WO2016057561A1 - Dispositif électronique comprenant un concentrateur solaire holographique intégré dans son écran - Google Patents

Dispositif électronique comprenant un concentrateur solaire holographique intégré dans son écran Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016057561A1
WO2016057561A1 PCT/US2015/054302 US2015054302W WO2016057561A1 WO 2016057561 A1 WO2016057561 A1 WO 2016057561A1 US 2015054302 W US2015054302 W US 2015054302W WO 2016057561 A1 WO2016057561 A1 WO 2016057561A1
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Prior art keywords
electronic device
optical element
holographic optical
transparent
waveguide concentrator
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PCT/US2015/054302
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English (en)
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Peng Wang
Rajesh Mukherjee
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Nitto Denko Corporation
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Publication of WO2016057561A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016057561A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0547—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the reflecting type, e.g. parabolic mirrors, concentrators using total internal reflection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/0543—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means comprising light concentrating means of the refractive type, e.g. lenses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
    • H01L31/055—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means where light is absorbed and re-emitted at a different wavelength by the optical element directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. by using luminescent material, fluorescent concentrators or up-conversion arrangements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to a transparent solar energy collection system, and in particular, to novel systems utilizing holographic optical elements to maximize the collection of electromagnetic radiation and concentrate the solar radiation into solar energy harvesting devices so that the energy can be converted into electricity to power electronic devices.
  • the system is part of an electronic device display and is useful for providing power to the electronic device, such as a phone, watch, clothing- embedded electronic device, etc.
  • photovoltaic devices also known as solar cells
  • photovoltaic devices also known as solar cells
  • Several different types of mature photovoltaic devices have been developed, including a silicon-based device, a lll-V and ll-VI PN junction device, a Copper-Indium- Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic sensitizer device, an organic thin film device, and a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device, among others.
  • CdS/CdTe Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride
  • PV photovoltaic
  • AOI angle of incidence
  • solar panels installed on buildings and large structures are stationary and the position of the solar panel can be adjusted to optimize the solar harvesting efficiency.
  • small electronic devices such as cell phones, watches, electronic devices in clothing, etc. are constantly in motion, so the solar cells must be able to capture solar radiation regardless of their AOI towards the sun.
  • HOEs holographic optical elements
  • the HOEs redirects the solar radiation to a smaller area or strip and fewer PV cells are needed to collect the radiation reducing the cost of the overall system.
  • many of the current HOEs technologies are not efficient enough to be used for electronic device applications, as the area that the HOEs can cover is limited due to re-coupling losses.
  • a luminescent solar concentrator is a technology that uses the wavelength shifting (through absorption and re-emission) properties of chemical compounds to convert and confine solar radiation into a spectral region that yields higher quantum efficiency from the photovoltaic cells.
  • Some commercially available organic dyes can include GF Orange-Red, Fluorol 555, oxazine-4-perchlorate, LDS 730, LDS 750, BASF 241 , BASF 339, and combinations thereof with each other or with GF Clear or with 3- phenyl-fluoranthene.
  • the photostability of at least some of these dyes may be very poor, and therefore, they may be unusable in solar array devices that may require lifetimes of 20 more than years.
  • an electronic device comprising: a holographic optical element that may be optically coupled to a transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator is integrated into a display of the electronic device; and has a major top surface configured for receipt of incident light and an edge surface.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract a portion of incident light into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that allows total internal reflection of the portion of incident light from the edge surface into an electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the electromagnetic energy conversion device may be configured to convert the portion of incident light into electricity, and is in electrical communication with the power source of the electronic device.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a representation of total internal reflection.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the interaction of the reflected wave and the holographic optical element in cases where the reflected wave intercepts the holographic optical element.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic of the transparent solar energy collection system comprising a holographic optical element the holographic optical element comprises diffractive structures that vary across an area of the holographic optical element.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic of the transparent solar energy collection system where the red and blue lines correspond to the paths of the rays diffracted on the left and right edges of the HOE, respectively.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a schematic of the set up used to synthesize the holographic optical element.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a transparent solar energy collection system comprising a holographic optical element, a transparent waveguide concentrator, a solar cell, and an electronic device, wherein the holographic optical element comprises diffractive structures that vary across an area of the holographic optical element.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a transparent solar energy collection system comprising a holographic optical element, a transparent waveguide concentrator, a solar cell, and an electronic device, wherein the diffractive structures vary across an area of the holographic optical element.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a top down view of an embodiment of a transparent solar energy collection system comprising a holographic optical element, a transparent waveguide concentrator, multiple solar cells, and an electronic device.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic of an embodiment of transparent solar energy collection system as described in Example 5.
  • FIG. 10 is a photograph of a smartphone having the transparent solar energy collection system described in Example 3.
  • the present disclosure relates an electromagnetic energy collection system that is useful for providing power to electronic devices with displays, including, but not limited to, mobile devices, electronic reader devices, tablets, mobile phones, wearable electronic devices (i.e., watches, smart watches, and electronic eye glasses), portable electronic devices, outdoor signage, building signage, and the like.
  • the system may comprise a holographic optical element, a transparent waveguide concentrator, an electromagnetic energy conversion device, and an electronic device.
  • the incorporation of the holographic optical element in the system may provide improved efficiency and a large angle of incidence ranges for absorbing electromagnetic energy, such as solar energy, compared to solar energy systems that do not use a holographic optical element.
  • the holographic optical element may be optically coupled to the transparent waveguide concentrator so that the holographic optical element is configured to diffract a portion of incident light into the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator has a major top surface for receipt of solar radiation and an edge surface.
  • incident light strikes the holographic optical element, a portion of the incident light is diffracted into the transparent waveguide concentrator through the major top surface.
  • the light is diffracted into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that allows total internal reflection of the portion of incident light.
  • At least some of the incident light that is subject to total internal reflection is directed out of an edge surface and into an electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the electromagnetic energy conversion device can convert the electromagnetic radiation into electricity that is used to power the electronic device.
