WO2016067274A1 - Water processing systems with electrodialysis, polarized electrodialysis, and ion concentration polarization - Google Patents
Water processing systems with electrodialysis, polarized electrodialysis, and ion concentration polarization Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016067274A1 WO2016067274A1 PCT/IB2015/058471 IB2015058471W WO2016067274A1 WO 2016067274 A1 WO2016067274 A1 WO 2016067274A1 IB 2015058471 W IB2015058471 W IB 2015058471W WO 2016067274 A1 WO2016067274 A1 WO 2016067274A1
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- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 462
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 183
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 132
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 147
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000738 capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 47
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 27
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009296 electrodeionization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102100026827 Protein associated with UVRAG as autophagy enhancer Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710102978 Protein associated with UVRAG as autophagy enhancer Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002242 deionisation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
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- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
- C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/422—Electrodialysis
- B01D61/423—Electrodialysis comprising multiple electrodialysis steps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/04—Flow arrangements
- C02F2301/046—Recirculation with an external loop
Definitions
- Figure 8A1 shows an exploded illustration of construction of a one stage ED/PED hybrid unit.
- Figure 9A shows an exploded illustration of construction of a two stage ICP/ED hybrid unit.
- ED consumes more power than ICP, but its solid membrane boundary between desalted and concentrated flow can help to assure higher recovery ratio.
- the hybrid system can include ED and PED portions integrated together in series so that outputs of the first portion are inputs of the second portion.
- one flow channel can be configured as a first unit in a first portion and a second unit in a second portion.
- the hybrid system can include an ED and PED in series with an outlet of the ED fluidly coupled to an inlet of the PED.
- the hybrid system can include an ED and PED in series with an outlet of the PED coupled to an inlet of the ED.
- PED, ED, and ICP all belong to ion permselective membrane based electrochemical water treatment technology. Structurally, they all have electrodes and parallel membranes in between. However on the other hand, each one has its distinct membrane and sample flow arrangement inside the device. Their desalination principles are illustrated in Figs. 2A, 2B, and 2C and their features are listed in Table 1 for comparison.
- the components between the two end plates include: A CEM complex (2) which contains a CEM (3); A half spacer A (4) which has eight channels with wide lower half part (20) whose width is 2.5 mm and narrow upper half part (19) whose width is 1 mm; A partition board (5) whose center part is porous boundary (21) with pore size about 10 ⁇ which allows transfer of mass but prevent fast liquid flow between two sides; A half spacer B (6) with its eight channels (22) all wide; An AEM complex (7) with an AEM (8) at its center; Another half spacer B (9) which is placed opposite to the direction of the previously mentioned half spacer B (6); Another partition board (10); another half spacer A (11) which is placed opposite to the direction of the previously mentioned half spacer A (4); and another CEM complex (12) which is a repeating of the formerly mentioned CEM complex (1), and another half spacer A (13) which is a repeating of the firstly mentioned half spacer A (2), and so on to form repeating cell pairs (14).
- a CEM complex (2) which
- a hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to another side (e.g., lateral to fluid flow): a first electrode; an ED stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet; a co-electrode; a PED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ED stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ED stage, and the PED stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and a second electrode.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
A hybrid water processing system can include: two or more sections integrated together in series, the sections being selected from section types selected from the group consisting of an electrodialysis (ED) section, a polarization electrodialysis (PED) section, and an ion concentration polarization (ICP) section. The two or more sections include at least two different section types, and can be in any series order, if possible, a method of processing water can include: providing water to an inlet of the hybrid water processing system of one of the embodiments described herein; and processing the water to remove one or more analytes from the water; and obtaining water from an outlet of the hybrid water processing system that has a lower concentration of analytes than the inlet.
Description
WATER PROCESSING SYSTEMS WITH ELECTRODIALYSIS, POLARIZED ELECTRODIALYSIS, AND ION CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION
BACKGROUND
Growing global population, environmental change, and vast pollution of water sources due to industrialization have caused it a severe challenge to provide enough fresh and clean water for people. In the past century, water purification methods which belong to categories such as distillation, filtration, chemistry, and electrochemistry have been essentially improved and invented, to recover fresh and purified water from sources such as sea, surface water, ground water, and even wastewater, for the residential, agricultural and industrial consumptions. However, the state of the art technologies are still far from perfect in terms of initial cost, maintenance cost, and power consumption. In addition, each technology has its limited cost-effective applications and its suitable source water range. It is important to keep improving the existing technologies and develop new ones, to reduce material and energy cost for existing applications, to explore new applications, and to claim fresh water from new and contaminated sources, for an increasingly thirsty world.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to have improved systems and methods for water purification
SUMMARY
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: two or more sections integrated together in series, the sections being selected from section types selected from the group consisting of an electrodialysis (ED) section, a polarization electrodialysis (PED) section, and an ion concentration polarization (ICP) section. The two or more sections include at least two different section types, and can be in any series order, if possible.
In one embodiment, a method of processing water can include: providing water to an inlet of the hybrid water processing system of one of the embodiments described herein; and processing the water to remove one or more analytes from the water; and obtaining water from an outlet of the hybrid water processing system that has a lower concentration of analytes than the inlet. The method can include obtaining water from a concentrate outlet has a higher concentration of analytes that the inlet. The method can
include obtaining a purified outlet water stream that has a lower concentration of analytes than a dilute outlet water stream that has a lower concentration of analytes than a concentrate outlet water stream. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The foregoing and following information as well as other features of this disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1A includes a schematic representation of an ED/PED hybrid unit in one hydraulic stage and one electrical stage.
Figure IB includes a schematic representation of an ICP/ED hybrid unit in two hydraulic stages and one electrical stage.
Figure 2A includes a schematic representation of an ED configuration.
Figure 2B includes a schematic representation of a PED configuration.
Figure 2C includes a schematic representation of an ICP configuration using parallel cation exchange membranes (CEMs).
Figure 3 A includes a schematic representation of an ED/PED hybrid unit.
Figure 3B shows a diagram of an ED/PED hybrid unit.
Figure 4A shows a diagram of an ED/PED hybrid unit having two hydraulic stages and one electrical stage.
Figure 4A1 shows an ICP/ED hybrid with the corresponding flow paths between the ICP stage and ED stage.
Figure 4B shows a diagram of an ED/PED hybrid unit having two hydraulic stages and two electrical stages.
Figure 4B1 shows an ED/PED hybrid with the corresponding flow paths between the ED stage and PED stage.
Figure 4C shows a diagram of an ED/PED hybrid unit having four hydraulic stages and two electrical stages.
Figure 4C1 shows an ED/PED hybrid with the corresponding flow paths between the ED stages and ED/PED hybrid stages.
Figure 5 shows a diagram of an ICP/ED hybrid unit having three hydraulic stages and two electrical stage.
Figure 5A shows an ICP/ED hybrid with the corresponding flow paths between the ICP stage and ED stage.
Figure 6 shows a diagram of an ICP/PED hybrid unit having two hydraulic stages and two electrical stage.
Figure 6A shows an ICP/PED hybrid with the corresponding flow paths between the ICP stage and PED stage.
Figure 7 shows a diagram of an ICP/ED/PED hybrid unit having three hydraulic stages and two electrical stage.
Figure 7A shows an ICP/ED/PED hybrid with the corresponding flow paths between the ICP stage and ED stage.
Figure 8A1 shows an exploded illustration of construction of a one stage ED/PED hybrid unit.
Figure 8A2 illustrates an exploded illustration of construction of a one stage
ED/PED hybrid unit.
Figure 8B illustrates an enlarged view of spacer half A.
Figure 8C illustrates an enlarged view of spacer half B.
Figure 9A shows an exploded illustration of construction of a two stage ICP/ED hybrid unit.
Figure 9B provides an exploded illustration of construction of a two stage ICP/ED hybrid unit.
Figure 10 includes a graph that plots of current and energy consumption over removal ratio of the three units.
Figure 11 includes a graph that provides experimental results of removal ratio vs current for the ED unit, ICP unit and ICP/ED hybrid unit.
