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Definitions

• the present invention relates to superficially porous particles (SPPs), also called core- shell, porous shell or fused core particles, which are state-of-the-art support materials used in the production of HPLC columns.
• SPPs superficially porous particles
• FPP fully porous particles
• SPPs markedly improved chromatographic performance, due its morphology, which consists of a solid inner core surrounded by a porous layer. See, e.g., Figure 1.
• SPPs are able to decrease all contributions to band broadening including those from longitudinal diffusion, eddy dispersion and stationary phase mass transfer contributions. The presence of the solid core leads a to shorter path for analytes to travel and decreases band broadening caused by poor mass transfer leading to the ability to carry analysis out under high flow rates without a significant loss in efficiency.
• SPPs are generally produced with very narrow particle size distributions and decrease band broadening due to eddy diffusion. Columns packed with superficially porous particles have been used for high throughput separations by improving efficiency while keeping methods robust. See, e.g., A. Periat, I. Kohler, J.L. Veuthey and D. Guillarme, LCGC Europe. 5 (2013) 17, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• FIG 1 schematic showing of a superficially porous particle (SPP), a.k.a. core-shell particle (nonporous core surrounded by porous shell).
• SPP superficially porous particle
• core-shell particle nonporous core surrounded by porous shell.
• Figure 2 transmission electron micrograph of a superficially porous particle. The ratio of the non- porous core diameter to the total particle diameter is defined as p.
• Figure 3 scanning electron micrographs of examples of 3 different diameter superficially porous particles.
• Figure 4 examples of cyclofructans and cyclofructan derivatives.
• Figure 5 examples of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives.
• Figure 6 examples of macrocyclic glycopeptides.
• Figure 7 examples of ionic HILIC selectors.
• Figure 8 examples of a zwitterionic HILIC selector.
• Figure 9 example of the use of non-conventional silanes to form hydro lytically stable, high efficiency, bonded zwitterionic SPP HILIC phases.
• Figure 10 example of the use of multipoint attachment to form hydro lytically stable, high efficiency, bonded ionic, derivatized cyclofructan, SPP HILIC phases.
• Figure 11 retention time drift of bare SPP silica.
• Figure 12 retention time drift when using non-conventional silanes to form hydro lytically stable, high efficiency, bonded zwitterionic SPP HILIC phases.
• Figure 13 retention time drift when using multipoint attachment to form hydro lytically stable, high efficiency, bonded ionic, derivatized cyclofructan, SPP HILIC phases.
• Figure 14 separation of the polar analytes 5 -phenyl valeric acid and ferulic acid in HILIC.
• Figure 15 separation of polar nucleobases (uracil and cytosine) and nucleosides (adenosine) in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• Figure 16 separation of polar cyclic nucleotides in HILIC.
• Figure 17 separation of polar analytes pyridoxine and ascorbic acid in HILIC.
• Figure 18 separation of polar nucleobases (uracil and cytosine) and nucleosides (adenosine) in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclodextrin.
• Figure 19 separation of polar xanthines in HILIC.
• Figure 20 separation of polar nucleosides and nucleobases in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, ionic HILIC selector based on benzoic acid functionalized cyclofructan.
• Figure 21 separation of polar peptides (enkephalins) with single amino acid polymorphisms in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, macrocyclic gylcopeptide HILIC selector based on teicoplanin.
• Figure 22 dependence of efficiency on the flow rate of the mobile phase for ferulic acid in normal phase mode.
• Figure 23 dependence of efficiency on the flow rate of the mobile phase for ferulic acid in HILIC.
• Figure 24 dependence of plate numbers per minute on the flow rate of the mobile phase for ferulic acid in HILIC.
• Figure 25 selectivity values of neighboring peaks for all the analytes separated in Figures 14-17 in HILIC.
• HILIC stationary phases based on native and derivatized cyclofructans, cyclodextrins, macrocyclic antibiotics and zwitterions were evaluated for selectivity and stability when bonded to SPPs as the support material (see Fig. 1-3).
• the columns were also tested in the normal phase (NP) mode, to evaluate the influence of aqueous and non-aqueous containing mobile phases in performance. Results in terms of stability, efficiency, analysis time and resolution were evaluated, demonstrating clear advantages of the new HILIC columns based on SPPs.