  • the electromagnetic energy conversion device may in electrical communication with the power source of the electronic device.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator is integrated into the display of the electronic device.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured with multiple diffractive structures.
  • the diffractive structures of the holographic optical element may vary throughout the area of the holographic optical element, such that light incident on one side of the holographic optical element is reflected into the transparent waveguide concentrator at a different angle than the light incident on a different side of the holographic optical element.
  • the diffractive structures of the holographic optical element may be continuously varying throughout the length of the holographic optical element.
  • the diffractive structures in an area of the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract a portion of the solar radiation at an angle that violates the Bragg condition of the holographic optical element, for light that is reflected from the bottom of the transparent waveguide concentrator and impinged back on the holographic optical element.
  • the multiple diffractive structures of the holographic optical element may act to diffract a portion of the solar radiation to a focal point at a distance of approximately equal to the distance from the center of the holographic optical element to the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the variation in the diffractive structures across the area of the holographic optical element may be configured to reduce the loss of photons reflected out of the transparent waveguide concentrator, and reduce the photons lost due to recoupling in the holographic optical element.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract photons into the transparent waveguide concentrator at a different angle depending on the incident wavelength.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract photons in the near infrared (NIR) or infrared (IR) light region into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow total internal reflection of the photons into the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract photons in the UV light region into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will prevent the photons from reaching either of the electronic device or the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to allow photons in the visible light region to pass through the system without being diffracted, thus the system remains transparent to visible light and is useful for electronic device displays.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to collect some portion of the light spectrum that is directly incident on the system between (i.e., the angle of incidence is about 0 degrees from the normal to the top surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator). In some embodiments, the holographic optical element may be configured to collect some portion of the light spectrum incident on the system between the angles of incidence of about +15 degrees to about -15 degrees; about +45 degrees to about -45 degrees; about +60 degrees to about -60 degrees from the normal to the top surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator, or any other angle in a range bound by these values.
  • the transparent solar energy collection system may be configured for different types of electromagnetic energy conversion devices.
  • the electromagnetic energy conversion device may be selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of a silicon-based device, a lll-V or ll-VI PN junction device, a Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic sensitizer device, an organic thin film device, or a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device.
  • the photovoltaic device or solar cell may be an amorphous Silicon (a-Si) solar cell.
  • the photovoltaic device or solar cell comprises a microcrystalline Silicon ( ⁇ -Si) solar cell.
  • the photovoltaic device or solar cell may be a crystalline Silicon (c-Si) solar cell.
  • the transparent solar energy collection system may comprise a holographic optical element, a transparent waveguide concentrator, an electromagnetic energy conversion device, and an electronic device, as described herein, may include additional layers.
  • the system may comprise an adhesive layer in between the solar cell and transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the system may also comprise glass or polymer layers.
  • additional glass or polymer layers may be incorporated into the transparent waveguide concentrator, to enclose the holographic optical element layer and protect it from environmental elements.
  • additional glass or polymer layers may be used to encapsulate the holographic optical elements, or may be placed on top of the holographic optical element layer.
  • the glass or polymer layers may be configured to protect and prevent oxygen and moisture penetration into the holographic optical element.
  • the glass or polymer layers may be used to internally refract or reflect photons that are emitted from the holographic optical element.
  • the system may further comprise a polymer layer comprising a UV absorber, configured to prevent harmful high energy photons from contacting the electronic device and/or the solar cell.
  • the system may also combine layers to optimize different advantages together into one device.
  • the present disclosure relates to a transparent solar energy collection system for an electronic device display that efficiently collects electromagnetic radiation, such as solar radiation or ambient light, and uses this energy to power the electronic device.
  • the embodiments described herein are useful for providing power to electronic devices with displays, including, but not limited to, mobile devices, electronic reader devices, tablets, mobile phones, wearable electronic devices (i.e., body monitors/sensors, watches, smart watches, and electronic eye glasses), portable electronic devices, outdoor signage, building signage, and the like.
  • the currently available products have not achieved commercial success because of the visual distortion or obscuration introduced by the optical or photovoltaic elements. A successful design in this market will require high efficiency and minimal impact to viewing the scenes through the display of the electronic device.
  • One method developed by the inventors to improve both the angular acceptance of the photovoltaic modules and the visual distortion caused by the existing technologies is to use holographic optical elements to deflect the incoming solar radiation into the display glass at an angle where it is trapped through total internal reflection (TIR) (see FIG. 1 ) and directed toward the edge of the display where the photovoltaic cells are located.
  • TIR total internal reflection
  • this approach may locate the photovoltaic cells outside of the display area, and minimizes the visual distortion present in other approaches.
  • small strips of solar cells may be located on the edges of the transparent waveguide concentrator, with minimal blocking of the display area on the electronic device.
  • a holographic optical element is a hologram that consists of a diffraction pattern rendered as a surface relief, or a thin film containing an index modulation throughout the thickness of the film.
  • HOEs are typically produced on a glass plate coated with a film of dichromated gelatin emulsion by exposing it to two mutually coherent laser beams, referred to as object and reference beams.
  • object and reference beams Two mutually coherent laser beams
  • HOEs have been employed to act as concentrators of incoming solar radiation.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,517,339 discloses a method of manufacturing holographic optical elements.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 5,877,874; 6,274,860; and 6,469,241 disclose holographic concentrator devices used to separate and concentrate optical radiation.
  • a holographic optical element comprises diffractive elements having varying indices of refraction. When confronted by light of certain angles, the varying indices of refraction of the diffractive elements produce a diffraction pattern that directs the light so that it is reflected out of the edge or top surface (or outside surface with respect to a building or vehicle) of the transparent waveguide substrate.
  • the transparent solar energy collection system may be positioned with respect to an electronic device display or integrated with a display, in which the transparent waveguide concentrator acts as the display glass of the electronic device while simultaneously also acting as a solar concentrator.