Figure 12 includes a graph that provides experimental results of current efficiency vs current for the ED unit, ICP unit and ICP/ED hybrid unit. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments
described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein.
Polarized Electrodialysis (PED) is a technology for desalination, which has advantages of higher removal ratio, purer water produced, and less membrane use than conventional Electrodialysis (ED) in desalination. Also, Ion Concentration Polarization (ICP) can be used for desalination (ICP) using parallel unipolar ion exchange membranes. When compared to ED, ICP desalination using parallel CEMs (Cation Exchange Membranes) has 20% better current efficiency than ED, thus ICP systems can save significant amounts of energy for desalination. ED, PED, and ICP can be used in other water processing other than desalination, such as analyte removal. Thus, ED, PED, and ICP can be broadly used for water processing to create better water, such as water that is more pure and/or has less analytes or ions.
Heretofore, ED, PED, and ICP have been used separately as they are not logically combined. Now, however, combinations of ED, PED, and ICP can be used in water processing. Two or more of the ED, PED, and ICP can be integrated together into a device. The PED and ICP desalination technologies are different processes from each other and from ED. However, now it has been conceived that PED, ED and ICP technologies can have distinct benefits from each other. As a result, the output from ED, PED, and ICP systems can be different from each other. For example, ED often may not reach the high removal and high purity of PED, but it consumes less power. Also, ED consumes more power than ICP, but its solid membrane boundary between desalted and concentrated flow can help to assure higher recovery ratio. Thus, it has now been conceived that devices and systems that can combine two or more of ED, PED, or ICP will be of great value for various water treatment applications. This can include integration of two or more of the following into a device: ED and PED; ED and ICP; PED and ICP; and ED, PED, and ICP, in any combination and in any arrangement in series and/or parallel applications, where the output of one of ED, PED, or ICP can be used as input for one of ED, PED, and ICP. Here, being in series refers to two or more output
streams from one unit, such as ED, PED, or ICP being the input streams for the next unit of ED, PED, or ICP. Such a series can be include the integration of two or more ED, PED, or ICP units into a single unit with a common housing. Being in series can also include two or more of ED, PED, or ICP having the same flow paths, which a first portion being a first unit and a second portion being a second unit. Figure 1 A is such an example, where the first portion is an ED portion and the second portion is a PED portion, and thereby the ED and PED portions are in series even though they are integrated into a common device.
In one embodiment, the present technology relates to hybrid devices and hybrid systems that combine two or more PED, ED, and/or ICP technologies, such as ED/PED hybrid, ICP/ED hybrid, ICP/PED hybrid, and ICP/ED/PED hybrid. These hybrid devices can include two or more of the ED, PED, and ICP integrated together into a single hybrid device. The hybrid devices and systems can be presented in one, two, or multiple hydraulic stages and/or electrical stages. That is, a single hydraulic stage can have two or more of PED, ED, and/or ICP. Also, a single electrical stage can have two or more of PED, ED, and/or ICP. A hybrid device (e.g., combined into common housing without outlet of one linked to inlet of another) or system (e.g., multiple housings linked together with flow paths between outlets and inlets) has distinct advantages for its application.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include two or more of an electrodialysis unit (ED), a polarization electrodialysis unit (PED), or an ion concentration polarization unit (ICP) integrated together with the different units in a series such that the output of one unit is input into the next unit. That is, two outputs of one unit are inputs of the next unit. The two units may be integrated into a single device, and even a single stage (e.g., fluid stage and/or electrical stage). In one aspect, an outlet of one unit is fluidly coupled to an inlet of a second unit. In one aspect, the two or more of an electrodialysis unit (ED), a polarization electrodialysis unit (PED), or an ion concentration polarization unit (ICP) are located in a housing. In one aspect, each of the two or more of an electrodialysis unit (ED), a polarization electrodialysis unit (PED), or an ion concentration polarization unit (ICP) is located in separate housings with fluid pathways connected an outlet of one unit to an inlet of a second unit.
The different ED, PED, and ICP units can be separate devices that are connected together in series; however, the different ED, PED, and ICP units may also be integrated together into a single device. In any of these arrangements, the first of the ED, PED, or
ICP units separate an input stream into two or more streams, such as dilute and concentrate outlets, and such dilute and concentrate outlets are dilute and concentrate inlets of the second unit. This allows for the same flow path to be in the first unit and the second unit, where the arrangement of the walls (e.g., membranes) that define the flow path in a first portion are one of ED, PED, and ICP and the walls change to a different type at a second portion.
In one embodiment, the hybrid system can include ED and PED portions integrated together in series so that outputs of the first portion are inputs of the second portion. Here, one flow channel can be configured as a first unit in a first portion and a second unit in a second portion. In one aspect, the hybrid system can include an ED and PED in series with an outlet of the ED fluidly coupled to an inlet of the PED. In one aspect, the hybrid system can include an ED and PED in series with an outlet of the PED coupled to an inlet of the ED.
In one embodiment, the hybrid system can include ED and ICP portions integrated together in series so that outputs of the first portion are inputs of the second portion. Here, one flow channel can be configured as a first unit in a first portion and a second unit in a second portion. In one aspect, the hybrid system can include an ED and ICP in series with an outlet of the ED fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ICP. In one aspect, the hybrid system can include an ED and ICP in series with an outlet of the ICP coupled to an inlet of the ED.
In one embodiment, the hybrid system can include PED and ICP portions integrated together in series so that outputs of the first portion are inputs of the second portion. Here, one flow channel can be configured as a first unit in a first portion and a second unit in a second portion. In one aspect, the hybrid system can include a PED and ICP in series with an outlet of the PED fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ICP. In one aspect, the hybrid system can include a PED and ICP in series with an outlet of the ICP coupled to an inlet of the PED.
In one embodiment, the hybrid system can include ED and PED and ICP portions integrated together in series so that outputs of the first portion are inputs of the second portion and outputs of the second portion are inputs of the third portion. Here, one flow channel can be configured as a first unit in a first portion and a second unit in a second portion and a third unit in a third portion. In one aspect, the hybrid system can include an
ED and PED and ICP in series with an outlet of the ED fluidly coupled to an inlet of the PED and an outlet of the PED fluidly coupled with an inlet of the ICP.
In one aspect, the hybrid system can include PED and ICP and ED unites in series with an outlet of the PED fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ICP and an outlet of the ICP fluidly coupled with an inlet of the ED.
In one aspect, the hybrid system can include an ED and ICP and PED in series with an outlet of the ED fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ICP and an outlet of the ICP fluidly coupled with an inlet of the PED.
In one aspect, the hybrid system can include a PED and ED and ICP in series with an outlet of the PED fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ED and an outlet of the ED fluidly coupled with an inlet of the ICP.
In one aspect, the hybrid system can include an ICP and PED and ED in series with an outlet of the ICP fluidly coupled to an inlet of the PED and an outlet of the PED fluidly coupled with an inlet of the ED.
In one aspect, the hybrid system can include an ICP and ED and PED in series with an outlet of the ICP fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ED and an outlet of the ED fluidly coupled with an inlet of the PED.
In the embodiments described herein, the dilute outlet of an ED, PED, or ICP can be coupled to a dilute inlet of an ED, PED, or ICP.
In the embodiments described herein, the concentrate outlet of an ED, PED, or
ICP can be coupled to a concentrate inlet of an ED, PED, or ICP.
In the embodiments described herein the purified outlet of a PED can be coupled to a dilute inlet of an ED, PED, or ICP.
In the embodiments described herein the dilute outlet of a PED can be coupled to a purified inlet of an ED, PED, or ICP.
In the embodiments described herein the dilute outlet of a PED can be coupled to a concentrate inlet of an ED, PED, or ICP.
In the embodiments described herein the outlets of one unit can be coupled to different inlets of two different units. For example, the dilute outlet of a first unit can be coupled to a dilute inlet of a second unit and the concentrate outlet of the first unit can be coupled to the concentrate outlet of a third unit. The three outlets of a PED unit can be fluidly coupled to the inlets of three different units. Various other permutations are available.
