the real part of the parallel circuit with the transistor on (R //transistor impedance_ on).
  • the backscattered subcarrier will then have two different modulation depths when the second input is switched between a " 1 " and a "0" in accordance with the data to be sent.
  • the symbol generator 230 may include a subcarrier frequency source that may be operated at a frequency Fn, ⁇ .
  • the frequency source may include a resistance-capacitance (RC) oscillator, an inductance-capacitance (LC) oscillator, a quartz crystal oscillator, a frequency synthesizer, the output of a digital-to-analog converter, the output of a direct digital synthesizer, the output of a clock generator, an arbitrary waveform generator, or any other analog or digital frequency source.
  • the aforementioned frequency source produces a square-wave output, while in other embodiments the aforementioned frequency source produces a sinusoidal output.
  • the frequency source produces any waveform having energy at least including the frequency component F modsc ,
  • the frequency source may have any waveform shape.
  • the frequency source may have any waveform shape.
  • the frequency source may preferentially have a square wave shape with n being an odd number, but any waveform shape having energy at the harmonics of F modsc are possible.
  • the modulator switches nearly instantaneously between two modulation depth states at a rate within an acceptable symbol rate range (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification) of a signal specification.
  • the frequency source transitions smoothly between modulation depth states over a period of time, such that the transition is completed within an acceptable symbol rate range (e.g. a range at which it may be correctly received by a receiving device communicating in accordance with that specification) of a signal specification.
  • the smooth transition between modulation depth states occurs according to a function of time such that the occupied bandwidth of the backscattered signal complies with a regulatory or specification requirement.
  • the backscatter device 200 may provide a transmitted backscattered signal compatible with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) standards employed by a receiving wireless communication device.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
  • techniques described herein for providing backscattered FSK, PSK, QAM, and ASK signals may be extended to produce OFDM signals.
  • multiple band-pass signals may be generated by the modulator 220, one such bandpass signal per OFDM subcarrier. This may be implemented by providing multiple modulator frequencies such that their fundamental mode and/or harmonic mode frequency components align with the subcarrier spacing specified for the OFDM standard and/or technique.
  • Each of the OFDM subcarriers may be modulated with e.g. a PSK signal per the description herein for PSK modulation examples.
  • the multiple modulator frequencies may be applied to the same modulator (e.g. transistor).
  • a non- linear mixing operation may be implemented using a logic combination of the multiple modulator frequencies such as an exclusive-or (XOR) gate or an OR gate.
  • a linear operation may be employed via an analog power combination of the multiple modulator frequencies provided to the modulator 220.
  • the backscatter device 200 may harvest at least part of its operating power from the environment, for example using an optional RF energy harvesting circuit that may be included in and/or co-located with the backscatter device 200.
  • this energy may be used directly by the backscatter device 200, while in other embodiments this energy may be stored in a reservoir such as but not limited to a capacitor, a supercapacitor, or a battery that is included in and/or co-located with the backscatter device 200.
  • harvested energy may be accumulated in the reservoir for a period of time and then released to the operating circuitry of the backscatter device 200. This may be either a predetermined period of time, or a period of time corresponding to a time at which the reservoir reaches a particular amount of stored energy.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method in accordance with examples described herein.
  • the method includes receiving a signal having a carrier frequency in block 305, backscattering the signal to provide a backscattered signal in block 310.
  • Block 310 may include modulating impedance of at least one antenna in accordance with data (block 315) and mixing the carrier frequency with a subcarrier (block 320).
  • the method 300 also including transmitting the backscattered signal in block 325.
  • Block 305 may be implemented, for example, by the backscatter device 200 of FIG. 2 or the backscatter device 110 of FIG. 1 receiving a signal having a carrier frequency (e.g. the signal 130 of FIG. 1) at their antenna.
  • Block 310 may be implemented, for example, by the backscatter device 200 of FIG. 2 or the backscatter device 1 10 of FIG. 1.
  • the symbol generator may receive data and control the modulator of FIG, 2 to modulate impedance of the antenna 215 of FIG. 2 in block 315. This process may involve mixing the subcarrier frequency with the carrier frequency.
  • the backscattered signal may then be transmitted in block 325 to produce, for example, the transmitted backscattered signal 135 of FIG. 1.
