WO2015184658A1 - 设施次生no3 -盐化土壤改良剂、制备方法及改良方法 - Google Patents

设施次生no3 -盐化土壤改良剂、制备方法及改良方法 Download PDF

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WO2015184658A1
WO2015184658A1 PCT/CN2014/080323 CN2014080323W WO2015184658A1 WO 2015184658 A1 WO2015184658 A1 WO 2015184658A1 CN 2014080323 W CN2014080323 W CN 2014080323W WO 2015184658 A1 WO2015184658 A1 WO 2015184658A1
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soil
facility
soil conditioner
improver
conditioner
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PCT/CN2014/080323
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
常婷婷
邵孝候
徐会连
王伟娜
陈立华
毛欣宇
王春芳
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河海大学
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Priority to KR1020157026652A priority Critical patent/KR101793137B1/ko
Priority to US14/442,724 priority patent/US9776931B2/en
Publication of WO2015184658A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015184658A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C09K17/52—Mulches
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B17/00—Other phosphatic fertilisers, e.g. soft rock phosphates, bone meal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08—Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C09K17/14—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing organic compounds only
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a secondary NC salinized soil improver, a preparation method and an improved method thereof, and belongs to the field of soil improvement technology. Background technique
  • fertilizer input is an important part of facility agricultural production. Its common characteristics are excessive fertilization, organic fertilizer application, and uncoordinated proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Since the fertilizer input has a significant effect on the yield increase in a short period of time, in order to pursue high output, the excessive amount of fertilizer is usually invested, which greatly exceeds the actual absorption of the crop, and the fertilizer remaining in the soil becomes the main source of the salt segregant, resulting in The secondary salinization of facility soils is deepening year by year, soil microbial dysfunction, soil compaction and other issues, resulting in deteriorating soil environmental quality of facility vegetable fields, posing a threat to the sustainable production capacity of the soil and the sustainable development of the facility vegetable industry.
  • the salt segregants in the secondary salinized soil of the facility consist of four cations of K+, Ca 2+ , Na+ and Mg 2+ and four anions of N0 3 -, S0 4 2 -, CI - and HCC. Studies have shown that the content of NC in the soil of the facility is the highest, and the proportion of other ions varies with the type of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer.
  • the imbalance of salt segregant ratio in the soil of the facility affects the ion balance in the crop, hinders the absorption of nutrients by the crop and affects the growth, and reduces the yield.
  • the high concentration of salt inhibits the activity of the soil microbes and affects the effective process of soil nutrients, thus indirectly affecting Soil nutrient supply to crops; high NC content in soil further affects nitrate and nitrite content in crops, reducing product quality; partial nitrate nitrogen infiltrates into deep tillage or flows to groundwater level, causing water pollution and harming humans Your own health.
  • Soil microbial growth and reproduction requires better soil fertility status and environmental quality.
  • the optimum temperature, humidity and nutrients required are similar to plants. Therefore, the microbial quantity is closely related to soil fertility and plant growth, and can be sensitively reflected.
  • the difference between different soil ecosystems can be used as an important indicator of soil fertility quality.
  • the number of microorganisms in the secondary salinized soil was significantly reduced, and the types and quantities of dominant populations were reduced.
  • the pathogens such as Pythium were enriched, and the pests and diseases were seriously increased, indicating that the soil fertility and quality were worse.
  • Gypsum (CaS0 4 ) is the most commonly used method for soil improvement in facilities due to its quick effect, low cost and easy application.
  • the traditional practice is to apply gypsum to the surface of the soil for conventional cultivation. The final gypsum will be dissolved in the soil, the amount of water brought into the soil by irrigation or rainfall. By ion exchange, calcium ions can replace the salt-based ions in the soil and eventually drain out of the soil with water.
  • gypsum (CaS0 4) has a number of disadvantages, such as gypsum itself is sparingly soluble substance dissolved in the soil so that ions can not be part of the deep soil effective ion exchange.
  • the part of the base ion displaced by gypsum (CaS0 4 ) needs to be rinsed from the root zone of the soil to the lower layer of the soil by irrigation or rainfall, and good drainage conditions are required to effectively discharge the soil.
  • (CaS0 4 ) itself is also a salt, and if it is reused many times, it will increase soil salinity while improving the soil.
  • organic fertilizer can increase soil microbial biomass, increase the number of dominant populations, enrich community diversity, and stabilize community structure.
  • increasing the proportion of organic fertilizer can significantly inhibit the accumulation of soil salinity.
  • the organic fertilizer is used improperly, it will also produce a variety of salt-based ions.
  • the application of a large amount of organic fertilizer will also cause soil salt accumulation.
  • the application of rapeseed cake fertilizer and other C/lower organic fertilizers will significantly increase the total salt content of 0-20 cm soil layer.
  • CN100999667A "A soil improving agent for vegetable gardens and preparation method and application thereof", introducing grass charcoal, diatomaceous earth, microbial agents (Bacillus subtilis, actinomycetes and Trichoderma), peanut meal and pulverized coal Ash is a raw material for soil amendments.
  • CN101941854A A soil improving agent for a vegetable field with a combination of C0 2 fertilization and a preparation method thereof, and an organic fertilizer obtained by fermenting a crop straw and a microbial agent (a straw decomposing agent and a Bacillus subtilis) is introduced.
  • CN200610130054.5 "A biological soil additive formula for overcoming vegetable continuous cropping obstacles", introduced a trichoderma functional microbial agent, VA arbuscular mycorrhizal agent, inorganic non-metallic mineral zeolite, fermented organic fertilizer, shell powder A biological soil additive formulated with superphosphate and urea.
  • CN201110078418.0 Bio-organic fertilizer for preventing salinization of soil in protective land and preparation method thereof", and introducing a fermenting lignite with microorganisms (C. thermocellum, Bacillus licheniformis, acidophilic lactic acid bacteria and Streptomyces lividans) Bio-organic fertilizer produced from vinegar grains, sawdust (straw), shale, etc.
  • a fermenting lignite with microorganisms C. thermocellum, Bacillus licheniformis, acidophilic lactic acid bacteria and Streptomyces lividans
  • Bio-organic fertilizer produced from vinegar grains, sawdust (straw), shale, etc.