In the embodiments described herein a single electrical stage can include one or more hydraulic stages. For example: the two or more ED, PED or ICP are in a single hydraulic stage; the two or more ED, PED or ICP are in at least two hydraulic stages; the two or more ED, PED or ICP are in at least three hydraulic stages; the two or more ED, PED or ICP are in a single electrical stage; the two or more ED, PED or ICP are in at least two electrical stages; the two or more ED, PED or ICP are in at least three electrical stages. In one aspect, a single stage has an ED portion and a PED portion. In one aspect, a single stage has an ED portion and a PED portion, wherein the ED portion has an ED outlet that is fluidly coupled with a PED inlet of the PED portion. In one aspect, a single stage has an ED portion and a PED portion, wherein the PED portion has a PED outlet that is fluidly coupled with an ED inlet of the ED portion.
For example, when used for pure water production, an ED/PED hybrid device as shown in Figure 1A can reach high purity output from a wide input salinity range, and have low power consumption. Figure 1A includes a schematic diagram of the principle of an ED/PED hybrid in one stage. However, the ED/PED can be in sequential stages. In Figure 1 A and any of the other figures, when an inlet Feed is shown with two feed lines, these feed lines may be separate feeds or a common feed that is split into two feeds that have the same concentration. However, the feeds may be more concentrate and more dilute, comparatively.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include a single stage having an ED portion and a PED portion. The single stage can include: an anode; a cathode opposite of the anode and the ED and PED portions therebetween. The ED portion can include: one or more anion exchange membranes (AEM) between the anode and cathode; and one or more cation exchange membranes (CEM) between the anode and cathode, such that the AEMs and CEMs alternate with fluid passageways therebetween. The PED portion can include: one or more anion exchange membranes (AEM) between the anode and cathode; one or more cation exchange membranes (CEM) between the anode and cathode, such that the AEMs and CEMs alternate with fluid passageways therebetween; and partitions between the AMEs and the CEMS at the outlets of the fluid passageways.
In one embodiment, the CEMs bound AEMs such that the CEMs are adjacent with the anode and cathode for both the ED portion and PED portion. In one aspect, the ED portion has a single fluid inlet that separates into a concentrate flow and a dilute flow
during electrodialysis thereof. In one aspect, the ED portion has a concentrate flow inlet and a dilute flow inlet. In one aspect, the ED portion has a concentrate flow inlet and a dilute flow inlet and a first electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the anode and a second electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the cathode. In one aspect, the ED portion has a single fluid inlet that separates into a concentrate flow and a dilute flow during electrodialysis thereof and a first electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the anode and a second electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the cathode. In one aspect, a concentrate outlet of the ED portion feeds a concentrate inlet and pathway of the PED portion, and a dilute outlet of the ED portion feeds a dilute inlet and pathway of the PED portion, and wherein the dilute pathway is separated into a dilute outlet and purified outlet of the PED portion, wherein a partition splits dilute outlet and purified outlet of the PED portion.
In one embodiment, the CEMs of the PED portion are shorter than the AEMs of the PED. In one embodiment, the AEMs of the PED portion are shorter than the CEMs of the PED. In one embodiment, outlet ends of the CEMs are aligned with outlet ends of the AEMs of the PED portion.
In one embodiment, the hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to the other side for the ED portion: the anode; an anode rinse pathway; a CEM; a concentrate pathway; an AEM; a dilute pathway; another CEM; a cathode rinse pathway; and a cathode. In one aspect, the CEM, concentrate pathway, AEM, dilute pathway, and another CEM are an ED cell, the ED portion having one or more ED cells between the anode and cathode. In one aspect, a plurality of ED cells are between the anode and cathode.
In one embodiment, the hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to the other side for the PED portion: the anode; an anode rinse pathway; a CEM; a concentrate pathway; an AEM; a dilute pathway; a partition splitting the dilute pathway into a dilute outlet and a purified outlet; another CEM; a cathode rinse pathway; and a cathode. In one aspect, the CEM, concentrate pathway, AEM, dilute pathway, partition, and another CEM are a PED cell, the PED portion having one or more PED cells between the anode and cathode. In one aspect, a plurality of PED cells are between the anode and cathode.
When used for brackish water desalination to drinking water, an ICP/ED device as shown in Figure IB may reach high energy efficiency, extra pollution removal ability, as
well as high recovery ratio. Figure IB includes schematic diagram of the principle of an
ICP/ED hybrid in two hydraulic stages in a unit.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include a single stage having an ICP portion and an ED portion between an anode and a cathode opposite of the anode. The ED portion can include: one or more anion exchange membranes (AEM) between the anode and cathode; and one or more cation exchange membranes (CEM) between the anode and cathode, such that the AEMs and CEMs alternate with fluid passageways therebetween. The ICP portion can include: two or more ion exchange membranes (IEM) between the anode and cathode, wherein the IEMs are either AEMs or CEMs; and partitions between the CEMS at the outlets of the fluid passageways. In one aspect, the CEMs bound AEMs such that the CEMs are adjacent with the anode and cathode for both the ED portion.
In one embodiment, the ICP portion has a single fluid inlet that separates into a concentrate flow and a dilute flow during electrodialysis thereof. In one aspect, the ICP portion has a single fluid inlet that separates into a concentrate flow and a dilute flow during electrodialysis thereof and a first electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the anode and a second electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the cathode.
In one embodiment, the ED portion has a concentrate flow inlet and a dilute flow inlet. In one aspect, the ED portion has a concentrate flow inlet and a dilute flow inlet and a first electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the anode and a second electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the cathode.
In one embodiment, a concentrate outlet of the ICP portion feeds a concentrate inlet and pathway of the ED portion, and a dilute outlet of the ICP portion feeds a dilute inlet and pathway of the ED portion.
In one embodiment, the hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to the other side for the ED portion: the anode; an anode rinse pathway; a CEM; a concentrate pathway; an AEM; a dilute pathway; another CEM; a cathode rinse pathway; and a cathode. In one aspect, the CEM, concentrate pathway, AEM, dilute pathway, and another CEM are an ED cell, the ED portion having one or more ED cells between the anode and cathode. In one aspect, it can include a plurality of ED cells between the anode and cathode.
In one embodiment, the hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to the other for the ICP portion: the anode; an anode rinse pathway; an IEM; a
pathway; a partition splitting the pathway into a dilute outlet and a concentrated outlet; another IEM; a cathode rinse pathway; and a cathode. In one aspect, the IEM, pathway, partition, and another IEM are an ICP cell, the ICP portion having one or more ICP cells between the anode and cathode. In one aspect it includes a plurality of ICP cells between the anode and cathode.
PED, ED, and ICP all belong to ion permselective membrane based electrochemical water treatment technology. Structurally, they all have electrodes and parallel membranes in between. However on the other hand, each one has its distinct membrane and sample flow arrangement inside the device. Their desalination principles are illustrated in Figs. 2A, 2B, and 2C and their features are listed in Table 1 for comparison.
ED (Electrodialysis) is shown in Figure 2A. A typical electrodialysis cell arrangement includes a series of anion- and cation-exchange membranes arranged in an alternating pattern between an anode and a cathode to form individual cells, as shown in Fig. 2A. When an aqueous salt solution is pumped through the cells, under the influence of electric field, cations in the solution migrate towards the cathode and anions towards the anode. Due to the ion permselectivity of the ion exchange membranes, ion concentration increases in alternative compartments which become the concentrate flow pathways while the other compartments simultaneous become depleted to become the dilute flow pathways. The ion depleted streams are collected together as the dilute water while the concentrated streams are collected as the concentrate water or the brine.
