WO2016040851A1 - Cuisinière brûlant de la biomasse, à air forcé et alimentation latérale - Google Patents

Cuisinière brûlant de la biomasse, à air forcé et alimentation latérale Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016040851A1
WO2016040851A1 PCT/US2015/049760 US2015049760W WO2016040851A1 WO 2016040851 A1 WO2016040851 A1 WO 2016040851A1 US 2015049760 W US2015049760 W US 2015049760W WO 2016040851 A1 WO2016040851 A1 WO 2016040851A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gas
nozzle
emissions
stove
injection
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2015/049760
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Morgan W. Defoort
Nathan Lorenz
John Mizia
Jason Prapas
Kevin DISCHINO
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Colorado State University Research Foundation
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Application filed by Colorado State University Research Foundation filed Critical Colorado State University Research Foundation
Priority to CN201580056465.1A priority Critical patent/CN107110492A/zh
Publication of WO2016040851A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016040851A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B50/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24B—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES FOR SOLID FUELS; IMPLEMENTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH STOVES OR RANGES
    • F24B5/00—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges
    • F24B5/02—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges in or around stoves
    • F24B5/028—Arrangements combining combustion-air and flue-gas circulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B50/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone
    • F23B50/02—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel forming a column, stack or thick layer with the combustion zone at its bottom
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B50/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone
    • F23B50/02—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel forming a column, stack or thick layer with the combustion zone at its bottom
    • F23B50/04—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel forming a column, stack or thick layer with the combustion zone at its bottom the movement of combustion air and flue gases being substantially transverse to the movement of the fuel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B50/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone
    • F23B50/02—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel forming a column, stack or thick layer with the combustion zone at its bottom
    • F23B50/10—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel forming a column, stack or thick layer with the combustion zone at its bottom with the combustion zone at the bottom of fuel-filled conduits ending at the surface of a fuel bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B50/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone
    • F23B50/12—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel being fed to the combustion zone by free fall or by sliding along inclined surfaces, e.g. from a conveyor terminating above the fuel bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B80/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel
    • F23B80/02—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel by means for returning flue gases to the combustion chamber or to the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24B—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES FOR SOLID FUELS; IMPLEMENTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH STOVES OR RANGES
    • F24B1/00—Stoves or ranges
    • F24B1/02—Closed stoves
    • F24B1/028—Closed stoves with means for regulating combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B2700/00—Combustion apparatus for solid fuel
    • F23B2700/013—Combustion apparatus for solid fuel for use in baking ovens or cooking vessels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
    • F23M2900/13003—Energy recovery by thermoelectric elements, e.g. by Peltier/Seebeck effect, arranged in the combustion plant

Definitions

  • the present disclosure systems and devices that aid in reducing emissions from biomass stoves, for example by the use of gases injected into the combustion chamber at or near the oxidation zone. Also disclosed are systems and devices for generating electricity from a biomass stove to operate a pump or blower that aids in injecting the gas and/or collecting exhaust gases.
  • Figure 7 shows a schematic of an embodiment of an EGR-enabled biomass stove (top) and a cut-away of the EGR device.
  • Figure 12 depicts one embodiment of the disclosed device having a preferred geometry for the injection nozzle positioned in an EGR enabled stove.
  • Figure 13 is a picture of one embodiment of the disclosed system and device used for testing the effect that gas temperature has on emissions.
  • Figure 14 shows results of a start-up phase flow rate analysis on one
  • Figure 19 shows results from air injection flow rate optimization for side injection nozzles.
  • Figure 20 shows results for tests of optimized PM 25 emissions as a function of nozzle diameter for side injection nozzles.
  • Figure 22 shows local peak emissions for 3.2 mm nozzles.
  • Figure 24 shows flow profiles in combustion chamber at varied air injection flows rates and effect on emissions.
  • Figure 25 shows various injection locations tested in G3300.
  • Figure 30 shows start-up and steady state PM and flow rate for G3300 with side injection nozzles with 1 .5 mm diameter injection orifices.
  • Figure 31 shows start-up and steady state PM and flow rate for G3300 with side injection nozzles with 2.3 mm diameter injection orifices.
  • Figure 36 shows start-up and steady state PM and flow rate for G3300 with chimney ring at bottom of upper combustion chamber with 3.0 mm diameter injection orifices.
  • the nozzle is positioned at or near the top of a lower combustion chamber.
  • the outlet orifices have an average diameter of between 0.5 and 3.5 mm, and define a circle, a square, a triangle, or an oval, the average diameter being measured through the center of the circle, square, triangle, or oval.