  • the electromagnetic energy conversion devices which are not transparent, may be located outside of the display area so that the content from the display is unaffected.
  • the transparent solar energy collection system may also cover non-display portions of the electronic device having a display.
  • the non-display portion may be, but not limited to, a frame, edge, back, or side of the electronic device.
  • the light absorbed by the transparent solar energy collection system may originate either from within the display or from light incident to the display from the external environment.
  • the solar energy harvested from the transparent solar energy collection system may be used to provide power to the electronic device or some adjacent device.
  • power may be provided through charging a battery or capacitor, or by directly driving specific electronic components.
  • the transparent solar energy collection system may be integrated with some form of power electronics to regulate the voltage and current output.
  • a display allows the human eye to sense images and text in the form of visible light (i.e., photons with wavelengths from about 450 nm to about 650 nm).
  • This visible light can be delivered to the eye from the display in the form of light emission (for example, but not limited to, light emitting diode (LED), liquid crystal display (LCD), organic LED (OLED), or the like) or light reflection (for example, but not limited to, electrophoretic displays (i.e., elnkTM), printed ink/dyes on a substrate like paper, or the like).
  • LED light emitting diode
  • LCD liquid crystal display
  • OLED organic LED
  • electrophoretic displays i.elnkTM
  • the transparent solar energy collection system may remain transparent, so that the light emitted from the display is viewable by the user.
  • the holographic optical element may be optically coupled to the transparent waveguide concentrator, wherein the holographic optical element is configured to diffract a portion of incident light into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that allows total internal reflection of the light into the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator may have a major top surface for receipt of solar radiation, a bottom surface, and an edge surface, wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator is integrated into the display of the electronic device.
  • the electromagnetic energy conversion device may be optically coupled to the transparent waveguide concentrator, wherein the electromagnetic energy conversion device is in electrical communication with the power source of the electronic device.
  • the power source may comprise a rechargeable battery.
  • the electromagnetic energy conversion device may provide a portion and/or all of the power requirements of the electronic device. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic energy conversion device may be in electrical communication with the power source and recharge the power source. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic energy conversion device may be disposed on the edge surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator may comprise a transparent matrix.
  • the transparent matrix which may be a glass or polymer, may provide mechanical support for the assembly and act as a waveguide for light that is directed toward the electromagnetic energy conversion device placed at the edge of the transparent matrix.
  • the light is guided through the transparent matrix through total internal reflection as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Total internal reflection may occur when the light inside the transparent matrix is incident upon the top or bottom surface at an angle from the surface normal larger than the critical angle as described in Equation (1 ).
  • ni and n 2 are the index of refraction of medium 1 and medium 2, respectively.
  • Holographic concentrators of solar energy especially, those working in the Bragg regime of diffraction can be designed in such a way to be transparent in the whole visible spectral range while providing high collection efficiency for the diffracted light.
  • holographic optical elements also have very narrow angular and wavelength bandwidth that makes them inefficient for use as solar concentrators.
  • a useful waveguide geometry introduces a significant angular redirection to generate angles beyond the critical angle (Equation 2) in the transparent matrix. Generating such a large angular deviation may require the holographic optical elements to employ high spatial frequency grating components, which significantly increases wavelength selectivity of holographic optical elements.
  • the holographic optical element must redirect the light at an angle large enough to ensure that the light reflected from the bottom of the transparent waveguide concentrator does not reflect from the holographic optical element were it diffracted at an angle below the critical angle and would be out-coupled from the transparent waveguide concentrator, as shown in FIG. 2. This optical effect limits the size of the holographic optical element that reduces the amount of solar radiation that can be collected.
  • the holographic optical element 100 is mounted onto the light incident surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator 101 .
  • the incident radiation 102 is diffracted 103 at an angle determined by the holographic optical element that will allow the light to be reflected back by the bottom of the transparent waveguide concentrator (1 st bounce). After the 1 st bounce, the right-hand portion of the diffracted light is again reflected by the top of the transparent waveguide concentrator, while the left-hand side of the diffracted light contacts the holographic optical element for a second time, and is diffracted at an angle that allows this portion of light to escape from the system.
  • the holographic optical element may have varying diffracting structures throughout the length of the holographic optical element, or with respect to the distance from a point on the holographic optical element to the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the holographic optical element may have varying diffractive structures throughout the length, can shape the diffracted beam into a converging beam as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the solar cell 104 is mounted on the edge of the transparent waveguide concentrator 101
  • the holographic optical element 100 is mounted onto the light incident surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the incident solar radiation 102 diffracted by the left hand side of the holographic optical element (L 0 ) is launched into the transparent matrix with an angle ' and the light diffracted by the right hand side (Ro) is launched with an angle " both of which are larger than the critical angle c -
  • Both diffracted beams are reflected by the bottom side of the waveguide as wave U and R-i, respectively.
  • U reaches the holographic optical element its angle of incidence violates the Bragg condition of the holographic grating and, rather than being out-coupled, it is reflected through total internal reflection and travels toward the photovoltaic cell at the end of the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator with a focusing beam provides the advantage of a wider wavelength capture by the holographic optical element that proportionally increases the light directed toward the solar energy harvesting devices and improves electricity generation.
  • the waveguide with a focusing beam provides the ability to increase the width of the holographic optical element without decreasing the light coupling efficiency, which will increase the power output of the system.
  • the waveguide with a focusing beam provides the ability to maintain a collection efficiency of 75-80% for a ⁇ 45° angle of incidence.
  • the bandwidth for the blue portion of the spectrum is increased because rays are entering the substrate from one portion of the hologram (ray L 0 on FIG. 3). These rays are reflected through the total internal reflection from the back face (ray L-i) where the Bragg condition is violated, and, consequently, the beam remains trapped inside the substrate.