PED (Polarized Electrodialysis) is shown in Figure 2B. Polarized electrodialysis is a technology for water purification and sample concentration, based upon membrane electrodialysis and concentration polarization of ions near ion exchange membrane surface when relatively high density of electrical current is passing through the membrane. Similar to ED, PED also has a series of anion- and cation-exchange membranes arranged in an alternating pattern between an anode and a cathode. However, a PED device has extra partitions set in between anion- and cation-exchange membranes. The partitions can be in the dilute flow pathway to split the dilute water into dilute output and purified output, where the dilute output is closer to the AEM and the purified output is closer to the CEM. Optionally, partitions can be in the concentrate pathway; however, each side of the partition can be combined and collected as the concentrate outlet. In a PED device the anion- and cation-exchange membranes are different in effective size. Fig. 2B illustrates a typical PED device with cation-exchange membranes (CEMs)
smaller than anion-exchange membranes (AEMs). The effective size difference leads to current density difference between the membranes. The higher current density at the smaller membrane causes extra concentration polarization of ions near the membrane surface, which further purifies the solution. The partition in between a pair of membranes separates this further purified stream from the rest of the diluted stream. Thus, a PED device has two diluted output: one is the purified stream, and the other is the partially purified stream. As a result, the purified output of a PED device can reach higher removal ratio and higher purity than ED. In addition, weakly charged particles and organic, bio- agents may also be removed from the purified output in a PED system since they don't need to penetrate through a membrane to be removed as in an ED system.
ICP (Ion Concentration Polarization desalination) is shown in Figure 2C. Desalination using ion concentration polarization phenomenon was firstly proposed using a microfluidic device with bifurcate micro-channels, electrodes, and a nano-junction includes nano-porous Nafion material. Unfortunately, the microfluidic device is very tiny in flow rate, and the micro-channel structures cause significant electrical resistance and are costly unfavorable for scaling up. Here, the ICP device refers to the newer device with parallel ion-selective membranes. Unlike in ED or PED devices which have pairs of anion- and cation-exchange membranes, in an ICP desalination device, only one type of membrane (e.g. preferably CEMs only in most cases) is placed in parallel inside, as shown in Fig. 2C. When it is operational, there is no salt concentration difference in different compartments formed by membranes. However, due to the ion concentration polarization, ion concentrations are different at two sides of the membranes, or within a compartment. The ion concentration is higher near one membrane boundary and lower near the other membrane boundary. By placing partitions in between the membranes similar to that in a PED device, the two flow streams in one compartment with different ion concentrations are collected separately. One forms the diluted water, and the other the concentrate water. A distinct advantage of the ICP desalination is its higher than 100% current efficiency, which may led to about 40% of energy saving when compare to ED for the same salt removal. Traditional electro-chemical desalination methods such as ED, CDI (capacitive deionization), and EDI (electro-deionization) all have a maximum theoretical current efficiency of 100%, and in practice can reach about 90% current efficiency. However, the ICP desalination breaks this rule by utilizing the intrinsic mobility difference of cations and anions in a solution. For NaCl solution and most
brackish water and seawater, the theoretical current efficiency is above 120% for ICP desalination. Tests with ICP prototypes recorded that a current efficiency about 110% is practical. In addition to the higher current efficiency, ICP desalination may also remove weakly charged particles and organic, bio-agents because, similar to that in a PED device, because there is no ion-selective membrane boundary between the concentrated and diluted streams. On the other hand, however, lacking the boundary weakened the ICP desalination' s ability to prevent back diffusion and water transfer between the concentrated and diluted streams, thus limited the concentration ratio or recovery ratio. In practice, a porous membrane (e.g. pore size larger than 1 μπι) or a mesh may be placed in between the concentrated and diluted streams to prevent fast liquid transfer, but such kinds of boundaries are not as dense as ion-selective membranes which have pore size in the range of nano-meters.
Table 1 - Comparison of ED, PED, and ICP technolo;
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include an ED/PED hybrid in one stage. The ED/PED hybrid that integrates ED and PED desalination can be realized in one electrical and hydraulic stage in a unit, as shown in Figure 1 A. Along the flow direction, the feed solution passes an ED portion first, then a PED portion. In the
PED portion the desalted flow is then further divided to dilute and purified outputs by partitions, as shown in Fig 3A. Figure 3A shows a schematic of the configuration and operation principle of ED/PED hybrid desalination.
In one embodiment, a configuration to realize such an integration of the ED and PED portions along the liquid flow direction is illustrated in Fig. 3B. Figure 3B shows a schematic illustration of a structure which integrates an ED portion and a PED portion along the flow path in one hydraulic stage. The ED portion is at the inlet and the PED portion is at the outlet, and the junction is where the CEMs decrease in dimension. The spacer between a CEM and an AEM is structured to from channels between the membranes for liquid flow. At the ED portion, the channel width at the CEM side is the same as the channel width at the AEM side, thus the AEMs and CEMs have the same effective surface area for the desalination. While at the PED portion, the channel structure is narrowed down significantly at the CEM (or AEM in another case) side, thus the CEM exposed less membrane area to the liquid flow for ion conduction. Or in other words, the effective surface areas of the CEMs and AEMs are significantly different. Such a difference causes current density difference through the AEMs and CEMs. At the region near the CEMs where the current density is higher, strong ion concentration polarization happens and an ion depletion zone is generated where the purified water is produced.
The ED/PED hybrid can combine merits of both ED and PED desalination. For example, when used for pure water producing, the ED portion can accept a wide range of TDS and desalted to relatively low total dissolved solids ("TDS") (e.g. below 100 ppm) at low power consumption, the PED portion then further reduce it to high purity (e.g. TDS < 1 ppm). In such a way, the ED/PED hybrid can reach high purity output, wide input salinity range, and low power consumption in a single device.
In one embodiment, an ED/PED hybrid can be implemented in multiple stages.
An ED/PED hybrid unit can also be made in one electrical stage with two hydraulic stages, as shown in Fig. 4A, or in two electrical stages and two hydraulic stages, as shown in Fig. 4B. The area between two electrodes is an electrical stage, and thereby Figure 4 A only has one electrical stage, but Figure 4B has three electrodes and thereby two electrical stages. Arranging ED and PED in two hydraulic stages gives the flexibility to use different number of cells for the ED stage and PED stage, and thus the flow speed in the two stages. The two electrical stages allows applying different voltage/current to the ED and PED stages, thus easier optimization of working condition for the two stages. In
addition, an ED/PED hybrid unit is not limited to have two stages only. A combination of more than one ED, PED or ED/PED hydraulic stages may results in unit with three or more stages. For example, Fig. 4C illustrates a unit with two electrical stages and four hydraulic stages. Among them are three ED hydraulic stages and an ED/PED hybrid hydraulic stage. Accordingly, various configurations of ED and PED can be used in any order.
Figures 4A-4C illustrate schematics for multiple stage ED/PED hybrid units. Figure 4A illustrates an ED/PED hybrid unit with one electrical and two hydraulic stages, and Figure 4A1 illustrates ED/PED hybrid unit with one electrical and two hydraulic stages with flow paths extending through both the ED and PED sections in an integrated design. Figure 4B illustrates an ED/PED hybrid unit with two electrical and two hydraulic stages, and Figure 4B1 illustrates an ED/PED hybrid unit with two electrical and two hydraulic stages with flow paths extending through both the ED and PED sections in an integrated design. Figure 4C illustrates an ED/PED hybrid unit with two electrical and four hydraulic stages, and Figure 4C1 illustrates an ED/PED hybrid unit with two electrical and four hydraulic stages with flow paths extending through both the ED and PED sections in an integrated design.
In one embodiment, an ICP/ED hybrid can be implemented in a single stage or multiple stages. For example, ICP desalination and ED desalination can be integrated into one unit to form an ICP/ED hybrid, as shown in Fig IB. Such a hybrid can combine the merits of both technologies, for example high current efficiency of ICP and high recovery ratio of ED. Again, the ICP/ED hybrid configuration is not limited to two stages only. Fig. 5 illustrates an ICP/ED hybrid unit with two electrical and three hydraulic stages, and Fig. 5A illustrates an ICP/ED hybrid unit with two electrical and three hydraulic stages with flow paths extending through both the ICP and ED sections in an integrated design. However, various other configurations with different numbers of electrical stages and hydraulic stages can be implemented.
