WO2016085894A2 - Système et procédé de gestion autonome de teneur en eau d'un fluide - Google Patents

Système et procédé de gestion autonome de teneur en eau d'un fluide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016085894A2
WO2016085894A2 PCT/US2015/062253 US2015062253W WO2016085894A2 WO 2016085894 A2 WO2016085894 A2 WO 2016085894A2 US 2015062253 W US2015062253 W US 2015062253W WO 2016085894 A2 WO2016085894 A2 WO 2016085894A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid desiccant
heat
actuator
source
liquid
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PCT/US2015/062253
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English (en)
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WO2016085894A3 (fr
Inventor
Philip C. FARESE
Trevor Wende
Nathan M. RONA
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Ducool Usa Inc. D/B/A Advantix Systems
Ducool Ltd.
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Application filed by Ducool Usa Inc. D/B/A Advantix Systems, Ducool Ltd. filed Critical Ducool Usa Inc. D/B/A Advantix Systems
Publication of WO2016085894A2 publication Critical patent/WO2016085894A2/fr
Publication of WO2016085894A3 publication Critical patent/WO2016085894A3/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
    • B01D53/263—Drying gases or vapours by absorption
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1412—Controlling the absorption process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1425—Regeneration of liquid absorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/80—Water

Definitions

  • the embodiments described herein relate generally to dehumidification and/or air conditioning systems, and more particularly, to autonomous management of liquid desiccant air conditioning systems.
  • HVAC heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
  • desiccant dehumidification has been used to increase the efficiency of HVAC systems.
  • some known systems use a solid desiccant wheel that can be used to absorb water from an airstream.
  • liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems can be used to increase efficiency of HVAC systems.
  • LDAC systems can cool a fluid (i.e., liquid desiccant) with a low partial pressure of water to transfer heat and mass from the air to be treated into this desiccant.
  • Some such systems can incorporate a method for managing the water content of this liquid desiccant, typically by applying heat to a portion of the liquid desiccant and passing it through a second heat and mass exchanger, thereby transferring moisture and heat collected by the liquid desiccant (e.g., in the first heat and mass exchanger) into air to be exhausted from the building.
  • a method for managing the water content of this liquid desiccant typically by applying heat to a portion of the liquid desiccant and passing it through a second heat and mass exchanger, thereby transferring moisture and heat collected by the liquid desiccant (e.g., in the first heat and mass exchanger) into air to be exhausted from the building.
  • an amount of water in the liquid desiccant can vary significantly with air conditions (i.e., temperature and humidity), the temperature of the desiccant, and the amount of water retained by the desiccant over time. Close management of the water content in the liquid desiccant is often needed to ensure proper operation, which can be result in a higher
  • a system includes a reservoir containing a liquid desiccant, a heat and mass exchanger, a heat source, a sensor associated with the reservoir, a sensor associated with the heat source, an actuator associated with the heat source, and a controller.
  • the heat and mass exchanger is fluidically coupled to the reservoir via a liquid desiccant conduit to receive liquid desiccant from the reservoir and is configured to expose the liquid desiccant to a regenerating gas such that water entrained in the liquid desiccant is transferred to the regenerating gas.
  • the heat source is operatively coupled to the liquid desiccant conduit and configured to transfer heat energy between the heat source and the liquid desiccant within the liquid desiccant conduit.
  • the sensor associated with the reservoir is configured to sense a parameter associated with an amount of water contained in the liquid desiccant in the reservoir.
  • the sensor associated with the heat source is configured to sense at least one of a parameter associated with a temperature of the heat source or a parameter associated with a rate of heat transfer between the heat source and the liquid desiccant.
  • the controller is coupled to the sensor associated with the reservoir, the sensor associated with the heat source, and the actuator.
  • the controller is configured to (1) receive signals from the sensors, (2) determine when the amount of water in the liquid desiccant in the reservoir is different from a predetermined amount of water, and (3) send an actuator control signal to the actuator to cause the actuator to vary one or more operating conditions to cause the actuator to vary one or more operating conditions to change one or both of the temperature of the heat source and the rate of heat transfer between the heat source and the liquid desiccant.
  • a rate at which water is transferred from the liquid desiccant to the regeneration gas in the heat and mass exchanger is dependent on the one or more operating conditions.
  • the first sensor is in fluid communication with a liquid desiccant and the first signal is indicative of a parameter associated with an amount of water contained in the liquid desiccant.
  • the controller receives, from a second sensor, a second signal.
  • the second sensor is operatively coupled to a heat source configured to provide heat energy to a volume of the liquid desiccant.
  • the second signal is indicative of at least one of a parameter associated with heat energy of the heat source or a parameter associated with a rate of heat transfer between the heat source and volume of the liquid desiccant.
  • the controller analyzes the first signal and the second signal to define a current operating condition.
  • the controller sends, to an actuator, a third signal when the current operating condition satisfies an operating criterion.
  • the actuator is operatively coupled to the heat source such that the third signal causes the actuator to vary one or more parameters associated with the heat source to change at least one of a heat energy associated with the heat source or a rate of heat transfer between the heat source and the volume of the liquid desiccant.
  • the change to at least one of the heat energy associated with the heat source or the rate of heat transfer between the heat source and the volume of the liquid desiccant is operable in changing a water transfer rate from the volume liquid desiccant to a regenerating gas in fluid communication with the volume of the liquid desiccant.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a portion of liquid desiccant air conditioning system according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a liquid desiccant air conditioning system according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a side view of a water content sensor usable with the systems of FIGs. 1 and 2, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of controlling a liquid desiccant air conditioning system according to an embodiment.
  • a member is intended to mean a single member or a combination of members
  • a material is intended to mean one or more materials, or a combination thereof.
  • a thermostat is said to be a feedback system wherein the state of the thermostat (e.g., in an "on” configuration or an “off configuration) is dependent on a temperature being fed back to the thermostat.
  • Feedback systems can be controlled and/or implemented in a number of ways.
  • a feedback system can be an electromechanical system including a number of relays or the like which can open or close an electric circuit based on a signal received from a sensor or the like.
  • a feedback system can be controlled and/or implemented in a programmable logic controller (PLC) that can use control logic to perform one or more actions based on an input from a system component (e.g., a sensor or the like).
  • PLC programmable logic controller
  • an electronic device e.g., a computer
  • a memory configured to store instructions or logic that are/is executed in a processor, which in turn, can cause a system component to transition to a desired state or the like.
  • PLCs implement feedback systems to actively control electromechanical systems in order to achieve and/or maintain a desired system state.
  • a feedback system can be implemented to control a force within a system (e.g., a mass-spring system and/or the like) by changing the kinematics and/or the position of one or more components relative to any other components included in the system.
  • a feedback system can be implemented to control one or more characteristics associated with a flow of a fluid.
  • one or more sensors in such a feedback system can determine current and/or past states associated with a given fluid (e.g., temperature, volume, flow rate, relative humidity, density, pressure, etc.) and can return the past and/or current state values to, for example, the PLC.
  • the PLC controller can, for example, open or close a valve, open or close a throttle or choke, increase or decrease a pressure within a portion of the feedback system (e.g., within a fluid flow path), increase or decrease a heat quality and/or quantity of a heat source in communication with the fluid, and/or the like.
  • a PLC can include a control scheme such as, for example, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller that is implemented in a processor.
  • PID controllers are often implemented in one or more electronic devices.
  • the proportional term, the integral term, and/or the derivative term can be actively "tuned" to alter characteristics of the feedback system.
  • an electronic device can implement any suitable numerical method or any combination thereof (e.g., Newton's method, Gaussian elimination, Euler's method, LU decomposition, etc.).
  • a mechanical system can be actively changed to achieve, for example, a desired fluid state and/or system state.
  • module refers to any assembly and/or set of operatively-coupled electrical components that can include, for example, a memory, a processor, electrical traces, optical connectors, software (executing in hardware), and/or the like.
  • a module executed in the processor can be any combination of hardware- based module (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP)) and/or software-based module (e.g., a module of computer code stored in memory and/or executed at the processor) capable of performing one or more specific functions associated with that module.
  • FPGA field-programmable gate array
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the term "quality” and “quantity” when used to modify heat or a heat source generally refer to a temperature of heat and an amount of heat, respectively, available from the heat source or the like. For example, if a water reservoir is heated by a solar energy source, and the volume of water in the reservoir is generally known, “heat quality” or “quality of heat” can be measured as the temperature of the known volume of water.
  • the temperature provides an indication of an amount of heat available from the heat source, which can be a referred to as "heat quantity” or “quantity of heat.”
  • heat quantity or “quantity of heat.”
  • the "heat quality” can also be determined by any other method effective to convey an amount of heat available for use in, for example, a liquid desiccant air conditioning system.