  • the waveguide with a focusing beam may widen the overall spectral bandwidth because of the choice of slanted (45°) incidence angle, which decreases the value of the holographic optical elements K-vector and decreases its angular selectivity. The reduction in angular sensitivity allows the in-coupling holographic optical element to accept angles from ⁇ 45° angle of incidence.
  • the diffractive structures employed in a holographic optical element may act to diffract the incident light into the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the diffractive structures for each solar energy collection system may be optimized for the particular system, with regards to the size, shape of the system, and its position on the electronic device.
  • the diffracted beam may be shaped into a converging beam.
  • the diffractive structures of the holographic optical element are different throughout the length or area of the holographic optical element (as shown in FIG. 3).
  • the multiple diffractive structures of the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract a portion of the incident light at a different angle into the transparent waveguide concentrator depending on the location of where the light entered into the holographic optical element.
  • the left side of the holographic optical element may diffract light at a larger angle than the right side of the holographic optical element.
  • the multiple diffractive structures of the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract a portion of the incident light at an angle that violates the Bragg condition, should that light be reflected back at the holographic optical element. As shown in FIG. 3, the light diffracted by the left-hand side of the holographic optical element bounces off the back surface and impinges upon the holographic optical element, where it violates the Bragg condition at the right-hand side of the holographic optical element so that the light remains trapped by total internal refection in the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the multiple diffractive structures of the holographic optical element may be configured to reduce the loss of photons reflected out of the transparent waveguide concentrator and reduce the photons lost due to recoupling in the holographic optical element.
  • the variation in the diffractive structures across the area of the holographic optical element may allow for a large holographic optical element to be disposed onto the transparent waveguide concentrator, thus, increasing the amount of solar energy collected.
  • the holographic optical element may cover the entire light incident surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract photons into the transparent waveguide concentrator at a different angle depending on the incident wavelength. Because the system can remain transparent for use as an electronic device display, it is important that visible light be allowed to pass through the transparent solar energy collection system without diffraction. Thus, in some embodiments, the holographic optical element may be configured to not diffract photons in the visible wavelength region. Infrared wavelengths are often absorbed as heat by electronic devices, which is harmful to the device and transmittance of the IR wavelengths is not needed for the display to function properly.
  • the holographic optical element may diffract infrared light at an angle that will allow total internal reflection through the transparent waveguide concentrator into the electromagnetic energy conversion device, while at the same time the holographic optical element may block or diffract harmful UV wavelengths at an angle that will allow the harmful UV wavelengths to exit the system before reaching the electronic device or the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to allow photons in the visible light region to pass through the system without diffraction so that the system remains clearly transparent and the display of the electronic device functions properly.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract photons in the UV light region into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow the photons to reflect out of the transparent solar energy collection system. It may be useful for the system to further comprise an electromagnetic energy conversion device in the system that accepts UV light, in which case it may be useful for the holographic optical element to diffract UV light into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow total internal reflection of the photons into the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract photons in the UV light region into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow total internal reflection of the photons into the electromagnetic energy conversion device. In some embodiments, the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract photons in the UV light region into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow the photons to reflect out of the transparent solar energy collection system. In some embodiments, the holographic optical element may be configured to block photons in the harmful ultraviolet light region from entering the transparent waveguide concentrator. In some embodiments, the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract photons in the NIR or IR light region into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow total internal reflection of the photons into the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to reduce the outdoor sun-glazing effect by diffracting or blocking certain portions of the solar light spectrum and preventing this light from reflecting back at the user.
  • the holographic optical element may be designed such that light incident on the system over a wide range of angles can be collected by the system.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to collect light that is directly incident on the system, that is, light that is incident on the system at an angle of about 0 degrees; about +15 degrees to about -15 degrees; about +30 degrees to about -30 degrees; about +45 degrees to about -45 degrees; about +60 to about -50 degrees from the normal to the top surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator, or any angle in a range bounded by any of these values.
  • the holographic optical element is optimized for different angles of incidence depending on the electronic device application and its location.
  • the holographic optical element may be made of various materials using methods known in the art.
  • the holographic optical element may comprise one or a multiplicity of materials.
  • the holographic optical element may be made of a material selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, dichromated gelatin, photopolymer, bleached and unbleached photo emulsion, or any combination thereof.
  • the HOE may be fabricated in a way to maximize the collection efficiency of the collimated input beam (sunlight) into the transparent waveguide concentrator with the following parameters: (1 ) the HOE operation may be centered to the maximum of solar cells sensitivity, (2) the diffraction angles of the output beam may be larger than the TIR cut-off angle to remain trapped inside the substrate, and at the same time, (3) these diffraction angles may be as small as possible to provide wider wavelength bandwidth of the HOE, (4) the HOE may work in Bragg diffraction regime to provide both maximum diffraction efficiency for sun rays and minimize diffraction of any other light sources, keeping the electronic display window transparent and free of artifacts, and (5) the diffracted beam propagating inside the substrate by TIR may not bounce back on the hologram to eliminate their out-coupling. In some embodiments, these conditions may be optimized and the holographic optical element constructed using the following procedure: the rays in
  • h is the substrate thickness and a is the incidence angle of the ray.
  • Parameter 5, discussed above, of the HOE can be written as W ⁇ S, and does not necessarily impose equal limitations on diffraction angles of the rays and admit further optimization of HOE's parameters. Namely, in other embodiments, varying the period of holographic grating by using recording beams with non-planar wave-fronts, as was discussed above, may allow both (1 ) a wider wavelength bandwidth due to the part of HOE with larger period and (2) a larger width of hologram due to different Bragg conditions along the HOE that minimize the out-coupling.
  • one of the possible grating structures satisfying above mentioned conditions may be the one where the wavelength of the input beam corresponds to the maximum sensitivity of the PV cells and planar wave-front strikes the HOE at approximately an angle 45° and reconstructs inside the substrate a beam with cylindrical wave-front, which focal point can be found as intersection of two rays diffracted on left and right edges of HOE as follows:
  • W H OE HOE width
  • n refractive index of the substrate
  • arig t the cut-off angle for TIR propagation (see FIG. 4).