  • CN201210225968.5 Greenhouse, greenhouse soil reduction, disinfection compound microbial agent and soil disinfection method
  • a soil disinfection method specifically, after crop harvesting, planting crop straw, organic fertilizer, compound microbial agent on the ground (bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, molds); deep ploughing the soil layer, making small sorghum; covering the dough with plastic film, After filling the film under the film, the soil moisture reaches 100%, the film is sealed, and the plastic film is covered in the greenhouse.
  • the sealing time is 20-25 days; the open air is removed, and the film is removed.
  • the accumulation of salt in the secondary salinized soil of the facility will cause the soil osmotic pressure to be too high, which will result in the microbial cells being unable to carry out normal metabolic activities due to excessive dehydration. Therefore, the microbial agents in the above patents may not be able to move normally or die after entering the soil.
  • Object of the present invention is to provide a secondary facility N0 3 - salified soil amendments and soil improvement method.
  • FIG. 1 Facilities secondary N0 3 - salinized soil improver, including soil improver A and soil improver B; soil improver A, including the following raw materials by weight: 30 ⁇ 50 parts of straw powder, 10 ⁇ 40 parts of rice bran, 5 to 20 parts of rapeseed cake, including EM stock solution and brown sugar, the weight of the EM stock solution and brown sugar is 1.2 to 4.5% of the total weight of straw powder, rice bran and rapeseed cake; biological soil improver B, EM solution is gradually increased by the salt concentration of the solution obtained acclimation, the number of bacteria in the above 10 7 cfu / ml.
  • soil improver A including the following raw materials by weight: 30 ⁇ 50 parts of straw powder, 10 ⁇ 40 parts of rice bran, 5 to 20 parts of rapeseed cake, including EM stock solution and brown sugar, the weight of the EM stock solution and brown sugar is 1.2 to 4.5% of the total weight of straw powder, rice bran and rapeseed cake
  • biological soil improver B
  • the preparation method of the above-mentioned facility N0 3 -salted soil improver wherein the preparation method of the soil improver A comprises the following steps: First, the stalk powder, the rice bran, the rapeseed cake are uniformly mixed, and the mixture is added to the mixture.
  • Bio-improvement agent B preparation The method comprises the following steps: mixing Ca(N0 3 ) 2 , KN0 3 , NaCl and KC1 in a mass ratio of 5:3:1:1, as a mixture of inorganic salts, preparing 0.5 wt% of an inorganic salt solution, and using glucose For the carbon source, acclimate the strain by gradually increasing the concentration.
  • the straw/powder is used to adjust the C/ ratio of the biological soil conditioner A to 30 to 50. Further, the straw powder C/ is 65 ⁇ 85:1, the rice bran C/N is 18 ⁇ 22:1, and the rapeseed cake C/N is 9 ⁇ 13:1.
  • the present invention also discloses a secondary facility N0 3 - salified soil improvement method, the method of administration is A soil conditioner, topsoil facilities to be added to the above planted biological modifiers A, mix well after Co-cultivation at 35 ⁇ 50°C for 5-7 days, covering the surface layer of the soil 1 day before crop planting, the thickness is 0-10 cm; the application method of soil amendment B is 500 1000 times dilution, spraying at the growth period of crops On the root table.
  • the amount (weight;) of the soil conditioner A is 11.4% by weight of the soil. .
  • the amount of the soil conditioner B after dilution is 3000 4500 kg/ha.
  • the invention adopts C/high bio-organic fertilizer and co-cultured with the facility soil to cover the surface layer of the soil, and the composite micro-birth
  • the bacteria group is subjected to salt tolerance and domesticated and then applied to the soil. Since the metabolism of microorganisms requires carbon source and nitrogen source, the content of C source in organic fertilizer is relatively abundant, so the activity of microorganisms can fully absorb the excess nitrogen in the soil, and the nitrogen source is transformed into microorganisms for temporary fixation through assimilation, while organic fertilizer It can also improve the problem of poor soil structure.
  • the invention particularly provides a domestication method for salt tolerance of a composite microbial flora, so that the modifier can have a good effect in the secondary saline-alkali soil of the facility.
  • soil microorganisms can produce various amino acids such as glutamic acid and proline during activities or death, and various vitamins, as well as plant hormones such as cytokinin, auxin and gibberellin, can effectively promote The growth and development of crops.
  • the present invention adopts the above technical solution, and has the following advantages compared with the prior art:
  • the soil biological improver of the present invention is domesticated by salt tolerance, and can rapidly form a dominant flora after entering the soil, improve the microbial flora of the soil, and increase the content of soil microbial nitrogen.
  • the invention adopts a high C/N ratio bio-organic fertilizer co-cultured with the facility soil to cover the soil surface layer, can improve soil structure, improve soil permeability, contribute to salt leaching, and promote microbial effective use of soil. Excess nitrogen.
  • the application of the invention can reduce the salt content of the secondary salinized soil and increase the yield and quality of the crop; in addition, the application of the composite microbial agent can also increase the nitrate reductase gene of the crop leaves.
  • the invention relates to a method for improving secondary salinized soil in a facility, and the invention includes two soil amendments A and B, and a method for using the improved agent.
  • the soil conditioner A includes the following raw materials according to the weight: 30 ⁇ 50 parts of straw powder, 40 parts of rice bran 10 ⁇ 20 parts of rapeseed cake, and also includes EM stock solution and brown sugar, said EM stock solution and brown sugar The weight is 1.2 4.5% of the total weight of straw powder, rice bran and rapeseed cake. .
  • the preparation method of the soil conditioner A includes the following steps:
  • the stalk powder, rice bran, and rapeseed cake are evenly mixed, and the EM stock solution and brown sugar are added to the mixture, and water is added to make the water content about 35%;
  • the second step closed fermentation, fermentation temperature above 22 ° C, fermentation time 10 ⁇ 26 days, you can.
  • the straw powder (C/65 ⁇ 85:1), rice bran (C/N is 18 ⁇ 22:1), and rapeseed cake (C/N is 9 ⁇ 13:1) are all commercially available. Got it. Among them, in this embodiment, it is preferred to prepare a product having a C/ ratio of between 30 and 50. The selection of C/ is based on the following: Microbial life-sustaining activities and reproduction consume the necessary nutrients and energy.
