WO2016059055A1 - Méthode d'analyse de l'activité cérébrale d'un sujet - Google Patents
Méthode d'analyse de l'activité cérébrale d'un sujet Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the invention relates to analyzing the field of brain activity of subjects, and to the implementation of methods and methods for determining the activity thereof in response to stimuli or when performing tasks. specific.
- neuroscience have made major advances in the analysis of cognitive processes, thanks on the one hand to the knowledge acquired in neuro-anatomy, but also thanks to advances in neuroinformatics (neural networks, artificial intelligence. ..) and neuroimaging (including advances in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
- Seghier et al. disclose a new method for analyzing the brain activity of a subject when performing a task or in response to a stimulus comprising the subject. analysis of gray matter data obtained by functional MRI.
- US 2004/092809 discloses a computer-assisted method for diagnosing a condition of a subject in which this condition is associated with activation in one or more regions of interest, the method comprising:
- having the subject perform a task or have a perception capable of selectively activating one or more regions of interest associated with the condition; measure the activity of the region or regions of interest only when the task is performed or the subject has perception;
- the Applicant proposes to use the properties of the algebra of fuzzy logic to analyze such brain activities.
- fuzzy logic makes it possible to measure similarities between a state and reference states.
- such a comparison makes it possible to obtain only one or the other of the values of the pair ⁇ true, false ⁇ .
- fuzzy logic there are degrees in the satisfaction of a condition, which are represented by percentages of similarities.
- Fuzzy logic is thus used in many areas such as automation (ABS brakes, process control), robotics (pattern recognition), traffic management (red lights), air traffic control (traffic management).
- automation ABS brakes, process control
- robotics pattern recognition
- traffic management red lights
- air traffic control traffic management
- the environment metaleorology, climatology, seismology, life cycle analysis
- medicine diagnostic assistance
- insurance risk selection and prevention
- Fuzzy logic is used to compare complex elements with reference elements, and to determine percentages of similarity between the input element and the elements of the reference base, and to draw conclusions about the nature of the element. input.
- Percentages can thus be calculated to determine the probability for the input element to actually represent the state E1 (these percentages depend in particular on the percentage of similarity with each of the reference elements representative of the state E1).
- fuzzy logic algorithms for comparing complex input data with reference data, and for calculating similarities with reference events.
- artificial intelligence algorithms based on fuzzy logic are used to detect plagiarisms, especially within universities.
- the Applicant therefore proposes to use these fuzzy logic algorithms in the analysis of the cerebral activity of a subject, measured during the performance of a task or in response to a stimulus.
- said stimulus is an absence of stimulus (resting state).
- the invention relates to a method for analyzing the brain activity of a subject during the execution of a task or in response to a stimulus comprising the steps of
- said comparison being performed by a Fuzzy Logic algorithm, said method for determining a degree of similarity of said normalized data (d2) with data present in the normalized database,
- said method for determining the brain activity of said subject in performing said task or in response to said stimulus.
- the technical effect obtained by the method thus described is the ability to analyze complex data and to be able to draw a conclusion on the similarity of these data with reference data.
- This conclusion is drawn from the percentage of similarity between the data (d2) and the data present in the database and representative of a given task or stimulus, a percentage calculated by the Fuzzy Logic algorithm implemented in the process.
- the similarity with the representative data of a given task or stimulus it may be concluded that the patient's activity is "normal" in the performance of this task or the response to this stimulus, or differences, who thus possibly reflect a psychiatric or neurological deficit. If the task or initial stimulus is not known, the percentage of similarity can be used to characterize this task.
- the determination of brain activity should be understood as the determination of the activated areas in the brain when performing the task or the application of the stimulus, but can also incorporate the temporal variation of activity of the brain areas during performing the task or applying the stimulus. It is known that the activated zones that can be determined, when performing the task or the application of the stimulus, are areas of gray matter.
- the database contains a number of data. Each piece of data (d3) present in the database is specific to a given task or stimulus. However, the database may contain multiple data (d3) for a given task or stimulus. This is even better because it will improve the accuracy of the input data analysis and the conclusion that can be drawn.
- Said brain activity reflects the brain response of said subject to one or more external stimuli.
- These include performing a comparative analysis of the idle state at rest in healthy subjects and in coma patients, subjecting the subjects to various stimuli (listening to music, feeling touched on various parts of the body). body, stimulation by speech ).
- the reference data of the database are those obtained on healthy subjects, for the same stimuli.
- said brain activity will reflect the response given by said subject to specific tasks related to psychiatric disorders (such as depression, schizophrenia, autism ).