  • d is local period of hologram
  • ⁇ is diffraction wavelength
  • n is substrate refractive index
  • a is half angle between diffracting beams.
  • recording and readout angles may be measured relative to the plane of hologram interferometric fringes.
  • Straightforward calculation allows one to find recording beams angles inside the substrate for any desired geometry.
  • a 37° beam angle with plane wave-front and a 40° and 61 ° for the edge rays of the beam with cylindrical wave-front were observed.
  • the dichromated gelatin (DCG) is exposed using a recording media prism and immersion liquid as shown on FIG. 5.
  • the holographic optical element is written into DCG was fabricated using standard techniques know in the art (see B.J. Chang and CD. Leonard, Dichromated gelatin for the fabrication of holographic optical elements, Applied Optics, Vol. 18, Issue 14, pp. 2407 (1979), or http://holoinfo.no- ip.biz/wiki/index.php/Dichromated_Gelatin).
  • in-house deposition of DCG layers were performed because optimization showed freshly prepared material may provide the high ⁇ required for HOE efficient performance in IR.
  • the thickness of the transparent waveguide concentrator may be about 8 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ to satisfy Parameters 1 and 3 above and, at the same time, suppress out-coupling, as was discussed above.
  • the transparent matrix of the transparent waveguide concentrator may comprise, but is not limited to, a material selected from a glass and a transparent polymer, or any material that is transparent over the efficiency range of the particular solar energy device that is to be used in the transparent solar energy collection system.
  • the transparent matrix of the transparent waveguide concentrator may need to be transparent to the IR, UV, and/or visible light in various combinations.
  • the transparent matrix of the transparent waveguide concentrator may be transparent over a large section of the visible spectrum.
  • a suitable transparent polymer may be poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer (PMMA, which typically has a refractive index of about 1 .49) or a polycarbonate polymer (typical refractive index of about 1 .58).
  • the glass may be selected from any known transparent inorganic amorphous material, including, but not limited to, glasses comprising silicon dioxide and glasses selected from the albite type, crown type and flint type. These glasses have refractive indexes ranging from approximately 1 .48 to 1 .9.
  • a layer of the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises transparent glass or polymer materials with a refractive index of between about 1 .4 and about 1 .7.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a layer made of one host polymer, a host polymer and a co-polymer, or multiple polymers.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a layer formed from polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, amorphous polycarbonate, polystyrene, siloxane sol-gel, polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyepoxide, or a combination thereof.
  • the holographic optical element may be incorporated into the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator may comprise an optically transparent polymer layer in- between two glass plates, wherein the holographic optical element is incorporated into the optically transparent polymer layer.
  • the optically transparent polymer layer may comprise an epoxy.
  • the holographic optical element may separate the incident light and diffract the separated light at different angles depending on the wavelength of the light.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to separate the solar spectrum into different wavelengths for multiple incident angles of incoming light. For example, light may be incident on the solar module at different angles depending on the position of the electronic device, where in some instances light may be incident on the display at an angle greater than 45° from the normal to the transparent waveguide concentrator. In other embodiments, other instances the light may be directly incident on the display (0° from the normal to the transparent waveguide concentrator).
  • the holographic optical element may have multiple holograms to account for the different angles of incident light, and is therefore able to "passively" collect incident light and separate the spectrum into different wavelengths.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to separate potentially harmful UV portions of the solar spectrum from the visible portion of the spectrum, such that the UV wavelengths are refracted out of the system without reaching the electronic device, the solar cell, the photovoltaic device, or other portions thereof.
  • the high energy UV wavelengths often degrade and damage electronic devices and solar cell materials much quicker than the lower energy wavelengths. This degradation can decrease efficiency and lifetime of the electronic device and the solar cell.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to separate the IR portion of the solar spectrum from the visible portion of the solar spectrum, such that light having IR wavelengths is diffracted into the system so that the IR wavelengths will be absorbed by the solar cell or photovoltaic device and converted into electricity.
  • the holographic optical element may be optically coupled to a transparent waveguide concentrator, where incoming light hits the holographic optical element, and is diffracted such that undesirable wavelengths are refracted directly out of the module, while the desirable (i.e., IR) wavelengths are reflected at an angle larger than the critical angle into the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator may then allow the desirable wavelengths to be internally reflected until reaching the electromagnetic energy conversion device, where it is converted into electricity, as illustrated in FIGS. 6-7.
  • the exemplified system comprises an electromagnetic energy conversion device 104 attached to the edge of a transparent waveguide concentrator 101 , wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a transparent matrix having a major top surface for receipt of solar radiation, a bottom surface, and an edge surface, and wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator is integrated into the display of the electronic device, and wherein the electromagnetic energy conversion device is optically coupled to the transparent waveguide concentrator, and wherein the electromagnetic energy conversion device converts solar energy into electricity that is used to power the electronic device 105.
  • the holographic optical element 100 is disposed on the transparent waveguide concentrator, wherein incident light of multiple angles 102 is collected and wherein the holographic optical element comprises multiple diffractive structures that vary throughout the length of the holographic optical element.
  • the multiple diffractive structures are configured to diffract a portion of the desirable incident light 103 into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that allows total internal reflection of the light into the electromagnetic energy conversion device, where it is converted into electricity.