In one embodiment, an ICP/PED hybrid can be implemented in a single stage or multiple stages. In an example of an ICP/PED hybrid unit, the concentrate output in the ICP stage is further concentrated in the PED stage, while the dilute output of the ICP stage is further desalted to form a dilute output and a purified output of the PEG stage. When comparing to a pure ICP unit, the hybrid unit can reach higher removal ratio and higher purity output. When comparing to a pure PED unit, the hybrid unit can accept
wider range of input and consume less power to reach the output purity. Fig. 6 illustrates the principle of an ICP/PED hybrid unit with two electrical and two hydraulic stages, and Fig. 6A illustrates an ICP/PED hybrid unit with two electrical and two hydraulic stages with flow paths extending through both the ICP and PED sections in an integrated design.
In one embodiment, an ICP/ED/PED hybrid can be implemented in a single stage or multiple stages. The ICP, ED, and PED units can be integrated together with various electrical and hydraulic stages to form a hybrid unit. Such a combination can take advantage of all the three technologies, and are useful when high salinity input and high purity output are required. Fig. 7 gives an example of such hybrid unit which has two electrical stages and three hydraulic stages. Fig. 7 A gives an example of such hybrid unit which has two electrical stages and three hydraulic stages with flow paths extending through all three sections (ICP, ED, and PED) in an integrated design. In this hybrid unit, the ICP stage takes care of the high salinity input and removes about 50% of salt from the dilute. The ED stage thereafter can then further dilute it to about 25% salt remaining in the dilute. The outputs of the ED stage are then sent to the PED stage for purification. When the three stages are working together, the energy requirement, membrane area requirement, removal ratio, and recovery ratio requirement can be well balanced that the overall cost for the product can be well controlled.
There are endless combinations of hybrid for ED, PED and ICP, all of which we disclose herein by teaching any number and arrangement of ED, PED and/or ICP units can be combined in series and/or parallel with any number and arrangement of ED, PED and ICP units, where the output of a ED, PED or ICP can be an input of any ED, PED and ICP.
However, two typical configurations are used as examples for tests. A one stage ED/PED hybrid unit and an ICP/ED hybrid unit with two hydraulic stages were made and tested. Their performances were compared to pure ED, PED and ICP units in various aspects.
Figure 8A1 shows an exploded illustration of construction of a one stage ED/PED hybrid unit. The unit includes: (1) End plate with inlets, electrode and rinsing compartment; (2) CEM complex; (3) CEM; (4) Half spacer A; (5) Partition board; (6) Half spacer B; (7) AEM complex; (8) AEM; (9) Half spacer B; (10) Partition board; (11) Half Spacer A; (12) CEM complex; (13) Half spacer A; (14) Repeating cell pairs; (15) End plate with outlets, electrode and rinsing compartment; (16) Outlets; (17) Inlets; (18)
Electrode rinsing compartment; (19) Narrow channels; (20) Wide channels; (21) Porous boundary; and (22) Wide channels.
Accordingly, Figure 8A1 illustrates an exploded view of a construction of an ED/PED hybrid unit in one hydraulic stage. It contains an end plate (1) with inlets (17), electrode and rinsing compartment (18), and another end plate (15) with outlets (16) and electrode compartment (e.g., in end plate 15). The components between the two end plates include: A CEM complex (2) which contains a CEM (3); A half spacer A (4) which has eight channels with wide lower half part (20) whose width is 2.5 mm and narrow upper half part (19) whose width is 1 mm; A partition board (5) whose center part is porous boundary (21) with pore size about 10 μιη which allows transfer of mass but prevent fast liquid flow between two sides; A half spacer B (6) with its eight channels (22) all wide; An AEM complex (7) with an AEM (8) at its center; Another half spacer B (9) which is placed opposite to the direction of the previously mentioned half spacer B (6); Another partition board (10); another half spacer A (11) which is placed opposite to the direction of the previously mentioned half spacer A (4); and another CEM complex (12) which is a repeating of the formerly mentioned CEM complex (1), and another half spacer A (13) which is a repeating of the firstly mentioned half spacer A (2), and so on to form repeating cell pairs (14). The plates in the unit have a dimension of 200 mm x 75 mm, and the total thickness of the unit depends on its cell pair number. The membranes have a dimension of 112 mm x 39 mm, with effective size of 100 mm x 27 mm for each membrane.
Figure 8A2 illustrates an exploded illustration of construction of a one stage ED/PED hybrid unit. The unit includes the following: (101) End plate with inlets, electrode and rinsing compartment; (102) CEM; (103) Spacer half A; (104) Narrow channels in spacer half A; (105) Wide channels in spacer half A; (106) Partition board; (107) Solid partition boundary; (108) Porous boundary; (109) Spacer half B; (110) Wide channels in spacer half B; (111) AEM; (112) Spacer half B; (113) Partition board; (114) Spacer half A; (115) CEM; (116) Spacer half A; (117) Repeating cell pairs; and (118) End plate with outlets, electrode and rinsing compartment. Figure 8B illustrates an enlarged view of spacer half A (103). Figure 8C illustrates an enlarged view of spacer half B (109).
Accordingly, Figure 8A2 illustrates an exploded view of a construction of an ED/PED hybrid unit in one hydraulic stage. It contains an end plate (101) with inlets,
electrode and rinsing compartment, and another end plate (118) with outlets and electrode compartment. The components between the two end plates include: A CEM (102); A spacer half A (103) which has eight channels with wide lower half part (105) whose width is 2.5 mm and narrow upper half part (104) whose width is 1 mm; A partition board (106) whose center part is porous boundary (108) with pore size about 10 μιη which allows transfer of mass but prevent fast liquid flow between two sides, and with solid partition boundary (107) to separate liquid flows in the spacer half A and half B; A spacer half B (109) with its eight channels (110) all wide; An AEM (111); Another spacer half B (112) which is placed opposite to the direction of the previously mentioned spacer half B (109); Another partition board (113); another spacer half A (114) which is placed opposite to the direction of the previously mentioned half spacer A (103); and another CEM (115) which is a repeating of the formerly mentioned CEM (102), and another spacer half A (116) which is a repeating of the firstly mentioned spacer half A (103), and so on to form repeating cell pairs (117). The plates in the unit have a dimension of 200 mm x 75 mm, and the total thickness of the unit depends on its cell pair number. The membranes have a dimension of 112 mm x 39 mm, with effective size of 100 mm x 27 mm for each membrane.
An ED unit, an ICP unit, and a PED unit can all be made using similar structures as in Figs. 8A1 and 8A2. For example, an ICP unit can be made by replacing all AEMs to CEMs, and change all "spacer half A" to "spacer half B" and placing them opposite to the existing half spacer B. An ED unit can be made by removing all partition boards, and replacing all "pacer half A" with half spacers that have patterns symmetric to "spacer half B". A pure PED unit can be made by using narrow channels in the whole "spacer half A". Accordingly, the members illustrated herein can be arranged to prepare all of the possible configurations and arrangements of the hybrid units described herein.
Figure 9A shows an exploded illustration of construction of a two stage ICP/ED hybrid unit. Accordingly, an ICP/ED hybrid unit construction which has both an ICP stage and an ED stage is illustrated in Figure 9A. The feeding water passes through an ICP hydraulic stage first, and then an ED hydraulic stage. There is a CEM complex, which separates the two stages and is shared by the two stages.
In one embodiment, an ICP/ED hybrid unit construction which has both an ICP stage and an ED stage is illustrated in Figure 9B. The feeding water passes through an ICP hydraulic stage first, and then an ED hydraulic stage. There is a CEM complex which
separates the two stages and is shared by the two stages. One cell pair in the ICP stage includes two CEMs, two partitions, and four half spacers (spacer half b (Shb)) between the CEMs and partitions. One cell pair in the ED stage includes of a CEM and an AEM, and spacers between the membranes. Two half spacers, Shb and She as shown in Fig. 9B, work together as a full spacer to guide liquid to the same direction. It is noticed that the cell pairs in ED stage have no partitions. Liquid flow directions are also illustrated in Fig. 9B. The shared CEM has no through-hole at the lower part for the liquid flow thus both concentrate and dilute flows are forced to pass through the holes at the upper part the shared CEM, and thus separate the two stages. The channel directions in the half spacers guide the liquid to proper through holes. In the end, the concentrate feed is concentrated twice, by ICP principle followed by ED principle. While diluted feed is also diluted twice by the two stages in the device. Thus, Figure 9B provides an exploded illustration of construction of a two stage ICP/ED hybrid unit.
