WO2016020615A1 - Composés dérivés de flavanoïdes et procédé pour leur préparation par dépolymérisation de tanins condensés - Google Patents
Composés dérivés de flavanoïdes et procédé pour leur préparation par dépolymérisation de tanins condensés Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
- C07D407/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D407/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an aromatic compound derived from flavonoids, a process for obtaining such a compound, by depolymerization of polyfunctional polyaromatic compounds derived from renewable resources, more particularly condensed tannins, and the use of compounds derived from furan for depolymerization of condensed tannins.
- the condensed tannins are oligomers or polymers of polyfunctional polyaromatic monomers. These monomers belong to the class of flavan-3-ols, of general formula:
- Rx represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group
- R y represents a hydrogen atom or a gallate group of formula:
- the (+) catechin and (-) epicatechin monomers are obtained, as well as derivatives mainly substituted with C4 and potentially with C2.
- the C2, C3 and C4 carbon atoms of these derivatives are asymmetric, and other stereoisomers than those initially present in the tannin structures may also be formed during the depolymerization reaction.
- the aromatic nature of these monomers combined with the presence of free hydroxyl functions gives them properties that make them preferred candidates for forming starting reagents for the industrial synthesis of active products, for many and varied applications.
- it has been proposed by the prior art various depolymerization processes of condensed tannins to obtain the constituent monomers, so-called terminal units, and / or derived monomers, so-called extension units, essentially for analytical purposes.
- condensed tannins can be depolymerized in an acidic medium by means of sulfur nucleophiles.
- Such an art previous example can be illustrated by the various publications of Chen et al., 2009; US 8,088,419; Roumeas et al., 2013; Selga et al., 2004, which describe the depolymerization of condensed tannins biosourced by thiolysis.
- Such an analytical depolymerization process makes it possible to obtain, with a high yield, flavonoid derivatives which are useful for a wide range of applications, for example
- R is (CH 2 ) 2 -OH, CH 2 -COOMe, (CH 2 ) 2 -NH 2 or CH 2 -CH (NH 2 ) -COOH.
- derivatives of this type are unstable under alkaline conditions, that is to say typically at pH greater than 8.5, in which conditions the sulfur group becomes nucleofugal.
- a pH equal to 9 the derivatives resulting from a depolymerization carried out by means of 2-mercaptoethanol as a nucleophile are degraded by more than 95% after 19 hours at ambient temperature. This property has been used to create new derivatives derived from the depolymerization of tannins by thiolysis (Chen et al., 2009).
- An object of the present invention is thus to provide compounds derived from flavonoids which exhibit stability in a basic medium higher than that of the compounds proposed by the prior art, so as to broaden the scope of applications of such compounds, and in particular the type of functionalization reactions to which these compounds can be subjected to form products of interest for a wide range applications.
- a further object of the invention is to provide a process for obtaining such compounds from biosourced substances.
- the present invention also aims to ensure that such a method is environmentally friendly, that it is simple and inexpensive to implement, and that it allows to obtain the compounds according to the invention quickly and with a high return.
- R 1, R 2 , R 3 and R 5 which may be identical or different, each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group, optionally protected by a protecting group for a hydroxyl function, R 4 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen atom; group -OR 7 , in which R 7 represents a hydrogen atom, a protecting group of the hydroxyl function or a general g (II):
- R 6 represents a hydroxyl group, where appropriate protected by a protecting group of a hydroxyl function
- R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 which are identical or different, each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent having no mesomeric electron-withdrawing moiety conjugated to the furan ring, one substituent from R ' ; R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 representing the covalent bond with the pyran ring of the flavonoid residue, illustrated by the variable attachment bond in the general formula (I), or a salt thereof.
- protective group of a hydroxyl function is meant any group conventionally used in itself to protect a hydroxyl function, more particularly a phenolic hydroxyl, that is to say to hide its reactivity for subsequent reactions.
- Each of the protective groups of a hydroxyl function may, for example, be chosen from alkyl, acyl, especially acetyl, benzyl, silyl and sulphonyl groups, and the like.
- the protective groups of a hydroxyl function carried by the compound according to the invention may all be identical, or different from one another, the protective groups borne by the hydroxyl functions of the same nucleus then preferably being identical to each other. other.
- the general formula (I) encompasses all possible combinations of isomeric forms at the asymmetric carbons, and any mixtures of such isomeric forms. From a mixture of isomers, each particular isomer can be obtained by conventional purification methods per se for those skilled in the art.
- substituent not comprising an electron-withdrawing moiety by the mesomeric effect conjugated to the furan ring is meant any substituent containing no mesomeric electro-attracting group which is bound directly or by conjugation to the furan ring of the compound of the general formula ( I). It is within the competence of the person skilled in the art to determine, from his general knowledge, which substituents enter or do not enter into such a definition. The general knowledge of those skilled in the art is illustrated in particular by the work of René Milcent, Organic chemistry: Stereochemistry, reactive entities and reactions, EDP Sciences - 2007, in particular in chapters 5.5 and 5.6.