  • the multiple diffractive structures may cause the left-hand side of light to be diffracted at an angle that violates the Bragg condition on the right-hand side of the holographic optical element such that the photons that are reflected from the bottom side of the transparent waveguide concentrator and impinge back on the holographic optical element remain trapped by total internal reflection in the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the multiple diffractive structures enable increased length of the holographic optical element, while also decreasing loss of photons due to recoupling and allowing all diffracted light to be internally reflected into the electromagnetic energy conversion device. Further, in some embodiments, the holographic optical element is configured to diffract the undesirable incident light 106 at an angle that allows the light to exit the system without reaching the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the exemplified system comprises an electromagnetic energy conversion device 104 attached to the edge of a transparent waveguide concentrator 101 , wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a transparent matrix having a major top surface for receipt of solar radiation, a bottom surface, and an edge surface, and wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator is integrated into the display of the electronic device, and wherein the electromagnetic energy conversion device is optically coupled to the transparent waveguide concentrator, and wherein the electromagnetic energy conversion device converts solar energy into electricity that is used to power the electronic device 105.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a polymer layer 107 in-between two glass layers 108.
  • the holographic optical element 100 is disposed inside the transparent waveguide concentrator, wherein incident light of multiple angles 102, is collected and wherein the holographic optical element comprises multiple diffractive structures that vary throughout the length of the holographic optical element.
  • the multiple diffractive structures are configured to diffract a portion of the desirable incident light 103 into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that allows total internal reflection of the light into the electromagnetic energy conversion device, where it is converted into electricity.
  • the multiple diffractive structures may cause the left-hand side of light to be diffracted at an angle that violates the Bragg condition on the right-hand side of the holographic optical element such that the photons that are reflected from the bottom side of the transparent waveguide concentrator and impinge back on the holographic optical element remain trapped by total internal reflection in the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • the multiple diffractive structures may enable increased length of the holographic optical element, while also decreasing loss of photons due to recoupling and allowing all diffracted light to be internally reflected into the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the holographic optical element may be configured to diffract the undesirable incident light 106 at an angle that allows the light to exit the system without reaching the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • the system comprises multiple electromagnetic energy conversion devices 104 attached to the edge surfaces of a transparent waveguide concentrator 101 , wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a transparent matrix having a major top surface for receipt of solar radiation, a bottom surface, and an edge surface, and wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator is integrated into the display of the electronic device, and wherein the electromagnetic energy conversion device is optically coupled to the transparent waveguide concentrator, and wherein the electromagnetic energy conversion device converts solar energy into electricity that is used to power the electronic device 105.
  • the holographic optical element 100 is disposed on the transparent waveguide concentrator, wherein the diffractive structures of the holographic optical are continuously varying across the area, and are designed to reflect light into the transparent waveguide concentrator, wherein the light is reflected at an angle that will allow total internal reflection into the electromagnetic energy conversion device, and wherein the holographic optical element is also designed to prevent the loss of photons out of transparent waveguide by incorporating diffractive structures that cause the light in the transparent waveguide to violate the Bragg condition, and thus remain trapped in the transparent waveguide.
  • 4,661 ,649 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses a luminescent solar collector for high efficiency conversion of solar energy to electrical energy which utilizes specific commercially available organic dyes can include GF Orange-Red, Fluorol 555, oxazine-4-perchlorate, LDS 730, LDS 750, BASF 241 , BASF 339, and combinations thereof with each other or with GF Clear or with 3-phenyl- fluoranthene.
  • the transparent solar energy collection system as disclosed herein is applicable for all different types of solar cell devices.
  • Devices such as a silicon- based device, a lll-V or ll-VI PN junction device, a Copper-Indium-Gallium- Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic sensitizer device, an organic thin film device, or a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device, may be used in the solar energy collection system.
  • the system may comprise a photovoltaic device or solar cell comprising a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride solar cell.
  • the photovoltaic device or solar cell may be a copper indium gallium diselenide solar cell. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic or solar cell may be a lll-V or ll-VI PN junction device. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic or solar cell may be an organic sensitizer device. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic or solar cell may be an organic thin film device. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device or solar cell may be an amorphous Silicon (a-Si) solar cell. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device or solar cell comprises a microcrystalline Silicon ( ⁇ -Si) solar cell. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic device or solar cell may be a crystalline Silicon (c-Si) solar cell.
  • a-Si amorphous Silicon
  • additional materials may be used, such as glass plates or polymer layers.
  • the materials may be used to encapsulate the holographic optical element(s), or they may be used to protect or encapsulate the solar cell.
  • glass plates may be selected from, but not limited to, low-iron glass, borosilicate glass, or soda-lime glass, may be used in the system.
  • the composition of the glass plate or polymer layers may also further comprise a strong UV absorber to block harmful high energy radiation into the electronic device or solar cell.
  • additional materials or layers may be used such as edge sealing tape, frame materials, polymer materials, or adhesive layers to adhere additional layers to the system.
  • the system further comprises an additional polymer layer containing a UV absorber.
  • the composition of the transparent waveguide concentrator may further comprises a UV stabilizer, antioxidant, or absorber, which may act to block high energy irradiation.
  • the transparent solar energy collection system may further provide a means for binding the holographic optical element, the luminescent solar concentrator, the electromagnetic energy conversion device, the electronic device, and any additional layer in the solar energy collection system.
  • the system may further comprises an adhesive layer.
  • an adhesive layer adheres the holographic optical element to the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • an adhesive layer may adhere the holographic optical elements to glass plates, polymer layers, or to the transparent waveguide concentrator, which is in optical communication with the light incident surface of the solar cell, solar panel, or photovoltaic device.
  • Various types of adhesives may be used.
  • the adhesive layer may comprise a substance selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of rubber, acrylic, silicone, vinyl alkyl ether, polyester, polyamide, urethane, fluorine, epoxy, ethylene vinyl acetate, and combinations thereof.
  • the adhesive may be permanent or non-permanent.
  • the thickness of the adhesive layer may be between about 1 ⁇ to about 100 ⁇ .
  • the refractive index of the adhesive layer may be in the range of about 1 .4 to about 1 .7.
  • Embodiment 1 An electronic device comprising:
  • a holographic optical element that is optically coupled to a transparent waveguide concentrator
  • the holographic optical element is configured to diffract a portion of incident light into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that allows total internal reflection of the portion of incident light from the edge surface into an electromagnetic energy conversion device;
  • the electronic device is configured to convert the portion of incident light into electricity, and is in electrical communication with the power source of the electronic device.