  • the volume of gas escaping the one or more nozzles is greater than about 10 standard liters per minute and less than about 100 standard liters per minute, and may escape the orifice at from about 5-25 meters/second.
  • the nozzle is linear or circular, such as a circular ring positioned above the lower combustion chamber and within the lower half of the upper combustion chamber, and designed to allow combustion gasses to pass directly through an injection region.
  • emissions for example particulate emissions, in some cases particulates less than about 2.5 micrometers
  • stoves and stove accessories that recirculate combustion products back into the combustion chamber.
  • the stoves and stove accessories may mix the combustion products with fresh air prior to introducing them back into the combustion chamber.
  • the recirculation of exhaust gas into the combustion chamber may provide strong interaction with the otherwise non-premixed diffusion based combustion occurring between the biofuel and the naturally aspirated intake air.
  • biomass stoves account for approximately one eighth of net deforestation and thus about 1.5% of net human C0 2 additions to the atmosphere.
  • women and children will spend as much as 20 hours per week gathering firewood, an activity which prohibits their development and in many cases exposes them to violence (Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves).
  • Disclosed herein is extensive performance data on various commercially available stoves, and a novel and surprisingly efficient side-feed fan stoves. Based on Envirofit's extensive experience in the marketplace, it has been found:
  • a side feed stove meets consumer's expectations around fuel flexibility and ease of use.
  • the stove is allowed to function properly even without the operation of the fan. While conventional rocket stoves do not meet the 90% emissions reduction target, they do meet a reduction up to 70%, thus ensuring reasonable emission reductions even in a failure mode.
  • EGR exhaust gas recirculation
  • the primary purpose of EGR in internal combustion engines is the reduction of NOx formation. It does so by introducing somewhat inert exhaust gas into the cylinder, therefore lowering the proportion of combustible gas and distributing the thermal energy over a larger mass. This reduces the peak flame temperature, therefore reducing the thermal decomposition of N 2 and the consequent formation of NOx.
  • adding the exhaust gas can make localized regions where there is less than a stoichiometric level of oxygen. This promotes incomplete combustion and therefore generally increases the total production of particulate matter (partially combusted hydrocarbons).
  • increasing the concentration of C0 2 can help to mitigate the increased PM production due to EGR.
  • FIG. 4 shows experimental data collected by Oh et al. which clearly demonstrates the reduction in soot obtained with carbon dioxide addition to the oxidizer in a co-flow diffusion flame cross-section.
  • fv represents the volume fraction of soot in the flame
  • dp is the primary particle size
  • Np is the number concentration of primary particles in the flame.
  • the stove and stove accessory may include a device for actively moving the air, and the device may be powered by a power source.
  • the air movement device may be a fan or blower.
  • the power source may be a battery, which may include an adapter and/or a charging circuit. Several possible embodiments are shown in Figure 5.
  • the power source includes an AC/DC adapter with battery and charging circuit. This embodiment may be desirable for certain markets, for example India, where over 70% of the target market has access to electricity for at least some part of the day.
  • Another embodiment may include a hand- operated generator (or dyno). The hand operated generator may be combined with the charging circuit and battery described above.
  • thermoelectric generator TEG powered system
  • the TEG may use heat from the stove to generate in electricity.
  • the TEG may generate in excess of 1 -3 Watts, which may also allow charging of batteries and/or other electronic devices (lamps, lights, cell phones, computers, etc). The potential to generate excess electricity is attractive.
  • Other options will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are wholly consistent with the subject invention as described herein.
  • FIG. 6 Several embodiments of the disclosed stove and stove accessories are depicted in Figures 6-9.
  • the embodiment shown in Figure 6 includes a commercially available stove, the Envirofit G3300. This embodiment was used in testing many aspects of the claimed stoves and stove accessories. For example, the emissions data shown in Figures 2 and 3 was generated with this embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 A second embodiment of the disclosed stove and stove accessory is shown in Figure 7.
  • This embodiment of an EGR-enabled stove was used to analyze several variables, for example variables that may affect a stove's emission performance, for example gas injection location, nozzle geometry, gas path temperature, flow rates, and TEG location.
  • the embodiment of Figure 7 also includes a commercially available stove, the Envirofit M5000. Not shown in Figure 7 are the conduits that direct gas from the EGR outlet to the side feed opening in the stove.
  • the conduits not shown in Figure 7 are shown in the embodiments depicted in both Figures 8 and 9. These conduits direct gas from the EGR outlet to a side feed opening in the stove.
  • a pulse width modulator and power supply can be included in the disclosed device to aid in controlling the speed of the fan/blower motor.
  • the TEG incorporated into the EGR path of the embodiment of Figure 7 aided in characterizing the power generation/recovery from the recirculating exhaust gas.