  • the microorganism when it absorbs 25-30 parts of carbon, it needs to consume 1 part of nitrogen, so when it is applied to the organic matter in the soil C / ⁇ 25: 1 , the microorganisms no longer use the available nitrogen in the soil. On the contrary, due to the complete decomposition of organic matter, the release of mineral nitrogen will not reduce the nitrate nitrogen in the soil; when the C/ ratio is too large At the time, the lack of N molecules required for microbial cell proliferation is also detrimental to microbial activity. Therefore, in the present invention, when the material having C/30 to 50 is co-cultured with the facility soil, the ploughed soil can provide sufficient and easy-to-use carbon source for the modifier B.
  • Soil improver B the preparation method is: First step, Ca (N0 3 ;> 2 , KN0 3 , NaCl and KC1 according to 5: 3: 1:
  • the above soil conditioner A is solid, and is used after co-cultivation with the cultivated layer soil before crop planting; the soil improver B is liquid, and the main component is an effective microbial flora after salt tolerance domestication, and is sprayed on the root during the growth period of the crop. table.
  • the facility N0 3 - salinized soil improvement method the soil amendment agent A is applied by cultivating the soil to be planted, about 0 to 10 cm of the surface layer, and piled up to 35 to 40 cm high, according to 1 ⁇ 1.4%.
  • the mass ratio is added to the above bio-improving agent A, fully mixed, and co-cultured at 35-50 ° C for 5-7 days, covering the soil surface layer 0 lO cm one day before crop planting;
  • the application method of soil improver B is After diluting 500 times 1000 times, it is sprayed on the root surface according to the growth of 3000 4500 kg/ha during the growth period of the crop; the applied soil has good drainage, or buried underground drainage system; reasonable irrigation system,
  • the facility tomato is drip irrigation or ordinary irrigation.
  • the upper irrigation limit is the field water holding capacity.
  • the lower irrigation limit is 45% (the seedling period is 65% (flowering and fruiting period) ⁇ 60% (the result period), and the planned wetting layer is 0.2 mC seedling stage; ) ⁇ 0.4 m flowering fruit setting period and fruiting stage).
  • the EM stock solution used in this implementation is purchased from Aiqi Le Environmental Biotechnology (Nanjing) Co., Ltd., which contains more than 80 kinds of effective active microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeast.
  • the number of viable bacteria is 100 million/ml, pH 3.8.
  • the color is yellowish brown, translucent liquid, and the smell is rich or sour or sour.
  • facility agriculture is dry farming, and the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the ploughed soil, especially 0 ⁇ 10 cm soil, leads to secondary salinization of soil.
  • the mechanism of action of reducing the N0 3 - content of the soil in this patent is as follows: Since the high concentration of nitrate can strongly inhibit the microorganism itself, thereby affecting the metabolism of the microorganism, the method is resistant to nitrate domestication by the microbial agent. After being applied to the root system of the crop, it can rapidly form a beneficial microbial flora, accelerate the assimilation of soil nitrate, and reduce the content of soluble nitrogen in the soil by turning nitrogen into microbial nitrogen.
  • the soil conditioner A of the present invention mixes different proportions of raw materials, adjusts the water content to about 35% (w/w;), and is filled in a closed plastic drum for closed fermentation, the fermentation temperature is above 22 ° C, and the fermentation time is 10 ⁇ 26 days, when the fragrance is emitted, it indicates that the fermentation is completed, and the straw powder is used to adjust the C/ ratio to 30 ⁇ 50.
  • the raw material components are as follows:
  • Ca(N0 3 ) 2 , KN0 3 , NaCl and KC1 are mixed in a mass ratio of 5:3:1:1, and as an inorganic salt mixture, a 0.5 wt% inorganic salt solution is prepared, and glucose is used as carbon.
  • Source inoculate 1 ⁇ 2mL EM stock solution into a 250mL flask containing 100mL inorganic salt mixture, enrich and culture at 30 °C, 170r/min, and check the concentration of N0 3 - in culture every 2d.
  • the next step is carried out; the second step is to take 1 ⁇ 2 mL of the solution obtained by the previous step, and add 1.0 wt% of inorganic 100 mL of the salt solution is enriched and cultured under the above conditions, and the concentration of the inorganic salt solution is sequentially increased to 4% by using 0.5% as a concentration gradient.
  • Examples 1-4 were all compatible with the same batch of soil conditioner B, and the following soil cultivation and improvement tests were carried out.
  • Example 5
  • Tomato cultivation was carried out on different types of soil using the soil conditioner obtained in Example 1.
  • soil 1 is the normal facility soil, and no secondary salinization of soil occurs.
  • Soil 2 is a secondary salinized soil with moderate to mild facilities, with a total salt content of 2.10 g/kg, soil nitrate nitrogen of 0.44 g/kg, and a pH of 6.1.
  • Soil 3 is soil-improved using the soil conditioner of Example 1 on the basis of soil 2, and the specific practices are: The ploughed soil (0 ⁇ 10 cm) of the facility to be planted is piled up to 35 40 cm high, according to 1%.
  • the above soil is buried with underground drainage system (dark pipe depth 0.7 m, spacing 8 m), facility tomato irrigation method is drip irrigation, irrigation upper limit is field water holding capacity, irrigation lower limit is 45% (seedling period) ⁇ 65% (flowering fruit setting period) ⁇ 60% (result period), planned wet layer is 0.2 m (seedling period; HX4 m (flowering fruiting period and fruiting period).
  • Example 5 Similar to Example 5, the soil conditioner obtained in Example 1 was used to carry out tomato planting on different types of soil.
  • soil 1 is the normal facility soil, and no secondary salinization of soil occurs.
  • Soil 2 is a secondary salinized soil with heavy facilities, with a total salt content of 3.90 g/kg, soil nitrate nitrogen 1.35 g/kg, pH 5.7.
  • Soil 3 is based on soil 2 and the soil amendment of Example 1 is used for soil improvement.
  • the specific method is as follows: The soil to be planted (0 ⁇ 10 cm) is piled up to 35 40 cm high, according to 1.4. %. Adding Amendment A to the mass ratio, fully mixing and co-cultivating at 35 ⁇ 50 °C for 5-7 days, covering the soil surface layer 0 ⁇ 10 cm one day before crop planting, transplanting tomato seedlings, after 7 days, Spray 1000 times diluted Bio-Modifier B (4500 kg/ha) in the rhizosphere of the crop. After that, Bio-Modifier B was sprayed every 10 days.