• HILIC bonded SPPs can be produced on SPPs that range in size from about
• SPP-CSPs can be produced on SPPs having total particle diameter of, for example, about 0.5 micron, about 0.6 micron, about 0.7 micron, about 0.8 micron, about 0.9 micron, about 1.0 micron, about 1.1 micron, about 1.2 micron, about 1.3 micron, about 1.4 micron, and so on. Scanning electron micrographs of some particles, e.g. about 1.7, about 2.7 and about 4.0 micron, are shown in Figure 3.
• Native cyclofructan-6 has been reported to be a powerful selector in separation of polar compounds in the HILIC mode.
• the column based on CF6 chemically bonded to FPP is commercially available (FRULIC-N) and it has demonstrated advantages over popular commercial columns in separating several compounds such as nucleic acid bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, xanthines, ⁇ -blockers, carbohydrates, etc.
• cyclodextrins and derivatized cyclodextrins are shown to make exceptional HILIC phases.
• Two other types of bonded HILIC selectors included are the zwitterionic types (i.e., those containing both cationic and anionic moieties) and the macrocyclic antibiotic types like vancomycin. See, e.g. R. J. Soukup-Hein, et al. Chromatographia 66 (2007) 461 and US 4,539,399, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Table 1 list the classes of HILIC selectors which are presented in this application.
• Figure 4-8 Representative/example structures for each class of HILIC selector are shown in Figure 4-8.
• Figures 4-8 provide structures.
• the present invention provides for the preparation of the first hydrolytically stable, covalently bonded, highly selective SPP HILIC stationary phases. Further these SPP HILIC stationary phases have higher efficiencies and shorter retention times than the analogous stationary phases on fully porous particles (FFPs)
• DMF dimethylformamide
• ferulic acid 3- (triethoxysilyl)propylisocyanate
• ammonium acetate NH 4 OAc
• TFA trifiuoracetic acid
• all analytes tested in this work (5-phenylvaleric acid, ferulic acid, pyridoxine, L-ascorbic acid, uracil, adenosine, cytosine, thymidine 3 ' :5 'cyclic monophosphate (cTMP), adenosine 2' :3 'cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), guanosine 2'
• the 1,2- bis(trichlorosilyl)ethane was obtained from Aldrich.
• the l,3-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl))propane and bis (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine were obtained from Gelest (Morrisville, PA).
• the CF6, cyclodextrins and macrocyclic glycopeptides were provided by AZYP, LLC (Arlington, TX).
• Acetonitrile (ACN), heptane (Hep), isopropyl alcohol (IP A) and ethanol (EtOH), used for the chromatographic separations, were obtained from EMD (Gibbstown, NJ). Water was purified by a Milli-Q Water Purification System (Millipore, Billerica, MA).
• Native CF6 was chemically bonded to silica gel according to the disclosure of H.X. Qiu, L. Loukotkova, P. Sun, E. Tesarova, Z. Bosakova and D.W. Armstrong, J. Chromatogr. A. 1218 (2011) 270.
• the cyclodextrin based CSPs were synthesized according to D.W. Armstrong as disclosed in US 4,539,399.
• the macrocyclic antibiotic CSP were synthesized according to D.W. Armstrong as disclosed in US 5,626,757, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the zwitterionic stationary phases were synthesized according to the disclosure of Qiu, et al, Journal of Chromatography A 1218 (2011) 8075-8082.
• Cyclofructans are cyclic oligosaccharides that possess 18-24 hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups can be used as reactive functionalities to covalently bond the cyclofructan (or cyclofructan derivative) to SPP silica. Cyclofructans can be used as HILIC selectors in their native form or in a derivatized format. Derivatization of the cyclofructan molecules can take place before or after they are immobilized on the SPP silica.
• the derivatizing groups are typically, but not limited to: linear alkane C1-C30, branched alkane C1-C30, unsaturated alkane C1-C30, cyclic alkane C1-C30, linear and/or cyclic alkane containing heteroatoms (e.g. N, S, O) C 1-C30) and are bonded to the cyclofructan by a number of chemical linkages (e.g. ether, carbamate, thioether, thiocarbamate, ester, triazole, and urea).