- substituents excluded from the definition of R ' 1 , R' 2 , R ' 3 and R' 4 are substituents containing, directly or through conjugation to the furan ring, an electron-withdrawing radical such as a nitro, carbonyl, carboxylic or sulphonic radical, optionally salified or esterified, amide, cyano, sulphonyl, etc .;
- the compound according to the invention may in particular be such that in the general formula (I), R ' 1 , R' 2 , R ' 3 and R' 4 , which are identical or different, each represent, with the exception of the substituent forming the covalent bond with the pyran ring: a hydrogen atom,
- halogen atom such as a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom
- a group comprising an electro-donating radical, by inductive or mesomeric effect, linked directly or by conjugation to the furan ring, for example chosen from an optionally substituted amino, oxy or thio radical, said group having no mesomeric electro-attractor group conjugated to the furan ring,
- a linear, branched and / or cyclic carbon radical which may comprise a single or more fused, saturated and / or unsaturated, optionally aromatic ring, optionally substituted, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms and / or one or more groups comprising one or more heteroatoms, each heteroatom being in particular chosen from O, N, P, Si and S, said carbon radical having no mesomeric electro-attractor moiety conjugated to the furan ring.
- At least one substituent from R ' ; R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 represents a hydrogen atom.
- the covalent bond R 'R' 2 , R ' 3 or R' 4 connecting the flavonoid residue and the furan derivative in the compound of general formula (I) according to the invention, is in particular stable in basic medium, and it is not inclined to allow re-polymerization or degradation in such a medium, unlike the bonds of the derivatives obtained by depolymerization of condensed tannins with sulfur compounds proposed by the prior art.
- the compound of general formula (I) according to the invention remains stable and unchanged both in an aqueous solution at pH 9 and ambient temperature, and in an organic medium containing a base.
- the compound according to the invention can thus advantageously be used directly in a basic medium for the preparation of active products involving functionalization of phenols which comprises a deprotonation step.
- the compound according to the invention can thus be easily functionalized, both in acidic conditions, and neutral or alkaline, for the preparation of active products advantageously taking advantage of the properties related not only to the presence in its structure of a skeleton of flavanoid type, benzopyran structure, but also a furan nucleus.
- substituents comprising electron-withdrawing groups such as, for example, those excluded for the furan nucleus of the compound of general formula (I), may be introduced to give this compound additional features.
- the properties of the phenolic nuclei combined with the overall physicochemical properties of the compound resulting from its structure, confer to the latter multiple properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, photochemical, and sensory, which, together with its chemical reactivity, make it quite advantageous for a large number of applications.
- the compound according to the invention thus finds application in many fields, in particular, but not exclusively, in fields such as those of materials, cosmetics, food processing, medical, photovoltaic, or polymers, for example for surface treatment.
- the compound according to the invention may in particular consist of a catechin derivative, d
- the compound according to the invention may in particular be such that in the general formula (I), R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 , which are identical or different, each represent, when they do not form the covalent bond with the flavonoid residue, a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical, optionally substituted, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms and / or by one or more groups comprising one or more heteroatoms, each heteroatom being able for example to be chosen from O, N, P, Si and S, said hydrocarbon radical having no mesomeric electro-attractor moiety conjugated to the furan ring.
- R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 which are identical or different, each represent, when they do not form the covalent bond with the flavonoid residue, a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical, optionally substituted, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms and / or by one or more groups comprising one or more heteroatom
- R ' 1 , R' 2 , R ' 3 and R' 4 meet in particular one or more of the following characteristics, taken alone. or in each of their possible combinations:
- R'i represents the covalent bond with the pyrane ring
- R ' 3 and R' 4 each represent a hydrogen atom
- R'2 represents a hydrogen atom
- R ' 2 represents an alkyl group, in particular straight-chain, preferably C1-C18, more preferably C1-C10, and preferentially C1-C4.
- R ' 2 may represent a methyl radical.
- R ' 2 , R' 3 and R ' 4 may all represent a hydrogen atom, and R' may represent the covalent bond with the pyran ring, the compound according to invention then responding to the general formula (le):
- R 1, R 2 , R 3 , R 4, R 5 and R 6 are as defined above with reference to general formula (I).
- furylated extension unit will be used in the present description to designate such a compound.
- R ; R 2 , R 3, R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , and R ' 1 , R' 2 , R ' 3 and R' 4 are as defined above with reference to the general formula (I), at least one one of R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4, however, representing neither a hydrogen atom nor the covalent bond with the pyran ring.
- the compound according to the invention may in particular be such that, in the general formula (I), R ' 3 and R' 4 each represent a hydrogen atom, R ' 1 represents the covalent bond with the pyran ring, and R 2 represents an alkyl group, in particular a straight-chain group, preferably a C 1 -C 18 group, more preferably a C 1 -C 10 group, and preferentially a C 1 -C 4 group.
- R ' 2 then represents a methyl radical, the compound then satisfying the general formula (If) below, in which R 1, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined above. above :
- silica extension unit will be used to designate such a compound.
- a compound corresponding to such a general formula (If) is particularly particularly compatible with use in the food field.
- R ' 1 and R' 2 represent neither a hydrogen atom nor the covalent bond with the pyran ring
- R ' 3 represents a hydrogen atom
- R ' 4 represents the covalent bond with the pyran ring.
- R'i and R ' 2 may, for example, each represent a methyl group, the compound according to the invention then satisfying the general formula (Ig):
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for obtaining a compound according to the invention of general formula (I), as defined above.
- This process comprises a step of depolymerization of condensed tannins in the presence of an acid by means of a nucleophile, called furan derivative, of general formula (III):
- R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 which are identical or different, each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent which does not contain an electro-attracting group by the mesomeric effect conjugated to the furan ring.
- At least one substituent from R ' ; R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 represents a hydrogen atom, so as to allow the formation of the covalent bond with the pyran ring of the flavonoid residue of an extension unit of the condensed tannins, leading to the obtaining a compound of general formula (I) according to the invention.