The constructed ED/PED hybrid unit in one hydraulic stage was applied to remove salt from water. The removal performance of the ED/PED hybrid unit was compared with that of an ED unit and a PED unit, respectively. All the three test units used the same end plates and have the same 5 cell pairs. The size of each membrane was 112 x 39 mm. An influent with 400 mg/L of NaCl was fed to the facility at the flow rate of 16 mL/min continuously. The conductivity of effluent and the electrical current were detected when the equilibrium was reached at different voltage. The reduction of conductivity was used to represent the removal of salt from water. The removal ratio was calculated using the following equation:
C&nducimtv. -Conductivity T„
Removal Ratio %= — * 10©%
The plots of current and energy consumption over removal ratio of the three units were illustrated in Figure 10. As shown in this figure, the current and energy consumed by ED/PED hybrid unit (e.g., showed as PED/ED), ED unit and PED unit followed similar trend over the desired removal ratio. Higher removal ratio could be reached when higher voltage was applied, subsequently higher current. At the same current, the PED unit exhibited the highest removal ratio, followed by the ED/PED unit. The energy consumption of the ED/PED hybrid unit was found between the other two units. These results demonstrated that a ED/PED hybrid device is feasible and its performance is between PED and ED in terms of energy efficiency and removal ratio. It is also calculated
that all the three units demonstrated current efficiency about 80% to 95% during the tests which are normal. Thus, Figure 10 provides a comparison of current (solid symbol) and energy consumption (hollow symbol) over removal ratio of the ED unit, PED unit and ED/PED hybrid unit
A comparison research was conducted using an ED unit, an ICP unit and the
ICP/ED hybrid two stage unit in order to explore the desalination performance of the integration of ED and ICP technologies. The cell pairs were 5 for the single ED and ICP unit, respectively. In the ICP/ED hybrid unit, the total number of cell pairs was 10, in which 5 for ED stage and 5 for ICP stage. Other experimental conditions, including the flow rate, the membrane size and the influent concentration, were controlled in the same way as the PED/ED hybrid experiments.
The removal ratio for each unit at the equilibrium state increased with the current, as shown in Figure 1 1. For the same applied current between 3 to 7 mA, the ICP device has higher removal ratio than the ED device due to its higher current efficiency. The hybrid device has two stages in which the influent passed the ICP stage then the ED stage, thus the removal ratio is the accumulation of the two stages, which is nearly as twice higher than the one stage units. Figure 1 1 provides experimental results of removal ratio vs current for the ED unit, ICP unit and ICP/ED hybrid unit.
The current efficiency was applied to evaluate the efficiency of desalination facility in energy consumption, which can be written as
NxRemovai Ratio x-O *F
C.E= X 100% where CE is the Current Efficiency (%), N the solution normality (mol/L), Q the flow rate (L/s), F the Faraday' s Constant (C/mol), n is the cell pairs number, and I is the current (A).
Figure 12 plotted the experimental results of current efficiency vs current. The
ICP unit exhibited current efficiency values between 95% - 1 10%, which was the highest among the three units. For the ICP/ED hybrid unit, the current efficiency was 90% - 100%, while for the ED unit, 82% - 96%. The hybrid unit exhibited current efficiency between the other two single units. The best current efficiency was found at the current of about 4 - 5 mA which is when all the devices were operated below the limiting current. Thus, Figure 12 provides experimental results of current efficiency vs current for the ED unit, ICP unit and ICP/ED hybrid unit.
In summary, the concepts and methods of ICP, ED, and PED hybrid devices including ICP/ED hybrid, ED/PED hybrid, ICP/PED hybrid, and ICP/ED/ED hybrid are described herein. The hybrid devices may combine merits of different technologies and have advantages in target applications. Tests with the hybrid devices demonstrated that not only it is feasible to build such kind of devices, but also the hybrid devices perform as predicted in terms of removal ratio, energy consumption, and current efficiency etc. according the experimental results.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to another side (e.g., lateral to fluid flow): a first electrode; an ED stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet; a PED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ED stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ED stage, and the PED stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and a second electrode.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to another side (e.g., lateral to fluid flow): a first electrode; an ED stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet; a co-electrode; a PED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ED stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ED stage, and the PED stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and a second electrode.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to another side (e.g., lateral to fluid flow): a first electrode; a first ED stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet; a second ED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the first ED stage and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the first ED stage; a co-electrode; a third ED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the second stage and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the third ED stage; a first PED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the third ED stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the third ED stage, and the first PED stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and a second electrode.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to another side (e.g., lateral to fluid flow): a first electrode; an ICP stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet; a co-electrode; a first ED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ICP stage and a dilute inlet coupled to the
dilute outlet of the ICP stage; a second ED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the first ED stage and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the first ED stage; and a second electrode.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to another side (e.g., lateral to fluid flow): a first electrode; an ICP stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet; a co-electrode; a PED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ICP stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ICP stage, and the PED stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and a second electrode.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include in order from one side to another side (e.g., lateral to fluid flow): a first electrode; an ICP stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet; an ED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ICP stage and a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ICP stage; a co-electrode; a PED stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ED stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ED stage, and the PED stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and a second electrode.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include a dilute outlet of an ED unit that is at a dilute inlet of a PED unit or dilute inlet of an ISP unit or dilute inlet another ED unit, and the concentrate outlet of an ED unit is at a concentrate inlet of a PED unit or concentrate inlet of an ISP unit or concentrate inlet of another ED unit.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include a dilute outlet of an ICP unit that is at a dilute inlet of a PED unit or dilute inlet of another ISP unit or dilute inlet of an ED, and the concentrate outlet of an ED unit is at a concentrate inlet of a PED unit or concentrate inlet of another ISP unit or concentrate inlet of an ED unit.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include a PED unit that is last in a series of units. In one aspect, a PED unit is not first in a series.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: the dilute outlet of a PED unit is at a dilute inlet or purified inlet for a second PED or dilute inlet for an ICP or a dilute inlet for an ED; the purified outlet of a PED unit is at a dilute inlet or a purified inlet for a second PED or dilute inlet for an ICP or a dilute inlet for an ED; and/or the concentrate outlet of a PED unit is at a dilute inlet or a concentrate inlet for a second PED or concentrate inlet for an ICP or a concentrate inlet for an ED.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a single stage having an ED portion fluidly coupled to a PED portion, wherein the single stage is a single hydraulic stage and a single electrical stage.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a first hydraulic stage having an ICP portion fluidly coupled to a second hydraulic stage having an ED portion, wherein the ICP portion and ED portion are in a single electrical stage.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a first hydraulic stage having an ED portion fluidly coupled to a second hydraulic stage having a PED portion, wherein the ED portion and PED portion are in a single electrical stage.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ED portion fluidly coupled to a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a PED portion.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ED portion fluidly coupled to a second ED portion, and having a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a third ED portion that is fluidly coupled with the second ED portion at its inlet and fluidly coupled to a fourth ED portion at its outlet.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ED portion fluidly coupled to a second ED portion, and having a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a third ED portion that is fluidly coupled with the second ED portion at its inlet and fluidly coupled to a PED portion at its outlet.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ICP portion, and a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a first ED portion fluidly coupled with the ICP portion at its inlet and fluidly coupled with a second ED portion at its outlet.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ICP portion, and a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a PED portion fluidly coupled with the ICP portion.
In one embodiment, a hybrid water processing system can include: a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ICP portion, and a second hydraulic
stage and second electrical stage having an ED portion fluidly coupled with the ICP portion at its inlet and fluidly coupled with a PED portion at its outlet.
The hybrid water processing systems described herein can be used in various methods of water processing, such as purification, desalination, or other.
In one embodiment, a method of processing water can include: providing water to an inlet of any one of the hybrid water processing systems described herein; and processing the water to remove one or more analytes (e.g., ions, drugs, etc.) from the water; and obtaining water from an outlet of the hybrid water processing system that has a lower concentration of analytes than the inlet. In one aspect, the water processing can include obtaining water from a concentrate outlet has a higher concentration of analytes that the inlet. In one aspect, the water processing can include obtaining a purified outlet water stream that has a lower concentration of analytes than a dilute outlet water stream that has a lower concentration of analytes than a concentrate outlet water stream.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments.