  • the above soil is buried with underground drainage system (dark pipe depth 0.7 m, spacing 8 m), facility tomato irrigation method is drip irrigation, irrigation upper limit is field water holding capacity, irrigation lower limit is 45% (seedling period) ⁇ 65% (flowering fruit setting period) ⁇ 60% (result period), planned wet layer is 0.2 m (seedling period; HX4 m (flowering fruiting period and fruiting period).
  • the results showed that in the first season, the improved method could reduce the total salt content of soil (0 ⁇ 15 cm) by 45% and increase the yield of tomato by 73%.
  • Tomato cultivation was carried out on different types of soil using the soil conditioner obtained in Example 1. Unlike Example 5, no bio-modifier B was used in the soil improvement process.
  • Soil 1 is a normal facility soil and no secondary salinization of the soil occurs.
  • Soil 2 is a secondary salinized soil with moderate to mild facilities, with a total salt content of 2.10 g/kg, soil nitrate nitrogen of 0.44 g/kg, and pH 6.1.
  • Soil 3 is soil-improved using the soil conditioner of Example 1 on the basis of soil 2. The specific method is as follows: The soil to be planted (0 ⁇ 10 cm) is piled up to 35 40 cm high, according to 1 %. The mass ratio is added to the bio-improving agent A. After fully mixing, it is co-cultured at 35 ⁇ 50 °C for 5-7 days, and the tomato seedlings are transplanted by covering the soil surface layer 0 ⁇ 10 cm one day before the crop planting.
  • Soil 4 is based on soil 2 and selects bio-improver A (in the preparation process, C/N is adjusted to 80) for soil improvement, using the same soil.
  • Soil 5 is based on soil 2 and is selected for bio-improver A (in the preparation process, C/ is adjusted to 12) for soil improvement, using the same soil.
  • the above soil is buried with underground drainage system (dark pipe depth 0.7 m, spacing 8 m), facility tomato irrigation method is drip irrigation, irrigation upper limit is field water holding capacity, irrigation lower limit is 45% (seedling period) ⁇ 65% (flowering fruit setting period) ⁇ 60% (result period), planned wet layer is 0.2 m (seedling period; HX4 m (flowering fruiting period and fruiting period).
  • Comparative Example 2 The difference between Comparative Example 2 and Example 5 is that the modifier B used is an EM stock solution which has not been domesticated with salt tolerance and is subjected to tomato cultivation on different types of soil.
  • soil 1 is the normal facility soil, and no secondary salinization of soil occurs.
  • Soil 2 is a secondary salinized soil with moderate to mild facilities, with a total salt content of 2.10 g/kg, soil nitrate nitrogen of 0.44 g/kg, and pH 6.1.
  • Soil 3 is soil-improved using the soil conditioner of Example 1 on the basis of soil 2. The specific method is as follows: The soil to be planted (0 ⁇ 10 cm) is piled up to 35 40 cm high, according to 1 %.