- R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 may satisfy one of the following characteristics, or any combination of several of these technically compatible characteristics: R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 , identical or different, each represent:
- halogen atom such as a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, a group comprising an electron donor radical bonded directly or by conjugation to the furan ring, for example chosen from an amino radical; , oxy or thio, optionally substituted,
- R ' 1 , R' 2 , R ' 3 and R' 4 represent a hydrogen atom
- R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 identical or different, each represent a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical, optionally substituted, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms and / or by one or more groups comprising one or more heteroatoms, said hydrocarbon radical not containing a mesomeric electro-attractor group conjugated to the furan ring;
- R ' 1 , R' 3 and R ' 4 each represent a hydrogen atom
- R ' 2 represents an alkyl group, in particular straight chain, preferably C 1 -C 18, more preferably C 1 -C 10, and preferably C 1 -C 4; R ' 2 representing for example a methyl radical;
- R ' at least one group from R ' ; R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 do not represent a hydrogen atom.
- R ' 1 , R' 2 , R ' 3 and R' 4 represents a group comprising an electron donor radical bonded directly or by conjugation to the furan ring, for example, chosen from an optionally substituted amino, oxy or thio radical, or a linear, branched and / or cyclic carbon radical which may comprise a single or more condensed rings, saturated and / or unsaturated, optionally aromatic, optionally substituted , optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms and / or one or more groups comprising one or more heteroatoms, the presence of such a substituent advantageously promotes the depolymerization reaction, in particular compared to the unsubstituted furan.
- R '1 represents the hydrogen atom
- R ' 2 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, especially linear chain, preferably C1-C18, more preferably C1-C10, and preferably C1-C4, for example a methyl radical;
- R - R ' 3 and R' 4 each represent a hydrogen atom.
- the nucleophile of general formula (III) reacts with the extension units thus liberated to furylatively form a furan-flavanic monomer of general formula (I), or a mixture of such monomers.
- the mechanism underlying the obtaining of the compounds of general formula (I) according to the invention by such a depolymerization reaction will not be prejudiced here. It can, however, be supposed that the nucleophile of general formula (III) has particularly advantageous properties, which are used during the reaction to stabilize the carbocations resulting from the cleavage of the interflavan bond, and to shift the equilibrium of the reaction towards depolymerized forms, stable under alkaline conditions.
- the method according to the invention is particularly simple to implement, and at low cost.
- the method according to the invention is preferentially using condensed tannins derived from renewable resources such as by-products and co-products from agricultural or wine-growing industries, for example fruit marcs, bark of wood, etc., and unexploited biomasses, such as needles pine, dead leaves, etc.
- renewable resources such as by-products and co-products from agricultural or wine-growing industries, for example fruit marcs, bark of wood, etc.
- unexploited biomasses such as needles pine, dead leaves, etc.
- the depolymerization step of the process according to the invention can be carried out using condensed tannins that have been previously isolated from the biomass.
- the process then comprises a preliminary step of extracting the condensed tannins from biomass, for example grape seeds.
- Such an extraction can be carried out by any technique known to those skilled in the art, especially the techniques illustrated by the publications of Prieur et al., 1994, and Rigaud et al., 1993.
- the depolymerization step may also be preceded by a step of protecting one or more of the hydroxyl functions carried by the tannins, by any protective group of a conventional hydroxyl function in itself.
- the depolymerization step can be carried out directly from biomass, without prior extraction of the condensed tannins contained in this biomass, for example directly on a bark fraction, such as a bark fraction of Pseudotsuga menziesil. (Douglas pine).
- the furan derivative of general formula (III), acting as a nucleophile for the depolymerization reaction of condensed tannins is also bio-sourced.
- the furanic nucleophiles can be derived from biomass, in particular from hydrogenated products of furaldehyde, the latter being derived from the dehydration process of pentose (xylan), or else present in the form of furan groups in certain lipids as described by example by Liengprayoon et al., 201 1.
- R ' 1 , R' 2 , R ' 3 and R' 4 may all represent a hydrogen atom.
- the nucleophile used for the depolymerization reaction of the condensed tannins is then furan, of general formula (Ni
- Furan can in particular be produced industrially from furfural (US 2,776,981), the latter itself being of agricultural origin, and obtained by acid dehydration and distillation of plant pentoses (Adams et al., 1921).
- Such a compound, as well as its derivatives, are therefore particularly well suited to a process that meets the principles of green and sustainable chemistry.
- Sylvan like furan, is a source of industrial and renewable carbon from biomass. It can in particular be obtained by a hydrogenating treatment of furfural aldehyde, catalyzed generally by cupric and / or chromic catalysts (Burnett et al., 1948), its production also being the subject of the development of catalytic hydrogenation processes. (US 7,064,222) or electrochemical (Li et al., 2012).
- sylvane offers the advantage of particularly good compatibility with use in the food industry.
- furan for the depolymerization of condensed tannins, especially in terms of reactivity.
- furan and sylvane also have the advantage of being easily recyclable by distillation, because of their low boiling point which, at atmospheric pressure, is below 32 ° C for furan, and below at 66 ° C for sylvane.
