WO2016032424A1 - Profondeur d'image perçue améliorée pour des dispositifs d'affichage vidéo auto-stéréoscopiques - Google Patents

Profondeur d'image perçue améliorée pour des dispositifs d'affichage vidéo auto-stéréoscopiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016032424A1
WO2016032424A1 PCT/US2014/052506 US2014052506W WO2016032424A1 WO 2016032424 A1 WO2016032424 A1 WO 2016032424A1 US 2014052506 W US2014052506 W US 2014052506W WO 2016032424 A1 WO2016032424 A1 WO 2016032424A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
autostereoscopic display
views
lenticles
width
focal length
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/052506
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard A. MULLER
Original Assignee
SoliDDD Corp.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SoliDDD Corp. filed Critical SoliDDD Corp.
Priority to PCT/US2014/052506 priority Critical patent/WO2016032424A1/fr
Priority to EP14777947.4A priority patent/EP3186961A1/fr
Priority to CN201480082019.3A priority patent/CN107079146A/zh
Priority to KR1020177007645A priority patent/KR20170045276A/ko
Publication of WO2016032424A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016032424A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/302—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays
    • H04N13/305—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays using lenticular lenses, e.g. arrangements of cylindrical lenses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to autostercoscopic displays, and, more particularly, to a video a tosiercoseopie display with signi ficantly improved depth of " projection.
  • One of the major difficulties in projecting a greater depth of perception is that of optical artifacts in the lenticular array often used to select a different field to be visible to each eye of the human viewer.
  • One such effect is that a given portion of the image can be visible in two or more places, such as in two or more lenticles of a lenticular array.
  • Other effects include optical aberrations that are typically not noticeable with very short projected distances, such as just a few centimeters.
  • an autostereoscopic display provides an extremely deep projection area, for example appearing to have a depth of a meter or more, by observing a relationship between a desired depth of projection and an autostereoscopic display design that includes a focal length of lenticles of a lenticular array and a number of views.
  • the focal length is the distance between the parallax barrier and the underlying display having multiple views.
  • the relationship specifies a projected depth at which lenticular crossover can occur for a given autostereoscopic with the specific lenticular focal length and number of views. In some configurations, approximations can be used to simplify the relationship such that the projected depth is directly related to a product of the focal length and the number of views.
  • the autostereoscopic display configuration often specifies a view selector (such as a lenticular array) with a focal length much greater than typical focal lengths seen in conventional autostereoscopic display view selectors.
  • a view selector such as a lenticular array
  • One of the challenges with such long focal lengths in lenticles of a lenticular array is that a number of optical aberrations become noticeable and problematic.
  • lenticles of the lenticular array include meniscus-cylinder lenses, to provide a more flat field of view.
  • the result is an autostereoscopic display with depths of projection well beyond what conventional autostereoscopic displays are capable of, while still avoiding effects such as lenticular crossover and curved fields of view.
  • Figure 1 shows an autostereoscopic display according to the present invention in conjunction with a human viewer and showing, in plan view, a three- dimensional area into which the autostereoscopic display can project elements shown in the display.
  • Figure 2 shows the autostereoscopic display and viewer of Figure 1 and shows the projection of a picture element behind the display.
  • Figure 3 shows the autostereoscopic display and viewer of Figure 1 and shows the projection of a picture element before the display.
  • Figure 4 shows the autostereoscopic display and viewer of Figure 1 and shows the reduced curvature of field achieved in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 5, 6, and 7 are each a cross-section view of a lenticle of a respective embodiment of the lenticular array of Figure 1 in accordance with the present invention.
  • a depth 130 ( Figure 1) of a projection area 120 in which parts of an autostereoscopic display that includes a lenticular array 100 and a display 1 10 is dramatically improved - e.g., to a meter or more, 20-30 times what is seen in conventional autostereoscopic displays - by determining a relationship between depth 130 and an autostereoscopic display configuration at which a portion of display 110 can be visible at multiple locations (lenticular crosstalk). This relationship establishes a limiting configuration within which lenticular crosstalk is minimized. Once this relationship is determined for a desired depth 130, the autostereoscopic display is constructed to meet or exceed the autostereoscopic display configuration to ensure that lenticular crosstalk is only possible at depths of projection beyond depth 130.