  • the type of material and its thermal conductivity may be taken into account to determine the heat quality of the bulk material, or other parameters may be used.
  • heat source and “heat sink” generally refer to any suitable source configured to provide thermal energy or any suitable sink configured to receive thermal energy, respectively.
  • a device and/or component can be configured as both a heat source and a heat sink.
  • Thermal energy can be, for example, geothermal energy, solar energy, electric energy, combustible gas energy, waste energy from another heat source (e.g., waste heat from a chemical process, a mechanical process, and/or other processes), and/or any other suitable energy source.
  • thermal energy sources can be used directly to heat a liquid desiccant or indirectly (e.g., to energize or heat a volume of fluid contained in a reservoir, which in turn, is used to heat a liquid desiccant).
  • a volume of fluid contained in a reservoir can be configured to receive thermal energy from a liquid desiccant and reject that thermal energy via any suitable process or work.
  • a liquid desiccant can be, for example, any suitable polycol, polyol, and/or the like or mixtures thereof.
  • typical polycols include liquid compounds such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, glycerol, trimethyol propane, diethytlene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, and mixtures thereof.
  • Typical polyol compounds which are normally solid, yet, substantially soluble in anhydrous liquid polyols or liquid hydroxyl amines, can include erythritol, sorbitol, pentaerythritol and low molecular weight sugars.
  • Typical hydroxyl amines include alkanolamines, such as monoethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine, isopropanol amine, including mono, di, and tri, isopropanol amine or digylcolamine.
  • the liquid desiccant can also be, for example, montmorillonite clay, silica gel, molecular sieves, CaO, CaS04, P205, BaO, A1203, NaOH sticks, KOH fused, CaBr2, ZnC12, Ba(C104)2, ZnBr2.
  • the liquid desiccant can also be and/or can also include, for example, an aqueous solution of lithium chloride, calcium chloride, a combination of both, or any other appropriate ionic compound, salt or mixture of salts and/or ionic compounds.
  • a liquid desiccant can be selected and/or used based on, inter alia, the temperature and/or humidity ranges of ambient air from which moisture is to be absorbed.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a portion of liquid desiccant air conditioning system 100 according to an embodiment.
  • a liquid desiccant air conditioning system can be any of those described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2013-0227982 entitled, "Air Conditioning System,” filed January 13, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the portion of the liquid desiccant air conditioning system 100 can be, for example, a regeneration system that is configured to manage and/or remove water content of a liquid desiccant by monitoring the one or more characteristics associated with the system (e.g., specific gravity, density, weight, mass, volume, pressure or partial pressure, temperature, flow rate, relative humidity, etc.). More specifically, the system 100 can be used to control the water content of the liquid desiccant to enable the system 100 and/or equipment or components coupled thereto to operate autonomously to dehumidify air as needed in conditions varying across, for example, a range specified by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).
  • ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers
  • the system 100 can be configured to condition an inlet air flow with a humidity level between about 25% to about 100% and a temperature between about 32° Fahrenheit (F) to about 95° F to produce an outlet air flow with a substantially consistent humidity level and temperature.
  • F temperature between about 32° Fahrenheit
  • Such variances in the inlet air flow relatively to the substantially consistent outlet air flow result in large variances in the water content removed by the liquid desiccant, which in turn, can be controlled, autonomously, by the regeneration system 100.
  • the system 100 includes at least a heat source 145, a liquid reservoir 122 containing a volume of a liquid desiccant, a heat exchanger 124, a heat sensor control actuator 155, and a heat and mass exchanger 125.
  • the system 100 also includes a controller 170 in communication with at least a water content/amount sensor 172 and a heat sensor 174.
  • the system 100 can be any suitable system or portion of a system.
  • the system 100 is at least a portion of a regeneration side, subsystem, assembly, etc. of a liquid desiccant air conditioning system.
  • the system 100 can perform a regeneration process by transferring a volume of liquid desiccant, having a first water content or amount, from the liquid reservoir 122 through the heat exchanger 124, wherein the liquid desiccant is heated by the heat source 145.
  • the liquid desiccant is then transferred through the heat and mass exchanger 125, wherein regeneration gas (e.g., air) is placed in fluid communication with the liquid desiccant such that a portion of the water content in the liquid desiccant is transferred to the regeneration air.
  • regeneration gas e.g., air
  • the liquid desiccant is then transferred back to the liquid reservoir 122 with a second water content or amount, less than or equal to the first water content or amount.
  • the controller 170 is configured to control one or more system components, parameters, characteristics, states, etc.
  • the heat source 145 of the system 100 can be any suitable source of heat configured to transfer thermal energy from the heat source 145 to a component, a fluid, and/or the like.
  • the heat source 145 can be a system, device, mechanism, reservoir, etc. configured to transfer thermal energy to a fluid contained therein.
  • the heat source 145 can be associated with a heating of a fluid as the fluid flows through a compressor of a vapor-compression system or the like, as described in further detail herein.
  • the heat source 145 can be a reservoir or the like that can transfer heat to a fluid contained therein.
  • the heat source 145 can use geothermal energy, solar energy, electric energy, gas energy, waste energy from another heat source, and/or any other suitable energy source to heat the fluid contained therein.
  • the heat source 145 includes and/or is coupled to one or more heat sensors 174 and one or more heat transfer control actuators 155.
  • the heat sensor 174 can sense a heat quality or quantity of the heat source 145 and/or a fluid contained therein and, in response, can send a corresponding signal to the controller 170.
  • the heat sensor 174 can be a temperature sensor (i.e., thermometer), a pressure sensor, and/or a combination thereof configured to directly or indirectly measure a state of the heat source 145 (e.g., a heat quality or the like).
  • the heat sensor 174 can sense a pressure within the discharge or liquid-line of the vapor-compression refrigeration system and/or heat pump. Moreover, based at least in part on the signal sent from the heat sensor 174 the heat transfer control actuator 155 can be actuated (e.g., by the controller 170) to increase or decrease a heat quality or quantity of the heat source 145 and/or a rate of heat transfer from the heat source 145.
  • the heat transfer control actuator 155 can be one or more fans or the like configured to receive an operating signal from the controller 170 and, in response, can circulate a flow of air that can be operable in varying a temperature and/or heat quality of the heat source 145, as described in further detail herein.
  • the liquid reservoir 122 can be any suitable reservoir configured to receive and store a liquid.
  • the liquid reservoir 122 is configured to store a volume of liquid desiccant.
  • the liquid reservoir 122 can include and/or can be operably coupled to a water content sensor 172.
  • the water content sensor 172 can sense, for example, a water content of the liquid desiccant within the liquid reservoir 122 and, in response, can send a corresponding signal to the controller 170.
  • the water content sensor 172 can be a level sensor (e.g., including one or more floats or the like), hydrometer, hygrometer, and/or any other suitable sensor or combination of sensors.
  • the water content sensor 172 can also sense a total volume of liquid within the liquid reservoir 122 to sense an overfill state (e.g., resulting in spillage of the liquid), an under-fill state (e.g., resulting in potential damage to components of the system), and/or other states in between.
  • an overfill state e.g., resulting in spillage of the liquid
  • an under-fill state e.g., resulting in potential damage to components of the system
  • the liquid reservoir 122 can include and/or can otherwise be in fluid communication with a pump (e.g., a sump pump) that can withdraw a volume of the liquid desiccant from the liquid reservoir 122.
  • a pump e.g., a sump pump
  • the liquid reservoir 122 can include and/or can be coupled to a water source or the like.
  • the water source can provide a flow of water to the liquid reservoir 122, for example, if the water sensor 172 determines the water content of the liquid desiccant contained in the liquid reservoir 122 is below a predetermined threshold.
  • the liquid reservoir 122 can be fluidically coupled to a pump and/or an overfill outlet that can transfer fluid (e.g., water and/or liquid desiccant) out of the liquid reservoir 122 and into the water source or other overfill storage reservoir.
  • the liquid desiccant heat exchanger 124 can be any suitable heat exchanger.
  • the heat exchanger 124 can be a closed-loop heat exchanger in which the heat exchanger transfers thermal energy from one fluid to another fluid (or another portion of the same fluid) without placing the fluids in fluid communication.
  • the heat exchanger 124 can define two fluidically isolated flow paths through which one fluid or the other fluid flows. In this manner, the heat exchanger 124 can receive a quantity or quality of thermal energy from the heat source 145 and can transfer at least a portion of that thermal energy to a volume of liquid desiccant flowing through the heat exchanger 124, as described in further detail herein.
  • the heat and mass exchanger 125 can be any suitable heat and mass exchanger.
  • the heat and mass exchanger 125 can be an open-loop heat and mass exchanger in which the heat and mass exchanger 125 places the two fluids in fluid communication to transfer thermal energy and/or mass from one fluid to another fluid (or another portion of the same fluid).