- nucleophile that can be used for the depolymerization reaction of condensed tannins is 2,5-dimethylfuran, of general formula (III):
- R'i and R ' 2 each represent a methyl radical
- R' 4 each represent a hydrogen atom
- the molar ratio "nucleophile of general formula (III) / depolymerizable condensed tannins" is greater than or equal to the "nucleophilic" molar ratio of general formula (III) / dimer B2 "necessary to obtain at least 2.5%, preferably at least 5%, more preferably at least 10%, in particular at least 25%, and for example at least 40%, of monomeric compounds furano-flavanic compounds of general formula (I), based on the total of compounds (furan-flavanic monomers of general formula (I) and terminal units) formed during a depolymerization reaction of dimer B2 by the nucleophile of general formula (III ) in the presence of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid in methanol at 30 ° C and a reaction time of 10 minutes.
- the amount of depolymerizable condensed tannins in a sample of condensed tannins may be determined by any method known to those skilled in the art, for example by using, on this sample, a depolymerization process using a nucleophile such as the phloroglucinol or 2-mercaptoethanol, known to be able to quantitatively depolymerize the depolymerizable condensed tannins, and by measuring the amount of condensed tannins thus depolymerized, which substantially corresponds to the amount of depolymerizable condensed tannins initially present in the sample.
- the molarity of the tannins is conventionally expressed in equivalents of simple non-galloylated monomers.
- the molar amount of nucleophile of general formula (III) to be used in the process according to the invention is preferably determined by comparison with a depolymerization reaction carried out on dimer B2 by means of said nucleophile of general formula (III).
- B2 dimer, or epicatechin- (4 ⁇ 8) -epicatechin is a model tannin well known to those skilled in the art, and commercially available, especially from Sigma-Aldrich or ExtraSynthesis suppliers.
- nucleophile of general formula (III) / depolymerizable condensed tannins greater than or equal to a “nucleophilic molar ratio of general formula (III) / dimer B2" thus determined, advantageously makes it possible to obtain high yields of the depolymerization reaction in one reduced time, particularly limiting the competition effect of nucleophilic monomeric forms of tannins with the nucleophile of general formula (III) according to the present invention.
- the molar ratio "nucleophile of general formula (III) / depolymerizable condensed tannins" for which the molarity of the tannins is expressed in equivalents of single non-galloylated monomers, is in particular preferably greater than or equal to 133, for example greater than or equal to 200 for furan, and greater than or equal to 1.67, for example greater than or equal to 20 for sylvane.
- Such molar ratios make it possible to obtain high yields of the depolymerization reaction, in particular greater than or equal to 85%.
- the initial ratio expressed in moles of nucleophile per gram of depolymerizable condensed tannins is preferably greater than or equal to 1.72, and preferably greater than or equal to 3, 44.
- the yield of the depolymerization reaction according to the invention is expressed as a percentage of the reference values obtained by a standard depolymerization reaction, using 2-mercaptoethanol as a nucleophilic reagent, called thiolysis, described above. notably in the publication of Roumeas et al., 2013.
- nucleophile of general formula (III) is sylvan
- a minimum ratio of 0.555 moles of sylvane per gram of depolymerizable condensed tannins makes it possible to obtain a yield close to 100%, and the value of this ratio can be lowered to 0.139 while maintaining a return of at least 90%.
- the concentration of depolymerizable condensed tannins subjected to the depolymerization stage is lower or equal to 5 g / l. Concentrations in this range are particularly advantageous in terms of lack of secondary product formation as well as quantitative yield of the reaction.
- the concentration of depolymerizable condensed tannins subjected to the depolymerization stage is less than or equal to 80 g / l. Concentrations in such a range are particularly advantageous in terms of lack of secondary product formation as well as quantitative yield of the reaction.
- the acid used for the depolymerization step of the condensed tannins can be of any type. It is especially chosen from acids commonly used in the industrial field, such as sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methanesulfonic acid (MsOH), formic acid and acetic acid, or a mixture of such acids. Solid-supported acids, such as Amberlyst® 15, are particularly preferred in continuous flow process embodiments for condensed tannin extracts soluble in the reaction conditions.
- the concentration of acid used in the depolymerization step of the condensed tannins is preferably equivalent to the concentration of this acid necessary to give an aqueous solution a pH of between -1 and 3.5. It is within the skill of those skilled in the art to determine, for each particular acid, the appropriate concentration range.
- the acid when the acid is hydrochloric acid, it can be introduced into the reaction medium, for the implementation of the depolymerization step, in a concentration of between 0.1 and 2.0 mol. / L. More generally, for this acid, as for methanesulphonic acid, concentrations of between 0.1 and 0.4 mol / l are particularly preferred.
- the depolymerization step is carried out in a polar solvent, preferably a protic solvent, such as, for example, methanol, ethanol, formic acid or acid. acetic acid, or in a solvent mixture containing at least one polar solvent, preferably protic.
- the solvents used in the mixture are advantageously chosen to be inert with respect to each other under the reaction conditions.
- the polar solvent or solvents which may be protic, may be in admixture with one or more solvents of other types, including aprotic or apolar ones.
- the proportion of the nucleophile of general formula (III) in the solvent can then be between 1 and 75% by volume, preferably between between 10 and 75% by volume, relative to the volume of solvent, preferably be approximately equal to 25% by volume relative to the volume of solvent.
- the depolymerization step of the condensed tannins is preferably carried out at a temperature less than or equal to the boiling point of the nucleophile of general formula (III) at the pressure applied in the reactor, and if appropriate, when a solvent is added to the reaction medium, at a temperature less than or equal to the boiling temperature of this solvent at this same pressure.
- a solvent is added to the reaction medium, at a temperature less than or equal to the boiling temperature of this solvent at this same pressure.