- Specific tasks may be tasks related to olfaction and / or memorization for depression, mental math tasks for autism, or mental imagery representations for schizophrenia.
- the comparison is made with data obtained on healthy subjects performing the same tasks.
- the percentage of similarity observed for a given task could make it possible to classify the depth of the disorders, and / or to give a prognosis of therapeutic efficacy during treatment with drugs (return to "normal" data).
- said brain activity reflects the response given by the patient in a clinical and functional evaluation of a neurological deficit or disorder (such as stroke, tumor, multiple sclerosis). or any degenerative pathology, .
- a neurological deficit or disorder such as stroke, tumor, multiple sclerosis. or any degenerative pathology, .
- Tasks performed include tasks related to motor skills, language, or memory.
- the percentage of similarity is calculated on the basis of comparison with data from healthy patients who performed the same tasks. It should provide a prognostic index of functional recovery in the short and in these patients, as well as a prognostic index of therapeutic efficacy.
- the goal is to detect whether the subject is telling the truth or a lie by answering different questions.
- the data is compared to the data generated by reference persons, who is known to have told the truth or lied by answering questions.
- Brain activity is, indeed, different when a subject tells the truth or lies. The data studied will therefore be different depending on the veracity of the subject's answers.
- the percentage of similarity with the data observed for people telling the truth or lying people will define a probability of lying or veracity for the subject studied, depending on the questions asked.
- the measured brain activity reflects a qualitative reaction of subjects after application of stimuli.
- This qualitative reaction can be understood as a reaction I like / do not like.
- the baseline data with which the input data are compared are data obtained in subjects with positive or negative reactions when exposed to pleasant or unpleasant stimuli. Indeed, the brain activity is different in case of positive or negative sensation.
- the implementation of this embodiment has applications in the field of neuromarketing, to better understand the reactions of subjects during the presentation of new products, or the evocation of product development. Resting state
- the measured brain activity is that of the subject in the absence of explicit task requested from the patient, or application of external stimulus.
- the data (d1) collected during the execution of the task or the application of the stimulus include data from MRI, PET Scanner, ultrasound, or electroencephalography (EEG), optical imaging.
- the data (d1) therefore correspond to the signals collected during the execution of the task or the application of the stimulus.
- This normalization is performed by methods known in the art to suppress inter-subject variability (including brain size).
- the normalized data can then easily be compared with the reference data, which has also undergone the same normalization, by the fuzzy logic algorithms, to obtain the similarities between the standardized "test" data and the reference data.
- the data (d1) are signals that represent activation levels of different areas of the brain during the acquisition time of these signals (particularly the time of completion of the task or application of the stimulus).
- EEG electroencephalography
- the data acquisition method (d1) is the MRI.
- said data (d1) collected during the execution of the task or the application of the stimulus are data obtained by functional MRI and thus representing the activity of the gray substance during the performance of the task or the application of the stimulus.
- Functional MRI (fMRI) activation is a routine technique for exploring brain function. The principle is based on the calculation, in real time, of the oxygen expenditure linked to the activity of the cerebral cortex, in response to the realization of a cognitive task (language, motor skills, tactile or visual stimulation, memory ... ) or a stimulus. It consists of recording minimal local hemodynamic variations (changes in blood flow properties) when these areas are stimulated.
- said data (d1) further comprises MRI data for representing the white matter fibers of said subject's brain.
- diffusion MRI which makes it possible to calculate in each point of the image the distribution of the diffusion directions of the water molecules. Since this diffusion is constrained by the surrounding tissues, this imaging modality makes it possible indirectly to obtain the position, the orientation and the anisotropy of the fibrous structures, in particular the bundles of white matter of the brain. This allows to see the water flowing along the fibers.
- diffusion MRI is currently the only technique that allows non-invasive observation of non-invasive cerebral connectivity, the use of other techniques to achieve the same result, if developed in future, would be just as appropriate.
- morphological data is also preferably acquired by MRI.
- Morphological MRI a reference examination in neuroradiology, allows precise anatomical analysis in all three dimensions, including the placement of functional images.
- any other method of morphological imaging can also be used in the context of the data acquisition process (d1). Those are imageries that take a picture of the body but without studying their functioning as functional imaging.
- the signal in MRI is weak and must be accumulated by repeated stimulations. This is done during sequences defined by some parameters according to the disturbance chosen. The duration of a sequence is variable and currently lasts between 0.5 and 15 min.
- Stimulations are usually repeated with a period of 1.5 s, that is, data is retrieved every 1, 5 s.
- the brain When performing a given task, the brain will exhibit an activity, which is materialized by the sequential and / or concomitant activation of various gray matter areas.