  • the heat and mass exchanger 125 can be, for example, a matrix or the like configured to receive a flow of liquid desiccant and a flow of gas (e.g., air).
  • the liquid desiccant can flow along at least a portion of the surfaces formed by the matrix, while a volume of gas is concurrently flowed through the matrix.
  • the liquid desiccant and the volume of gas are placed in fluid communication, which in turn, can allow a portion of thermal energy and mass from the liquid desiccant to transfer to the volume of the gas, as described in further detail herein.
  • the controller 170 included in the system 100 can be any suitable type of controller configured to send and/or receive one or more signals associated with an operating instruction and/or an operating condition.
  • the controller 170 can be an electronic device such as a personal computer (PC), a workstation, and/or any other logic device.
  • the controller 170 can be and/or can include a PLC device, as described above. In this manner, the controller 170 can include at least a memory, a processor, and a communication interface.
  • the processor can run or execute a set of instructions, code, or modules stored in the memory associated with controlling and/or defining one or more parameters of the system 100, based at least in part on a signal received from water content sensor 172, the heat sensor 174, and/or any other component included in the system 100.
  • the processor can send one or more signals associated with the parameter(s) to any of the components included in the system 100 to control the corresponding component (e.g., the heat transfer control actuator 155).
  • a controller 170 can be one or more electromechanical controls in which the sensors 172 and 174 are electrically coupled to a corresponding relay or set of relays, which in turn, are coupled to the heat transfer control actuator 155 (and or any other suitable component of the system 100).
  • the system 100 can be configured to control a water content of a liquid desiccant and/or a transfer rate of water from the liquid desiccant to, for example, an airstream. More specifically, in some embodiments, the system 100 can be a regeneration side and/or subsystem of a liquid desiccant air conditioning system.
  • the liquid reservoir 122 can include and/or can contain a volume of liquid desiccant with a relatively high water content resulting from a dehumidification process, wherein the liquid desiccant receives and/or removes water from an airstream.
  • the heat source 145 can provide a heated fluid or the like, which can flow through a first flow path defined by the heat exchanger 124.
  • the liquid desiccant can flow from the liquid reservoir 122 through a second flow path defined by the heat exchanger 124 and as such, an amount, quantity, and/or quality of thermal energy can be transferred from the heat source 145 (e.g., the flow of the heated fluid provided by the heat source 145) to the flow of liquid desiccant.
  • the heat source 145 can provide a superheated vapor resulting from a compression cycle of a vapor- compression system.
  • the transfer of thermal energy can be sufficient to cool the superheated vapor to an extent that at least some of the vapor condenses from a gas to a liquid form.
  • a state change e.g., a latent transformation from a gas to a liquid
  • the transfer of thermal energy from the superheated vapor within the heat exchanger 124 can desuperheat the vapor substantially without condensation (condensing).
  • the increase in the temperature increases the heat quantity and/or quality of a volume of the liquid desiccant such that an amount of heat associated with a volume of the liquid desiccant downstream or after flowing through the heat exchanger 124 is greater than an amount of heat associated with a volume of the liquid desiccant upstream or prior to flowing through the heat exchanger 124.
  • the liquid desiccant flows from the heat exchanger 124 to the heat and mass exchanger 125.
  • the heat and mass exchanger 125 can be a matrix or the like configured to receive the heated liquid desiccant and a flow of air.
  • a volume of air is placed in fluid communication with the liquid desiccant, which in turn, can allow a portion of thermal energy and mass (water) from the liquid desiccant to transfer to the volume of the air.
  • the increased heat quality (e.g., temperature) of the liquid desiccant results in an increased partial pressure of the water content of the liquid desiccant.
  • the liquid desiccant is placed in fluid communication with the air, having a lower partial pressure of water, at least a portion of the water content within the liquid desiccant is transferred to the air (e.g., a mass exchange). Having transferred at least a portion of the water content from the liquid desiccant to the air, the liquid desiccant can flow from the heat and mass exchanger 125 back to the liquid reservoir 122 and the air can be rejected as exhaust.
  • the controller 170 is configured to control and/or manage the water content in the liquid desiccant.
  • the controller 170 can receive one or more signals from the water content sensor 172 and/or the heat sensor 174 and based at least in part on the one or more signals, the controller 170 can (1) determine a current state of the system 100 and/or a current water content of the liquid desiccant and (2) can send a signal, for example, to the heat transfer control actuator 155 to increase or decrease an amount, quality, quantity, and/or rate of thermal energy transferred to the liquid desiccant.
  • the water content sensor 172 can send a signal to the controller 170 associated with a water content of the liquid desiccant being above a predetermined threshold.
  • the controller 170 can define one or more control parameters operable in decreasing the water content in the liquid desiccant and can send, for example, a signal to the heat transfer control actuator 155 indicative of the one or more control parameters.
  • the one or more control parameters can be an instruction to decrease a volumetric flow rate of a cooling air flow to the heat source 145 (e.g., by decreasing a speed of one or more fans and/or decreasing a number of fans in an "on" mode), decrease a volumetric flow rate of the heated fluid from the heat source 145, open one or more valves such that the liquid desiccant flows through a second heat exchanger (not shown in FIG. 1) prior to flowing through the heat and mass exchanger 125, decreasing a volumetric flow rate of the liquid desiccant, and/or the like.
  • the controller 170 can actively control and/or manage one or more parameters of the system 100 to manage water content within the liquid desiccant.
  • the water content sensor 172 and the heat sensor 174 can send signals to the controller 170 and based on the signals, the controller 170 can update and/or change the one or more parameters of the system 100.
  • the water content sensor 172 and the heat sensor 174 can each send a signal, for example, at a predetermined interval.
  • the water content sensor 172 and the heat sensor 174 send a signal when an operating condition satisfies an operating criterion or, alternatively, when the operating condition is outside of a predetermined range of conditions, defined by the controller 170.
  • the water content sensor 172 can include one or more floats or the like configured to sense a height associated with a volume of the liquid desiccant in the liquid reservoir 122. As such, when the height of the volume of the liquid desiccant is outside of a predetermined range associated with a range of float positions, the water content sensor 172 can send a signal to the controller 170 indicative of the water content of the liquid desiccant.
  • the water content sensor 172, the heat sensor 174, the heat transfer control actuator 155, and the controller 170 can define a feedback loop or the like that can define a future operating condition based at least in part on a past and/or current operating condition.
  • the controller 170 can control the water content of the liquid desiccant when the water content is below a predetermined threshold.
  • the controller 170 can define a substantially opposite set of control parameters than those described above and/or can define any other suitable control parameter. As such, the controller 170 can limit damage to system components that might otherwise be associated with a water content of the liquid desiccant that is below the predetermined threshold.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a liquid desiccant air conditioning system 200 according to an embodiment.
  • the liquid desiccant air conditioning system 200 can be substantially similar to those described in the '982 publication incorporated by reference above.
  • the liquid desiccant air conditioning system 200 (also referred to herein as "system") includes a process portion 210, a regeneration portion 220, and a vapor-compression portion 240, and a controller 270.
  • the vapor-compression portion 240 circulates a fluid (e.g., a refrigerant) through a vapor-compression cycle to produce a flow of conditioned air.
  • a fluid e.g., a refrigerant
  • the process side 210 of the system 200 receives, for example, the flow of conditioned air and places the flow of conditioned air in fluid communication with a liquid desiccant to produce (1) a flow of treated air with substantially lower humidity and (2) a volume of liquid desiccant having a corresponding increased humidity (i.e., water content).
  • the regeneration side 220 of the system 200 receives a flow of regeneration air and places the flow of regeneration air in fluid communication with at least a portion of the volume of liquid desiccant having the increased humidity, which is heated via the heat rejection of the vapor-compression portion 240, to produce (1) a flow of exhaust air with substantially higher humidity and (2) a volume of liquid desiccant having a corresponding decreased humidity.
  • the controller 270 of the system 200 receives signals representing operational data from one or more sensors and based on the operational data, defines one or more operating parameters. The controller 270, in turn, sends signals representing the operating parameters to one or more components within the system 200.
  • the system 200 to operate autonomously to dehumidify, condition, and/or otherwise treat air as needed in conditions varying across, for example, a range specified by ASHRAE.
  • the system 200 can be configured to condition an inlet air flow with a humidity level between about 25% to about 100% and a temperature between about 32° Fahrenheit (F) to about 95° F to produce an outlet air flow with a substantially consistent humidity level and temperature.
  • F temperature between about 32° Fahrenheit
  • Such variances in the inlet air flow relatively to the substantially consistent outlet air flow result in large variances in the water content removed by the liquid desiccant, which in turn, can be controlled, autonomously, by the controller 270, as described in further detail herein.