The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., " a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., " a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B
alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."
In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.
As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1 -3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
All references recited herein are incorporated herein by specific reference in their entirety.
[1] H. Liu, "Polarized Electrodialysis." U.S. provisional patent application (61/783,881), 2013
[2] R. Kwak, V. S. Pham, B. J. Kim, L. Chen, and J. Han, "High throughput salt/bio-agent removal by ion concentration polarization for water desalination, purification and monitoring," presented at the Seventeenth International Conference on miniaturized systems for chemistry and life sciences: Microtas 2013, Freiburg, Germany, 2013, pp. 660-662.
[3] H. Strathmann, Ion-exchange membrane separation processes, 1st ed. Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier, 2004.
[4] S. J. Kim, S. H. Ko, K. H. Kang, and J. Han, "Direct seawater desalination by ion concentration polarization," Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 297-301, Apr. 2010.
Claims
1. A hybrid water processing system comprising:
two or more sections integrated together in series, the sections being selected from section types selected from the group consisting of an electrodialysis (ED) section, a polarization electrodialysis (PED) section, and an ion concentration polarization (ICP) section, wherein the two or more sections include at least two different section types.
2. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein an outlet of a first section is fluidly coupled and integrated to an inlet of a second section.
3. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein the two or more of the ED section, the PED section, or the ICP section are located in a common housing.
4. The hybrid water processing system of claim 2, wherein each of the two or more of the ED section, the PED section, or the ICP section is located in separate housings with fluid pathways connecting the outlet of the first section to the inlet of the second section.
5. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ED section and PED section integrated together, where a dilute outlet of the ED section is a dilute inlet of the PED section and a concentrate outlet of the ED section is a concentrate inlet of the PED section.
6. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ED section and PED section in series with an outlet of the ED section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the PED section with two flow paths extending though both the ED and PED sections.
7. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the PED section and ED section in series with an outlet of the PED section coupled to an inlet of the ED section.
8. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ED section and ICP section in series with at least two flow paths extending through the ED section and ICP section.
9. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ED section and ICP section in series with an outlet of the ED section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ICP section by having two or more flow paths extending through the ED section and ICP section.
10. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ED section and ICP section in series with an outlet of the ICP section coupled to an inlet of the ED section by having two or more flow paths extending through the ED section and ICP section.
11. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the PED section and ICP section in series and having two or more flow paths extending through the PED section and ICP section.
12. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the PED section and ICP section in series with an outlet of the PED section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ICP section by having two or more flow paths extending through the PED section and ICP section.
13. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the PED section and ICP section in series with an outlet of the ICP section coupled to an inlet of the PED section by having two or more flow paths extending through the PED section and ICP section.
14. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ED section and PED section and ICP section in series and having two or more flow paths extending through the ED section, PED section and ICP section.
15. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ED section and PED section and ICP section in series with an outlet of the ED section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the PED section and an outlet of the PED section fluidly coupled with an inlet of the ICP section with two or more flow paths extending through the ED section, PED section, and ICP section.
16. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the PED section and ICP section and ED section in series with an outlet of the PED section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ICP section and an outlet of the ICP section fluidly coupled with an inlet of the ED section with two or more flow paths extending through the PED section, ICP section, and ED section.
17. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ED section and ICP section and PED section in series with an outlet of the ED section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ICP section and an outlet of the ICP section fluidly coupled with an inlet of the PED section with two or more flow paths extending through the ED section, ICP section and PED section.
18. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the PED section and ED section and ICP section in series with an outlet of the PED section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ED section and an outlet of the ED section fluidly coupled with an inlet of the ICP section with two or more flow paths extending through the PED section, ED section, and ICP section.
19. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ICP section and PED section and ED section in series with an outlet of the ICP section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the PED section and an outlet of the PED section fluidly coupled with an inlet of the ED section with two or more flow paths extending through the ICP section, PED section, and ED section.
20. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising the ICP section and ED section and PED section in series with an outlet of the ICP section fluidly coupled to an inlet of the ED section and an outlet of the ED section fluidly coupled with an inlet
of the PED section with two or more flow paths extending through the ICP section, ED section, and PED section.
21. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein the two or more of the ED section, PED section or ICP section are in a single hydraulic stage.
22. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein the two or more of the ED section, PED section or ICP section are in at least two hydraulic stages.
23. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein the two or more of the ED section, PED section or ICP section are in at least three hydraulic stages.
24. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein the two or more of the ED section, PED section or ICP section are in a single electrical stage.
25. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein the two or more of the ED section, PED section or ICP section are in at least two electrical stages.
26. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein the two or more of the ED section, PED section or ICP section are in at least three electrical stages.
27. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a single stage having an ED section portion and a PED section portion.
28. The hybrid water processing system of claim 27, wherein the ED section portion has an ED section portion outlet that is fluidly coupled with a PED section portion inlet of the PED section portion.
29. The hybrid water processing system of claim 27, wherein the PED section portion has a PED section portion outlet that is fluidly coupled with an ED section portion inlet of the ED section portion.
30. The hybrid water processing system of claim 27, wherein the single stage comprises:
an anode;
a cathode opposite of the anode;
the ED section portion comprising:
one or more anion exchange membranes (AEM) between the anode and cathode; and
one or more cation exchange membranes (CEM) between the anode and cathode, such that the AEMs and CEMs alternate with fluid passageways therebetween;
the PED section portion comprising:
one or more anion exchange membranes (AEM) between the anode and cathode; and
one or more cation exchange membranes (CEM) between the anode and cathode, such that the AEMs and CEMs alternate with fluid passageways therebetween; and
partitions between the AMEs and the CEMS at the outlets of the fluid
passageways.
31. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, wherein the CEMs bound AEMs such that the CEMs are adjacent with the anode and cathode for both the ED section portion and PED section portion.
32. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, wherein the ED section portion has a single fluid inlet that separates into a concentrate flow and a dilute flow during electrodialysis thereof.
33. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, wherein the ED section portion has a concentrate flow inlet and a dilute flow inlet.
34. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, wherein the ED section portion has a concentrate flow inlet and a dilute flow inlet and a first electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the anode and a second electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the cathode.
35. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, wherein the ED section portion has a single fluid inlet that separates into a concentrate flow and a dilute flow during electrodialysis thereof and a first electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the anode and a second electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the cathode.
36. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein two different outputs from a first section are fluidly coupled with inlets of different sections.
37. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, wherein a concentrate outlet of the ED section portion feeds a concentrate inlet and pathway of the PED section portion, and a dilute outlet of the ED section portion feeds a dilute inlet and pathway of the PED section portion, and wherein the dilute pathway is separated into a dilute outlet and purified outlet of the PED section portion, wherein a partition splits dilute outlet and purified outlet of the PED section portion.
38. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, wherein the CEMs of the PED section portion are shorter than the AEMs of the PED section portion.
39. The hybrid water processing system of claim 38, wherein outlet ends of the CEMs are aligned with outlet ends of the AEMs of the PED section portion.
40. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, comprising in order for the ED section portion:
the anode;
an anode rinse pathway;
a CEM;
a concentrate pathway;
an AEM;
a dilute pathway;
another CEM;
a cathode rinse pathway; and
a cathode.
41. The hybrid water processing system of claim 40, wherein the CEM, concentrate pathway, AEM, dilute pathway, and another CEM are an ED cell, the ED section portion having one or more ED cells between the anode and cathode.
42. The hybrid water processing system of claim 41, comprising a plurality of ED cells between the anode and cathode.
43. The hybrid water processing system of claim 30, comprising in order for the PED section portion:
the anode;
an anode rinse pathway;
a CEM;
a concentrate pathway;
an AEM;
a dilute pathway;
a partition splitting the dilute pathway into a dilute outlet and a purified outlet; another CEM;
a cathode rinse pathway; and
a cathode.