  • the autostereoscopic includes a focal length of individual lenticles of lenticular array 100 and a number of views represented in display 1 10. Choosing a relatively deep projection area 120 produces a very long focal length for lenticular array 100 and a large number of views for display 1 10.
  • a view is used herein to refer to a subset of an image presented to a viewer from a particular angle of view.
  • a view is used herein to refer to a subset of an image presented to a viewer from a particular angle of view.
  • one eye of the human viewer can see every odd-numbered column of pixels and the other eye of the viewer can see every even- numbered column of pixels.
  • the odd-numbered columns of pixels would collectively represent one view, and the even-numbered columns of pixels would collectively represent another view.
  • most autostereoscopic displays have many more than just two views and that this very simple example is merely to illustrate how "view" is used herein.
  • lenticular array 100 includes a number of vertical lenticles that makes one of a number of view elements visible depending upon the angle of perspective of an eye of viewer 10.
  • each lenticle of lenticular array 100 covers a portion of that view, sometimes referred to herein as a view element, and makes that view element visible from a given angle of perspective.
  • display 110 is an electronic display, such as an LCD for example
  • view elements are collections of pixels.
  • display 1 10 is a static image such as a poster
  • view elements can be tall, thin slivers of one of a number of views printed or otherwise represented visually in display 1 10.
  • Design of lenticular 100 and display 1 10 begins with selecting a designed depth 130 of projection area 120.
  • depth 130 is selected to be one meter, much, much deeper than any currently available autostereoscopic displays.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a circumstance to be avoided that therefore sets a limit on high-quality autostereoscopic display with a projected area 120 having depth 130.
  • the left eye of viewer 10 sees a portion of display 1 10 through lenticle 500A and that portion of display 1 10 appears to be at point 202 as a result of the focal length of lenticle 500 A.
  • the same portion of display 1 10 can also be seen through lenticle 500B and every lenticle between lenticle 500A and lenticle 500B.
  • lenticular crosstalk This phenomenon of a single portion of display 110 being visible to viewer 10 through multiple lenticles of lenticular array 100 is sometimes referred to herein as lenticular crosstalk.
  • Lenticular array 100 and display 1 10 are designed to provide a projection area 120 of depth 130 with minimum lenticular crosstalk.
  • Equation (2) S is the spacing of lenticles of lenticular array 100, i.e., the width of a single lenticle.
  • N is the offset of lenticle 500B from lenticle 500 A in terms of a number of lenticles.
  • NS is the ! offset of lenticle 500B from lenticle 500A as a measured distance.
  • d is projection depth 220, i.e, the distance from lenticular array 110 that point 202 is projected. The last portion of equation (2) estimates the arctangent function using small angle approximation, which is appropriate in most practical implementations of lenticular array 100 and display
  • Equation (3) D is distance 210, i.e, the distance from lenticular array 110 to the eye of viewer 10.
  • the last portion of equation (3) estimates the arctangent function using small angle approximation, which is appropriate in most practical implementations of lenticular array 100 and display 1 10.
  • Angle ⁇ depends on the size ( ⁇ ) of the portion of display 1 10 to be shown through a single lenticle as a part of a single view and on the distance ( ) of that portion from lenticle 500B. Equation (4) shows angle ⁇ in terms of ⁇ and / and the index of refraction, no, of lenticular array 1 10.
  • equation (1) can be rewritten as follows: [0029] Small angle approximation of arctangent values should not be used in equation (5) when such introduces appreciable error.
  • the number of views ( «,,) represented by display 110 relates to the size ( ⁇ ) of the portion of display 1 10 and lenticular size (S) as follows:
  • N is chosen to be one (1) to identify a configuration at which lenticular crosstalk between adjacent lenticles is possible.