- the Applicant therefore proposes to also evaluate the white matter beams to determine if the zones detected as activated are linked to each other. Indeed, it can be considered that an independently activated zone (not linked to the other zones activated during the execution of the task) is in fact not related to said task.
- an atlas of white matter fiber networks which can also be standardized on the same basis as the atlas of the NMI.
- Such a standardized atlas based on data present in the IM or on the Talairach atlas is described by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute's Laboratory of Brain Anatomical MRI. http://cmrm.medJhmi.edu/cmrm/atlas/human_data/file/AtlasExplan
- the functional data activation of the gray matter zones
- functional MRI consists of recording minimal local hemodynamic (variation in blood flow properties) variations when these areas are stimulated.
- the localization of the activated brain zones is based on the BOLD effect (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent), related to the magnetization of hemoglobin contained in red blood cells.
- the sequence of tasks and their repetition mode constitute the activation paradigm. It comprises at least one reference task, and another task whose only difference corresponds to the activity that one wishes to study.
- Event Paradigm The activities or stimuli are unique or presented in short repetitions, with a sequence that can be pseudo-random (which avoids the phenomenon of anticipation), and with possible measurement of the performance of the response (delay and accuracy of the answer).
- the local hemodynamic response is evaluated during the different activities.
- the temporal response to each stimulus is recorded and averaged over several events.
- resting state that is to say in the absence of stimulus or in the no task assigned to the subject.
- regional interactions that occur when the subject does not perform an explicit task are evaluated.
- the comparison of the data with the data contained in a database makes it possible to determine a posteriori the brain functions performed or implemented by the subject during the acquisition of the data.
- Pretreatment images are smoothed to reduce noise and artifacts (motion, orientation, and spatial distortion) are corrected Standardization: it is necessary to compare different or different patient examinations at different times.
- the images are recalibrated either between two examinations, or compared to a reference atlas (NIM, Talairach), to make them superimposable, in the same spatial reference.
- NAM reference atlas
- the data acquisition period (interval between two acquisition times) of MRI is generally of the order of 1, 5 s.
- the brain responses are rather of the order of a hundred milliseconds.
- the purpose of the MRI data processing method described below is the generation of standardized data (d2) that can be used in a brain activity analysis method described above.
- This method also makes it possible to generate real maps of the brain activity during the execution of the task or the application of the stimulus, identifying not only the activated brain zones, but making it possible to determine the relations between them by visualization of the fibers. white matter connecting the different brain areas.
- these cards will be called “GPS” maps, since they provide both the areas of functional activation of the brain, but also the “roads” (white substance bundles) connecting these zones.
- the method is based on the following sequences:
- interpolation of data between two acquisition times for example, changing from a range of 1.5s to ten 150ms intervals to better reflect physiological brain response times: the data is interpolated by applying the General Linear Model (or generalized linear model)
- the task-related brain activity is indeed represented by a sequence of activations of brain areas connected to each other. Overlaying functional atlases and structural atlases and examining whether there are fibers linking the activated zones makes it possible to define whether these zones are linked and to deduce this sequence related to the task or the stimulus. On the other hand, if we do not identify a white substance beam connecting an activated zone and the other zones, we can suppose that this "orphan" zone is not involved in the task or the response to the stimulus. . This makes it possible to reduce false positives.
- the next step is to assign, for each area of gray matter, a global correlation value with the paradigm.
- Rohmer et al Detection of cerebral Activity by fMRI (EPI) using a Growth Algorithm of Regions, Seventeenth GRETSI Conference, Vannes, 13-17 September 1999
- "as MRI scanners allow quickly acquire a set of images (a brain volume in less than 10 seconds)
- the solution to this small signal variation is to increase the temporal resolution of the sequence.
- Each voxel is then associated not only with two values characterizing the state of rest and the state of activation, but a temporal signal. It is thus a question of being able to characterize the temporal evolution of each voxel while the subject carries out a task following a precise paradigm.
- the bulk of the work associated with fMRI then involves analyzing the temporal sequences associated with voxels to determine the state of activity of a region of the brain.
- this step of calculating the average activity of a zone considered can be performed on all the gray matter areas mapped in the brain, but that it is favorable (especially for optimization issues). computation means) to perform this work only on the zones identified as having voxels activated in the previous step.
- the reduction in the number of zones to be analyzed makes it possible to reduce the need for random access memory.
- the initial data included the set of correlation factors of each voxel with the paradigm (ie of the order of 10 7 voxels after acquisition and normalization on the MNI atlas), while the data obtained after averaging represent the correlation factors of each pre-mapped activation area in the atlas with the paradigm (eg 1 16 areas only, depicted in Figure 1) -
- the data processing is carried out as described above.