  • the above soil is buried with underground drainage system (dark pipe depth 0.7 m, spacing 8 m), facility tomato irrigation method is drip irrigation, irrigation upper limit is field water holding capacity, irrigation lower limit is 45% (seedling period) ⁇ 65% (flowering fruit setting period) ⁇ 60% (result period), planned wet layer is 0.2 m (seedling period; HX4 m (flowering fruiting period and fruiting period).

Abstract

本发明公开了一种设施次生NO3 -盐化土壤的改良剂及改良方法。本发明包括A和B两种生物土壤改良剂的制备工艺及其施用方法，具体为：(1)土壤改良剂A：固态，以秸秆粉和米糠等物质为原料经微生物发酵而成，C/N介于30-50，用法为将其按1～1.4‰的质量比例同设施耕层土壤混匀后于35～50℃共培养5～7天后还田使用；(2)土壤改良剂B：液态，经耐盐性驯化后的有效微生物菌群，用于作物生育期。本发明基于微生物技术，可改善土壤结构性、增强土壤微生物活性，提高对土壤无机氮的生物固定，进而降低土壤中可溶性硝态氮的含量，且可显著提高设施栽培作物产量、改善品质。

Description

设施次生 NC 盐化土壤改良剂、 制备方法及改良方法 技术领域
本发明涉及设施次生 NC 盐化土壤改良剂、 制备方法及改良方法， 属于土壤改良技术领 域。 背景技术
在我国， 肥料投入是设施农业生产的重要环节， 其普遍特点是施肥量过大、 施用生的有 机肥、 氮磷钾比例不协调等。 由于短时间内肥料的投入对于产量的提升效果显著， 为追求高 产出， 通常投入过量的肥料， 大大超过了作物的实际吸收量， 残留在土壤中的肥料成了盐分 离子的主要来源， 导致设施土壤的次生盐化程度逐年加深、 土壤微生物区系失调、 土壤板结 等问题， 造成设施菜地土壤环境质量状况不断恶化， 对土壤可持续生产能力与设施蔬菜产业 可持续发展构成威胁。
设施次生盐化土壤的盐分离子由 K+、 Ca2+、 Na+、 Mg2+四种阳离子和 N03-、 S04 2-、 CI -、 HCC 四种阴离子组成。 研究表明， 设施土壤中 NC 的含量最高， 其他离子的含量比例则 随化学肥料和有机肥施用种类不同而有所变化。
设施土壤中盐分离子比例的失调影响了作物体内的离子平衡， 阻碍作物对养分的吸收而 影响生长， 降低产量； 高浓度盐分抑制土壤微生物的活动， 影晌土壤养分的有效化过程， 从 而间接影响土壤对作物的养分供应； 土壤中 NC 含量高进一步影响到作物中硝酸盐和亚硝酸 盐的含量， 降低产品品质； 部分硝态氮渗入深耕作层或流到地下水位， 造成水污染， 危害人 类自身的健康。
土壤微生物生长繁殖需要较好的土壤肥力状况和环境质量状况， 所需的最适温度、 湿度 和养分与植物相似， 因此， 微生物量与土壤肥力和植物生长之间联系密切， 可以敏感地反映 出不同土壤生态系统间的差异， 可以作为土壤肥力质量的重要指标。 设施次生盐渍化土壤中 微生物的数量显著降低， 且优势种群的种类和数量降低， 腐霉菌等病原菌大量富集， 病虫害 等严重增加， 表明土壤肥力和质量均变差。
综上所述， 设施土壤的盐分累积、 微生物区系失调等问题已严重影响了设施栽培的可持 续发展。
传统方法如施用石膏、 有机肥等改良剂可用于调节土壤性质， 而栽培耐盐作物及灌排等 措施可将盐分排出土壤。 石膏 (CaS04)由于其见效快、 成本低和施用简便等， 是设施土壤改良最常用的方法。 传统 做法是将石膏施用于土壤表面， 常规栽培。 最终石膏会被溶解于土壤， 通过灌溉或降雨带进 土壤的水量。 通过离子交换作用， 钙离子可以替代土壤中的盐基离子， 最终随水排出土壤。 然而石膏 (CaS04)具有诸多缺点， 例如石膏本身为微溶性物质， 因此溶解于土壤中的那部分离 子可能不能有效对深层土壤进行离子交换作用。此外， 被石膏 (CaS04)置换出的那部分盐基离 子需要借助灌溉或降雨才可自作物根区被淋洗到土壤下层， 还需要具备良好的排水条件才可 有效排出土体。 此外， （CaS04)本身也是一种盐分， 如果多次重复使用的话， 会在改良土壤的 同时增加土壤盐分。
施用有机肥可以提高土壤微生物总量， 增加优势种群个数， 丰富群落多样性， 稳定群落 结构。 当施肥结构中有机肥含量低时， 增加有机肥的比例可显著抑制土壤盐分积累。 然而， 有机肥使用不当的话其本身也会产生多种盐基离子，大量施用有机肥也会造成土壤盐分积累。 如施用菜籽饼肥等 C/ 比较低的有机肥会显著增加 0~20 cm土层的全盐量。
研究表明， 设施栽培连作 3年以上就会发生土壤次生盐化问题， 导致作物产量降低， 严 重的甚至造成作物致死， 土壤彻底丧失耕作能力。 为有效解决土壤次生盐化问题， 可通过引 入微生物技术来实现。 生物土壤改良剂可以增加土壤有益微生物的数量， 改善土壤结构、 降 低土壤容重、 改变土壤理化学性质， 调节土壤水、 肥、 气、 热状况， 最终达到提高土壤质量 的效果。
CN100999667A"—种设施菜地土壤改良剂及其制备方法与应用"， 介绍了一种以草炭、硅 藻土、微生物菌剂 (枯草芽孢杆菌、放线菌和木霉菌)、花生粕与粉煤灰为原料的土壤改良剂。
CN101941854A"—种兼顾 C02施肥的设施菜地土壤改良剂及其制备方法"， 介绍了一种 以作物秸秆与微生物菌剂 (秸秆腐熟剂和枯草芽孢杆菌菌)发酵得到的有机肥。
CN200610130054.5"—种克服蔬菜连作障碍的生物土壤添加剂配方"， 介绍了一种以木霉 菌功能微生物菌剂、 VA丛枝菌根菌剂、 无机的非金属矿物沸石、 发酵有机肥、 壳粉、 过磷酸 钙和尿素配制的一种生物土壤添加剂。
CN201110078418.0"—种用于防止保护地土壤盐化的生物有机肥及其制备方法"， 介绍了 一种用微生物 (热纤维梭菌、 地衣芽孢杆菌、 嗜酸乳酸菌和栗褐链霉菌)发酵褐煤、 醋糟、 锯 末 (秸秆)、 页岩等生产的生物有机肥。
CN201210225968.5"温室、 大棚土壤还原、 消毒复合微生物菌剂及土壤消毒方法"， 提供 了一种土壤消毒方法， 具体为在作物收获后， 在地面铺撒农作物秸秆、 有机肥、 复合微生物 菌剂 (细菌、 放线菌、 酵母菌、 霉菌)； 深耕土壤层， 做成小高畦； 用塑料薄膜覆盖畦面， 然 后在膜下灌满水， 土壤湿度达到 100%， 密封地膜， 覆盖大棚塑料膜， 封闭时间为 20-25天； 揭开放风， 除去地膜。