  • Embodiment 2 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , which is a mobile device, an electronic reader device, a tablet, a mobile phone, a wearable electronic device, a watch, a smart watch, electronic eye glasses, a portable electronic device, an outdoor sign, or a building sign.
  • Embodiment 3 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the display of the electronic device is a light emitting diode (LED), liquid crystal display (LCD), organic LED (OLED), or an electrophoretic display.
  • LED light emitting diode
  • LCD liquid crystal display
  • OLED organic LED
  • Embodiment 4 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, or 3, wherein the holographic optical element comprises diffractive structures that vary with respect to the distance from a point on the holographic element to the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • Embodiment 5 The electronic device of Embodiment 4, wherein the diffractive structures are configured to diffract a portion of the solar radiation at an angle that violates the Bragg condition of the holographic optical element, should that light be reflected from a bottom of the transparent waveguide concentrator and impinged back on the holographic optical element.
  • Embodiment 6 The electronic device of Embodiment 4 or 5, wherein the diffractive structures are configured to reduce the loss of photons reflected out of the transparent waveguide concentrator and reduce the photons lost due to recoupling in the holographic optical element.
  • Embodiment 7 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or
  • the holographic optical element is configured to diffract photons into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow total internal reflection of the photons into the electromagnetic energy conversion device at a different angle depending on the incident wavelength.
  • Embodiment 8 The electronic device of Embodiment 7, wherein the holographic optical element is configured to allow visible light to pass through the system without diffraction.
  • Embodiment 9 The electronic device of Embodiment 7 or 8, wherein the holographic optical element is configured to diffract infrared or near infrared light region into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow total internal reflection of the photons from the edge surface into the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • Embodiment 10 The electronic device of Embodiment 7, 8 or 9, wherein the holographic optical element is configured to diffract ultraviolet light into the transparent waveguide concentrator at an angle that will allow the photons to reflect out of the system without reaching the electronic device or the electromagnetic energy conversion device.
  • Embodiment 1 1.
  • the holographic optical element is configured to collect a portion of light incident on the system between the angles of about +60 degrees to -60 degrees from the normal to the major top surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • Embodiment 12 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, wherein the holographic optical element is configured to collect a portion of light incident on the system between the angles of about +45 degrees to -45 degrees from the normal to the major top surface of the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • Embodiment 13 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , or 12, wherein the holographic optical element comprises one or a multiplicity of materials.
  • Embodiment 14 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, or 13, wherein the holographic optical element is made of a material selected from the group consisting of dichromated gelatin, photopolymer, bleached and unbleached photo emulsion, or any combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 15 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, or 14, wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises transparent glass or polymer materials with a refractive index of between about 1 .4 and about 1 .7.
  • Embodiment 16 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, or 15, wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises one or multiple transparent layers.
  • Embodiment 17 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16, wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a layer formed from polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, amorphous polycarbonate, polystyrene, siloxane sol-gel, polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyepoxide, or a combination thereof.
  • the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a layer formed from polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, amorphous polycarbonate, polystyrene, siloxane sol-gel, polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyepoxide, or a combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 18 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17, wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a layer made of one host polymer, a host polymer and a co-polymer, or multiple polymers.
  • Embodiment 19 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18, wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a layer of a transparent inorganic amorphous glass.
  • Embodiment 20 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19, wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises a layer of a glass material comprising silicon dioxide, albite, crown, flint, low iron glass, borosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, or any combination thereof.
  • Embodiment 21 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, wherein the holographic optical element is incorporated into the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • Embodiment 22 The electronic device of Embodiment 21 , wherein the transparent waveguide concentrator comprises an optically transparent polymer layer in-between two glass plates, wherein the holographic optical element is incorporated into the optically transparent polymer layer.
  • Embodiment 23 The electronic device of Embodiment 22, wherein the optically transparent polymer layer comprises an epoxy.
  • Embodiment 24 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, or 23, wherein the holographic optical element is incorporated into the transparent waveguide concentrator.
  • Embodiment 25 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, or 24, wherein the system further comprises a UV stabilizer, an antioxidant, or an absorber.
  • Embodiment 26 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, or 25, wherein the system further comprises an additional polymer layer comprising a UV absorber.
  • Embodiment 27 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26, further comprising means for binding the holographic optical element, the transparent waveguide concentrator, the electromagnetic energy conversion device, the electronic device, and any additional layer in the solar energy collection system.
  • Embodiment 28 The electronic device of Embodiment 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27, wherein the electromagnetic energy conversion device is a Silicon based device, a l ll-V or ll-VI PN junction device, a Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic sensitizer device, an organic thin film device, or a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device.
  • the electromagnetic energy conversion device is a Silicon based device, a l ll-V or ll-VI PN junction device, a Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenium (CIGS) thin film device, an organic sensitizer device, an organic thin film device, or a Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) thin film device.
  • the object of some embodiments is to provide a system comprising an electromagnetic energy conversion device and an electronic device, which may be suitable for application to electronic device displays such as phones, watches, laptops, tablets, or wearable electronic devices. By using this system, we can expect high efficiency light conversion with minimal visibility distortion. Additionally, the disclosed system may also improve electronic device performance by reducing or eliminating absorption of the undesirable (IR and/or UV) wavelengths by the display of the electronic device.
  • an electronic device is described, the device comprising the transparent solar energy collection device described herein.
  • the electronic device may comprise an optical display and a power source, the optical display in electrical communication with the power source.
  • the solar energy collection system may be in electrical communication with the power source of the electronic device.
  • the solar energy collection system may be in electrical communication with the optical display of the electronic device.
  • Example 1 HOE with 0.7 mm thick Soda lime glass as front panel
  • a 0.7 mm thick soda lime glass substrate was cut to about 7" x 7" square.