• chemical linkages e.g. ether, carbamate, thioether, thiocarbamate, ester, triazole, and urea
• the SPP silica (4 grams) was first dried in an oven (120 °C) for 4 hours and later azeotropically distilled (toluene, 125 mL) using a Dean-stark trap and a 250 mL, 2-neck round-bottom flask. Once both reaction vessels were allowed to cool to room temperature, the cyclofructan/DMF solution was added to the SPP silica-toluene slurry, and the resulting suspension was refluxed for 16 hours. After that time, the reaction was filtered and washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone). This method gives a carbamate linked cyclofructan HILIC phase.
• the resulting SPP HILIC phase was dried and subsequently slurry packed into a stainless steel tube.
• a second binding chemistry which also forms a carbamate linker can be employed.
• SPP silica (3 grams) was dried at 120 °C for 4 hours.
• toluene was added and residual water was removed using a Dean-stark trap to azeotropically distill the toluene-SPP silica slurry.
• the suspension was allowed to cool ( ⁇ 40 °C) and 1 mL of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was added to the silica (3.3 grams)-toluene (125 mL) slurry and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours.
• a third bonding strategy will give an example of how cyclofructan and its derivatives can be immobilized with an ether linkage.
• cyclofructan (10 mmol) was dissolved in 300 mL of anhydrous DMF under and argon blanket. Then, 1 gram of NaH was added to the solution and the resulting suspension was stirred in an inert environment at room temperature for 30 minutes. Next, any unreacted NaH was filtered off and the filtrate was transferred to a clean, dry, 500 mL round-bottom flask to which 8 mL of 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane was added.
• This solution was heated to 90 °C for 5 hours and then allowed to cool to room temperature. Next, the solution was transferred to a 500 mL 2-neck round bottom flask containing dry SPP silica (21 grams) and the resulting suspension was heated to 110 °C for 16 hours. After that time, the reaction was filtered and washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone). The resulting SPP HILIC phase was dried and subsequently slurry packed into a stainless steel tube.
• Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides that possess 18-24 hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups can be used as reactive functionalities to covalently bond the cyclodextrin (or cyclodextrin derivative) to SPP silica. Cyclodextrins can be used as HILIC selectors in their native form or in a derivatized format. Derivatization of the cyclodextrin molecules can take place before or after they are immobilized on the SPP silica.
• the derivatizing groups are typically, but not limited to: linear alkane C1-C30, branched alkane C1-C30, unsaturated alkane Ci- C30, cyclic alkane C1-C30, linear and/or cyclic alkane containing heteroatoms (e.g. N, S, O) C1-C30) and are bonded to the cyclodextrin by a number of chemical linkages (e.g. ether, carbamate, thioether, thiocarbamate, ester, triazole, and urea) as noted earlier.
• chemical linkages e.g. ether, carbamate, thioether, thiocarbamate, ester, triazole, and urea
• the SPP silica (4 grams) was first dried in an oven (120 °C) for 4 hours and later azeotropically distilled (toluene, 125 mL) using a Dean-stark trap and a 250 mL, 2-neck round-bottom flask. Once both reaction vessels were allowed to cool to room temperature, the cyclodextrin/DMF solution was added to the SPP silica-toluene slurry, and the resulting suspension was refluxed for 16 hours. After that time, the reaction was filtered and washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone).
• This method gives a carbamate linked cyclodextrin HILIC phase.
• the resulting SPP HILIC phase was dried and subsequently slurry packed into a stainless steel tube.
• a second binding chemistry which also forms a carbamate linker can be employed.
• SPP silica (3 grams) was dried at 120 °C for 4 hours.
• toluene was added and residual water was removed using a Dean- stark trap to azeotropically distill the toluene-SPP silica slurry.
• the suspension was allowed to cool ( ⁇ 40 °C) and 1 mL of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was added to the silica (3.3 grams)-toluene (125 mL) slurry and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours. After which, the suspension was filtered, washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone), and dried to yield the amino-functionalized SPP silica. Then, 1,6- diisocyanatohexane (2 mL) was added to a dry amino-silica toluene slurry (under argon), which was cooled with an ice bath.
• reaction mixture was heated to 70 °C for 5 hours. After this time, the suspension was filtered, washed (toluene) and finally re- suspended in toluene (anhydrous, 125 mL) and TEA (10 mL). Finally, cyclodextrin (1 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (25 mL) and the solution was added to the SPP silica suspension and the resulting slurry was refluxed for 16 hours. After that time, the reaction was filtered and washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone).