- the data obtained makes it possible to manufacture maps by using graphic representation software of the market.
- the resulting maps are four-dimensional maps (spatial and temporal) covering the activity blocks of the paradigm and allowing to see the activated brain circuits and the variations and sequences of activation during each block of activity of the paradigm.
- the anatomical data allows you to see the shape of the brain and you can represent the various zones that activate over time during the execution of the task (with color codes to reflect the level of activity), as well as as the paths (white substance fibers) connecting these areas.
- the invention thus relates to a method for generating standardized data that can be used for the implementation of a method for analyzing brain activity, as described above, in which said data (d1) to be standardized include, for example: each time block (t1) for acquiring said data (d1) during the execution of the task or application of the stimulus, the protocol for performing said task or for applying said stimulus representing a paradigm:
- iv. Optionally increase the temporal resolution between each acquisition time block (t1), by dividing in equal parts (interpolated time blocks t2) the time between two acquisition time blocks (t1) and interpolating the statistically significant signal variations at the of each voxel acquired for functional data using the generalized linear model v.
- search voxel by voxel, activated functional brain zones, and bundles of white substance fibers uniting each of these areas activated brain
- Definition of the task performed or the stimulus applied Normalization of the anatomical data can be done by co-registration on the T1 atlas of the IMU, using the FLIRT software described above.
- Functional data normalization can be performed based on a standardized functional atlas representing the cortical areas and basal ganglia of the brain, particularly the brain areas described in Figure 1.
- There is a functional atlas in the IM which is in the same frame as the atlas T1.
- Standardization of structural data for white matter fibers can be performed on the basis of any existing atlas, including the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute atlas described above.
- these structural data can be normalized on the basis of a standardized atlas in the same frame as the atlas T1 of the IM, and presenting the 58 white-substance fibers described in Figure 2.
- said functional brain zone zones studied in step vi are only the zones that were previously selected after voxel search by voxel has identified that they are activated.
- This step vi is performed by geometric averaging of the values of the correlation coefficients of each of the voxels of the cerebral zone for each time block t1 or t2.
- This step of averaging by activation zone thus has the technical effect of greatly reducing the size necessary to store the data.
- the initial data included the set of correlation factors of each voxel with the paradigm, while the data obtained after averaging represent the correlation factors of each pre-mapped activation zone in the atlas with the paradigm (for example, only 16 areas, as depicted in Figure 1
- a time-dimension reduction step of said card is further carried out by averaging the results for each of the blocks of the paradigm (activation values of each of the activated zones) corresponding to the steps of action or stimulus within the paradigm.
- This temporal reduction step thus uses the fact that, in a block paradigm, the same task is repeated several times or the same stimulus is applied several times.
- the realization of this step makes it possible to obtain a unique map of the cerebral activity of the patient considered during the execution of the task or in response to the stimulus.
- the non-implementation of this step allows to keep a number of cards equal to the number of blocks of the paradigm.
- the technical effect of this step is to decrease the memory needed to store and analyze the data.
- Another step of time reduction can also be achieved by reducing the temporal resolution within the card. It is recalled that the temporal resolution has generally been increased due to the low temporal resolution during the acquisition of the primary brain data (passage of a resolution of 1, 5 s
- This other time reduction step corresponds in fact to the inverse operation, that is to say to average a predetermined number of time blocks t1 or t2, in order to reduce the number thereof.
- the goal is always to reduce the computational power and memory required for storage and manipulation and analysis of data.
- Standardized data representing the white matter fibers of the subject's brain eg 58 white substance bundles using the data in Figure 2).
- Standardized data representing the brain activity (correlation coefficient) of each functional area (gray matter) when performing the task or application of the stimulus (for example on the 1 16 gray matter areas of Figure 1).
- This database will preferably be constructed so that it will present three entries:
- weighting coefficient An entry corresponding to a weighting coefficient.
- the principle of the weighting coefficient is as follows: the "GPS" maps generated above are representations of the brain activity of a subject during the performance of a task or the reception of a stimulus.
- each of the cards present in the base will be weighted by a weighting coefficient, calculated by comparing the set of data of each card with each other, and by determining their similarity threshold, in particular by an algorithm based on fuzzy logic.
- the database is an interactive database, which evolves each time a new card is recorded there.
- the database becomes more and more relevant as new entries are added.
- the new card is compared to all the cards that are already present in the database by the method described above. We can then calculate a weighting coefficient for this new map, and recalculate the weighting coefficients of the other maps.