  • equation (6) setting N to 1 , and applying some algebra yields the following relationship between configuration of lenticular array 100 and display 1 10 and a maximum projection depth d at which lenticular crosstalk begins between adjacent lenticle r a viewer a distance, D, away:
  • d distance 320 ( Figure 3), which is chosen to be the same as distance 210 ( Figure 2) in this illustrative embodiment,
  • Equation (10) provides guidance in designing lenticular array 100 and display 1 10 to provide a desired depth 130 of projection area 120 within which lenticular crosstalk is avoided.
  • the focal length of the lenticles of lenticular array 100 and the number of views provided by display 1 10 are chosen such that four (4) times their product is at least the desired depth.
  • equation (10) is as follows:
  • equation (11) is approximated by equation (10).
  • equation (10) As an illustrative example using equation (10), consider that depth 130 of projection area 120 is to be one meter. To achieve this, the product of the number of views of display 1 10 and the focal length of lenticles of lenticular array 100 should be at least one-quarter of a meter, or 25 centimeters. A typical conventional design would include eight views and a focal length of 1 millimeter, providing a projection area having a maximum depth of about 3.2cm while still avoiding lenticular crosstalk. However, lenticular array 100 and display 1 10 require dimensions way beyond those to achieve the desired depth of projection.
  • projection area 120 would have a maximum depth 130 of one meter with little or no lenticular crosstalk.
  • lenticles with focal lengths significantly greater than the width of the lenticles can provide very dramatic improvements in the perceived depth of an autostereoscopic display without introducing lenticular crosstalk.
  • the lenticles have a focal length that is ten (10) times their width and provide an apparent depth without lenticular crosstalk that is thirty (30) times that of a comparable conventional autostereoscopic display.
  • Lenticles that have a focal length that is merely five (5), or even just three (3), times their width still provide dramatic results.
  • the subpixel remapping taught by the ⁇ 83 Application teaches how to triple the horizontal resolution of a video display.
  • the "(*3)” note indicates use of this technology alone.
  • the time multiplexing taught by the '552 Application teaches how to double the apparent horizontal resolution of a video display one or more times, thereby scaling the apparent horizontal resolution by an integer power of two.
  • the "(x8)” indicates use of three (3) doubling layers to produce an eight-fold increase in the apparent horizontal resolution of the display.
  • the "(x6)” and “(*12)” notes indicate a combination of the tripling of apparent horizontal resolution described in the ⁇ 83 Application with a single-layer doubling and a double-layer quadrupling, respectively, of the apparent horizontal resolution described in the '552 Application.
  • equations (10) and ( 1 1) illustrate the value of dramatically increasing the focal length of the lenticles. Accordingly, the ratio of lenticle focal length (f) to lenticle width (S) in autostereoscopic displays designed according to the present invention are significantly greater. This ratio is sometimes referred to herein as a lenticular aspect ratio. As shown in Table A above, lenticular aspect ratios are generally at least 2.5: 1 , more commonly 3 : 1 , 4: 1, 5: 1 , 6: 1 , and even greater than 10: 1 in some displays. The result is that a one-inch-wide bookmark can have an error-free perceived depth of about 12.8 inches.
  • a 46" HDTV can have an error-free perceived depth of about one meter.
  • Autostereoscopic smart phones displays can have an error-free perceived depth of over five (5) inches
  • autostereoscopic tablet computer displays can have an error-free perceived depth of over six (6) inches.
  • Large, billboard-sized displays can have error-free perceived depth of over 20 feet, even as much 48 feet. [0048] These maximum error-free perceived depths are far beyond what any prior autostereoscopic displays have been able to achieve. Exemplary minimum ratios of maximum error-free perceived depths to display widths are summarized in Table C below.
  • Figure 10 is illustrative.
  • the width 1010 of a viewing "sweet spot" at viewing distance 1008 is given by the following equation:
  • W is width 1010 of the viewing sweet spot
  • D is viewing distance 1008.
  • the sweet spot is defined as a position in which both eyes of viewer 10 see a view corresponding to the same lenticle, e.g., lenticle 1002. If width 1010 is not at least the intraocular distance 1012 of viewer 10, viewer 10 will not be able to see both left and right views through the same lenticle and the
  • Wss is the amount by which viewer 10 can move his head side-to-side and still see the autostereographic image properly
  • E is the intraocular distance 1012 of viewer 10.