  • the vapor-compression portion 240 can be any suitable system, subsystem, assembly, etc. In some embodiments, the vapor-compression portion 240 can be included in and/or can form a refrigeration and/or air conditioning system. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the vapor-compression portion 240 includes a first heat exchanger, 242, a compressor 245, a second heat exchanger 246, a third heat exchanger 248, and an expansion valve 250. In some embodiments, the vapor-compression portion 240 can be, for example, a standard air conditioning system or the like. In some instances, the vapor-compression portion 240 can be operated as, for example, a refrigeration cycle in which heat is transferred from a colder environment to a hotter environment. In other instances, the vapor-compression portion 240 can be operated as, for example, a heat pump in which heat is transferred from a hotter environment to a colder environment (i.e., in a substantially opposite cycle as a refrigeration cycle).
  • the vapor-compression portion 240 defines a closed-loop flow path within which a fluid is circulated (briefly described herein for context).
  • the circulating fluid e.g., a refrigerant such as R-134A or the like
  • the compressor 245 enters the compressor 245 where the fluid is compressed to a relatively high pressure, thereby increasing the temperature of the fluid.
  • the increase in the temperature results in a state change of the fluid from a liquid to a superheated vapor.
  • the superheated vapor i.e., the fluid
  • the second heat exchanger 246 in which the superheated vapor rejects a quantity or quality of heat.
  • the second heat exchanger 246 can be, for example, a condenser or the like within which, the superheated vapor is at least partially condensed (i.e., a latent transformation from a gas or vapor to a liquid). Such a state change can further release thermal energy, which, in turn, is rejected via the second heat exchanger 246 (condenser).
  • the second heat exchanger 246 can be, for example, a desuperheater or the like in which the superheated vapor is cooled substantially without condensing.
  • the fluid can then flow within the flow path into the second heat exchanger 248, in which the cooled and/or partially condensed fluid is further cooled.
  • a set of control actuators 255 can be operatively coupled to the second heat exchanger 248 and configured to control a quantity or quality of thermal energy transferred from the second heat exchanger 248, as described in further detail herein.
  • the second heat exchanger 248 can be a condenser configured to receive a flow of desuperheated vapor from the second heat exchanger 246.
  • the second heat exchanger 246 can be a first condenser and the second heat exchanger 248 can be a second condenser.
  • the second condenser can receive a flow of at least partially condensed fluid, which can then reject a quantity or quality of heat, via the second condenser, to transform to a substantially condensed fluid.
  • the third heat exchanger 248 can be, for example, a subcooler or the like configured to subcool the fluid (e.g., cool below a saturation temperature of the fluid to ensure the fluid is in a completely liquid state.
  • the second heat exchanger 246 and the second heat exchanger 248 can each be desuperheaters configured to cool the superheated vapor substantially without condensing.
  • the vapor-compression portion 240 can include one or more valves and/or the like which can, for example, bypass the third heat exchanger 248 based at least in part on a temperature or pressure of the fluid within, the second heat exchanger 246, as described in further detail herein.
  • the at least desuperheated or partially condensed fluid flows within the flow path to the expansion valve 250, in which the pressure of the fluid is abruptly decreased, thereby reducing the temperature of the fluid.
  • the pressure drop through the expansion valve 250 can result in, for example, flash evaporation of the fluid (e.g., adiabatic expansion sufficient to result in partial evaporation).
  • the cooled fluid then flows within the flow path to the first heat exchanger 242, in which the condensed and/or cooled fluid absorbs a quantity or quality of heat.
  • the first heat exchanger 242 can be, for example, an evaporator or the like.
  • the evaporator can receive, for example, a liquid gas mixture or at least partially condensed fluid, which can receive a quantity or quality of heat, via the evaporator, to transform to an evaporated vapor (e.g., subsuperheated vapor).
  • the operating conditions of the first heat exchanger 242 e.g., pressure, temperature, etc.
  • the expansion valve can increase a volumetric flow rate therethrough, which in turn, allows the fluid to absorb more heat from the evaporator.
  • a flow of evaporated fluid e.g., subsuperheated vapor
  • the process portion 210 of the system 200 includes at least a liquid reservoir 212, a process heat exchanger 214, and a process heat and mass exchanger 215.
  • the liquid reservoir 212 can be any suitable reservoir, container, tank, pressure vessel, and/or the like configured to contain a volume of a liquid desiccant, such as those described above.
  • the process heat exchanger 214 can be any suitable heat exchanger.
  • the process heat exchanger 214 can be a closed-loop heat exchanger in which the process heat exchanger 214 transfers thermal energy from one fluid to another fluid (or another portion of the same fluid) without placing the fluids in fluid communication.
  • the process heat exchanger 214 defines a first fluid flow path and a second fluid flow path, fluidically isolated from the first fluid flow path.
  • the first fluid flow path places the process heat exchanger 214 in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 212 and the process heat and mass exchanger 215.
  • the first fluid flow path receives a flow of liquid desiccant (e.g., via a pump in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 212), which can then reject a quantity or quality of heat, via the process heat exchanger 214.
  • the second fluid flow path is fluidically isolated from the first fluid flow path, the flow paths are not thermally isolated.
  • a quantity or quality of thermal energy can be transferred from the liquid desiccant flowing within the first fluid flow path to a fluid flowing within the second fluid flow path, resulting in a flow of liquid desiccant with a reduced heat quality or quantity, as described in further detail herein.
  • the second fluid flow path of the process heat exchanger 214 places the process heat exchanger 214 in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger 242 of the vapor- compression portion 240.
  • the second fluid flow path can be, for example, a substantially closed-loop flow path.
  • a fluid e.g., a refrigerant, water, and/or any other suitable fluid
  • a quantity or quality of thermal energy is transferred from the fluid within the flow path of the process portion 210 (e.g., the second flow path of the process heat exchanger 214) to the fluid within the flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the fluid within the flow path of the process portion 210 and a fluid within the flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240 flow through the first heat exchanger 242 of the vapor-compression portion 240 to transfer a quantity and/or quality of heat therebetween.
  • This arrangement of the process heat exchanger 214 of the process portion 210 and the first heat exchanger 242 of the vapor-compression portion 240 allows the liquid desiccant to transfer a quantity and/or quality of thermal energy to the fluid within the second fluid path of the process heat exchanger 214, which in turn, transfers a quantity and/or quality of thermal energy to the fluid (e.g., refrigerant) within the fluid flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240, thereby resulting in evaporation of the fluid of the vapor-compression portion 240, as described above.
  • the fluid e.g., refrigerant
  • the process heat and mass exchanger 215 can be any suitable heat and mass exchanger.
  • the process heat and mass exchanger 215 can be an open-loop heat and mass exchanger in which two fluids are placed in fluid communication to transfer thermal energy and/or mass (e.g., liquid content) from one fluid to another fluid (or another portion of the same fluid).
  • the process heat and mass exchanger 215 is, for example, a matrix or the like configured to receive a flow of liquid desiccant and a flow of air.
  • the matrix can include any number of surfaces along which the liquid desiccant can flow. The number of surfaces of the matrix is associated with, for example, a surface area of the matrix along which the liquid desiccant can flow.
  • the process heat and mass exchanger 215 receives a flow of gas (e.g., "Process Air” in FIG. 2), which in turn flows through the matrix.
  • a quantity or quality of thermal energy and mass can be transferred from the process air to the liquid desiccant.
  • a portion of liquid content in the process air i.e., water in the form of humidity
  • a flow of air e.g., "Treated Air” in FIG.
  • the process portion 210 of the system 200 can include an optional outlet heat exchanger 218. More specifically, the outlet heat exchanger 218 is fluidically coupled to a valve 216 configured to selectively place the outlet heat exchanger 218 in fluid communication with the fluid flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240. In addition, the outlet heat exchanger 218 is fluidically coupled to the fluid flow path defined between the process heat exchanger 214 of the process portion 210 and the first heat exchanger 242 of the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • valve 216 can be transitioned (e.g., by the controller 270 or the like) from a closed configuration, in which the outlet heat exchanger 218 is fluidically isolated from the fluid flow path of the vapor- compression portion 240 to an open configuration, in which the outlet heat exchanger 218 is in fluid communication with the fluid flow path defined by the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the valve 216 can be, for example, downstream of the second heat exchanger 246 and the third heat exchanger 248 of the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the valve 216 when the valve 216 is in the open configuration, at least a portion of the cooled fluid (e.g., substantially condensed or subcooled by the second heat exchanger 246 and/or the third heat exchanger 248) flowing within the vapor-compression portion 240 can flow through the valve 216 and through the outlet heat exchanger 218.