- the new card is compared to all the cards present in the card. base, where to one or more subsets of said base (in particular, when one looks for whether a person is telling the truth or lies, one compares to cards associated with "truth” / "lie” tasks).
- This reference map is notably created by averaging the different maps, weighted by the weighting coefficients.
- the two inputs are compared (gray and white substance) by fuzzy logic software. We can deduce a percentage of overall similarity.
- Each entry 1 and 2 will have the same weighting coefficient (we can not define which is the most "fair”) in the single entry (reference card).
- the reference card is then recalculated, in which the weights of the cards 2 and 3 will be greater than the weight of the card 1.
- this reference card finds a certain utility when one is in possession of a card, without knowing the task or the associated stimulus.
- the database contains the "GPS" maps obtained from cerebral functional data of the gray matter, obtained by functional activation MRI, structural data of white matter fibers. , obtained by Diffusion Tensor MRI, normalized on the basis of anatomical data obtained in T1-weighted morphological MRI.
- the principle of construction of the database in which weighting coefficients are given to the various data integrated in the database, calculated by comparing the set of data with each other (for the same task), and in determining their similarity threshold, in particular by an algorithm based on fuzzy logic, is applicable for any type of data such as generated by any other type of measurement (in particular PET scanner, ultrasound, electroencephalography (EEG), or optical imaging), after standardization.
- any other type of measurement in particular PET scanner, ultrasound, electroencephalography (EEG), or optical imaging
- the database will preferably be constructed so that it will present three entries:
- This database is used for comparison on the basis of the fuzzy logic algorithm as described above.
- Figure 1 List of 1 16 gray elements used in a standardized atlas
- Figure 2 List of 58 white substance bundles for use in a standardized atlas
- Figure 3 algorithm for obtaining standardized data and comparison with a database.
- FL Fuzzy Logic (fuzzy logic); SB: white matter: SG: gray matter; Fx: Beams; Fa: fraction of anisotropy; Nb: number; Lg: Length; diff stat sign: significant statistical difference
- the atlas initiates the extraction algorithm by providing the starting zones of the extraction (seeds) for each of the 58 beams considered, and comparing iteratively the results of the extraction obtained (parameters analyzed: Fraction of Anisotropy, beam length, number of fibers) with the known values of the initial beam in the atlas. Iterations stop when the statistical differences between these values are no longer significant, and / or when there is an overlap of beams.
- Example 3 Analysis of Structural and Functional Connections: Establishment of "GPS Maps" for the studied brain spot A first analysis is performed by time block of 150 ms on all the blocks of the paradigm of functional acquisition.
- the algorithm searches voxel by voxel for activated functional brain areas, and searches for the bundles of fibers uniting each of these activated brain areas.
- the cartography is established according to a Boolean model (activated, not activated) by cortical region, by beam of white substance, and by temporal block.
- a statistical ranking with weighted geometric averaging of the results obtained within each time block is then performed by comparing the results obtained in each block of the paradigm with those of the other blocks of the paradigm so as to normalize the "GPS" cartography thus created.
- a temporal dimension reduction of this map is performed by averaging the results of the time blocks by a factor of 9.
- Each map established for a specific task is inserted into an entry in the database, with an initial weighting factor set to 1.
- the database has 3 entries with different dimensions:
- the weighting coefficient of the newly inserted card is recalculated using a fuzzy logic algorithm to calculate the percentage of similarity. between the new task to be inserted into the database and the data already present.
- the analysis of the weighting coefficient is performed by comparing the X [1 16] xY [58] xZ [40] values of each card with each other and determining their similarity threshold.
- This database becomes more and more relevant as it is enriched with new entries.
- the generated map is compared to the entries in the database using the same Fuzzy Logic algorithm that was used to calculate the weighting coefficients when creating and enriching the database. the database.
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AU2015332793A AU2015332793A1 (en) | 2014-10-14 | 2015-10-13 | Method of analysing the brain activity of a subject |
CA2964432A CA2964432A1 (fr) | 2014-10-14 | 2015-10-13 | Methode d'analyse de l'activite cerebrale d'un sujet |
US15/518,844 US20170238879A1 (en) | 2014-10-14 | 2015-10-13 | Method of Analyzing the Brain Activity of a Subject |
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ALEXANDRE R FRANCO ET AL: "Multimodal and Multi-Tissue Measures of Connectivity Revealed by Joint Independent Component Analysis", IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING, IEEE, US, vol. 2, no. 6, 1 December 2008 (2008-12-01), pages 986 - 997, XP011241227, ISSN: 1932-4553, DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2008.2006718 * |
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