  • FIG. 10 Another embodiment of an EGR-enabled stove is depicted in Figure 10.
  • This embodiment illustrates how an EGR stove accessory may be added on to a stove as an accessory, for example the EGR device may be added to a rocket elbow stove.
  • the exhaust gas is drawn in through a grid of inlet holes, which may be positioned at or near the top of the stove, as depicted here.
  • the exhaust gas flows through a conduit that may be positioned about a perimeter of a pot skirt.
  • the exhaust gas within this conduit then flows via one or more addition conduits at or near the front of the pot skirt and is injected back into the mouth of the combustion chamber.
  • a fan, or injection air blower may be positioned between the inlet holes and the injection holes. In some embodiments, as depicted in Figure 10, the fan is located at the backside of the pot skirt.
  • a power supply may be positioned near the fan.
  • the injection air blower may be supplied by electricity provided by a power source such as a thermoelectric generator, solar power cell, hand- powered generator (crank charger), or residential power.
  • a power source such as a thermoelectric generator, solar power cell, hand- powered generator (crank charger), or residential power.
  • the choice of power source may be based on cost evaluations and comparisons against market demand.
  • the materials selected for the stove and stove accessory can vary depending on the thermal, chemical, and mechanical environments to which the materials are exposed.
  • the components within the device may vary and do not need to be the same or similar to those utilized in the Envirofit G3300 or M5000 stoves discussed above. In many
  • This ring structure may be referred to as an "EGR inlet skirt," and its interior may define an exhaust collection chamber.
  • EGR inlet skirt One embodiment of the "EGR inlet skirt” is pictured in Figure 7.
  • a pump/blower device may be integrated into the stove to aid in drawing the exhaust gas into the EGR inlet skirt. The exhaust gas travels through the conduit and passes through the pump/blower device and into one or more injection conduits until it is injected into the combustion chamber of the stove.
  • exhaust gases may enter an intake orifice that may be located at or near the top of the combustion chamber.
  • the orifice may be in fluid
  • an exhaust collection chamber in fluid communication with one or more exhaust conduits that contain the exhaust and channel it to a pump or blower in fluid communication with the exhaust conduit.
  • the pump or blower aids in actively moving the exhaust from the exhaust conduit into one or more injection conduits, which channel the exhaust into one or more injection nozzles.
  • the injection nozzles having a plurality of orifices that allow the exhaust to escape the interior of the injection nozzles.
  • injection nozzles there are two injection nozzles positioned at or near the sides of the combustion chamber.
  • Other embodiments may include more than two nozzles or one nozzle.
  • the nozzles are positioned horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of the draft of combustion products through the upper combustion chamber of the stove.
  • the nozzle(s) may be other than horizontal or perpendicular to the draft.
  • 6 injection orifices are defined within the surface of the nozzle(s).
  • the injection orifices are spaced at 9/16 inch center to center, with each orifice having a diameter of approximately 3/16 inch.
  • the orifices are positioned substantially planar within the combustion chamber and parallel the floor of the combustion chamber. Where the outlet orifices are planar to the floor, the center of each outlet orifice is positioned at the same distance from the floor of the combustion chamber (or the distances vary less than about 0.5 cm).
  • the preferred flow rate may be from about 20 to 70 standard liters per minute (SLPM).
  • SLPM standard liters per minute
  • the preferred flow rate for PM emission reduction varies from 50 to 70 standard liters per minute.
  • the flow rate may increase with increasing firepower to minimize PM emission. For example, at a firepower of 2.4 kW the preferred flow rate may be about 50 SLPM, and at a firepower greater than 2.6 kW the flow rate may increase to 70 SLPM to minimize PM emission.
  • the flow rate may be required to be adjusted below 50 SLPM to avoid blowing out the flame, for example less than about 40 SLPM, 30 SLPM, 20 SLPM, 10 SLPM, or 5 SLPM.
  • the flow rate of the gas is correlated to the stove's firepower. For example, obtaining desired PM reductions in a 2.5 kW stove may require a flow rate of approximately 40 SLPM, while a 20kW stove (e.g. a chimney-drafted stove) may require approximately 60 SLPM for the same level of PM reduction.
  • the flow-rate may be less than about 1 10 SLPM, 100 SLPM, 90 SLPM, 85 SLPM, 80 SLPM, 75 SLPM, 70 SLPM, 65 SLPM, 60 SLPM, 55 SLPM, 50 SLPM, 45 SLPM, 40 SLPM, 35 SLPM, 30 SLPM, 25 SLPM, or 20 SLPM, and greater than about 10 SLPM, 20 SLPM, 25 SLPM, 30 SLPM, 35 SLPM, 40 SLPM, 45 SLPM, 50 SLPM, 55 SLPM, 60 SLPM, 65 SLPM, 70 SLPM, 75 SLPM, 80 SLPM, 85 SLPM, 90 SLPM, 100 SLPM, or1 10 SLPM.