• This method gives a carbamate and urea linked cyclodextrin HILIC phase.
• the resulting SPP HILIC phase was dried and subsequently slurry packed into a stainless steel tube.
• a third bonding strategy will give an example of how cyclodextrin and its derivatives can be immobilized with an ether linkage.
• cyclodextrin and its derivatives can be immobilized with an ether linkage.
• any unreacted NaH was filtered off and the filtrate was transferred to a clean, dry, 500 mL round-bottom flask to which 8 mL of 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane was added.
• This solution was heated to 90 °C for 5 hours and then allowed to cool to room temperature.
• the solution was transferred to a 500 mL 2 -neck round bottom flask containing dry SPP silica (21 grams) and the resulting suspension was heated to 110 °C for 16 hours. After that time, the reaction was filtered and washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone).
• the resulting SPP HILIC phase was dried and subsequently slurry packed into a stainless steel tube.
• Example 3 Preparation of glycopeptide based stable, bonded, SPP HILIC stationary phases
• Macrocyclic glycopeptides e.g. teicoplanin, boromycin, ristocetin A, dalbavancin, and vancomycin
• amine and hydroxyl functionalities which can be used as reactive groups to covalently bond the glycopeptide (or glycopeptide analog; e.g. teicoplanin aglycone) to SPP silica.
• There are a number of bonding chemistries that can be used to chemically immobilize macrocyclic glycopeptides on SPP silica e.g. ether, carbamate, thioether, thiocarbamate, ester, triazole, and urea.
• a second binding chemistry which also forms a carbamate linker can be employed.
• SPP silica (3 g) was dried at 120 °C for 4 hours.
• toluene was added and residual water was removed using a Dean-stark trap to azeotropically distill the toluene-SPP silica slurry.
• the suspension was allowed to cool ( ⁇ 40 °C) and 1 mL of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was added to the silica (3.3 grams)-toluene (125 mL) slurry and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours.
• a third bonding strategy will give an example of how teicoplanin and its derivatives can be immobilized with an ether linkage.
• teicoplanin (10 mmol) was dissolved in 300 mL of anhydrous DMF under and argon blanket. Then, 1 gram of NaH was added to the solution and the resulting suspension was stirred in an inert environment at room temperature for 30 minutes. Next, any unreacted NaH was filtered off and the filtrate was transferred to a clean, dry, 500 mL round-bottom flask to which 8 mL of 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane was added.
• This solution was heated to 90 °C for 5 hours and then allowed to cool to room temperature. Next, the solution was transferred to a 500 mL 2 -neck round bottom flask containing dry SPP silica (21 grams) and the resulting suspension was heated to 110 °C for 16 hours. After that time, the reaction was filtered and washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone). The resulting SPP HILIC phase was dried and subsequently slurry packed into a stainless steel tube.
• Charged or ionic type stable, bonded, HILIC stationary phases can be made via a number of synthetic and binding techniques.
• sample derivatizing and binding strategies are given to produce an anionic cyclofructan based HILIC stationary phase that has been bonded to SPP silica through the use of multipoint attachment.
• the first model HILIC selector described is benzoic acid functionalized cyclofructan 6.
• This example represents a technique that can be used to produce and number of ionic SPP HILIC phases. Benzoic acid derivatized cyclofructan 6 was produced and later bonded to SPP silica by any of the following binding methods.
• cyclofructan 6 (4.2 grams) as dissolved in 200 mL of anhydrous DMF at 75 °C and NaH (2.12 gram) was added. The suspension was stirred at 75 °C for 45 min. Then, methyl 4-(bromomethyl)benzoate (20 grams) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (50 mL) and the solution was carefully added to the cyclofructan-NaH suspension and the reaction was heated to 75 °C for 20 hours, After which, the reaction was cooled and any solids were filtered. Solvent was removed from the filtrate to yield a yellowish crude material. The crude esterified product was then hydrolyzed to the carboxylic form using water, methanol, and sodium hydroxide.
• cyclofructan was then linked to SPP silica.
• cyclofructan 3 mmol was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (60 mL) under and argon blanket. Then, 3-triethoxysilylpropyl isocyanate (12 mmol) and anhydrous pyridine (5 mL) were added and the reaction vessel was heated to 90 °C for 5 hours.
