WO2016073431A1 - Système de combustible solide à contrôle électrodynamique de la combustion - Google Patents

Système de combustible solide à contrôle électrodynamique de la combustion Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016073431A1
WO2016073431A1 PCT/US2015/058758 US2015058758W WO2016073431A1 WO 2016073431 A1 WO2016073431 A1 WO 2016073431A1 US 2015058758 W US2015058758 W US 2015058758W WO 2016073431 A1 WO2016073431 A1 WO 2016073431A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrode
solid fuel
support
enclosure
combustion
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2015/058758
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English (en)
Inventor
Jesse DUMAS
Joseph Colannino
Original Assignee
Clearsign Combustion Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Clearsign Combustion Corporation filed Critical Clearsign Combustion Corporation
Publication of WO2016073431A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016073431A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F23C99/001—Applying electric means or magnetism to combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
    • F23C5/02—Structural details of mounting

Definitions

  • a combustion system includes a solid fuel burner disposed within an enclosure.
  • the burner is configured to sustain a combustion reaction of the solid fuel and an oxidant.
  • Two or more electrodes are also positioned within the enclosure.
  • a first electrode is positioned to impart an electrical potential or charge to the combustion reaction.
  • a second electrode is positioned within the enclosure above and/or lateral from the solid fuel.
  • the second electrode is fixed to an inner wall of the enclosure by a support.
  • the combustion system can include a cooling apparatus that cools the support. Cooling the support increases the electrical resistance between the inner wall and the second electrode, thereby inhibiting an unwanted flow of current between the second electrode and the inner wall of the enclosure.
  • a method includes supporting a solid fuel in a combustion volume defined by an enclosure, supplying an oxidant to the combustion volume, and sustaining a combustion reaction of the solid fuel and the oxidant within the combustion volume.
  • the method further includes adjusting a height of the combustion reaction by applying an electrical potential between the combustion reaction and a first electrode positioned above the solid fuel and fixed to the enclosure.
  • the method can further include cooling a support that fixes the first electrode to the enclosure.
  • a system includes an enclosure defining a combustion volume, a grate configured to support a solid fuel, and an oxidant source configured to supply oxidant to the combustion volume to support a combustion reaction of the solid fuel and the oxidant.
  • An electrode is positioned above the grate and is fixed to an inner wall of the enclosure by a support.
  • a cooling apparatus is configured to cool the support.
  • a voltage supply is coupled to the grate and the electrode and is configured to adjust a shape of the combustion reaction by applying an electrical potential between the electrode and the grate.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a solid fuel combustion system, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2A is a diagram of a solid fuel combustion system including a combustion reaction, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 2B is a diagram of the solid fuel combustion system of FIG. 2A in which a shape of the combustion reaction has been altered by application of an electrical potential between electrodes, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of combustion system including an electrode fixed to an enclosure by a support and a cooling apparatus that cools the support, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram of combustion system including a tube that cools a support that fixes an electrode to an enclosure, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a process for operating a solid fuel combustion system, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a solid fuel combustion system 100, according to an embodiment.
  • the combustion system 100 includes an enclosure 102 and defines a combustion volume 104 within the enclosure 102.
  • a solid fuel burner 106 is positioned within the combustion volume 104 and is configured to support a combustion reaction 108 of a solid fuel and oxidant.
  • a first electrode 1 12 is positioned within the combustion volume 104.
  • a second electrode 1 14 is also positioned within the combustion volume 104.
  • a voltage supply 1 16 is electrically connected to the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 and the solid fuel burner 106 by connection lines 1 18, 120, and 122.
  • the enclosure 102 is, for example, a furnace including one or more walls that at least partially enclose the combustion volume 104.
  • the enclosure 102 can include multiple layers of various materials selected to withstand very high temperatures.
  • an innermost layer of the enclosure 102 can include a ceramic material such as an aluminosilicate material.
  • the solid fuel burner 106 is configured to hold a solid fuel within the combustion volume 104.
  • the solid fuel burner 106 also includes an oxidant source that supplies and oxidant to the combustion volume 104.
  • the solid fuel burner 106 supports the combustion reaction 108 of the solid fuel and the oxidant.
  • the solid fuel burner 106 includes an electrode that is positioned to impart a voltage or charge to the combustion reaction 108.
  • the electrode is a grate on which the solid fuel is disposed.
  • the electrode can be separate from the grate and can be positioned so that it is in contact with the combustion reaction 108.