据研究， 设施次生盐渍化土壤中的盐分累积会造成土壤渗透压过高， 进而导致微生物细 胞因脱水过多而无法进行正常的代谢活动。 因此， 上述专利中的微生物菌剂在进入土壤后， 可能会出现无法正常活动或者是致死的现象。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂以及土壤改良方法。
设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂， 包括土壤改良剂 A和土壤改良剂 B; 土壤改良剂 A， 包 括有按照重量份的如下原料： 秸秆粉 30~50份、 米糠 10~40份、 菜籽饼 5~20份， 还包括有 EM原液和红糖， 所述的 EM原液和红糖的重量都是秸秆粉、 米糠和菜籽饼总重量的 1.2 ~4.5 %o; 生物土壤改良剂 B， 是将 EM原液通过逐步提高盐溶液浓度驯化得到， 菌种数量在 107 cfu/ml以上。
上述设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂的制备方法， 其中， 土壤改良剂 A的制备方法， 包括 如下步骤： 第一步、 将秆粉、 米糠、 菜籽饼混合均匀， 在混合物中加入 EM原液和红糖， 再 加入水使含水量 (质量比)约为 35%; 第二步、 密闭发酵， 发酵温度 22°C以上， 发酵时间 10 ~26天， 即可； 生物改良剂 B的制备方法， 包括如下步骤： 将 Ca(N03)2、 KN03、 NaCl和 KC1 按照 5: 3： 1： 1的质量比例混合， 作为无机盐混物， 配制 0.5 wt%的无机盐溶液， 以葡萄糖 为碳源， 通过逐步提高浓度对菌种进行驯化。
进一步地， 上述的第二步之后， 使用秸秆粉调节生物土壤改良剂 A的 C/ 比为 30~50。 进一步地， 秸秆粉 C/ 为 65~85:1、 米糠 C/N为 18~22:1、 菜籽饼 C/N为 9~13 :1。
本发明还公开一种设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良方法，所述的土壤改良剂 A的施用方法为， 将待种植的设施耕层土壤加入上述生物改良剂 A， 充分混匀后于 35~50°C进行共培养 5~7天， 于作物种植前 1天覆盖于土壤表层， 厚度是 0-10 cm; 土壤改良剂 B的施用方法为稀释 500 1000倍后， 于作物生育期喷洒于根表。
进一步地， 土壤改良剂 A的用量 (重量；)为土壤重量的 1 1.4 %。。
进一步地， 稀释后的土壤改良剂 B用量为 3000 4500 kg/ha 有益效果
本发明以 C/ 比较高的生物有机肥与设施土壤共培养后覆盖于土壤表层， 并将复合微生 物菌群进行耐盐性驯化后追施入土壤。 由于微生物的新陈代谢需要碳源和氮源， 有机肥中 C 源含量比较丰富， 因此微生物的活动可以充分吸收利用土壤中多余的氮， 通过同化作用将氮 源转化到微生物内暂时固定， 而有机肥也可以改善土壤结构性较差的问题。 同时， 由于设施 土壤中含盐量较高， 抑制微生物的生长， 而通过培养驯化， 提高微生物对盐度的适应能力和 抗冲击性能， 是含盐土壤处理的重要前提。 本发明特别提供了复合微生物菌群耐盐性的驯化 方法， 使改良剂能在设施次生盐碱化土壤中具有良好的作用。 此外， 土壤的微生物在活动中 或死亡后可产生谷酰氨酸、 脯氨酸等多种氨基酸， 多种维生素， 还有细胞分裂素、 植物生长 素、 赤霉素等植物激素， 可有效促进作物的生长发育。
本发明采用上述技术方案， 相比现有技术具有以下优点：
1、本发明的土壤生物改良剂经过耐盐性驯化， 其进入土壤后可以迅速形成优势菌群， 改 善土壤的微生物区系， 提高土壤微生物氮的含量。
2、 本发明以高 C/N比的生物有机肥同设施土壤进行共培养后覆盖于土壤表层， 可以改 善土壤结构性， 提高土壤渗透性， 有助于盐分淋洗， 并且促使微生物有效利用土壤中多余的 氮素。
3、 本发明的应用可以降低设施次生盐渍化土壤盐分、 提高作物产量和品质； 此外， 复合 微生物菌剂的施入还可以提高作物叶片的硝酸还原酶基因。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例进一步阐述本发明。 它们仅是对本发明的进一步说明， 而不是对本 发明的限定。
本发明涉及一种设施次生盐渍化土壤改良方法，发明点中包括了 A和 B两种土壤改良剂， 还包括有改良剂的使用方法。 土壤改良剂 A， 包括有按照重量份的如下原料： 秸秆粉 30~50 份、 米糠 10 40份、 菜籽饼 5~20份， 还包括有 EM原液和红糖， 所述的 EM原液和红糖的重 量都是秸秆粉、 米糠和菜籽饼总重量的 1.2 4.5 %。。
土壤改良剂 A的制备方法， 包括如下步骤：
第一步、 将秆粉、 米糠、 菜籽饼混合均匀， 在混合物中加入 EM原液和红糖， 再加入水 使含水量约为 35%;
第二步、 密闭发酵， 发酵温度 22°C以上， 发酵时间 10~26天， 即可。
在制备完成后， 最好对改良剂的 C/N比进行调节， 最好是使用秸秆粉调节 C/ 比是 30
-50, N+P205+K20 ^ 5%。 本实施例中， 秸秆粉 (C/ 为 65~85:1)、 米糠 (C/N为 18~22:1)、 菜籽饼 (C/N为 9~13 :1)均 为市场上购得。 其中， 本实施例优选制备 C/ 比介于 30~50之间的产物。 C/ 的选择依据具 体如下： 微生物维持生命活动与繁殖要消耗必要的养分和能量， 一般微生物每吸收 25~30份 碳时， 需要消耗 1份氮， 因此当施入土壤中的有机物质的 C/ <25: 1时， 微生物不再利用土 壤中的有效氮， 相反， 由于有机质较完全的分解而释放矿质态氮， 会出现无法减小土壤中硝 态氮的作用； 当 C/ 比过大时， 缺乏微生物细胞繁殖所需的 N素， 也不利于微生物活动。 因 此本发明选用 C/ 为 30~50的物质同设施土壤进行共培养后， 耕层土壤可为改良剂 B提供充 足的易利用的碳源。
土壤改良剂 B， 制备方法是： 第一步、 将 Ca(N03;>2、 KN03、 NaCl和 KC1按照 5 : 3： 1：
1的质量比例混合， 作为无机盐混物， 配制 0.5 wt%的无机盐溶液， 以葡萄糖为碳源， 将 1 ~2mL EM原液接种至含 100 mL无机盐混合物的 250 mL三角瓶中， 30 °C、 170r/min振荡富 集培养 （通常情况下， 培养在 5~12天完成）， 每隔 2 d检查培养物中 N03-的浓度， 当 N03-的 削减速率^ 30%、 菌种数量达到 107~108 cfu/ml时进行下一步培养； 第二步、 取上一步培养得 到的溶液 1~2 mL, 加入 1.0 wt%的无机盐溶液 100 mL (浓度提高了 0.5%梯度）， 同上述条件进 行富集培养； 接下来再以 0.5%为一个浓度梯度， 依次增加所述的无机盐溶液的浓度到 4%， 即可。