• the SPP silica (4 grams) was first dried in an oven (120 °C) for 4 hours and later azeotropically distilled (toluene, 125 mL) using a Dean-stark trap and a 250 mL, 2-neck round-bottom flask. Once both reaction vessels were allowed to cool to room temperature, the cyclofructan/DMF solution was added to the SPP silica- toluene slurry, and the resulting suspension was refiuxed for 16 hours. After that time, the reaction was filtered and washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone). This method gives a carbamate linked cyclofructan HILIC phase. The resulting SPP HILIC phase was dried and subsequently slurry packed into a stainless steel tube.
• a second binding chemistry which also forms a carbamate linker can be employed.
• SPP silica (3 grams) was dried at 120 °C for 4 hours.
• toluene was added and residual water was removed using a Dean-stark trap to azeotropically distill the toluene-SPP silica slurry.
• the suspension was allowed to cool ( ⁇ 40 °C) and 1 mL of (3- aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was added to the silica (3.3 grams)-toluene (125 mL) slurry and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours.
• a third bonding strategy will give an example of how cyclofructan and its derivatives can be immobilized with an ether linkage.
• cyclofructan (10 mmol) was dissolved in 300 mL of anhydrous DMF under and argon blanket. Then, 1 gram of NaH was added to the solution and the resulting suspension was stirred in an inert environment at room temperature for 30 minutes. Next, any unreacted NaH was filtered off and the filtrate was transferred to a clean, dry, 500 mL round-bottom flask to which 8 mL of 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane was added.
• This solution was heated to 90 °C for 5 hours and then allowed to cool to room temperature. Next, the solution was transferred to a 500 mL 2 -neck round bottom flask containing dry SPP silica (21 grams) and the resulting suspension was heated to 110 °C for 16 hours. After that time, the reaction was filtered and washed (toluene, dichloromethane, isopropanol, methanol, water, acetone). The resulting SPP HILIC phase was dried and subsequently slurry packed into a stainless steel tube.
• Zwitterionic HILIC phases are hydrolytically unstable unless certain measures are taken to protect the HILIC ligand from leaching. There are several approaches to do this (as described earlier).
• a phosphoniumsulfonate zwitterion (3-P,P- diphenylphosphoniumpropylsulfonate) is chemically bonded to SPP silica in a stable format through the use of a bipodal silane. Specifically, in a 500 mL round-bottom flask, 25.8 mL of 0.5 M potassium diphenylphosphide was transferred under air-free conditions. Next, 120 mL of anhydrous THF was added while stirring the phosphide under argon.
• the phosphide was converted into the zwitterion by slowly adding 2.35 grams of propanesultone dissolved in 10 mL of anhydrous THF. The sultone was added drop by drop in 3.3 minutes. The resulting white suspension was kept in a freezer (to further precipitate the zwitterion). The white suspension was filtered under argon on glass frit funnel and washed with diethyl ether.
• the resulting zwitterion (5.3 grams) was transferred to a 500 mL flask and dissolved in 60 mL of anhydrous DMF. When the solid dissolved completely, 2.3 g of 3-bromopropionic acid (in 10 mL DMF) was added and the mixture heated overnight at 100 °C. After the reaction, the KBr was filtered and the resulting viscous liquid was rotary evaporated at 80 °C. The brown liquid was washed with hot THF, ACN, and heptane. After overnight drying under vacuum, white crystals of 3-P,P-diphenylphosphinopropylsulfonate were obtained.
• Figures 11-13 provide additional representative data indicating the success of our "stability strategy".
• Figure 11 shows the retention time drift of bare SPP silica.
• Figure 12 shows an example of the use of non-conventional silanes to form hydrolytically stable, high efficiency, bonded zwitterionic SPP HILIC phases.
• Figure 13 shows an example of the use of multipoint attachment to form hydrolytically stable, high efficiency, bonded ionic, derivatized cyclofructan, SPP HILIC phases.
• Table 3 lists some particle properties and surface coverage data for native CF6 bonded to FPPs and SPPs to serve as a model example for such stable bonded HILIC selectors. Note the much lower surface area for the SPP compared to the FPP. Yet, an equivalent relative coverage (i.e. ⁇ / ⁇ 2 ) of HILIC selector is obtained on the SPPs.
• Table 3 Example of particle properties and elemental analysis for stable HILIC phases produced on FPPs and SPPs. x Values calculated starting with the % C measured by elemental analysis.