  • FIG. 1 1 and 12 use a nozzle location (near the top of the combustion chamber) that allowed injecting the gas near the bottom of the oxidation region but sufficiently above the fuel to prevent smoldering or blow out of the flame and consequently higher emissions.
  • the flow rate was altered at 10 to 20 SLPM intervals, with 1 to 2 data points collected per flow rate.
  • Sample results of a start-up phase flow rate optimization can be seen in the chart in Figure 14. This chart shows that an optimized start-up phase flow rate for this example data set is approximately 40 SLPM.
  • Step 3 the optimized flow rate for PM 25 emissions reductions for the steady state firepower phase is determined.
  • a quasi-simmer test approach was utilized for the determination of the steady state optimized flow rate. Firstly, the stove body, pot and water were brought up to simmer temperatures. Once steady state simmer temperatures were achieved, the charcoal and burning fuel were removed while the pot and water were left in place. A known weight of fuel was then reignited in the combustion chamber with a propane torch. A propane torch was used to reignite the fuel because the steady state firepower phase (3 - 3 ⁇ 4" x 3 ⁇ 4" x 12" pine sticks) fuel feeding approach was used from the start of each sample. The fire was allowed to burn for one minute before sampling of PM 2 5 began. This one minute delay prevented sampling PM 2 5 produced during the ignition of the sticks.
  • the PM 25 emissions were then sampled for ten minutes, or until the sticks were nearly consumed, while the firepower was held at a constant level. Upon completion of the PM 25 sampling period the leftover fuel and charcoal were removed and weighed. The re-ignition process and subsequent ten-minute sampling period was then repeated, but at a different flow rate. Throughout the process of this test the water and pot remained in place and were kept at boiling temperatures. Additionally, the time between sampling periods was less than 3 minutes, which prevented significant cooling of the stove and/or pot. This test procedure allowed for a rough approximation to be developed of the relationship between PM emissions and flow rate for a particular nozzle setup during the steady-state firepower phase.
  • the PM emissions were characterized in terms of mass of PM 25 emitted per mass of fuel consumed, referred to as the Emissions Factor (EF).
  • EF Emissions Factor
  • the weight of fuel consumed was corrected for moisture content and for sample time.
  • Example results of a steady-state firepower phase flow rate optimization can be seen in Figure 15. It can be seen that the example optimized steady-state phase flow rate is approximately 80 SLPM.
  • the flow rate of gas injection may vary depending on firepower production.
  • a fan placed in the exhaust path may aid in regulating flow rate based upon fire power.
  • the flow rate may be held constant during fan operation.
  • the fan may operate as a multi-step speed, wherein there are two or more operation speeds.
  • a controller may be programed with various fan speed functions based on firepower (which may be measure) or time of use.
  • FIG. 16 The three different nozzle configurations that were tested are seen in Figure 16. These setups occupy two major injection locations. The approximate injection locations are displayed below in a cross-sectional depiction at the lower right of Figure 16.
  • a diffusion nozzle is designed to inject gas below the fuel bed and is positioned below the fuel.
  • An air curtain nozzle is designed to inject gas at or near the mouth or inlet and at the top of the combustion chamber. Side injection nozzles are also designed to inject gas at or near the top of the combustion chamber.
  • the air curtain embodiment shown in Figure 16 has approximately a 4"x1/4" wide gap and injects gas downwards at an angle of about 45° from horizontal.
  • the side injection nozzles shown in the embodiment of Figure 16 have 4.9 millimeter diameter holes that inject air perpendicularly to the natural draft of the stove.
  • the diffusion nozzle embodiment of Figure 16 has two 3 ⁇ 4' diameter pipes that are flattened and direct gas beneath a perforated metal grate.
  • composition of the recirculated gas can have a significant effect on the concentrations of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide within the combustion chamber.
  • ambient air fresh air or non-exhaust gas
  • average oxygen concentrations using the two inlet configurations described above are shown in Table 1 , below. Table 1.
  • Table 1 results demonstrate that the average oxygen concentration in the recirculated exhaust gas appears to increase slightly when the modified EGR inlet (that takes exhaust directly from the center of the combustion chamber outlet) is installed.
  • the effect of increased residence time of particulate material in the flame was determined by injecting a particulate-free replicate EGR gas into the stove.