- temperatures of between 30 ° C. and 40 ° C. are particularly preferred.
- the depolymerization step of the process according to the invention may advantageously be carried out with a high yield of at least 90%, in a time as short as 30 minutes, or a few hours depending on the nucleophile used, and this at a moderate temperature, especially below 50 ° C.
- nucleophile is furan of formula (Nia)
- one or more of the following operating parameters can be applied:
- Such operating conditions are quite advantageous in terms of yield and speed of the depolymerization reaction. They make it possible, for example, to obtain a yield as high as 100% from an industrial extract of white grape seed tannins vinified in white or a model tannin, the B2 dimer (epicatechin- (4 ⁇ 8) -epicatechin ).
- the method according to the invention also makes it possible in particular to depolymerize the dimer B2 in a very short time, of 10 minutes.
- the process according to the invention may comprise a final step of separating from the reaction medium the compound of general formula (I) which it makes it possible to obtain.
- This separation is in particular carried out rapidly at the end of the reaction, so as to avoid any phenomenon of degradation of the compound formed in the acid reaction medium.
- It can be performed by any conventional technique in itself. For example, it may consist in adding water to the medium, evaporating the solvents and the nucleophile by evaporation in a vacuum, and then extracting the products of interest by liquid / liquid extraction by means of a non-miscible organic solvent. water, such as ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, etc.
- the method according to the invention can be implemented discontinuously (batchwise).
- a soluble tannin extract in the reaction mixture it is implemented in continuous flow, by means of a conventional installation in itself in the industrial field.
- the acid is preferably supported, so as to be easily separable by filtration.
- the process may for example be implemented by means of a twin-screw extruder cocurrent solvent / reagent, conventional in itself, comprising a first segment for grinding of the raw material, and a second segment allowing the addition of solvents / reagents, with mixing and impregnation.
- the reaction time is set by the speed of the extruder.
- spinning and filtration of the products of interest are carried out.
- An example of such an extruder for the treatment of biomass is described in particular in the work of Maréchal, 2001.
- the acid can then be neutralized and / or washed with water, the solvents and reagents can be evaporated under vacuum or distilled at atmospheric pressure, and the products of interest taken up by an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, etc.
- the compound of general formula (I) according to the invention may otherwise be obtained by any other method, in particular by furylation of flavanic monomers obtained from condensed tannins or any other type of tannin by any other method, or by furylation of compounds obtained chemically.
- the derivative 3-4-diols (V) obtained can be brought into contact with a nucleophile of general formula (I II) according to the invention, in an acid medium, in the same manner as that described above. before with reference to the depolymerization process of condensed tannins, to obtain the compound of general formula (I) according to the invention.
- This reaction scheme can also be applied to taxifolin and / or its reduction product, the 3-4 diol derivative, whose phenolic hydroxyl groups have been previously protected.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to the use, for depolymerizing condensed tannins, of a compound of general formula (III):
- R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 which are identical or different, each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent not containing a mesomeric electro-attractor group conjugated to the furan ring, at least at least one substituent from R'i, R ' 2 , R'3 and R' 4 representing a hydrogen atom.
- R'i, R'2, R'3 and R ' 4 may in particular meet one or more of the characteristics set out above with reference to the general formula (III).
- FIG. 1 shows a 280 nm UPLC chromatogram of the reaction crude obtained after the implementation of a process for the depolymerization of condensed tannins according to a particular mode of implementation of the present invention (furanolysis), using as acid of hydrochloric acid (HCI);
- FIG. 2 represents a graph showing the amounts of each of the reaction products, per gram of treated tannins, for depolymerization processes of condensed tannins according to particular embodiments of the present invention (furanolysis), using, as that acid hydrochloric acid (HCl) or methanesulfonic acid (MsOH), as well as for a depolymerization reaction of tannins by a sulfur nucleophile proposed by the prior art (thiolysis);
- HCl acid hydrochloric acid
- MsOH methanesulfonic acid
- FIG. 3 represents a graph showing the effect of the initial dimer B2 concentration on its kinetics of disappearance during a process according to an embodiment of the invention of furanolysis of a commercial preparation of B2 dimer in the presence of a methanolic solution of furan (25% v / v) and HCl (0.1 mol.L "1 );
- FIG. 4 represents a graph showing the effect of the initial dimer B2 concentration on the kinetics of appearance of the depolymerization products during the furanolysis process that led to obtaining FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 shows a UPLC chromatogram at 280 nm of the reaction crude obtained after the implementation of a condensed tannin depolymerization process according to a particular embodiment of the present invention (sylvanolysis), using as acid of hydrochloric acid (HCI);
- FIG. 6 shows UPLC chromatograms, with detection at 280 nm, made on an aqueous solution of the products resulting from the depolymerization of an extract of tannins condensed by thiolysis, (a) before, and (b) after, placed in contact with each other. for 19 h with a pH 9 buffer solution;
- FIG. 7 shows UPLC chromatograms, with detection at 280 nm, made on an aqueous solution of a crude product resulting from the depolymerization of an extract of tannins condensed by sylvane according to a particular embodiment of the invention. the invention, (a) before, and (b) after, contacted for 19 h with a pH 9 buffer solution;
- FIG. 8 shows the sigmoid curves, established from the various experimental results, expressing the molar ratio between the derivatives resulting from the extension units U ext and the total of the extension units and the terminal units U ter m (U e xt / (U e xt + U te rm)), as a function of the initial molar ratio "nucleophilic / dimer B2", for experiments of depolymerization of dimer B2 by the nucleophiles according to the invention furan and sylvane, for concentrations B2 dimer initials of 100, 200 or 400 mg.L -1 , and different initial nucleophilic concentrations.