• SPPs have pore size ranging from about 100 angstroms to about 300 angstroms, preferably from about 100 angstroms to about 150 angstroms, more preferably from about 110 angstrom to about 130 angstrom.
• SPP according to the invention includes a pore size of about 120 angstrom.
• SPPs have surface area ranging from about 100 m 2 /g to about 500 m 2 /g, preferably from about 100 m 2 /g to about 400 m 2 /g, or from about 100 m 2 /g to about 300 m 2 /g, or from about 100 m 2 /g to about 200 m 2 /g, more preferably from about 110 m 2 /g to about 150 m 2 /g.
• SPP according to the invention has a surface area of about 120 m 2 /g.
• Figure 14 shows the separation of the polar analytes 5 -phenyl valeric acid and ferulic acid in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• the example shows a comparison of separations obtained when the stabilized phase is bound to FPPs and SPPs. The values on the top of the peaks correspond to the efficiency in terms of number of plates (N) on column.
• Figure 15 shows the separation of polar nucleobases (uracil and cytosine) and nucleosides (adenosine) in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• the example shows a comparison of separations obtained when the stabilized phase is bound to FPPs and SPPs. The values on the top of the peaks correspond to the efficiency in terms of number of plates (N) on column.
• Figure 16 shows the separation of polar cyclic nucleotides in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• the example shows a comparison of separations obtained when the stabilized phase is bound to FPPs and SPPs. The values on the top of the peaks correspond to the efficiency in terms of number of plates (N) on column.
• Figure 17 shows the separation of the polar analytes pyridoxine and ascorbic acid in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• the example shows a comparison of separations obtained when the stabilized phase is bound to FPPs and SPPs. The values on the top of the peaks correspond to the efficiency in terms of number of plates (N) on column.
• Figure 18 shows separation of polar nucleobases (uracil and cytosine) and nucleosides (adenosine) in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclodextrin.
• the example shows a comparison of separations obtained when the stabilized phase is bound to FPPs and SPPs. The values next to each peak correspond to the efficiency in terms of number of plates (N) on column.
• Figure 19 shows separation of polar xanthines (xanthine and hypoxanthine) in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclodextrin.
• the example shows a comparison of separations obtained when the stabilized phase is bound to FPPs and SPPs. The values next to each peak correspond to the efficiency in terms of number of plates (N) on column.
• Figure 20 shows separation of polar nucleosides and nucleobases in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, ionic HILIC selector based on benzoic acid functionalized cyclofructan.
• the example shows the extremely high efficiency obtained when the stabilized phase is bound to SPPs.
• Figure 21 shows separation of polar peptides (enkephalins) with single amino acid polymorphisms in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, macrocyclic glycopeptide zwitterionic HILIC selector based on teicoplanin.
• the example shows the extremely high efficiency obtained when the stabilized phase is bound to SPPs.
• FIG. 22 and 23 show van Deemter plots for an ultra stable HILIC SPP stationary phase (based on cyclofructan 6) compared to 2 analogous fully porous particle stationary phases in both the HILIC mode and the classic normal phase mode respectively. Note that the SPP stationary phase produces the lowest HETP (or H) curve at all flow rates and has the smallest slope at higher flow rates. Consequently these SPP phases produce the greatest number of theoretical plates (N) per minute ( Figure 24). Thus analyses can be completed in less time on these phases.
• Figure 22 shows the dependence of efficiency (in terms of HETP) on the flow rate of the mobile phase for ferulic acid in normal phase mode using a stabilized, bonded, selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• the example shows a comparison of FPPs and SPPs.
• the minimum HETP was at higher flow rates for the SPP material.
• the efficiency of the SPP column was the greatest among the tested columns and the SPP column showed a notable improvement in the mass transfer band broadening effect at high flow rates.
• Figure 23 shows the dependence of efficiency (in terms of HETP) on the flow rate of the mobile phase for ferulic acid in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• the example shows a comparison of FPPs and SPPs. As can be seen, the minimum HETP was at higher flow rates for the SPP material. At all tested flow rates, the efficiency of the SPP column was the greatest among the tested columns and the SPP column showed an improvement in the mass transfer band broadening effect at high flow rates.