  • the signal having a carrier frequency may be backscattered in block 310 to provide a backscattered signal. This may include mixing the carrier frequency with a subcarrier in block 320.
  • the mixing in block 320 may result in a bandpass signal having a predetermined frequency range.
  • the predetermined frequency range may be a range of an advertising channel in accordance with a wireless communication standard, such as the Bluetooth Low Energy standard.
  • Backscattering the signal in block 310 may include modulating impedance of at least one antenna in accordance with data to be provided in the backscattered signal. Modulating may include reflecting the signal in a pattern indicative of the data to be provided in the backscattered signal.
  • the data to be provided in the backscattered signal may include a packet having a preamble, an access address, a payload data unit, and a cyclic redundancy check.
  • the data may include, for example, an indication of a temperature associated with a device providing the backscattered signal, or an identification of an asset associated with a device providing the backscattered signal.
  • Packets that may be provided in accordance with examples described herein include, but are not limited to, Bluetooth Low Energy advertising packets, IEEE 802.11 beacon frames, and IEEE 802.15.4 beacon frames.
  • a system provides interoperability between a backscatter device and a wireless communication device having a Bluetooth Low Energy chipset as is commonly found in mobile devices such as tablet computers, such as the APPLE iPAD or SAMSUNG GALAXY tablets or smart phones such as the APPLE IPHONE or SAMSUNG GALAXY series.
  • the Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE) specification details a wireless communication scheme using Gaussian frequency shift keying with a channel specification of 40 channels with center frequencies ranging from 2402 MHz to 2480 MHz.
  • the data rate is 1.0 Mbps while the channel spacing is 2.0 MHz.
  • the minimum frequency deviation is 185 kHz.
  • advertising channels Three of the 40 channels, channels 37, 38, 39, with center frequencies of 2402 MHz, 2426 MHz, and 2480 MHz respectively, are referred to as advertising channels.
  • a conventional Bluetooth Low Energy device listens on each of the advertising channels in turn to identify nearby BTLE devices.
  • the modulator (e.g. modulator 220 of FIG. 2) is implemented using a type BF1 108R field effect transistor manufactured by NXPJnc.
  • the symbol generator (e.g. symbol generator 230 of FIG. 2) is implemented using an Agilent 335008 arbitrary waveform generator.
  • the source and drain terminals of the field effect transistor are connected to a first dipole antenna resonant near 2450 MHz.
  • the signal source (e.g. signal source 100 of FIG. 1) is implemented using an Agilent N5181A signal generator set to a desired carrier frequency F carrier , with an output power of +15dBm, connected to a second dipole antenna resonant near 2450 MHz.
  • the wireless communication device receiving the communication (e.g. the wireless communication device 120 of FIG. 1) is implemented using an APPLE IPAD running APPLE IOS with the Pally BLE scanner application.
  • a single carrier frequency may serve multiple channels using the previously mentioned fundamental mode approach. Note that in this implementation the frequency deviation between the two modulation frequencies is 600 kHz which complies with the required minimum frequency deviation specification of 185 kHz.
  • the difference between the two modulation frequencies is only 300kHz to yield a second- harmonic difference of 600kHz which complies with the minimum frequency deviation specification of 185 kHz.
  • the symbol generator comprises an Agilent 33500B arbitrary waveform generator using a waveform synthesized as a sampled vector using the MATLAB signal processing toolbox.
  • the symbol rate is 1.0 Msps.
  • the symbol generator (e.g. symbol generator 230 of FIG. 2) is produces a packet format compatible with the BTLE specification.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an example packet compatible with the BTLE specification. From the least significant bit to the most significant bit, an example packet includes the preamble OxAA, the access address Ox8E89BED6, the payload data unit Ox43C80844210712140201050909456E73776F727468, and the cyclic redundancy check Ox9BC70A.
  • the MATLAB signal processing toolbox encodes the packet using the data whitening function specified in the BTLE specification. A different data whitening function input is used for communication over each channel.
  • the modulating frequency is set to F mod1 if the corresponding bit is "0" and F mod2 if the corresponding bit is "1".
  • the packet shown in FIG. 4 may accordingly be transmitted as, for example, the transmitted backscatter signal 135 of FIG. 1.