- Material and methods expressing the molar ratio between the derivatives resulting from the extension units U ext and the total of the extension units and the terminal units U ter m (U e xt / (U e xt + U te rm)), as a function of the initial molar ratio "nucleophil
- the solvents and reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich for furan, sylvan, 2-mercaptoethanol, anhydrous methanesulfonic acid (MsOH) and catechin; at Cari Roth for fuming hydrochloric acid (HCI 37% aq.); and ProLabo for methanol (analytical grade) (MeOH) and absolute ethanol (EtOH).
- the so-called “hydrochloric” and “methanesulphonic” solutions are prepared respectively by dilution of fuming HCl (37% aq.) And of MsOH in the solvent in question.
- the analysis consists of separating the products of the depolymerization reaction by high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC Waters system) coupled in series with a detector with diodes (DAD) and a mass spectrometer (model AmaZonX Brucker) (UPLC-MS).
- UPLC Waters system high performance liquid chromatography
- DAD detector with diodes
- MS mass spectrometer
- the samples resulting from the depolymerization are analyzed extemporaneously, without prior treatment, the reaction medium being diluted if necessary for a final concentration of tannins at 1 gL -1 (200 mg.L -1 for dimer B2).
- the samples (2 ⁇ l) are injected onto a Waters Acquity Atlantis HSS T3 column, 1.8 ⁇ - 2.1 ⁇ 100 mm, and eluted with solvents A (H 2 O: HCOOH 99: 1) and B (H 2 O: HCOOH: MeCN 19: 1: 80), according to the A / B gradient: 99.9% to 60% linear, 5 min; 60% to 1% linear, 2 min; 1% isocratic, 1 min; 1% to 99.9% linear, 1 min.
- the UV chromatogram recorded at 280 nm allows the quantitative analysis by integration of the peaks corresponding to each of the products, thanks to a preliminary external calibration of the products of the reaction.
- the MS (+) chromatogram allows product identification, based on the m / z values.
- a preparative separation by flash chromatography on a "DIOL” grafted silica column (Interchim), followed optionally by a semi-preparative chromatography (C18 grafted silica) makes it possible to isolate the products with a high purity to confirm the structures by NMR and determine their response coefficients on the UPLC-MS.
- the tannin extract (10 mg) is dissolved in methanol (MeOH) (5 ml) and then 5 ml of the thiololytic depolymerization solution (12 ⁇ l of 2-mercaptoethanol and 83 ⁇ l are added. of smoking HCl for 5 ml of MeOH qs).
- the tube is closed by a plug phenolic with a PTFE septum, and stirred at 40 ° C for 2 h.
- a first furanolysis reaction according to the present invention is carried out as follows.
- a second furanolysis reaction according to the present invention is carried out as follows.
- the amount of each of the products formed is determined by UPLC-MS, as indicated above.
- the depolymerization products are referenced as follows: catechin terminal units (Cat), epicatechin (Ec), epicatechin gallate (EcG), and furylated extension units of catechin (Cat-F), epicatechin (Ec-) F) and epicatechin gallate (EcG-F).
- FIG. 1 shows the UPLC chromatogram at 280 nm of the crude reaction product obtained at the end of the furanolysis-HCl reaction described above.
- Pine bark lipids (5 g) are extracted with 3 x 50 mL of hexane.
- the tannins are then extracted with a mixture of acetone / H 2 O / TFA 70/30 / 0.05 v / v / v (3 x 50 mL).
- the acetone is evaporated under vacuum, and the aqueous phase is then lyophilized to give 900 mg of tannin extract as a brownish powder.
- a depolymerization process of the tannins thus obtained according to the invention is implemented as follows.
- the tannins 100 mg
- MeOH MeOH
- B2 dimer was subjected to a conformal depolymerization step to the present invention, at several concentrations, according to the following reaction conditions.
- dimer B2 15 mg are dissolved in MeOH (1.12 ml) and then furan (375 ⁇ l) is added followed by smoking HCl (12.5 ⁇ l).
- the solution (180 ⁇ l) is transferred into 300 ⁇ flasks, which are sealed with septum aluminum capsules, and heated to 40 ° C.
- the reaction is followed by UPLC-MS (+) for 8 h.
- 0.2 gL- 1 is prepared 1.5 mL of 200 mg.L- 1 dimer solution B2 in 25% v / v furan / MeOH mixture. Hydrochloric acid (12.5 ⁇ ) is added. 180 ⁇ l of solution are transferred into 300 ⁇ flasks, which are sealed with aluminum capsules with septum, and heated to 40 ° C. The reaction is followed by UPLC-MS (+) for 180 min. For each initial concentration of dimer B2, the results obtained are shown in FIG. 3, for the kinetics of disappearance of dimer B2, and in FIG. 4, for the kinetics of appearance of depolymerization products.
- the maximum amount of depolymerized units is 90% and 97% of the initial amount of B2 dimer, respectively for initial concentrations of 0.2 g / L and 1.0 g / L. These maximum amounts are obtained in very short reaction times of 10 min and 20 min, respectively. In comparison, lower yields are obtained when the initial dimer B2 concentration is 10 g / L, since the maximum amount of depolymerized units is 55% of the initial amount of dimer B2.