• Figure 24 shows the dependence of plate numbers per minute on the flow rate of the mobile phase for ferulic acid in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• the example shows a comparison of FPPs and SPPs. It should be noted that, the SPP column leads to a decrease in the total analysis time. This example clearly shows this, by displaying the number of plates per unit time versus the mobile phase flow rate for each compound. As can be seen, the number of plates afforded per time spent on the analysis is much higher for the SPP columns than the FPPs columns.
• Figure 25 shows selectivity values of neighboring peaks for all the analytes separated in Figures 14-17 in HILIC using a stabilized, bonded, HILIC selector based on cyclofructan 6.
• the example shows a comparison of FPPs and SPPs and the selectivity values were calculated based on the following pairs of separated analytes: 1) uracil-adenosine; 2) adenosine- cytosine; 3) 5 -phenyl valeric acid-ferulic acid; 4) pyridoxine ascorbic acid; 5) cTMP-cAMP; 6) cAMP-cGMP; 7) cGMP-cCMP.
• selectivity values are essentially the same between the FPP and SPP columns. Clearly, selectivity does not follow the absolute mass % loading of CF6 in the column (Table 2). This invention shows, for the first time, that for stabilized, bonded, HILIC phases on SPPs, having an equivalent relative coverage (umol/m 2 ) will yield equivalent selectivities.
• Embodiment 1 Covalently bonded ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) phases comprising superficially porous particle (SPP) linked to a HILIC selector.
• HILIC ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography
• Embodiment 2 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 3 The covalently bonded ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography
• Embodiment 5 The covalently bonded ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 6 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 7 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 8 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 9 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 10 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 11 The covalently bonded ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) phases of embodiment 1 , wherein the SPP has a pore size from about 110 angstroms to about 130 angstroms.
• Embodiment 12 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 13 The covalently bonded ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 14 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 15 The covalently bonded ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 16 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography phases of embodiment 15, wherein the HILIC selector is selected from the group consisting cyclodextrins, derivatized cyclodextrin, cyclofructans, derivatized cyclofructans, teicoplanin, vancomycin, teicoplanin aglycone, ristocetin A, dalbavancin, boromycin, sulfonated cyclofrutans, sulfonated cyclodextrins, and 3-P,P- diphenylphosphoniumpropylsulfonate.
• the HILIC selector is selected from the group consisting cyclodextrins, derivatized cyclodextrin, cyclofructans, derivatized cyclofructans, teicoplanin, vancomycin, teicoplanin aglycone, ristocetin A, dalbavancin, boromycin,
• HILIC covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography
• Embodiment 18 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 19 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• SPP is linked to a HILIC selector via ether, carbamate, thioether, thiocarbamate, ester, triazole, or urea linkages.
• Embodiment 20 The covalently bonded ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 21 The covalently bonded ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC chromatography
• Embodiment 22 A superficially porous particle (SPP) comprising high efficiency, ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) matrix covalently bonded thereto.
• SPP superficially porous particle
• HILIC ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography
• Embodiment 23 The superficially porous particle (SPP) of embodiment 22, wherein the matrix comprises HILIC selector.
• SPP superficially porous particle
• HILIC hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
• Embodiment 25 The hydrolytically stable highly selective SPP HILIC phases of embodiment 3, wherein the HILIC packing material is not unmodified silica thereby protecting the SPP surface from dissolution and having broader HILIC selectivity and higher efficiencies than bare supports and fully porous supports comprising silica.
• Embodiment 26 A method for separation of polar molecules comprising contacting a molecule with covalently bonded ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) phases comprising superficially porous particle (SPP) linked to a HILIC selector.
• HILIC ultra-stable hydrophilic interaction chromatography
• SPP superficially porous particle
• Embodiment 27 A method of making ultra- stable hydrophilic interaction
• HILIC phases comprising superficially porous particle (SPP) linked to a HILIC selector comprising selecting a HILIC selector selected from the group consisting of cyclodextrins, derivatized cyclodextrin, cyclofructans, derivatized cyclofructans, teicoplanin, vancomycin, teicoplanin aglycone, ristocetin A, dalbavancin, boromycin, sulfonated
• cyclofrutans sulfonated cyclodextrins, and 3-P,P-diphenylphosphoniumpropylsulfonate; and covalently bonding the chiral selector to a superficially porous particle, thereby obtaining ultra stable HILIC SPP stationary phase.

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