44. The hybrid water processing system of claim 43, wherein the CEM, concentrate pathway, AEM, dilute pathway, partition, and another CEM are a PED cell, the PED section portion having one or more PED cells between the anode and cathode.
45. The hybrid water processing system of claim 44, comprising a plurality of PED cells between the anode and cathode.
46. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a single stage having an ICP section portion and an ED section portion, wherein the single stage comprises:
an anode;
a cathode opposite of the anode;
the ED section portion comprising:
one or more anion exchange membranes (AEM) between the anode and cathode; and
one or more cation exchange membranes (CEM) between the anode and cathode, such that the AEMs and CEMs alternate with fluid passageways therebetween;
the ICP section portion comprising:
two or more ion exchange membranes (IEM) between the anode and cathode, wherein the IEMs are either AEMs or CEMs; and
partitions between the CEMS at the outlets of the fluid passageways.
47. The hybrid water processing system of claim 46, wherein the CEMs bound AEMs such that the CEMs are adjacent with the anode and cathode for both the ED section portion.
48. The hybrid water processing system of claim 46, wherein the ICP section portion has a single fluid inlet that separates into a concentrate flow and a dilute flow during electrodialysis thereof.
49. The hybrid water processing system of claim 46, wherein the ED section portion has a concentrate flow inlet and a dilute flow inlet.
50. The hybrid water processing system of claim 46, wherein the ED section portion has a concentrate flow inlet and a dilute flow inlet and a first electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the anode and a second electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the cathode.
51. The hybrid water processing system of claim 46, wherein the ICP section portion has a single fluid inlet that separates into a concentrate flow and a dilute flow during electrodialysis thereof and a first electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the anode and a second electrode rinse inlet adjacent to the cathode.
52. The hybrid water processing system of claim 46, wherein a concentrate outlet of the ICP section portion feeds a concentrate inlet and pathway of the ED section portion, and a dilute outlet of the ICP section portion feeds a dilute inlet and pathway of the ED section portion.
53. The hybrid water processing system of claim 46, comprising in order for the ED section portion:
the anode;
an anode rinse pathway;
a CEM;
a concentrate pathway;
an AEM;
a dilute pathway;
another CEM;
a cathode rinse pathway; and
a cathode.
54. The hybrid water processing system of claim 40, wherein the CEM, concentrate pathway, AEM, dilute pathway, and another CEM are an ED cell, the ED section portion having one or more ED cells between the anode and cathode.
55. The hybrid water processing system of claim 54, comprising a plurality of ED cells between the anode and cathode.
56. The hybrid water processing system of claim 46, comprising in order for the ICP section portion:
the anode;
an anode rinse pathway;
an IEM;
a pathway;
a partition splitting the pathway into a dilute outlet and a concentrated outlet; another IEM;
a cathode rinse pathway; and
a cathode.
57. The hybrid water processing system of claim 56, wherein the IEM, pathway, partition, and another IEM are an ICP cell, the ICP section portion having one or more ICP cells between the anode and cathode.
58. The hybrid water processing system of claim 57, comprising a plurality of
ICP cells between the anode and cathode.
59. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising in order: a first electrode;
an ED section stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet;
a PED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ED section stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ED section stage, and the PED section stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and
a second electrode.
60. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising in order: a first electrode;
an ED section stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet;
a co-electrode;
a PED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ED section stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ED section stage, and the PED section stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and
a second electrode.
61. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising in order: a first electrode;
a first ED section stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet;
a second ED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the first ED section stage and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the first ED section stage;
a co-electrode;
a third ED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ED second stage and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the second ED section stage;
a first PED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the third ED section stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the third ED section stage, and the first PED section stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet;
a second electrode.
62. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising in order: a first electrode;
an ICP section stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet;
a co-electrode;
a first ED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ICP section stage and a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ICP section stage;
a second ED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the first ED section stage and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the first ED section stage; and
a second electrode.
63. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising in order: a first electrode;
an ICP section stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet;
a co-electrode;
a PED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ICP section stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ICP section stage, and the PED section stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and
a second electrode.
64. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising in order: a first electrode;
an ICP section stage having a concentrate outlet and a dilute outlet;
an ED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ICP section stage and a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ICP section stage;
a co-electrode;
a PED section stage having a concentrate inlet coupled to the concentrate outlet of the ED section stage, and having a dilute inlet coupled to the dilute outlet of the ED section stage, and the PED section stage having a concentrate outlet, dilute outlet, and purified outlet; and
a second electrode.
65. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein a dilute outlet of an ED section is at a dilute inlet of a PED section or dilute inlet of an ISP section or dilute inlet of another ED section, and a concentrate outlet of an ED section is at a concentrate inlet of a PED section or concentrate inlet of an ISP section or a concentrate inlet of another ED section.
65. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein dilute outlet of an ICP section is at a dilute inlet of a PED section or dilute inlet of another ISP section or dilute inlet of an ED section, and the concentrate outlet of an ED section is at a concentrate inlet of a PED section or concentrate inlet of another ISP section or concentrate inlet of an ED section.
66. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein a PED section is last in a series of sections.
67. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein a PED section is not first in a series of sections.
68. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, wherein:
the dilute outlet of a PED section is at a dilute inlet or purified inlet for a second PED section or dilute inlet for an ICP section or a dilute inlet for an ED section;
a purified outlet of a PED section is at a dilute inlet or a purified inlet for a second PED section or dilute inlet for an ICP section or a dilute inlet for an ED section; and/or a concentrate outlet of a PED section is at a dilute inlet or a concentrate inlet for a second PED section or concentrate inlet for an ICP section or a concentrate inlet for an ED section.
69. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a single stage having an ED section portion fluidly coupled to a PED section portion, wherein the single stage is a single hydraulic stage and a single electrical stage.
70. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a first hydraulic stage having an ICP section portion fluidly coupled to a second hydraulic stage having an ED section portion, wherein the ICP section portion and ED section portion are in a single electrical stage.
71. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a first hydraulic stage having an ED section portion fluidly coupled to a second hydraulic stage having a PED section portion, wherein the ED section portion and PED section portion are in a single electrical stage.
72. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ED section portion fluidly coupled to a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a PED section portion.
73. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having a first ED section portion fluidly coupled to a second ED section portion, and having a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a third ED portion that is fluidly coupled with the second ED section portion at its inlet and fluidly coupled to a fourth ED section portion at its outlet.
74. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ED section portion fluidly coupled to a second ED section portion, and having a second hydraulic stage and second electrical
stage having a third ED section portion that is fluidly coupled with the second ED section portion at its inlet and fluidly coupled to a PED section portion at its outlet.
75. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ICP section portion, and a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a first ED section portion fluidly coupled with the ICP section portion at its inlet and fluidly coupled with a second ED section portion at its outlet.
76. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ICP section portion, and a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having a PED section portion fluidly coupled with the ICP section portion.
77. The hybrid water processing system of claim 1, comprising a first hydraulic stage and first electrical stage having an ICP section portion, and a second hydraulic stage and second electrical stage having an ED section portion fluidly coupled with the ICP section portion at its inlet and fluidly coupled with a PED section portion at its outlet.
78. A method of processing water, the method comprising:
providing water to an inlet of the hybrid water processing system of one of claims
1-77; and
processing the water to remove one or more analytes from the water; and obtaining water from an outlet of the hybrid water processing system that has a lower concentration of analytes than the inlet.
79. The method of claim 78, comprising obtaining water from a concentrate outlet has a higher concentration of analytes that the inlet.
80. The method of claim 78, comprising obtaining a purified outlet water stream that has a lower concentration of analytes than a dilute outlet water stream that has a lower concentration of analytes than a concentrate outlet water stream.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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|---|---|---|---|
| US201462073442P | 2014-10-31 | 2014-10-31 | |
| US62/073,442 | 2014-10-31 |
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| WO2016067274A1 true WO2016067274A1 (en) | 2016-05-06 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2015/058471 WO2016067274A1 (en) | 2014-10-31 | 2015-11-02 | Water processing systems with electrodialysis, polarized electrodialysis, and ion concentration polarization |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| WO (1) | WO2016067274A1 (en) |
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