  • the flow of treated air exiting the process heat and mass exchanger 215 can flow across the outlet heat exchanger 218.
  • valve 216 can be, for example, an expansion valve or the like, which can operate in conjunction with and/or instead of the expansion valve 250.
  • the expansion valve 250 can be transitioned to a closed configuration (e.g., via the controller 270 or the like) and the flow of the fluid within the vapor-compression portion 240 can be directed through the valve 216 in substantially the same manner as the fluid would otherwise flow through the expansion valve 250.
  • the expansion valve 250 and the valve 216 can operate in tandem (e.g., a first portion of the fluid flows through the valve 216 and a second portion of the fluid flows through the valve 250).
  • valve 216 is shown as being downstream of the second heat exchanger 246 and the third heat exchanger 248, in other embodiments, the valve 216 can be in fluid communication with the fluid flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240 in a position that is upstream of the second heat exchanger 246 and the third heat exchanger 248. In such embodiments, when the valve 216 is transitioned to an open configuration, the outlet heat exchanger 218 can receive a flow of, for example, superheated vapor or desuperheated liquid flowing from the compressor 245.
  • the outlet heat exchanger 218 can transfer a quantity and/or quality of thermal energy from the fluid of the vapor-compression portion 240 to the treated air, resulting in a heated treated airflow exiting the system 200.
  • the outlet heat exchanger 218 can be fluidically coupled (e.g., via a set of valves) to the fluid flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240 in an upstream as well as a downstream position relative to the second heat exchanger 246 and the third heat exchanger 248. As such, the outlet heat exchanger 218 can be used to either cool the treated air or heat the treated air.
  • the regeneration portion 220 of the system 200 is configured to reduce and/or otherwise manage a water or humidity of the liquid desiccant.
  • the process portion 220 includes at least liquid reservoir 222, a regeneration heat exchanger 224, and a regeneration heat and mass exchanger 225.
  • the liquid reservoir 222 can be any suitable reservoir, container, tank, pressure vessel, and/or the like configured to contain a volume of liquid desiccant. As shown in FIG. 2, the liquid reservoir 222 is in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 212.
  • the liquid reservoirs 212 and 222 can be, for example, a single liquid reservoir including a single volume or multiple volumes in fluid communication via any number of valves or the like.
  • the regeneration heat exchanger 224 can be substantially similar to the process heat exchanger 214. In this manner, the regeneration heat exchanger 224 can define a fluid flow path in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 222 and the regeneration heat and mass exchanger 225 and a second fluid flow path in fluid communication with the second heat exchanger 246 of the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the regeneration heat exchanger 224 defines a first fluid flow path and a second fluid flow path, fluidically isolated from the first fluid flow path.
  • the first fluid flow path places the regeneration heat exchanger 224 in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 222 and the regeneration heat and mass exchanger 225.
  • the first fluid flow path receives a flow of liquid desiccant (e.g., via a pump in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 222), which can then receive a quantity or quality of thermal energy from a fluid flowing within the second fluid flow path of the regeneration heat exchanger 224, resulting in a flow of liquid desiccant with an increased heat quality or quantity, as described in further detail herein.
  • the second fluid flow path of the regeneration heat exchanger 224 places the regeneration heat exchanger 224 in fluid communication with the second heat exchanger 246 of the vapor-compression portion 240. In this manner, a quantity or quality of thermal energy can be transferred from the fluid within the flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240 to the fluid within the flow path of the regeneration portion 220 (e.g., in a substantially opposite process as described above with reference to the process portion 210).
  • This arrangement of the regeneration heat exchanger 224 and the second heat exchanger 246 allows the fluid within the second fluid flow path of the regeneration heat exchanger 224 to receive a quantity and/or quality of thermal energy from the fluid (e.g., refrigerant) within the fluid flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240, which in some embodiments, can at least desuperheat and/or partially condense the fluid within the fluid flow path of the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the fluid e.g., refrigerant
  • the fluid within the second fluid flow path of the regeneration heat exchanger 224 can, in turn, transfer a quality and/or quantity of thermal energy to the liquid desiccant, thereby resulting in a flow of liquid desiccant exiting the regeneration heat exchanger 224 with an increased quality and/or quantity of thermal energy (e.g., a substantially opposite process as described above with reference to the process portion 210).
  • the regeneration heat and mass exchanger 225 receives a flow of the liquid desiccant having the increased heat quantity and/or quality.
  • the regeneration heat and mass exchanger 225 can be a matrix or the like configured to receive the heated liquid desiccant and a flow of a gas.
  • a flow of gas e.g., "Regeneration Air” in FIG. 2
  • the increased heat quality and/or quantity of the liquid desiccant increases, for example, the partial pressure of the water content of the liquid desiccant.
  • the liquid desiccant when the liquid desiccant is placed in fluid communication with the regeneration air, having a lower partial pressure of water, at least a portion of the water content within the liquid desiccant is transferred to the regeneration air (e.g., a mass exchange). Having transferred at least a portion of the water content from the liquid desiccant to the regeneration air, the liquid desiccant flows from the regeneration heat and mass exchanger 225 back to the liquid reservoir 222 and a flow of air (e.g., "Exhaust Air" in FIG. 2) is rejected. In this manner, the regeneration portion 220 regenerates and/or otherwise reduces the water content in the liquid desiccant, thereby allowing a volume of the liquid desiccant to absorb water content from the process air in the process portion 210, as described above.
  • the regeneration air e.g., a mass exchange
  • the controller 270 of the system 200 can be used to actively monitor and/or otherwise control a water content within the liquid desiccant. Moreover, the controller 270 can autonomously monitor and/or autonomously control the water content within the liquid desiccant, based at least in part on current and/or past operating conditions (i.e., via a feedback system). As shown in FIG. 2, the controller 270 includes and/or is operably coupled to a water content sensor 272, a heat quality sensor 274, the set of control actuators 255, and the compressor 245.
  • the controller 270 can be any suitable type of controller configured to send and/or receive one or more signals associated with an operating instruction and/or an operating condition.
  • the controller 270 can be an electromechanical control system or the like.
  • the controller 270 can include a set of relays or the like that are electrically coupled to the water content sensor 272 and the heat quality sensor 274, as well as the set of control actuators 255 and the compressor 245. In this manner, one or more relays can receive a signal from the sensors 272 and/or 274, which in turn, can cause the relay to open or close an electric circuit.
  • the relay can send an electric signal and/or electric power to the set of control actuators 255 and/or the compressor 245, which can alter, vary, adjust, and/or otherwise change an operating condition associated with the set of control actuators 255 and/or the compressor 245, respectively.
  • the controller 270 can be an electronic device such as a personal computer (PC), a workstation, and/or any other logic device.
  • the controller 270 can be and/or can include a PLC, as described above.
  • the controller 270 can include at least a memory, a processor, and an input/output interface.
  • the input/output (I/O) interface can be, for example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface; an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394 interface (FireWire); a ThunderboltTM interface; a Serial ATA (SATA) interface or external Serial ATA (eSATA) interface; a network interface card (including one or more Ethernet ports and/or a wireless radios such as a wireless fidelity (WiFi®) radio, a Bluetooth® radio, or the like); and/or the like.
  • the memory can be, for example, a random access memory (RAM), a memory buffer, a hard drive, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable readonly memory (EPROM), and/or the like.
  • the processor can be any suitable processing device such as a general purpose processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), and Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and/or the like.
  • the processor can run or execute a set of instructions, code, logic, or modules stored in the memory associated with controlling and/or defining one or more parameters of the system 200, based at least in part on a signal received, via the I/O interface, from water content sensor 272, the heat quality sensor 274, and/or any other component included in the system 200.
  • the processor can send one or more signals, via the I O interface, associated with the parameter(s) to any of the components included in the system 200 to control the corresponding component (e.g., the set of control actuators 255, the compressor 245, and/or any other suitable component).
  • the corresponding component e.g., the set of control actuators 255, the compressor 245, and/or any other suitable component.
  • the water content sensor 272 can be any suitable sensor or the like.
  • the water content sensor 272 can be substantially similar to the water content sensor 172.
  • the water content sensor 272 is in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 222 and is configured to send a signal to the controller 270 associated with a water content contained therein.
  • the water content sensor 272 can be in fluid communication with both liquid reservoirs 222 and 212.
  • the water content sensor 272 can be in fluid communication with that combined liquid reservoir.
  • the water content sensor 272 can be in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 212 of the process portion 210 rather than the liquid reservoir 222 of the regeneration portion 220.
  • the water content sensor 272 can sense, for example, a water content of the liquid desiccant within the liquid reservoir 222 and, in response, can send a corresponding signal to the controller 270.
  • the water content sensor 272 can be a level sensor, a hydrometer, a hygrometer, and/or any other suitable sensor or combination of sensors.