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Abstract

Des dispositifs et procédés donnés à titre d'exemple de la présente invention peuvent faciliter une interopérabilité entre des dispositifs de rétrodiffusion et des dispositifs de communication sans fil. Par exemple, des dispositifs et procédés de rétrodiffusion de la présente invention fournissent une transmission d'un signal rétrodiffusé ayant un format conforme à un protocole de communication sans fil (par ex. Bluetooth Low Energy). Une telle communication peut réduire ou éliminer toute modification requise par des dispositifs de communication sans fil nécessaires pour recevoir et décoder des signaux rétrodiffusés.
PCT/US2015/066820 2014-12-19 2015-12-18 Dispositifs et procédés de communication de rétrodiffusion à l'aide d'un ou de plusieurs protocoles de communication sans fil WO2016100887A2 (fr)

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US16/119,055 US20190068236A1 (en) 2014-12-19 2018-08-31 Devices and methods for backscatter communication using one or more wireless communication protocols including bluetooth low energy examples
US16/297,355 US10693521B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2019-03-08 Devices and methods for backscatter communication using one or more wireless communication protocols including Bluetooth low energy examples
US16/868,420 US11411597B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2020-05-06 Devices and methods for backscatter communication using one or more wireless communication protocols including Bluetooth low energy examples

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US10951446B2 (en) 2016-01-26 2021-03-16 University Of Washington Backscatter devices including examples of single sideband operation
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US9680520B2 (en) 2013-03-22 2017-06-13 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Ambient backscatter tranceivers, apparatuses, systems, and methods for communicating using backscatter of ambient RF signals
US10447331B2 (en) 2013-03-22 2019-10-15 University Of Washington Ambient backscatter transceivers, apparatuses, systems, and methods for communicating using backscatter of ambient RF signals
US10587445B2 (en) 2014-02-11 2020-03-10 University Of Washington Apparatuses, systems, and methods for communicating using MIMO and spread spectrum coding in backscatter of ambient signals
US20170180075A1 (en) 2014-02-11 2017-06-22 University Of Washington Wireless networking communication methods, systems, and devices operable using harvested power
US9973367B2 (en) 2014-02-11 2018-05-15 University Of Washington Apparatuses, systems, and methods for communicating using MIMO and spread spectrum coding in backscatter of ambient signals
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US10693521B2 (en) 2014-12-19 2020-06-23 University Of Washington Devices and methods for backscatter communication using one or more wireless communication protocols including Bluetooth low energy examples
US10873363B2 (en) 2015-08-12 2020-12-22 University Of Washington Backscatter devices and network systems incorporating backscatter devices
US10951446B2 (en) 2016-01-26 2021-03-16 University Of Washington Backscatter devices including examples of single sideband operation
US10652073B2 (en) 2016-04-04 2020-05-12 University Of Washington Backscatter devices and systems providing backscattered signals including OFDM packets
US10812130B2 (en) 2016-10-18 2020-10-20 University Of Washington Backscatter systems, devices, and techniques utilizing CSS modulation and/or higher order harmonic cancellation
CN110100464A (zh) * 2016-10-25 2019-08-06 小利兰·斯坦福大学托管委员会 反向散射环境ism频带信号
KR102005821B1 (ko) * 2017-01-25 2019-08-01 전자부품연구원 백스캐터 통신 시스템에서 백스캐터 신호 동기화 방법 및 이를 위한 태그 장치
KR20180087916A (ko) * 2017-01-25 2018-08-03 전자부품연구원 백스캐터 통신 시스템에서 백스캐터 신호 동기화 방법 및 이를 위한 태그 장치
US10461783B2 (en) 2017-03-16 2019-10-29 University Of Washington Radio frequency communication devices having backscatter and non-backscatter communication modes and hardware re-use
EP3607429A4 (fr) * 2017-04-06 2021-01-06 The University of Washington Transmission d'image et/ou de vidéo à l'aide de dispositifs de rétrodiffusion
US11212479B2 (en) 2017-04-06 2021-12-28 University Of Washington Image and/or video transmission using backscatter devices
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CN113891356A (zh) * 2021-09-29 2022-01-04 中国信息通信研究院 一种无线通信数据信息传输方法和设备
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WO2023168687A1 (fr) * 2022-03-11 2023-09-14 Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 Procédé de communication sans fil, dispositif terminal et dispositif de transmission de porteuse
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