  • a typical intraocular distance for adult viewers is about 2.4 inches.
  • the amount by which viewer 10 can move his head side-to-side and still see the autostereographic image properly is sometimes referred to as a practical viewing sweet spot.
  • the practical viewing sweet spots Wss for the various types of displays in Table A above at various viewing distances are shown in Table C below.
  • hand-held devices that are typically viewed from about two (2) feet away have lenticular aspect ratios of about 2.5 to 6.6 and corresponding practical viewing sweet spots of about 7.2 down to 1.24 inches.
  • Handheld displays can be easily tilted by viewer 10 to find the practical sweet spot, so a practical sweet spot of only 1.24 inches isn't particularly worrisome for a hand-held display.
  • the largest hand-held device display measures about 17 inches diagonally.
  • viewer 10 can move his head within a space that is 7.6 inches wide.
  • Televisions and other large displays are commonly viewed from up to ' about twenty (20) feet away, ie., from across a large room. These types of display have lenticular aspect ratios of about 2.16 to 12 and corresponding practical viewing sweet spots of about 108.6 down to 17.6 inches, providing ample room for viewer 10 to move his head to view the autostereoscopic display properly.
  • FIG. 4 One of the challenges in making a lenticular array with such a long focal length is that optical aberrations become significant and detrimental to the viewer's three-dimensional viewing experience.
  • One such aberration is illustrated in Figure 4 and is generally known as curvature of field.
  • Lenticles of conventional lenticular arrays focus along a curved field of view 404.
  • This aberration hardly noticeable to viewers at most angles of view.
  • Simply modifying conventional lenticular arrays to have ten (10) times the focal length as described above would render this aberration very noticeable at most angles of view.
  • Lenticular array 100 is designed to provide a much more flat field of view than conventional lenticular arrays.
  • Such flattening is analogous to flattening that is accomplished in spherical lenses by applying the "Petzval condition", a known equation that is typically applied to spherical lenses rather than the cylindrical, lenticular lenses described here.
  • Figure 5 shows a single lenticle 500 of lenticular array 100 ( Figure 1) in cross section.
  • Lenticle 500 ( Figure 5) includes a meniscus-cylinder lens 502.
  • a "cylinder” is not limited to cylinders with circular cross-sections.
  • Meniscus-cylinder lens 502 includes a proximal surface 502P and a distal surface 502D, a width 508, and a thickness 514.
  • Proximal surface 502P is convex
  • distal surface 502D is concave.
  • width 508 and thickness 514 are one (1) millimeter (mm) each.
  • the radius of curvatures of proximal surface 502P and distal surface 502D are 1.29mm
  • meniscus- cylinder lens 502 is separated from display 1 10 by a transparent layer 506 of glass or plastic whose thickness 510 is 9mm.
  • transparent layer 506 is ordinary air, nitrogen, or some other gas.
  • Figure 8 shows a lenticular array 800 in which transparent layer 806 is air.
  • transparent layer 806 is sealed from ambient air.
  • transparent layer 806 is connected to a bladder 804 such that air of ' transparent layer 806 can freely move into and out of bladder 804.
  • air pressure within transparent layer 806 is therefore in equilibrium with air pressure outside of transparent layer 806, avoiding any warping of lenticular array 800.
  • Bladder 804 is shown significantly enlarged for illustration purposes. In general, bladder 804 should be designed to be as small and unobtrusive as possible while still accepting and releasing an amount of air to accommodate the greatest and least expected ambient air pressures without appreciably affecting the air pressure or restricting air flow.
  • One of the advantages of a transparent layer of air between a lenticular array and a multi-view display such as display 1 10 is that convex surfaces of the lenticular array can be positioned toward display 1 10 as shown in Figure 9. Such allows a flat surface of lenticular array 900 to be easily cleaned while the convex surfaces of lenticles of lenticular array 900 simply fit into the air space of a transparent layer 906.
  • a meniscus-cylinder lens dramatically flattens the field of view of lenticle 500 having such a long focal length, ten (10) times thickness 514 in this illustrative embodiment.