以上土壤改良剂 A为固态， 于作物种植前同耕层土壤共培养后使用； 土壤改良剂 B为液 态， 主要成分为经过耐盐性驯化后的有效微生物菌群， 于作物生育期喷洒于根表。
设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良方法，所述的土壤改良剂 A的施用方法为将待种植的设施耕 层土壤， 约为表层的 0~10 cm， 堆成 35~40 cm高， 按照 1~1.4 %。的质量比例加入上述生物改 良剂 A，充分混匀后于 35~50°C进行共培养 5~7天，于作物种植前 1天覆盖于土壤表层 0 lO cm; 土壤改良剂 B的施用方法为稀释 500 1000倍后， 按照 3000 4500 kg/ha的用量于作物生育期 视生长情况喷洒于根表； 所应用的土壤具有良好的排水性， 或者是埋设有地下排水系统； 合 理的灌溉制度， 以设施番茄为例， 灌溉方式为滴灌或普通灌溉， 灌溉上限为田间持水量， 灌 溉下限为 45% (；幼苗期 65% (；开花坐果期)〜 60% (；结果期)， 计划湿润层为 0.2 mC苗期; )~0.4 m开 花坐果期和结果期)。
本实施中采用的 EM原液为自爱睦乐环保生物技术 （南京） 有限公司购置， 其含有光合 细菌、 乳酸菌、 酵母菌等 80多种有效活性微生物， 活菌数 1亿个 /毫升， pH 3.8， 颜色为 黄褐色， 半透明液体， 气味为较浓醇酸味或酸味。
设施农业为旱作， 耕层土壤尤其是 0~10 cm土壤硝态氮的大量积累是导致土壤次生盐化 发生的主要原因。 本专利可降低土壤 N03-含量的作用机理具体如下： 由于高浓度的硝酸盐会 对微生物本身产生强烈的抑制作用， 进而影响到微生物的新陈代谢， 本方法通过对微生物菌 剂进行耐硝酸盐驯化， 其施入作物根系后可迅速形成有益微生物菌群， 加速对土壤硝酸盐的 同化作用， 通过将氮素变成微生物氮， 减少了土壤中可溶性氮素的含量； 同时， 反硝化微生 物的存在加速了反硝化作用， N03-被还原， 释放出分子态氮 （N2) 或一氧化二氮 （N20)， 离 开土壤。 实施例 1~4 土壤改良剂的制备
本发明的土壤改良剂 A， 将不同比例的原料混合后， 调节含水量约为 35% (w/w；)， 装入 有盖塑料桶中密闭发酵， 发酵温度 22°C以上， 发酵时间 10~26天， 待有香味散发即表明发酵 完成， 并用秸秆粉调节 C/ 比到 30~50。 原料组分如下：
Figure imgf000007_0001
第一步、 将 Ca(N03)2、 KN03、 NaCl和 KC1按照 5: 3： 1： 1的质量比例混合， 作为无机 盐混物，配制 0.5 wt%的无机盐溶液，以葡萄糖为碳源，将 l~2mL EM原液接种至含 100 mL无 机盐混合物的 250 mL三角瓶中， 30 °C、 170r/min振荡富集培养， 每隔 2 d检查培养物中 N03 -的浓度，当 N03-的削减速率^ 30%、菌种数量达到 107~108 cfu/ml时进行下一步培养；第二步、 取上一步培养得到的溶液 1~2 mL, 加入 1.0 wt%的无机盐溶液 100 mL, 同上述条件进行富集 培养， 以 0.5%为一个浓度梯度， 依次增加所述的无机盐溶液的浓度到 4%， 即可。
实施例 1-4都与同一批的土壤改良剂 B进行配伍， 进行下述的土壤种植和改良试验。 实施例 5:
选用实施例 1中所得的土壤改良剂， 在不同类型的土壤上进行番茄种植。
其中， 土壤 1是正常设施土壤， 未发生土壤次生盐渍化。
土壤 2是中轻度设施次生盐渍化土壤， 全盐量 2.10 g/kg， 土壤硝态氮 0.44 g/kg， pH 6.1。 土壤 3是在土壤 2的基础上采用实施例 1的土壤改良剂进行土壤改良， 具体的做法是： 将待种植的设施耕层土壤 (0~10 cm)， 堆成 35 40 cm高， 按照 1 %。的质量比例加入改良剂 A， 充分混匀后于 35~50°C进行共培养 5~7天， 于作物种植前 1天覆盖于土壤表层 0~10 cm, 移栽 番茄幼苗， 于 7天后， 在作物根际喷洒稀释 500倍的改良剂 B (用量 3000 kg/ha); 之后， 分别 于开花期、 果实膨大期各喷洒一次改良剂8。
上述土壤埋设有地下排水系统 (暗管埋深 0.7 m， 间距 8m)， 设施番茄灌溉方式为滴灌， 灌溉上限为田间持水量， 灌溉下限为 45% (幼苗期)〜 65% (开花坐果期)〜 60% (结果期)， 计划湿 润层为 0.2 m (苗期; HX4 m (开花坐果期和结果期)。
结果表明， 一季番茄， 采用本改良方法可以降低土壤 (0~15 cm)全盐量 37%， 提高番茄产 量 33%。
详细土壤类型以及试验结果见表 1 :
表 1
Figure imgf000008_0001
从表中可以看出， 在经过土壤改良后， 土壤 3上番茄产量明显优于未改良的土壤 2， 并 且优于正常的土壤。 实施例 6:
类似于实施例 5， 选用实施例 1中所得的土壤改良剂， 在不同类型的土壤上进行番茄种 植。
其中， 土壤 1是正常设施土壤， 未发生土壤次生盐渍化。
土壤 2是重度设施次生盐渍化土壤， 全盐量 3.90 g/kg， 土壤硝态氮 1.35 g/kg， pH 5.7。 土壤 3是在土壤 2的基础上采用实施例 1的土壤改良剂进行土壤改良， 具体的做法是： 将待种植的设施耕层土壤 (0~10 cm)，堆成 35 40 cm高，按照 1.4%。的质量比例加入改良剂 A， 充分混匀后于 35~50°C进行共培养 5~7天， 于作物种植前 1天覆盖于土壤表层 0~10 cm, 移栽 番茄幼苗， 于 7天后， 在作物根际喷洒稀释 1000倍的生物改良剂 B (用量 4500 kg/ha)。之后， 分别每隔 10天喷洒一次生物改良剂 B。
上述土壤埋设有地下排水系统 (暗管埋深 0.7 m， 间距 8m)， 设施番茄灌溉方式为滴灌， 灌溉上限为田间持水量， 灌溉下限为 45% (幼苗期)〜 65% (开花坐果期)〜 60% (结果期)， 计划湿 润层为 0.2 m (苗期; HX4 m (开花坐果期和结果期)。 结果表明， 一季番茄， 采用本改良方法可以降低土壤 (0~15 cm)全盐量 45%， 提高番茄产 量 73%。
详细土壤类型以及试验结果见表 2:
表 2
Figure imgf000009_0001
从表中可以看出， 在经过土壤改良后， 土壤 3上番茄产量明显优于未改良的土壤 2。 对照试验例 1 :
选用实施例 1中所得的土壤改良剂， 在不同类型的土壤上进行番茄种植。 与实施例 5不 同的是： 在土壤改良过程中， 均未使用生物改良剂 B。
土壤 1是正常设施土壤， 未发生土壤次生盐渍化。
土壤 2是中轻度设施次生盐渍化土壤， 全盐量 2.10 g/kg， 土壤硝态氮 0.44 g/kg， pH 6.1。 土壤 3是在土壤 2的基础上采用实施例 1的土壤改良剂进行土壤改良， 具体的做法是： 将待种植的设施耕层土壤 (0~10 cm)， 堆成 35 40 cm高， 按照 1 %。的质量比例加入生物改良剂 A， 充分混匀后于 35~50°C进行共培养 5~7天， 于作物种植前 1天覆盖于土壤表层 0~10 cm, 移栽番茄幼苗。
