Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
  • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
  • C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
  • C08B37/0009—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid alpha-D-Glucans, e.g. polydextrose, alternan, glycogen; (alpha-1,4)(alpha-1,6)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)(alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. isolichenan or nigeran; (alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. pseudonigeran; Derivatives thereof
  • C08B37/0012—Cyclodextrin [CD], e.g. cycle with 6 units (alpha), with 7 units (beta) and with 8 units (gamma), large-ring cyclodextrin or cycloamylose with 9 units or more; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
  • A61K47/40—Cyclodextrins; Derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
  • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
  • C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
  • C08B37/0009—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid alpha-D-Glucans, e.g. polydextrose, alternan, glycogen; (alpha-1,4)(alpha-1,6)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)(alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. isolichenan or nigeran; (alpha-1,4)-D-Glucans; (alpha-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. pseudonigeran; Derivatives thereof
  • C08B37/0012—Cyclodextrin [CD], e.g. cycle with 6 units (alpha), with 7 units (beta) and with 8 units (gamma), large-ring cyclodextrin or cycloamylose with 9 units or more; Derivatives thereof
  • C08B37/0015—Inclusion compounds, i.e. host-guest compounds, e.g. polyrotaxanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G81/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G83/00—Macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G81/00
  • C08G83/002—Dendritic macromolecules
  • C08G83/003—Dendrimers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
  • C08L5/16—Cyclodextrin; Derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2203/00—Applications
  • C08L2203/02—Applications for biomedical use

Definitions

• the present application pertains to the field of cyclodextrins. More particularly, the present application relates to cyclodextrin-based polyanionic and non-ionic dendrimers for use in pharmaceutical applications.
• CDs are a class of non-toxic, water-soluble D-glucose based macrocycles with a hydrophobic cavity.
• CDs typically vary by the number of glucose units. Common members include a-CD (6 glucose units), ⁇ -CD (7 glucose units) and ⁇ -CD (8 glucose units), with increasing cavity size.
• the varying cavity sizes offer increased utility in a wide variety of applications, particularly in drug delivery models.
• CDs can be used to form "inclusion complexes" in which a drug is included and carried within the cavity. This can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient to improve drug water solubility, chemical stability, and removal of certain drug side effects (such as undesirable taste).
• CDs have also drawn interest in the cosmetic and food additives industries, in the design of artificial enzymes, gene delivery vehicles, sensors and novel supramolecular assemblies.
• CDs can be native or chemically modified on either or both of their primary and/or secondary faces. Typically, an inclusion complex often has lower water solubility than native CDs. Chemical modifications of CDs can change their physico-chemical properties. For example, adding a tosyl group on the primary face of the ⁇ -CD renders the molecule near insoluble at room temperature, while adding methyl groups at OH-6 and OH-2 positions significantly increases water solubility. The toxicity of the molecule can also be changed. Therefore, modification of the CD molecule may present certain advantages. However, chemical modification of CDs is typically difficult to achieve, often leading to the formation of a mixture of products that are difficult to separate. [0004] The groups added to the primary or second face can be neutral or charged.
• Captisol ® is an excipient for use with a number of drugs. It is a polyanionic mixture of ⁇ -CD derivative having from 1 to 10 sodium sulfobutyl ether groups directly attached via oxygen atoms of the D-glucose thereto (US Patent No. 5,134,127 (Stella et al)). Capitsol is prepared by reacting a ⁇ -CD with 1,4-butyl sultone and sodium hydroxide in water. The obtained product is a mixture containing many positional and regioisomers with varying degrees of substitution at different oxygen positions on the CD, such as substitution at 0-2, 0-3 and 0-6 on the CD. (Luna, et al, Carbohydr.
• Captisol comprises a mixture of compounds, thus resulting in varied compositions, it is difficult if not impossible to define and characterize the product compositions.
• Sugammadex Another polyanionic CD compound currently on the market is Sugammadex (by Merck), which is a polyanionic agent obtained from ⁇ -CD. Sugammadex blocks the activity of neuromuscular agents (Yan, et al, Drugs, 2009: 69, 919-42; Calderon-Acedos, et al disregard Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm. 2012: 19, 248). See also US Patent No. 6,670,340 (Zhang et al.) and US Patent No. 6,949,527 (Zhang et al).
• Non-ionic CD-based compounds are also known in the art.
• One example includes hydroxypropyl-beta CD (HPBCD).
• HPBCD hydroxypropyl-beta CD
• An object of the present invention is to provide improved pure polyanionic and non- ionic cyclodextrin-based compounds, which can be used in various pharamaceutical related applications.
• X (_) is one or more negatively charged moieties
• Y (+) is one or more counter cations
• L is one or more linkers
• G is a bond or is one or more bridging groups
• D is a cyclodextrin
• R is one or more substituents.
• the charged moiety X (_) can be any suitable negatively charged moiety.
• Non-limiting examples include -SO3 " , -CO2 " , -OSO3 “ , -OPO3 " , for example.