  • the cut glass sheet was cleaned with soap (washing detergent) and water, and then dried by nitrogen gas at room temperature.
  • the cleaned and dried glass substrate sample was blown with N 2 gas (room temperature for about 30 sec) and heated to about 60 °C.
  • the heated plate was spin-coated with about 6 tbsp filtered-DCG solution at about 85 rpm for about 5 min.
  • the coated-glass substrate was then dried at about 50% humidity and about 20 °C for about 20 h.
  • the thickness of the film was about 8 to 10 ⁇ .
  • the DCG coated glass substrate was then cut into multiple 2" x 2" pieces.
  • An index matching liquid was applied between the DCG film and the base of an isosceles right prism.
  • the DCG film was then exposed to two expanded (about 3" diameter) coherent 2 W 532 nm laser beams (Coherent Verdi 5 W) for about 60 s.
  • Beam 1 (object beam) that incidents from 13° to the normal of the right leg of the isosceles right prism has planar wavefront (Collimated beam).
  • Beam 2 (reference beam) that incidents from -26° to the normal of the right leg of the isosceles right prism has cylindrical wavefront.
  • a hologram was formed by recording interfero metric pattern on the DCG-film based on the interference between the incident object laser beam and the incident reference laser beam.
  • the DCG-film coated glass was detached from the mirror and was developed in KODAK FIXERTM solution for about 1 min and then rinsed about 3 min through a running Dl water bath.
  • the substrate was then, sequentially rinsed in IPA water solutions (25/75, 50/50, 75/25, 90/10, and 100/0) for about 30 s for each bath.
  • the film was then dried in an 80 °C chamber with a N 2 gas flow of about 30 CFM for about 10 min.
  • the dried film was then (removed) scratched about 2 mm about the entire perimeter of the film.
  • UV curable epoxy (NOA86HTM, Norland Products, Inc., Cranbury, NJ, USA) was placed on the surface of the (dried film) second prepared glass substrate. The dried film was then deposited between the first and second glass substrates at room temperature with pressure, until excess UV epoxy (and air bubbles) were squeezed out, and laminated. The laminated sample was then cured with about 10 mW/cm 2 ultraviolet light (about 360 nm) (LOCKTITE®, Dusseldorf, Germany) for about 2 min.
  • SILVER ® bifacial solar cell with width around 1 .5 mm and length around 5 cm was chosen for this study. (http://peswiki.eom/index.php/Directory:Sliver_Solar_Cells) Two 1 .5 x 0.05 mm tabbing wires were soldered to the top and bottom edge of the SILVER solar cell, respectively. The solar cell was then glued to the edge of the glass laminated HOE unit with same NOA86HTM epoxy. The back side of the bifacial solar cell was blackened by a Sharpie permanent marker to avoid interference of scattered light from the back side of the solar cell.
  • the assemblies were measure using a Newport/Oriel 94042A, 450 W Class ABB Solar Simulator full spectrum system.
  • the light intensity was adjusted to one sun (AM1 .5G) by a 2 cm x 2 cm calibrated reference monocrystalline silicon solar cell.
  • assembled HOE unit was placed under the same irradiation under a certain angle (in this case 50° from the surface normal).
  • the l-V performance of the edge attached solar cell and its efficiency is calculated by the Newport software program which is installed in the simulator.
  • a transparent solar energy collection system was prepared and measured similar to what is described in Example 1 , except the top glass panel is a 0.7 mm BOROFLOAT ® glass.
  • Example 3 - HOE with 0.7mm DRAGONTRAIL ® glass as front panel [0077] A transparent solar energy collection system was prepared and measured similar to what is described in Example 1 , except the top glass panel is a 0.7 mm DRAGONTRAIL ® glass.
  • Example 4 HOE with 0.7mm ITO glass as front panel
  • a transparent solar energy collection system was prepared and measured similar to what is described in Example 1 , except the top glass panel is a 0.7 mm ITO glass.
  • the ITO glass has a surface resistivity of.
  • the ITO is between substrate glass and HOE film. This is to simulate the touch panel situation for smart devices.
  • Example 5 HOE with 0.7 mm BOROFLOAT ® glass as front panel, and ELECRYSTA ® between BOROFLOAT ® glass and the holographic optical film.
  • a ELECRYSTA ® film (V100A-OFSD5C5) with back pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) was obtained from Nitto Denko (Japan), the film thickness is 100 ⁇ , and surface resistivity is 100 ⁇ /sq.
  • the release liner on one side is peeled off, and the ITO film was laminated to a 0.7 mm BOROFLOAT ® glass substrate by roller.
  • a transparent solar energy collection system was prepared and measured similar to what is described in Example 1 , except the top glass panel is the 0.7 mm BOROFLOAT ® glass substrate laminated with ELECRTSTA ® film (V100A-OFSD5C5).
  • the ELECRTSTA ® film (V100A-OFSD5C5) is between substrate glass and HOE film (FIG. 9).
  • a comparative transparent solar energy collection system was prepared and measured similar to what is described in Example 1 , except that there was no HOE between the front glass and substrate glass.
  • Table 1 Comparison of power generation performance between HOEs with different front glass substrates.
  • Example 4 0.7 mm ITO glass 17.1 mW

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des dispositifs électroniques comprenant un élément optique holographique, un concentrateur de guide d'ondes transparent, un dispositif de conversion d'énergie électromagnétique, ainsi qu'un dispositif électronique. L'élément optique holographique et le concentrateur de guide d'ondes transparent du système de collecte d'énergie solaire transparent sont transparents de sorte à présenter une distorsion de visibilité faible ou inexistante, ce qui peut rendre le système utile dans des applications photovoltaïques intégrées dans un écran de dispositif électronique.
PCT/US2015/054302 2014-10-06 2015-10-06 Dispositif électronique comprenant un concentrateur solaire holographique intégré dans son écran WO2016057561A1 (fr)

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