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 are fixed to an inner wall of the enclosure 102.
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 can be disposed above and or laterally from the solid fuel and opposite from each other within the enclosure 102.
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 can include a ceramic material that becomes increasingly conductive as the temperature increases and that is capable of withstanding very high
  • the ceramic material can include silicon carbide, an
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 can include a conductive material such as one or more refractory metals.
  • the voltage supply 1 16 is configured to apply an electrical potential between the electrode of the solid fuel burner 106 and one or both of the electrodes 1 12, 1 14.
  • the electrical potential can be applied via the connection lines 1 18, 120, 122.
  • the shape of the combustion reaction 108 can be manipulated. Is often desirable to decrease a length of the combustion reaction 108 and to broaden the combustion reaction 108.
  • the length of the combustion reaction 108 can be decreased and the width of the combustion reaction 108 can be increased by drawing the combustion reaction 108 toward the electrodes 1 12, 1 14. This can decrease the amount of undesirable byproducts such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO).
  • the electrical potential can have a
  • the electrical potential can have a magnitude greater than 45,000 V.
  • the electrical potential can have a time varying waveform.
  • the timeframe waveform can include one or more of sawtooth waveforms, square waves, sine waves, and combinations thereof.
  • FIG. 2A is a diagram of a combustion system 200, according to an embodiment.
  • the combustion system 200 includes an enclosure 102 defining a combustion volume 104.
  • a grate 206 is positioned within the combustion volume 104.
  • the grate 206 holds a solid fuel 208.
  • An oxidant source 210 supplies oxidant to the combustion volume 104.
  • Electrodes 1 12, 1 14 are fixed to an inner wall of the enclosure 102 by supports 202.
  • a voltage supply 1 16 is electrically coupled to the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 and the grate 206 by connection lines 1 18, 120, and 122.
  • a flue 204 vents flue gases from the combustion volume 104 to an exterior of the enclosure 102.
  • the grate 206 acts as both a support that holds the solid fuel 208 and an electrode that can be used to electrically adjust the shape of the combustion reaction 108 in conjunction with the electrodes 1 12, 1 14.
  • a voltage is applied to the grate 206
  • a voltage or charge is imparted to the combustion reaction 108.
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 and the grate 206 are charged to opposite potentials, an electric field is established between the grate 206 and the electrodes 1 12, 1 14.
  • the shape of the combustion reaction 108 can follow the electric field lines.
  • the grate 206 can act as a primary electrode, establishing an electric field with the wall electrodes 1 12, 1 14.
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 are positioned above and lateral to the grate 206. This can provide multiple benefits including both the reduction in the generation of undesirable byproducts, and the attraction of particulates in directions selected to prevent output up the flue. Thus, not only are undesirable byproducts reduced, but the output of particulates up the flue is also reduced. While a particular placement of the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 is disclosed in FIG. 2A, those of skill in the art will recognize, in light of the present disclosure, that many other orientation of the electrodes 1 12, 1 14, as well differing numbers of electrodes, is possible. All such other arrangements and configurations fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the grate 206 can include a mild steel plate, having rounded corners to minimize electrical arcing. Combustion air flows from under the grate 206.
  • the grate 206 can include 1 ⁇ 4 inch holes on 1 inch centers, square pitch.
  • the grate 206 can be a ceramic material that becomes conductive at high temperatures.
  • the enclosure 102 can include six inches of aluminosilicate ceramic fiberboard that thermally insulates the combustion volume 104 from an exterior of the enclosure 102.
  • the innermost 1 inch of the enclosure 102 can withstand 3000 °F, and the remaining 5 inches can withstand 2300 °F.
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 can be plate electrodes made from a ceramic material.
  • the ceramic material can include silicon carbide, an aluminosillicate material, or other suitable ceramic material.
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 can includes shapes other than plates.
  • the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 can be positioned within the combustion volume 104 in other locations and orientations relative to the grate 206 than is depicted in FIG. 2A.
  • the solid fuel combustion system 200 operates at firing rates between 0.04-1 .75 MMBTU/h.
  • Two variable speed screw feeders can deliver fuel to the grate 206.
  • the oxidant source 210 can include a blower with a variable speed control.
  • the oxidant source 210 can supply the combustion volume 104 with air from beneath a grate 206.
  • the oxidant source 210 can include a damper that controls backpressure on the oxidant source 210.
  • the enclosure 102 can include a door and a sight port, which can be used to monitor the combustion volume 104.
  • the sight port can be covered with welding glass to allow safe, high-contrast viewing.