土壤 4是在土壤 2的基础上选择生物改良剂 A (在制备过程中， 将 C/N调为 80)进行土壤 改良， 用法同土壤 3。
土壤 5是在土壤 2的基础上选择生物改良剂 A (在制备过程中， 将 C/ 调为 12)进行土壤 改良， 用法同土壤 3。
上述土壤埋设有地下排水系统 (暗管埋深 0.7 m， 间距 8m)， 设施番茄灌溉方式为滴灌， 灌溉上限为田间持水量， 灌溉下限为 45% (幼苗期)〜 65% (开花坐果期)〜 60% (结果期)， 计划湿 润层为 0.2 m (苗期; HX4 m (开花坐果期和结果期)。
结果表明， 一季番茄， 采用生物改良剂 、 高 C/ 的改良剂和低 C/N的改良剂可以分别 降低土壤 (0~15 cm)全盐量 12%、 16%和 -9%， 提高番茄产量 13%， 5%和 -6%。
详细土壤类型以及试验结果见表 3 :
表 3
Figure imgf000009_0002
土壤 1 0.06 0.015 0.10 0.81 80.1 土壤 2 2.10 0.440 0.12 1.34 63.8 土壤 3 1.85 0.343 0.10 3.68 72.3 土壤 4 1.81 0.218 0.08 3.49 67.2 土壤 5 2.28 0.491 0.14 1.32 60.1 从表中可以看出， 在经过土壤改良后， 土壤 3上番茄产量优于未改良的土壤 2， 但是由 于没有与未使用生物改良剂 B协同作用， 使改良效果略逊于实施例 5; 土壤 4上虽然土壤改 良效果略优于土壤 3， 但番茄增产幅度相对低； 土壤 5则进一步加重了设施土壤的次生盐渍 化程度。 对照试验例 2
对照例 2与实施例 5的区别在于： 使用的改良剂 B是 EM原液，其未经过耐盐度的驯化， 在不同类型的土壤上进行番茄种植。
其中， 土壤 1是正常设施土壤， 未发生土壤次生盐渍化。
土壤 2是中轻度设施次生盐渍化土壤， 全盐量 2.10 g/kg， 土壤硝态氮 0.44 g/kg， pH 6.1。 土壤 3是在土壤 2的基础上采用实施例 1的土壤改良剂进行土壤改良， 具体的做法是： 将待种植的设施耕层土壤 (0~10 cm)， 堆成 35 40 cm高， 按照 1%。的质量比例加入改良剂 A， 充分混匀后于 35~50°C进行共培养 5~7天， 于作物种植前 1天覆盖于土壤表层 0~10 cm, 移栽 番茄幼苗， 于 7天后， 在作物根际喷洒稀释 500倍的改良剂 B (用量 3000 kg/ha); 之后， 分别 于开花期、 果实膨大期各喷洒一次改良剂8。
上述土壤埋设有地下排水系统 (暗管埋深 0.7 m， 间距 8m)， 设施番茄灌溉方式为滴灌， 灌溉上限为田间持水量， 灌溉下限为 45% (幼苗期)〜 65% (开花坐果期)〜 60% (结果期)， 计划湿 润层为 0.2 m (苗期; HX4 m (开花坐果期和结果期)。
结果表明， 一季番茄， 采用本改良方法可以降低土壤 (0~15 cm)全盐量 20%， 提高番茄产 量 12%。
详细土壤类型以及试验结果见表 4:
表 4
Figure imgf000010_0001
从表中可以看出， 当 EM原液未进行驯化时， 其对于土壤中全盐量的消除量以及对于番 茄的产量提高程度劣于实施例 5中采用的土壤改良剂。

Claims

权利要求书
1. 一种设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂， 其特征在于： 包括土壤改良剂 A和土壤改良剂 B;
土壤改良剂 A， 包括有按照重量份的如下原料： 秸秆粉 30~50份、 米糠 10~40份、 菜籽饼 5~20份， 还包括有 EM原液和红糖， 所述的 EM原液和红糖的重量都是秸秆粉、 米糠和 菜籽饼总重量的 1.2 4.5 %。； 生物土壤改良剂 B， 是将 EM原液通过逐步提高盐溶液浓度 驯化得到， 菌种数量在 107 cfu/ml以上。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂， 其特征在于： 秸秆粉 C/N为 65 ~85 : 1、 米糠 C/ 为 18~22: 1、 菜籽饼 C/N为 9~13 : 1。
3. 权利要求 1所述的设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂的制备方法，其特征在于，土壤改良剂 A 的制备方法， 包括如下步骤： 第一步、 将秆粉、 米糠、 菜籽饼混合均匀， 在混合物中加入 EM原液和红糖， 再加入水使含水量 (质量比；)约为 35%; 第二步、 密闭发酵， 发酵温度 22 °C以上， 发酵时间 10 26天， 即可； 生物改良剂 B的制备方法， 包括如下步骤： 将 Ca (N03)2、 KN03、 NaCl和 KC1按照 5 : 3： 1： 1的质量比例混合， 作为无机盐混物， 配制 0.5 wt%的无机盐溶液， 以葡萄糖为碳源， 通过逐步提高浓度对菌种进行驯化。
4. 根据权利要求 3所述的设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂的制备方法， 其特征在于， 所述的 第二步之后， 使用秸秆粉调节生物土壤改良剂 A的 C/ 比为 30~50。
5. 基于权利要求 1所述的设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂的土壤改良方法， 其特征在于： 所 述的土壤改良剂 A的施用方法为， 将待种植的设施耕层土壤加入上述生物改良剂 A， 充分 混匀后于 35~50°C进行共培养 5~7天，于作物种植前 1天覆盖于土壤表层，厚度是 0~10 cm; 土壤改良剂 B的施用方法为稀释 500 1000倍后， 于作物生育期喷洒于根表。
6. 根据权利要求 5所述的设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂的土壤改良方法， 其特征在于： 土 壤改良剂 A的用量为土壤重量的 1 1.4 %。。
7. 根据权利要求 5所述的设施次生 N03-盐化土壤改良剂的土壤改良方法， 其特征在于： 稀 释后的土壤改良剂 B用量为 3000 4500 kg/ha
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CN104059671B (zh) 2016-03-23
KR20160045625A (ko) 2016-04-27
US9776931B2 (en) 2017-10-03

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