  • lenticle 500 also reduce other aberrations, such as coma and circular aberration.
  • Coma is well-known and is not described further herein.
  • Lenticles which have a circular-cylindrical proximal surfaces have aberrations (sometimes referred to herein as "circular aberrations") that are two-dimensional analogs to spherical aberrations, which are also well-known and are not described further herein.
  • One embodiment that further flattens the field of view from even more extreme angles and reduces other aberrations has a radius of curvature of 1.894mm on proximal surface 502P and a radius of curvature of 2.131mm on distal surface 502D.
  • proximal surface 502P and distal surface 502D can reduce circular aberrations by being made non-circular, e.g., parabolic, in cross-section.
  • lenticle 500 is shown in cross-section as lenticle 600 ( Figure 6).
  • Figure 6 An alternative embodiment of lenticle 500 is shown in cross-section as lenticle 600 ( Figure 6).
  • lenticle 600 includes a plano-convex lens 604 with a proximal surface 604P having a radius of curvature of 9.302mm.
  • Lenticle 600 includes the same transparent layer as does lenticle 500 ( Figure 5).
  • Lenticle 700 includes a proximal meniscus-cylinder lens 702 and a distal meniscus- cylinder lens 704.
  • Proximal meniscus-cylinder lens 702 is directly analogous to meniscus-cylinder lens 502 ( Figure 5).
  • Distal meniscus-cylinder lens 704 is reversed, having a proximal surface 704P that is concave and a distal surface that is convex.
  • distal meniscus-cylinder lens 704 is of the same dimensions as proximal meniscus-cylinder lens 702, aside from having convex and concave surfaces reversed.
  • optical aberrations resulting from lenticles with unusually long focal lengths are reduced in a manner described in U.S. Patent Application 12/969,552 filed December, 15 2010 by Dr. Richard A. Muller for "Improved Resolution For Autostereoscopic Video Displays" at Figures 5-7 and accompanying text in the Application. That description is incorporated herein by reference.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, un seul pixel d'un dispositif d'affichage vidéo peut afficher des pixels individuels respectifs de multiples vues. En d'autres termes, un dispositif d'affichage vidéo peut comprendre plus de vues pour une image auto-stéréoscopique que les pixels physiques du dispositif d'affichage vidéo ne pourraient accepter de manière ordinaire. Le pixel physique est multiplexé dans le temps dans la mesure où le pixel physique affiche un pixel d'une première vue pendant un intervalle de temps donné, et un multiplexeur de vue dévie la lumière du pixel physique d'un angle prédéterminé pour amener le pixel à apparaître dans un emplacement correspondant au pixel de la vue. Dans un autre intervalle de temps, le pixel physique affiche un pixel d'une vue différente, et le multiplexeur de vue dévie la lumière du pixel physique d'un angle prédéterminé différent pour amener le pixel à apparaître dans un emplacement correspondant au pixel de la vue différente.
PCT/US2014/052506 2014-08-25 2014-08-25 Profondeur d'image perçue améliorée pour des dispositifs d'affichage vidéo auto-stéréoscopiques WO2016032424A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US2014/052506 WO2016032424A1 (fr) 2014-08-25 2014-08-25 Profondeur d'image perçue améliorée pour des dispositifs d'affichage vidéo auto-stéréoscopiques
EP14777947.4A EP3186961A1 (fr) 2014-08-25 2014-08-25 Profondeur d'image perçue améliorée pour des dispositifs d'affichage vidéo auto-stéréoscopiques
CN201480082019.3A CN107079146A (zh) 2014-08-25 2014-08-25 用于自动立体视频显示器的提高感知型图像深度
KR1020177007645A KR20170045276A (ko) 2014-08-25 2014-08-25 오토스테레오스코픽 비디오 디스플레이에 대한 향상된 인지 이미지 깊이

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CN110927986B (zh) * 2019-12-11 2021-10-01 成都工业学院 一种基于像素偶的立体显示装置

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KR20170045276A (ko) 2017-04-26
EP3186961A1 (fr) 2017-07-05

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