  • the combustion reaction 108 can be inspected through the sight port to determine if the applied electric fields are impacting the flame shape and capture video for further analysis.
  • the voltage supply 1 16 can deliver up to 50 kV at up to 12 mA.
  • the voltage supply 1 16 can include multiple individual voltage supplies.
  • the voltage supply 1 16 can include a waveform generator that can generate square, sinusoidal, sawtooth, and other types of waveforms.
  • the voltage supply 1 16 can drive the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 and the grate 206 such that the grate is 180° out of phase with the electrodes 1 12, 1 14, effectively doubling the maximum potential supplied to the system.
  • a control circuit 212 can control the voltage supply 1 16 via a connection line 214.
  • the voltage supply 1 16 can be manually controlled by a technician.
  • the solid fuel 208 can include an organic biomass fuel.
  • the solid fuel 208 can include wood, such as fir pellets.
  • the solid fuel 208 can include other types of solid fuel such as hog fuel, refuse derived fuel (RDF), and lignite coal
  • FIG. 2B is a diagram of the solid fuel combustion system 200 of FIG. 2A in which a shape of the combustion reaction 108 has been altered by application of an electrical potential between electrodes 1 12, 1 14, according to an embodiment.
  • a selected electrical potential is applied between the grate 206 and the electrodes 1 12, 1 14. Consequently, the combustion reaction 108 is shortened vertically and stretched laterally towards the electrodes 1 12, 1 14. This can help to reduce the concentration of undesirable byproducts of the
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of a solid fuel combustion system 300, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 shows the electrode 1 12 fixed to an inner wall of the enclosure 102 by a support 202.
  • a cooling apparatus 302 is positioned adjacent to the support 202.
  • the leakage current significantly increases the amount of electrical power consumed when applying the electrical potential between the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 and the grate 206.
  • the leakage current causes a large drop in the electrical potential between the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 and the grate 206.
  • the decrease in electrical potential can become so significant that the shape of the combustion reaction 108 can no longer be manipulated in the desired manner, leading to an increase in undesirable byproducts and the decrease in the effectiveness of the
  • the cooling apparatus 302 is positioned proximate to the support 202 so that the cooling apparatus 302 can cool the support 202.
  • the electrical conductivity of the support 202 remains comparatively low.
  • the conductivity of the support 202 being comparatively low, the leakage current between the electrode 1 12 and the enclosure 102 is relatively small. With a small leakage current, there is not a significant power consumption due to leakage.
  • the electrical potential between the electrodes 1 12, 1 14 and the grate 206 can remain sufficiently high so that the shape of the combustion reaction 108 can be manipulated in the desired manner.
  • FIG. 3 shows only a portion of a combustion system 300, it is to be understood that a solid fuel burner 106 and corresponding electrode 1 12, 1 14 are present in the combustion volume 104. Furthermore, the electrode 1 14 is also coupled to the enclosure 102 by support 202 and the support 202 is cooled by the cooling apparatus 302 in the manner described above.
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a portion of a solid fuel combustion system 400, according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 shows an electrode 1 12 fixed to an inner wall of the enclosure 102 by a bracket 406.
  • a cooling tube 402 is positioned adjacent to the bracket 406.
  • the bracket 406 is fixed to an inner wall of the enclosure 102.
  • the electrode 1 12 is also fixed to the bracket 406. In this way, the bracket 406 fixes the electrode 1 12 to the enclosure 102 within the combustion volume 104.
  • the bracket 406 includes a ceramic material that can withstand extremely high temperatures. However as discussed previously in relation to FIG. 3, the ceramic material of the bracket 406 can become conductive at high temperatures. This can lead to large leakage currents between the electrode 1 12 and the enclosure 102.
  • cooling tube 402 is placed adjacent to the bracket 406.
  • the cooling tube 402 includes an inner channel 404 through which a cooling fluid 408 passes. As a cooling fluid 408 passes through the inner channel 404 of the cooling tube 402, heat is transferred from the bracket 406 to the cooling tube 402. In this way, the bracket 406 is cooled by the transfer of heat from the bracket 406 to the cooling tube 402. Because heat is transferred from the bracket 406 to the cooling tube 402, the temperature of the bracket 406 remains at a comparatively low temperature with respect to the electrode 1 12. Because the temperature of the bracket 406 is comparatively low, the electrical conductivity of the bracket 406 is also comparatively low. This leads to a comparatively low leakage current from the electrode 1 12 to the enclosure 102.