• the linker L can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (such as a Ci-Cii alkyl group, for example), and/or a substituted or unsubstituted polyethylene glycol (PEG) group, or a combination of one or more alkyl groups and one or more PEG groups.
• the PEG group is of the formula -CHZ(CH20CHZ) m CH2- where Z is H or CH3 and m is 1 to 20, for example; however, any suitable PEG group, if present, may be contemplated.
• L can comprise any unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group; for example, the alkyl group may be substituted with a PEG group.
• L can comprise an unsubstituted or substituted PEG group; for example, the PEG group may be substituted with one or more alkyl groups.
• any suitable substituent may be contemplated.
• L comprises a PEG group which has none, or one or more alkyl groups flanking on either or both sides of the PEG group.
• One or more of the C3 ⁇ 4 groups of the alkyl group may be replaced with an atom or functional group.
• Non-limiting examples of the atom or functional group include -0-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2- -CONH-, -COO-, -NZ-, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group, for example.
• substituted 1,2,3- triazole groups may include those substituted with a group comprising one of the following structures:
• the cyclodextrin D can comprise, for example, 6, 7, or 8 glucose subunits, typically 7.
• G represents any one or more suitable bridging groups.
• G may represent, for example, an ester, amide, amine, sulfur, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole.
• Non-limiting examples of bridging groups for G include -S-, -OC(O)-, - NHC(O)-, -SO-, -SO2-, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group.
• substituted 1,2,3-triazole groups may include those substituted with a group comprising one of the following structures:
• G is a bond.
• the substituent R can be any one or more suitable substituents.
• Non-limiting examples include H, an optionally substituted alkyl group or an optionally substituted acyl group.
• the optionally substituted alkyl group or acyl group is a Ci- Ci8 group, for example.
• Y (+) can be any pharmaceutically acceptable cation, typically Na + or K + , for example.
• the polyanionic cyclodextrin (CD)-based compound is:
• X'-L-G-D-R (Formula III) wherein X' is one or more neutral moieties; L is one or more linkers; G is a bond or is one or more bridging groups; D is a cyclodextrin; and R is one or more substituents.
• Examples of X' may include, for example, an unsubstituted or substituted amide including its N-substituted forms (such as -CONH2, for example), a nitrile group (-CN), or a polyhydroxylated residue (such as a carbohydrate for example).
• the linker L can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (such as a Ci-Cii alkyl group, for example), and/or a substituted or unsubstituted polyethylene glycol (PEG) group, or a combination of one or more alkyl groups and one or more PEG groups.
• the PEG group is of the formula -CHZ(CH20CHZ) m CH2- where Z is H or CH3 and m is 1 to 20, for example; however, any suitable PEG group, if present, may be contemplated.
• L can comprise any unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group; for example, the alkyl group may be substituted with a PEG group.
• L can comprise an unsubstituted or substituted PEG group; for example, the PEG group may be substituted with one or more alkyl groups.
• any suitable substituent may be contemplated.
• L comprises a PEG group which has none, or one or more alkyl groups flanking on either or both sides of the PEG group.
• One or more of the CH 2 groups of the alkyl group may be replaced with an atom or functional group.
• Non-limiting examples of the atom or functional group include -0-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2- -CONH-, -COO-, -NZ-, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole.
• substituted 1,2,3-triazole groups may include those substituted with a group comprising one of the following structures:
• the cyclodextrin D can comprise, for example, 6, 7, or 8 glucose subunits, typically 7.
• G represents any one or more suitable bridging groups.
• G may represent, for example, an ester, amide, amine, sulfur, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole.
• Non-limiting examples of bridging groups for G include -S-, -OC(O)-, - NHC(O)-, -SO-, -SO2-, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group.
• substituted 1,2,3-triazole groups may include those substituted with a group comprising one
• G is a bond.
• the substituent R can be any one or more suitable substituents.
• Non-limiting examples include H, an optionally substituted alkyl group or an optionally substituted acyl group.
• the optionally substituted alkyl group or acyl group is a Ci- Ci8 group, for example.
• the non-ionic CD-based compound is:
• the present application provides a polyanionic cyclodextrin- based compound as described herein, wherein p is 6 (a-cyclodextrin), 7 ( ⁇ -cyclodextrin) or 8 ( ⁇ -cyclodextrin), X w is - " or -SO3 " ; G is -S-; L is -(CH 2 ) k - , where k is 1 to 11,
• the present application also provides a method of synthesizing the polyanionic or non-ionic cyclodextrin-based compounds, substantially as described herein.
• the compounds as described herein can be used in various pharmaceutical applications, such as excipients or by inclusion with other molecules.
• a cyclodextrin as described herein can be included with cholic acid.
• Figure 1 shows an exemplary representation of thioether-linked sulfoalkyl polyanionic CD-based compounds.
• Figure 2 shows another exemplary representation of thioether-linked polyanionic CDs with an additional PEG-ylated linker group.
• Figure 3 shows an exemplary synthesis of thioether-linked sulfoalkyl polyanionic CDs.