  • the water content sensor 272 can be a level sensor including one or more floats or the like that can determine a water content based on volume, height, and/or level of the liquid desiccant within the liquid reservoir 222.
  • the water content sensor 272 can sensor a water content of the solution (i.e., the liquid desiccant) by determining a fill level or fill volume of the solution in the liquid reservoir 222.
  • the water content sensor 272 can include one or more floats that each has a predetermined range of travel.
  • a change in the fill volume of the solution results in a change in position of at least one float or otherwise results in an amount of travel of at least one float, which in turn, can transition a switch or the like associated with that float from a first state or configuration to a second state or configuration.
  • the transitioning of the switch can cause the water content sensor 272 to send a signal to the controller 270 associated with the change in position, state, and/or configuration of that float.
  • the water content sensor 272 can sense a total volume of liquid within the liquid reservoir 222 to sense an overfill state (e.g., resulting in spillage of the liquid), an under-fill state (e.g., resulting in potential damage to components of the system), and/or any other predetermined state in between.
  • the heat quality sensor 274 can sense a heat quality or quantity associated with the fluid flowing within the vapor-compression portion 240 (e.g., a heat source) and, in response, can send a corresponding signal to the controller 270.
  • the heat quality sensor 274 can be a temperature sensor (i.e., thermometer), a pressure sensor, and/or a combination thereof configured to directly or indirectly measure a heat quality or quantity associated with the fluid circulating through the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the heat quality sensor 274 can sense a pressure within the discharge or liquid-line of the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the heat quality sensor 274 is operably coupled to the second heat exchanger 246 of the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the quantity or quality of thermal energy transferred to the fluid from being compressed by the compressor 245 is associated with the pressure of the fluid in the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • the superheated vapor can cool to the point where it begins to condense, which in turn, results in a majority of thermal energy transferred from the fluid to the fluid of the regeneration portion 220 due to the latent transformation from gas to liquid.
  • the reduction of temperature of the fluid through the second heat exchanger 246 results in a corresponding reduction of pressure and thus, the heat quality sensor 274 can monitor the pressure of the fluid of the vapor- compression portion 240 as the fluid is desuperheated and/or condensed, which in turn, indicates the quality (i.e., temperature) of the thermal energy.
  • the set of control actuators 255 can be any suitable device, mechanism, assembly, actuator, etc. configured to vary an operating condition of the system 200 based at least in part on a signal received from the controller 270.
  • the set of control actuators 255 can be one or more variable speed fans configured to provide airflow to the third heat exchanger 248, as shown in FIG. 2. In this manner, varying the speed of the fans can vary the pressure of condensation within the vapor-compression portion 240, which in turn, can vary the temperature of the fluid flowing through the second heat exchanger 246.
  • the set of control actuators 255 can be a set of single speed fans configured to provide airflow to the third heat exchanger 248.
  • the controller 270 can send a signal operable in turning on or off any suitable number of fans, which in turn, can vary a volumetric flow rate of the air to the third heat exchanger 248.
  • the quantity and/or quality of thermal energy transferred to the fluid, for example, flowing within the first flow path of the regeneration heat exchanger 224 is varied and thus, the quantity and/or quality of thermal energy transferred to the liquid desiccant prior to entering the regeneration heat and mass exchanger 225.
  • the controller 270 can receive a signal from the water content sensor 272 indicative of the water content falling below a predetermined threshold (e.g., a determined by the travel of one or more floats exceeding a predetermined threshold). Based at least in part on the signal received from the water content sensor 272, the controller 270 can define an operating parameter for the set of control actuators 255 (e.g., one or more fans). In some instances, the operating parameter can be associated with, for example, increasing a volumetric flow rate of air across the third heat exchanger 248 to decrease the pressure associated with condensing and/or saturating the fluid within the vapor-compression portion 240.
  • a predetermined threshold e.g., a determined by the travel of one or more floats exceeding a predetermined threshold.
  • the controller 270 can define an operating parameter for the set of control actuators 255 (e.g., one or more fans).
  • the operating parameter can be associated with, for example, increasing a volumetric flow rate of air across the third heat exchanger 2
  • the controller 270 can define a substantially opposite operating parameter.
  • the controller 270 can send a signal to the set of control actuators 255 (e.g., one or more fans) indicative of an instruction to decreases or stop a volumetric flow rate of air across the third heat exchanger 248 to increase the pressure associated with condensing and/or saturating the fluid within the vapor- compression portion 240.
  • the set of control actuators 255 are described in the example as being one or more fans, in other embodiments, the set of control actuators 255 can include and/or form a flow metering device or the like configured to control a flow rate of a fluid through a portion of the vapor-compression portion 240, the regeneration portion 220, and/or the process portion 210. Accordingly, the rate of thermal energy transfer can be increased or decreased.
  • the water content sensor 272 can send a signal to the controller 270 that is indicative of the water content being less than a predetermined threshold.
  • the controller 270 can define one or more operating conditions and can send a signal to the set of control actuators 255 which can, for example, send a signal to a pump or the like (not shown in FIG. 2) in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 222 of the regeneration process 220 that causes a volumetric flow rate of the liquid desiccant to be decreased or stopped, resulting in a decrease in or stopping of, respectively, water transfer between the liquid desiccant and the regeneration air.
  • the set of control actuators 255 can be operable in transitioning the valve 216 of the process portion 210 between its open and its closed configuration (as described in detail above).
  • the controller 270 can receive a signal and/or can otherwise define an operating condition associated with an additional cooling of the treated air.
  • the controller 270 can send a signal to the set of control actuators 255, which in turn, can be operable to transition the valve 216 from its closed configuration to its open configuration.
  • the water content sensor 272 can send a signal to the controller 270 indicative of the water content greatly exceeding a predetermined threshold.
  • the controller 270 can define one or more operating conditions and can send a signal to the set of control actuators 255 which can, for example, send a signal to a pump or the like (not shown in FIG. 2) in fluid communication with the liquid reservoir 212 of the process portion 210 that causes a volumetric flow rate of the liquid desiccant to be decreased or stopped, resulting in a decrease in or stopping of, respectively, water transfer from the process air to the liquid desiccant.
  • the controller 270 can receive a signal from the water content sensor 272 and/or the heat quality sensor 274 and can define a set of operating conditions associated with, for example, the compressor 245 of the vapor-compression portion 240. For example, in some instances, the controller 270 can send a signal to the compressor 245 operable in increasing an output pressure of the fluid in response to the water content sensor 272 determining the water content is below a predetermined threshold. Conversely, when the water content is above a predetermined threshold, the controller 270 can send a signal to the compressor 245 operable in reducing an outlet pressure of the compressor 245.
  • the heat exchangers 214 and/or 224 can be, for example, reversible heat exchangers.
  • the process heat exchanger 214 is described above as cooling a flow of liquid desiccant and the regeneration heat exchanger 224 is described above as heating a flow of liquid desiccant, in some instances, the process heat exchanger 214 can heat the flow of liquid desiccant and/or the regeneration heat exchanger 224 can cool the flow of liquid desiccant.
  • the controller 270 can actively control and/or manage one or more parameters of the system 200 to manage water content within the liquid desiccant.
  • the water content sensor 272 and the heat quality sensor 274 can send signals to the controller 270 and based on the signals can update and/or change the one or more parameters of the system 200.
  • the water content sensor 272 and the heat quality sensor 274 can each send a signal, for example, at a predetermined interval.
  • the water content sensor 272 and the heat quality sensor 274 send a signal when an operating condition satisfies an operating criterion or, alternatively, when the operating condition is outside of a predetermined range of conditions, defined by the controller 270.
  • the water content sensor 272, the heat quality sensor 274, the set of control actuators 255, and the controller 270 can define a feedback loop or the like that can define a future operating condition based at least in part on a past and/or current operating condition.
  • the controller 270 and/or the water content sensor 272 can use four or five liquid levels and/or floats, the corresponding heat transfer elements (e.g., heat exchangers, condensers, evaporators, etc.), pumps (not sown in FIGS. 1 and 2), and fans to vary the temperature, and therefore vapor pressure and/or rate of change of moisture (e.g., water) content and fluid quantity within the liquid desiccant, by:
  • the controller 270 can employ a second actuator (not shown in FIG. 2).
  • the controller 270 can actuate a valve that reverses the function of a third heat exchanger (not shown in FIG. 2) from a heat sink to a heat source to further increase the condensing temperature.
  • the controller 270 can reduce a moisture collection of the process portion 210.
  • the controller 270 can reduce a pump speed and/or otherwise reduce a volumetric flow rate of the liquid desiccant from the liquid reservoir 212 and through the process heat and mass exchanger 215, which in turn, reduces a rate of moisture collection of the process portion 210.