  • the temperature of the electrode 1 12 it is desirable for the temperature of the electrode 1 12 to remain comparatively high so that the electrical conductivity of the electrode 1 12 remains comparatively high.
  • the electrode 1 12 With the electrical conductivity of the electrode 1 12 comparatively high, the electrode 1 12 can be held at a high voltage thereby creating a high electric field between the electrode 1 12 and the grate 206.
  • the combustion reaction 108 follows the electric field lines toward the electrode 1 12.
  • the cooling tube 402 extends along a surface of the bracket 406 in a serpentine fashion such that a large surface area of the bracket 406 is in contact with or proximal to the cooling tube 402. As the cooling fluid 408 passes through the serpentine cooling tube 402, much heat is transferred from the bracket 406 to the cooling fluid 408 in the inner channel 404 of the cooling tube 402. In this way, the cooling tube 402 helps to maintain the bracket 406 at a comparatively low temperature.
  • the cooling tube 402 includes quartz.
  • the cooling tube 402 can include any other suitable material that can withstand high temperatures within the combustion volume 104.
  • the cooling fluid 408 is air. After the cooling fluid 408 is passed through the cooling tube 402, the cooling fluid 408 flows into the combustion volume 104.
  • the spent cooling fluid 408 can include an oxidant.
  • the cooling fluid 408 is a liquid such as water.
  • the cooling fluid 408 can be a gas other than air.
  • the cooling fluid 408 can also be working fluid.
  • FIG. 4 shows only a portion of a combustion system 400, is to be understood that a solid fuel burner 106 and corresponding electrode 1 12, 1 14 are present in the combustion volume 104. Furthermore, the electrode 1 14 is also coupled to the enclosure 102 by a bracket 406 and the bracket 406 is cooled by a cooling tube 402 in the manner described above.
  • the cooling tube 402 can be the same cooling tube 402 that cools the bracket 406 coupled to the electrode 1 12. Alternatively, a separate cooling tube 402 can cool the bracket 406 coupled to the electrode 1 14.
  • FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a process 500 for operating a solid fuel combustion system, according to an embodiment.
  • a solid fuel is supported in a combustion volume.
  • an oxidant is supplied to the combustion volume.
  • a combustion reaction of the solid fuel and the oxidant is sustained within the combustion volume.
  • the shape of the combustion reactions is adjusted by applying a voltage between the combustion reaction and an electrode positioned above and/or lateral to the solid fuel.
  • Open air testing revealed strong electric field effects on the shape of combustion reactions showing reductions in combustion reaction height by 28% and dilation in combustion reaction width by 33%; this squashing and stretching of the combustion reaction was a desired goal of the research.
  • Ceramic electrodes were also developed which are capable of tolerating the furnace environment. Ceramic surfaces are not normally conducting;
  • cooled surfaces represent a very minor cooling load (currently estimated at 0.1 % of the total thermal load or less) as the cooling is needed only at limited isolation points.
  • any convenient fluid may be used for cooling such as water, steam, or air.
  • the current drawn by the ceramic electrode was reduced from 870 ⁇ down to 200 ⁇ with a stack temperature ranging from 1 100 ° F to 1300 . This 77% reduction in current is a 95% reduction in power consumption from 7.5 W to 0.4 W. Also, as a result of the sufficiently low current, a less severe voltage drop was observed, which means than an electric field can be successfully established inside the hot furnace.
  • Wood pellets, hog fuel, refuse derived fuel (RDF), and lignite coal generated baseline emissions. Constant firing rates allowed the system to reach steady state and generate baseline data. Data was also collected under transient conditions. Table 2 shows a snapshot of baseline data for wood pellets, hog fuel, lignite, and RDF around a firing rate of 0.5 MMBTU/h.
  • Table 2 A snapshot of baseline data at a firing rate of -0.5 MMBTU/h.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne un système de combustion de combustible solide, comprenant un brûleur de combustible solide configuré pour entretenir une réaction de combustion d'un combustible solide et d'un oxydant. Ledit système de combustion de combustible solide comprend une première et une seconde électrode positionnées de façon à ajuster la forme d'une réaction de combustion de combustible solide et d'un oxydant en générant un champ électrique.
PCT/US2015/058758 2014-11-03 2015-11-03 Système de combustible solide à contrôle électrodynamique de la combustion WO2016073431A1 (fr)

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US201462074453P 2014-11-03 2014-11-03
US62/074,453 2014-11-03

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