- the appearance of the depolymerization products is also more rapid than the initial concentration of dimer B2 is low. For a concentration of 10 g / l in dimer B2, the apparent kinetics of disappearance of the dimer B2 is also slower than the apparent rate of appearance of the depolymerized units.
- EXAMPLE 4 Furanolysis of White Seed Tannins by Furan in Ethanol
- a process for the depolymerization of white seed tannins is carried out according to the present invention, by means of furan as a nucleophile, in ethanol as a as solvent, according to the following operating procedure.
- a sample solution of tannins at 2 ⁇ l -1 in absolute ethanol (EtOH) and the furanolysis solution (50% v / v furan in 0.2 mol / l methanesulphonic EtOH) are prepared.
- the reaction mixture is prepared in 1.0 ml of each solution is added to an Eppendorf tube, then 200 ⁇ l of solution are transferred into 300 ⁇ flasks, which are sealed with aluminum septum capsules, and heated to 40 ° C.
- the reaction is followed by UPLC-MS (+) for 80 min.
- the maximum yield, obtained after 40 minutes of reaction, is 510 ⁇ depolymerization products per gram of extract (73% of the maximum value estimated thiolysis).
- the white seed tannin extract is dissolved in MeOH (12 mL). Furan (4 mL) is added followed by fuming hydrochloric acid (133 ⁇ M). This solution is distributed in 8 Eppendorf tubes, at a rate of 1.5 ml per tube. Each tube is closed with Parafilm® and heated to 30 ° C. The reaction kinetics are monitored in UPLC-MS (+) for 8 h.
- White seed tannin depolymerization processes are carried out in accordance with the present invention, using sylvane as a nucleophile, with several different "moles of sylvane / tannin mass" ratios, according to the following operating procedure.
- the white seed tannin extract is dissolved in MeOH (12 mL). It is added sylvane (4 mL) then fuming hydrochloric acid (133 ⁇ ). This solution is distributed in 8 Eppendorf tubes, at a rate of 1.5 ml per tube. Each tube is closed with Parafilm® and heated to 30 ° C. The reaction kinetics are monitored in UPLC-MS (+) for 4 h.
- the depolymerization products are referenced as follows: catechin terminal units (Cat), epicatechin (Ec), epicatechin gallate (EcG), and sylvanylated extension units of catechin (Cat-S), epicatechin (Ec-) S) and epicatechin gallate (EcG-S).
- Cat-S catechin terminal units
- Ec epicatechin
- EcG epicatechin gallate
- Figure 5 shows the UPLC chromatogram obtained after 1 hour of reaction.
- a depolymerization process according to the invention is carried out as follows.
- the tannin extract (5.0 g) is dissolved in MeOH
- the product thus obtained is purified by flash chromatography.
- the mixture (150 mg) is dissolved in Et 2 O (5 mL), then it is injected onto a DIOL column and eluted with an AcOEt / Et 2 O gradient (from 0 to 50%).
- the fractions of interest (furylated extension units) are combined and evaporated under vacuum.
- 54 mg of the furylated flavani ue monomer are obtained according to:
- a depolymerization process according to the invention is carried out as follows.
- the tannin extract (8.0 g) is dissolved in MeOH (300 mL), then sylvane (100 mL) is added, then gently fuming HCl (3.33 mL) with stirring. The mixture is heated at 30 ° C for 60 min. 400 ml of an aqueous solution of Na 2 CO 3 (5.3 gL -1 ) are added, followed by performed extraction with AcOEt (3 x 400 mL). The solution was evaporated to give a pasty brown solid (5.7 g), which was taken up with Et 2 O (200 mL), triturated and sonicated, and then washed with brine (300 mL). These operations are repeated twice, and the resulting solutions are combined and dried with Na 2 SO 4 . The solution was evaporated to give a beige bullous solid (2.40 g), consisting of a mixture of terminal units and silvilated extension units.
- the product thus obtained is purified by flash chromatography.
- the mixture (300 mg) is dissolved in Et 2 O (5 mL), then it is injected onto a DIOL column and eluted with an AcOEt / Et 2 O gradient (from 0 to 50%).
- the fractions of interest (sylvanylated extension units) are combined and evaporated under vacuum. 99 mg of the following sylvanyl flavaniol monomer are obtained:
- a buffer solution at pH 9 is prepared by adding 50 ml of a 0.2 mol / l solution of KCl and 0.2 mol / l of H 3 B0 3 to 21.4 ml of a 0% NaOH solution. , 2 mol / L.
- a 2 g / l aqueous solution of a crude product resulting from the depolymerization of a white seed tannin extract by thiolysis is prepared according to the Roumeas et al. Protocol, 2013. This solution contains the terminal catechin units ( Cat) and epicatechin (Ec), as well as sulphide extension units derived from catechin (Cat-M) and epicatechin (Ec-M).
- Cat catechin units
- Ec epicatechin
- the UPLC chromatogram at 280 nm of this solution is shown in Figure 6 (a).
- an aqueous solution at 2 g / L of a crude product resulting from the depolymerization of a white pines tannin extract by sylvane is prepared according to the protocol described in Example 8.
- This solution contains the catechin (Cat), epicatechin (Ec) and epicatechin gallate (EcG) terminal units, as well as the sylvanylated (2-methyl-furyl) extension units derived from catechin (Cat-S), epicatechin (Ec -S) and epicatechin gallate (EcG-S).