  • controller 270 can, for example, partially activate the set of control actuators 255 (e.g., a set of fans to run at 25-100% capacity), thus transferring an intermediate amount and quality of heat from the vapor-compression system 240 to the fluid within the first flow path of the regeneration heat exchanger 224.
  • the set of control actuators 255 e.g., a set of fans to run at 25-100% capacity
  • controller 270 can further lower the condensing pressure and temperature by fully or nearly fully activating the set of control actuators 255 (e.g., a set of fans to run at 75%- 100%) to increase a flow rate and/or volume of air flowing to the third heat exchanger 248.
  • the set of control actuators 255 e.g., a set of fans to run at 75%- 100%
  • the controller 270 can fully activate the set of control actuators 255 (e.g., a set of fans to run at 100%) to lower the condensing pressure and temperature as much as possible.
  • the controller 270 can slow or stop a pump to decrease or stop the flow of the fluid between the regeneration heat exchanger 224 and the second heat exchanger 246, thereby substantially stopping moisture transfer out of the fluid.
  • a liquid desiccant air conditioning system can include any suitable water content sensor (e.g., the water content sensor 172 and/or 272) configured to (1) sense a content and/or amount of water in a volume of liquid desiccant and (2) send a signal associated with the content and/or amount of water to a controller (e.g., the controller 170 and/or 270).
  • a controller e.g., the controller 170 and/or 270
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a water content sensor 372 according to an embodiment.
  • the water content sensor 372 includes a set of floats configured to measure various liquid levels of the liquid desiccant disposed within, for example, a liquid reservoir (e.g., the liquid reservoirs 122, 212, and/or 222).
  • the water content sensor 372 includes a shaft 375 about which a first float 376A, a second float 376B, a third float 376C, a fourth float 376D, a fifth float 376E, and a coupling portion 379 are coupled.
  • the shaft 375 can be any suitable shape, size, or configuration.
  • the shaft 375 can have a length associated with a total depth of a liquid reservoir within which it is disposed.
  • the shaft 375 can be substantially hollow and configured to house any suitable electronic component, circuit, switch, relay, conductor, wire, insulator, resistor, etc.
  • the arrangement of the shaft 375 can be such that an inner volume is substantially fluidically isolated from a volume outside of the shaft 375.
  • the shaft 375 can maintain the electronic components, etc. in a substantially dry environment that is isolated from a fluidic environment within which the shaft 375.
  • the coupling portion 379 can be, for example, fixedly disposed about the shaft 375 and can be configured to couple to a portion of a liquid reservoir (not shown in FIG. 3).
  • the coupling portion 379 can be coupled to a desired position along a length of the shaft 375 to define a predetermined distance A between a surface of the coupling portion 379 configured to be in contact with an inner surface of the liquid reservoir (e.g., a top surface) and an opposite end portion of the shaft 375.
  • the end portion of the shaft 375 can be disposed at a predetermined distance B from, for example, a bottom surface of the liquid reservoir.
  • a position along a length of the shaft 375 can be determined relative to a corresponding position along a depth or height of the liquid reservoir.
  • such an arrangement is operable in defining a relationship between a position along the length of the shaft 375 and, for example, a fill volume, depth, height, etc. of the liquid reservoir.
  • the first float 376A, the second float 376B, the third float 376C, the fourth float 376D, and the fifth float 376E are each disposed about the shaft 375 for axial movement relative thereto.
  • the floats 376 are serially arranged along a length of the shaft 375 and are each configured to move in an axial direction within a predetermined range of travel along the shaft 375.
  • Each float 376 is physically and/or electrically coupled to a corresponding electronic component, circuit, etc. disposed within the shaft 375 such that movement of a given float 376A, 376B, 376C, 376D, or 376E results in a corresponding movement of at least a portion of an electronic component and/or circuit.
  • the floats 376 can each be coupled to a corresponding electric or electronic switch (referred to henceforth as "switch”) that can be configured to open or close an electric or electronic circuit when moved relative to the shaft 375.
  • switch electric or electronic switch
  • the opening and/or closing of one or more electric or electronic circuits resulting from the movement of one of the floats 376 can, for example, locate, position, and/or otherwise define a position of the float relative to the fill level, depth, etc. of the liquid reservoir.
  • the first float 376A can be disposed in a desired position about the shaft 375 such that a switch coupled thereto is disposed at a predetermined distance C from the surface of the coupling portion 379 configured to be in contact with the inner surface of the liquid reservoir (e.g., the top surface).
  • the second float 376B is positioned such that a switch coupled thereto is disposed at a predetermined distance D from the switch coupled to the first float 376A;
  • the third float 376C is positioned such that a switch coupled thereto is disposed at a predetermined distance E from the switch coupled to the second float 376B;
  • the fourth float 376D is positioned such that a switch coupled thereto is disposed at a predetermined distance F from the switch coupled to the third float 376A;
  • the fifth float 376E is positioned such that a switch coupled thereto is disposed at a predetermined distance G from the switch coupled to the fourth float 376D.
  • the switch coupled to the fifth float 376 E is disposed at a predetermined distance H from the end portion of the shaft 375 and thus, a predetermined distance J from, for example, the bottom surface of the liquid reservoir.
  • a predetermined distance H from the end portion of the shaft 375 and thus, a predetermined distance J from, for example, the bottom surface of the liquid reservoir.
  • an axial position of the floats 376A-E along a length of the shaft 375 can be defined relative to the liquid reservoir.
  • the floats 376 are each disposed about the shaft 375 for axial movement within a predetermined range.
  • the first float 376A can have and/or can be associated with a first limit 377A (e.g., an upper limit) and a second limit 378A (e.g., a lower limit).
  • the second float 376B can have and/or can be associated with a first limit 377B and a second limit 378B;
  • the third float 376C can have and/or can be associated with a first limit 377C and a second limit 378C;
  • the fourth float 376D can have and/or can be associated with a first limit 377D and a second limit 378D;
  • the fifth float 376E can have and/or can be associated with a first limit 377E and a second limit 378E.
  • the arrangement of the water content sensor 372 can be such that when one or more of the floats 376A-E are in a position associated with its corresponding first limit 377A- E, respectively, or its corresponding second limit 378A-E, the switch coupled to that float 376A-E can be disposed in a position that causes the switch to close (or open) an electric circuit. In some embodiments, such a position can be relative to an adjacent float.
  • the arrangement of the floats 376 can be such that under the weight of gravity (e.g., at static equilibrium or the like), each float 376A-E can be disposed at, for example, its second limit 378A-E.
  • the floats 376 can be and/or can have a buoyancy that is sufficient to cause the floats 376A-E to be disposed at the corresponding first limits 377A-E, respectively, when submerged in a liquid desiccant (i.e., configured to float when submerged).
  • the water content sensor 372 can be disposed in a liquid reservoir containing an amount liquid desiccant.
  • the liquid reservoir can be filled to an extent that at least some of the floats 376 are submerged in the liquid desiccant.
  • the liquid reservoir can be filled to an extent that the fifth float 376E, the fourth float 376D, the third float 376C, and the second float 376B are fully submerged in the liquid desiccant.
  • the floats 376B-E are each disposed at the corresponding first limit 377B-E, respectively.
  • the fill volume of the liquid reservoir can be such that the first float 376A is disposed on (e.g., floating on) a surface of the liquid desiccant at a position between its first limit 377A and its second limit 378B.
  • the floats 376 of the water content sensor 372 are, for example, electrically isolated.
  • the fill volume of the liquid desiccant is reduced (i.e., the liquid desiccant has a lower water content) to an extent that the first float 376A is allowed to move to its second limit 378A, while the second float 376B is still submerged in the liquid desiccant, a conductive portion of the switch coupled to the first float 376A can be placed in contact with a conductive portion of the switch coupled to the second float 376B, thereby closing an electric circuit.
  • the closing of the electric circuit can result in the water content sensor 372 sending a signal to a controller (e.g., the controller 170 and/or 270 described above) indicative of the water content of the liquid desiccant and the controller can define one or more operating conditions for the system based on, for example, the signal received from the water content sensor 372.
  • the water content sensor 372 can send a signal to the controller and upon receipt the controller can define an operating condition associated with any suitable component of a liquid desiccant system to increase, decrease, maintain, and/or otherwise control a water content of the liquid desiccant, as described in detail above with reference to FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 a flowchart illustrates a method 10 of controlling a water content of a liquid desiccant within a liquid desiccant air conditioning system according to an embodiment.
  • the liquid desiccant air conditioning system can be any suitable air conditioning system such as, for example, the system 200 described above with reference to FIG. 2.
  • the method 10 can be used in controlling a water content of a liquid desiccant in, for example, a regeneration portion of a liquid desiccant air conditioning system or the like.