  • the EGR replicate gas was composed of 15% 0 2 , 5% C0 2 and 80% N 2 , similar to the composition measured above.
  • the replicate gas was injected at an equivalent mass flow rate to the optimized mass flow rates used for the Side Injection Nozzles.
  • the optimized flow rates for the Side Injection Nozzles are 50 to 70 SLPM for the start-up and steady-state firepower phases, respectively.
  • measurement of the temperature at the blower wheel throughout the cold WBTs at the optimized EGR flow rates for the Side Injection Nozzles indicated that the average temperature at the fan was approximately 333 K.
  • the velocity of the injected 0 2 should be similar to the velocity of the injected EGR gas in order to simulate the injection depth of the gas into the combustion chamber.
  • the diameter of the holes through which gas escapes in the Side Injection Nozzles was modified such that the new hole area was reduced to 15% of the original hole area.
  • Three cold start WBT replicates were completed in which pure 0 2 was injected into the stove. [00110] In order to replicate and isolate the chemical effect of C0 2 , pure C0 2 was injected into the stove. Because C0 2 comprises approximately 5% of the EGR gas, a flow rate equivalent to 5% of the temperature corrected optimized flow rates should be used.
  • the experimental optimization of the EGR stove led to a reduction in PM 25 mass emissions.
  • the optimized configuration reduced emissions from a baseline value of 280 mg/MJd, to an optimized value of 150 mg/MJd.
  • the optimized stove utilized side injection nozzles that injected recirculated exhaust gas into the oxidation zone of the flame, and forced mixing and an increase in fuel consumption rate.
  • potential mechanisms that can affect PM 25 mass were identified and their effects were isolated experimentally.
  • Table 15 presents the major results of the injection location study. More detailed results of flow rate sweep testing can be found in Figures 30-36. Table 15 Injection Location Optimization Results
  • the reduction in PM 2 5 emissions is greater than about 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90%, and less than about 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, and 25%.
  • the diameter of the nozzle is not a strong determinant of the minimized PM emissions when the injection location is at the top of the combustion chamber, with the side injection nozzles.
  • the minimized PM emissions may not be a weak function of diameter for other injection locations and nozzle configurations.
  • the effect diameter has on emissions for the chimney ring style nozzle located at the bottom of the chimney is explored.
  • Table 17 displays the results of the injection angle study. More detailed results of flow rate sweep testing can be found in Figures 30-36.
  • a lesser emissions reduction is achieved with the angled injection because the angle of the forced draft promotes a high total draft through stove. Increasing the total draft through the stove can cool the flame significantly, especially if there is not a high level of mixing. Cooling of the flame can increase the volume of regions of particle growth and decrease the regions of particle oxidation.
  • the injection angle may be greater than about -55°, -45°, -40°, -45°, -30°, -25°, -20°, -15°, -10°, -9°, -8°, - 7°, -6°, -5°, -4°, -3°, -2°, -1 °, 0°(horizontal), 1 °, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 7°, 8°, 9°, 10°, 1 1 °, 12°, 13°, 14°, 15°, 16°, 17°, 18°, 19°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, or 50°, and less than about 55°, 50°, 45°, 40°, 35°, 30°, 25°, 20°, 19°, 18°, 17°, 16°, 15°, 14°, 13°, 12°, 1 1 °, 10°, 9°, 8°, 7°, 6°, 5°, 4°, 1

Abstract

L'invention concerne des systèmes et des dispositifs qui contribuent à la réduction d'émissions de particules par des poêles à biomasse, par exemple en utilisant des gaz injectés dans ou à proximité de la zone d'oxydation d'une chambre de combustion. L'invention concerne également des systèmes et des dispositifs fournissant de l'électricité à une pompe ou à une soufflerie qui facilitent l'injection des gaz et/ou la collecte des gaz de combustion. Dans certains modes de réalisation, le dispositif fournissant de l'électricité est un générateur thermoélectrique qui peut également être utilisé pour alimenter d'autres dispositifs. Dans de nombreux modes de réalisation, les systèmes et les dispositifs injectent un gaz au niveau ou à proximité de la zone d'oxydation de la chambre de combustion d'un poêle à biomasse. Le gaz injecté dans la zone peut être de l'air frais, un gaz de combustion ou des combinaisons de ceux-ci. Le gaz peut être forcé dans la chambre de combustion à l'aide d'une pompe ou d'une soufflerie qui peut également faciliter l'aspiration des gaz de combustion.
PCT/US2015/049760 2014-09-11 2015-09-11 Cuisinière brûlant de la biomasse, à air forcé et alimentation latérale WO2016040851A1 (fr)

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