- the UPLC chromatogram at 280 nm of this solution is shown in Figure 7 (a). 500 ⁇ l of this solution are transferred to a vial in which 500 ⁇ l are added.
- the test is based on the measurement of the conversion rate into units of derivatives of interest (furyl derivative or sylvanyl derivative) over a short reaction time, ie 10 min. Consequently, the rate measured in this test at initial reaction rates does not correspond to the conversion rate obtained at the end of the reaction because of the reaction kinetics.
- nucleophilic / condensed tannins depolymerizable from a given tannin extract, taking as nucleophile either furan or sylvan.
- the molar amount of depolymerizable condensed tannins is determined by analytical thiolysis reaction, performed in particular as described in Roumeas et al., 2013, and quantification of the amount of tannins thus depolymerized, by UPLC- MS, as indicated above.
- the molar amount of nucleophile of corresponding general formula (III) is determined as follows for furan and sylvane.
- a stock solution of dimer B2 is prepared at 100, 200 or
- the depolymerization solutions contain 200 mM HCl and different nucleophilic concentrations between 0.7 and 70 mM for sylvan, and 140 and 7000 mM for furan.
- a mixture of 500 ⁇ . of mother solution of dimer B2 and 500 ⁇ . of depolymerization solution is made in a plugged tube and immediately brought to 30 ° C for 10 mh.
- the samples are then directly analyzed by UPLC, according to the protocol described above, without treatment or prior dilution. Quantification of the extension units U ext (as a derivative) and the terminal units U ter m released during the reaction makes it possible to calculate, for each test, the molar ratio
- the molar ratio "Nucleophilic / B2 dimer" required to achieve, under the conditions of the test, a conversion rate of 5% in extension units, relative to the total of the extension units and the terminal units, may be established at 1, 67 for sylvane, and 133 in.
- the same experiment can be carried out under similar conditions for any other nucleophile of general formula (III) according to the invention.
- the Douglas-fir bark ground to 6 mm (10.0 g) is suspended in MeOH (75 mL) and then sylvane (25 mL) is added, then smoking HCl (833 ⁇ l), with stirring.
- the mixture is brought to 30 ° C, and the reaction is followed by UPLC-MS.
- the yield of sylvanyl derivatives reaches a maximum of 1 19 ⁇ ⁇ "1 of bark, ie 92% of the value obtained by the comparative thiolysis reaction, in order to obtain the sylvanyl derivatives in question. high, directly from the bark, without prior extraction of tannins.
- the reaction mixture obtained by the sylvanolysis reaction is filtered on Buchner to remove the barks, and 100 ml of an aqueous solution of NaHCO 3 (8.4 gL -1 ) are added and the resulting solution is evaporated under vacuum to remove the water.
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BR112017002277-0A BR112017002277A2 (pt) | 2014-08-04 | 2015-08-03 | compostos derivados de flavonoide e método para preparar os mesmos por meio de despolimerização de taninos condensados |
US15/329,991 US10030009B2 (en) | 2014-08-04 | 2015-08-03 | Flavonoid derivative compounds and method for preparing same by depolymerization of condensed tannins |
CA2957012A CA2957012A1 (fr) | 2014-08-04 | 2015-08-03 | Composes derives de flavanoides et procede pour leur preparation par depolymerisation de tanins condenses |
EP15766893.0A EP3177613A1 (fr) | 2014-08-04 | 2015-08-03 | Composés dérivés de flavanoïdes et procédé pour leur préparation par dépolymérisation de tanins condensés |
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US11236119B2 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2022-02-01 | Institut National de Recherche Pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et Environnement | Chemically stable lignin derivative and method for preparing same |
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US2776981A (en) | 1954-03-02 | 1957-01-08 | Du Pont | Process and catalyst for the preparation of furan from furfural |
US6479677B1 (en) | 2000-10-26 | 2002-11-12 | Pure Energy Corporation | Processes for the preparation of 2-methylfuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran |
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ARIADNA SELGA ET AL: "Efficient One Pot Extraction and Depolymerization of Grape ( Vitis vinifera ) Pomace Procyanidins for the Preparation of Antioxidant Thio-Conjugates", JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, vol. 52, no. 3, 1 February 2004 (2004-02-01), pages 467 - 473, XP055151394, ISSN: 0021-8561, DOI: 10.1021/jf035048l * |
CHEN W ET AL: "One-pot depolymerizative extraction of proanthocyanidins from mangosteen pericarps", FOOD CHEMISTRY, ELSEVIER LTD, NL, vol. 114, no. 3, 1 June 2009 (2009-06-01), pages 874 - 880, XP025938094, ISSN: 0308-8146, [retrieved on 20081105], DOI: 10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2008.10.056 * |
LAURENT ROUMEAS ET AL: "Depolymerisation of condensed tannins in ethanol as a gateway to biosourced phenolic synthons", GREEN CHEMISTRY, vol. 15, no. 11, 1 January 2013 (2013-01-01), pages 3268, XP055151391, ISSN: 1463-9262, DOI: 10.1039/c3gc41281d * |
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WO2016174334A1 (fr) * | 2015-04-27 | 2016-11-03 | Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique | Composé à fonctions époxydes biosourcé, procédé de synthèse d'un tel composé et son utilisation pour la préparation de résine époxyde |
US11236119B2 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2022-02-01 | Institut National de Recherche Pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et Environnement | Chemically stable lignin derivative and method for preparing same |
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FR3024452A1 (fr) | 2016-02-05 |
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US10030009B2 (en) | 2018-07-24 |
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