  • the regeneration portion of the liquid desiccant air conditioning system can receive a flow of liquid desiccant from a liquid reservoir having a first water content.
  • the regeneration portion can transfer a quantity and/or quality of heat from a heat source to the flow of liquid desiccant.
  • the heated liquid desiccant is then placed in fluid communication with a regeneration airflow via a heat and mass exchanger.
  • the liquid desiccant rejects a quantity and quality of heat as well as an amount of water to the regeneration airflow and the liquid desiccant is returned to the liquid reservoir.
  • the method 10 can be used, for example, to control the transfer of the water from the liquid desiccant to the regeneration airflow, which in turn, rechargers the liquid desiccant.
  • the method 10 includes, receiving at a controller and from a first sensor, a first signal indicative of a parameter associated with an amount of water contained in the liquid desiccant, at 11.
  • the first sensor can be, for example, a water content sensor such as the water content sensor 172, 272, and/or 372 described in detail above.
  • the first signal can be associated with, for example, a fill level or height of a liquid desiccant disposed in a liquid reservoir.
  • a fill height of the liquid desiccant within a known volume of a liquid reservoir can, for example, allow for a determination of a quantity of water (e.g., solvent) included in the liquid desiccant solution.
  • the first signal can be indicative of a current water content of the liquid desiccant.
  • the controller receives, from a second sensor, a second signal indicative of at least one of a parameter associated with heat energy of a heat source or a parameter associated with a rate of heat transfer between the heat source and volume of the liquid desiccant, at 12.
  • a heat source can be a working fluid (e.g., a refrigerant) of a vapor-compression system, which can have a quantity and/or quality of heat resulting from a compression cycle of the vapor-compression system.
  • the second sensor can be, for example, a pressure and/or temperature pressure configured to sense a change in pressure and/or temperature as the working fluid of the vapor-compression system pass through, for example, a heat exchanger (e.g., a condenser, a desuperheater, and/or the like).
  • a heat exchanger e.g., a condenser, a desuperheater, and/or the like.
  • the controller analyzes the first signal and the second signal to define a current operating condition, at 13. For example, based on the first signal the controller can define and/or determine a current water content of the liquid desiccant and can determine if the current water content is within a predetermined range. Similarly, based on the second signal the controller can define and/or determined a current heat quality and/or quantity of the heat source as well as a rate of heat transfer from the heat source to, for example, the liquid desiccant. Moreover, the controller can analyze both the first signal and the second signal to determine a current operating condition and based on the operating condition, can define a corresponding parameter and/or future operating condition of one or more corresponding components of the system.
  • the controller sends, to an actuator, a third signal, when the current operating condition satisfies an operating criterion, at 14.
  • the third signal causes the actuator to vary one or more parameters associated with the heat source to change at least one of a heat energy associated with the heat source or a rate of heat transfer between the heat source and the volume of the liquid desiccant, thereby changing a water transfer rate from the volume liquid desiccant to an airstream.
  • the third signal can cause the actuator to decrease a quantity and/or quality of the heat source when the water content of the liquid reservoir is below a desired level and/or when the pressure or temperature of the heat source is below a desired level.
  • the quantity and/or quality of heat transferred to the liquid desiccant can be decreased, which in turn, decreases a partial pressure of the water content of the liquid desiccant, thereby resulting a decreased amount of water transferred from the liquid desiccant to, for example, the regeneration airflow (as described above).
  • the regeneration process reduces the amount of water rejected from the liquid desiccant and thus, increases an amount of water content in the liquid desiccant disposed in the liquid reservoir.
  • the third signal can cause the actuator to increase a quantity and/or quality of heat associated with the heat source to increase the quantity and/or quality of heat transferred to the liquid desiccant.
  • the actuator can decrease a volumetric flow rate of a cooling air flowing to a heat exchanger of a vapor- compression system (e.g., heat source).
  • a vapor- compression system e.g., heat source.
  • the pressure and/or temperature associated with, for example, condensing and/or desuperheating can be increased, which in turn, increases the quantity and/or quality of heat transfer to the flow of liquid desiccant.
  • the increase in the heat transferred to the liquid desiccant can increase a partial pressure of the water contained in the liquid desiccant.
  • the controller can define any suitable operating condition for one or more components in the liquid desiccant air conditioning system based at least in part on a signal received from the first sensor and/or the second sensor and can send a signal to the one or more components to autonomously control the water content of the liquid desiccant, as described in detail above.
  • Some embodiments described herein relate to a computer storage product with a non-transitory computer-readable medium (also can be referred to as a non-transitory processor-readable medium) having instructions or computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations.
  • the computer-readable medium or processor- readable medium
  • the media and computer code may be those designed and constructed for the specific purpose or purposes.
  • non-transitory computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical storage media such as Compact Disc/Digital Video Discs (CD/DVDs), Compact Disc-Read Only Memories (CD-ROMs), and holographic devices; magneto-optical storage media such as optical disks; carrier wave signal processing modules; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and execute program code, such as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Read-Only Memory (ROM) and Random-Access Memory (RAM) devices.
  • ASICs Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
  • PLDs Programmable Logic Devices
  • ROM Read-Only Memory
  • RAM Random-Access Memory
  • Other embodiments described herein relate to a computer program product, which can include, for example, the instructions and/or computer code discussed herein.
  • Hardware modules may include, for example, a general-purpose processor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and/or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
  • Software modules (executed on hardware) can be expressed in a variety of software languages (e.g., computer code), including C, C++, JavaTM, Ruby, Visual BasicTM, and/or other object-oriented, procedural, or other programming language and development tools.
  • Examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, micro-code or micro-instructions, machine instructions, such as produced by a compiler, code used to produce a web service, and files containing higher-level instructions that are executed by a computer using an interpreter.
  • embodiments may be implemented using imperative programming languages (e.g., C, FORTRAN, etc.), functional programming languages (Haskell, Erlang, etc.), logical programming languages (e.g., Prolog), object-oriented programming languages (e.g., Java, C++, etc.) or other suitable programming languages and/or development tools.
  • Additional examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, control signals, encrypted code, and compressed code.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Drying Of Gases (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système qui comprend un réservoir de déshydratant liquide, un échangeur de chaleur et de masse, une source de chaleur, un actionneur et un dispositif de commande. L'échangeur de chaleur et de masse reçoit un flux de déshydratant liquide chauffé par la source de chaleur et un gaz de tel sorte que l'eau présente dans le déshydratant liquide peut être transférée vers le gaz. Le dispositif de commande est conçu (1) pour recevoir un signal en provenance d'un premier capteur associé à une quantité d'eau présente dans le déshydratant liquide et un signal en provenance d'un second capteur associé à une énergie thermique de la source de chaleur et à un taux de transfert de chaleur, (2) pour déterminer la quantité d'eau présente dans le déshydratant liquide, et (3) pour envoyer un signal à l'actionneur pour provoquer un changement de l'énergie thermique de la source de chaleur ou du taux de transfert de chaleur afin de changer un taux de transfert d'eau du déshydratant liquide vers le gaz.
PCT/US2015/062253 2014-11-24 2015-11-24 Système et procédé de gestion autonome de teneur en eau d'un fluide WO2016085894A2 (fr)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022203573A1 (fr) * 2021-03-26 2022-09-29 Airwatergreen Group Ab Système et procédé de régulation de la température et de la teneur en eau d'un courant d'air
CN115642283A (zh) * 2021-07-20 2023-01-24 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 电芯出炉时刻的确定方法、装置及计算机存储介质

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US5325676A (en) * 1992-08-24 1994-07-05 Milton Meckler Desiccant assisted multi-use air pre-conditioner unit with system heat recovery capability
JP5248629B2 (ja) * 2008-01-25 2013-07-31 アライアンス フォー サステイナブル エナジー リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー 除湿のために、膜に含有された液体乾燥剤を用いる間接蒸発冷却器
US20100090356A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Ldworks, Llc Liquid desiccant dehumidifier
US8943844B2 (en) * 2010-11-23 2015-02-03 Ducool Ltd. Desiccant-based air conditioning system
KR20200009148A (ko) * 2013-03-01 2020-01-29 7에이씨 테크놀로지스, 아이엔씨. 흡습제 공기 조화 방법 및 시스템

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022203573A1 (fr) * 2021-03-26 2022-09-29 Airwatergreen Group Ab Système et procédé de régulation de la température et de la teneur en eau d'un courant d'air
CN115642283A (zh) * 2021-07-20 2023-01-24 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 电芯出炉时刻的确定方法、装置及计算机存储介质
CN115642283B (zh) * 2021-07-20 2023-09-01 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 电芯出炉时刻的确定方法、装置及计算机存储介质

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