• Figure 4 shows an exemplary synthesis of thioether-linked sulfoalkyl analogs.
• Figure 5 shows an exemplary synthesis of thioether-linked carboxyalkyl analogs.
• Figure 6 shows exemplary polyanionic sulfoPEG thioether cyclodextrins.
• Figure 7 shows exemplary sulfoPEG thioether cyclodextrin analogs.
• Figure 8 shows an exemplary synthesis of sulfoalkyl thioether analogs.
• Figure 9 shows an exemplary non-ionic analogs
• Figure 10 shows an exemplary synthesis of non-ionic polyamide analogs containing PEG residues and preparation of the required reagents.
• Figure 11 shows an 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum for a polyanionic a-CD derivative (structure 28).
• Figure 12 shows variable temperature 3 ⁇ 4 NMR experiments of an a-CD derivative (structure 28).
• Figure 13 shows an 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of polyanionic ⁇ -CD derivative (structure 29).
• Figure 14 shows an 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of polyanionic ⁇ -CD derivative (structure 30).
• Figure 15 shows an 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of non-ionic ⁇ -CD polyamide derivative (structure 39).
• Figure 16 shows an 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of non-ionic PEGylated ⁇ -CD polyamide derivative (structure 43).
• Figure 17 shows an 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of polyanionic ⁇ -CD derivative (structure 29) forming an inclusion complex with cholic acid.
• Figure 18 shows an 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of polyanionic ⁇ -CD derivative (structure 30) forming an inclusion complex with cholic acid.
• Figure 19 shows the expanded 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of the polyanionic ⁇ -CD derivative (structure 30) forming an inclusion complex with cholic acid.
• aliphatic refers to a linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic hydrocarbon. Examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkyl groups.
• alkyl refers to a linear, branched or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group which can be unsubstituted or is optionally substituted with one or more substituent.
• saturated straight or branched chain alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1 -propyl, 2-propyl, 1 -butyl, 2-butyl, 2-methyl-l - propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-l -butyl, 3-methyl-l -butyl, 2- methyl-3 -butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-l -propyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-l-pentyl,
• alkyl encompasses cyclic alkyls, or cycloalkyl groups.
• cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic, saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system containing at least 3 carbon atoms.
• C3-C 12 cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbomyl, adamantyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2- enyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl.
• Chemical functional groups such as ether, thioether, sulfoxide, or amine, amide, ammonium, ester, phenyl, 1,2,3-triazole etc can be incorporated alkyl group to help extend the length of the chain.
• substituted refers to the structure having one or more substituents.
• a substituent is an atom or group of bonded atoms that can be considered to have replaced one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent molecular entity.
• substituents include aliphatic groups, halogen, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate ester, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, tertiary amino, tertiary acylamino, tertiary amide, imino, alkylthio, arylthio, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, tertiary sulfonamido, nitrile, trifiuoromethyl, heterocyclyl, aromatic, and heteroaromatic moieties, ether, ester, boron-containing moieties, tertiary phosphines, and silicon-containing moieties.
• hydrophilic refers to the physical property of a molecule or chemical entity or substituent within a molecule that tends to be miscible with and/or dissolved by water, or selectively interacts with water molecules. Hydrophilic groups can include polar groups. By contrast, as used herein, the term “hydrophobic” refers to the physical property of a molecule or chemical entity or substituent within a molecule that tends to be immiscible with and/or insoluble in water, or selectively repels water molecules.
• amphophilic refers to the physical property of a molecule or chemical entity that possesses both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
• the term "anionic” refers to a negatively charged molecule or part thereof which imparts the negative charge.
• the hydrophobic groups are illustrated to be placed at the secondary face of a CD while the hydrophilic groups are placed at the primary face of a CD. These two groups can be swapped to link to the opposite face of a CD.
• the present application provides polyanionic and non-ionic CD-based compounds, ideally in a pure form.
• the present application also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a medicament and a polyanionic or non-ionic CD-based compound as described herein.
• the present application also provides the polyanionic or non-ionic compound as described herein as an excipient and/or as carriers of guest molecules.
• the polyanionic and non-ionic CD-based compounds as described herein can use thioether or its oxidized form (sulfone or sulfoxide) as the linking group instead of ether as done previously in the art. This results in structurally well-defined polyanionic and non- ionic CD-based compounds in pure form that are easier to characterize.
• the polyanionic and non-ionic CD-based compounds of the present application are suitable for generating drug formulations in well-defined compositions.
• the present polyanionic and non-ionic CD-based compounds can bind to other molecules with better affinity due to the symmetric nature of the cavity within the CD.
• the cavity can accommodate larger or smaller molecules as the polyanionic or non- ionic CD can be an ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ analog.
• the polyanionic and non-ionic CD-based compounds can be designed to be either totally water-soluble (with short chains, where R is H, methyl to n-propyl, or acetyl to n- propanoyl) or self-assemble (with longer chains, where R is n-butyl to n-octadecyl or n- butanoyl to n-octadecanoyl) to form nanoparticles (micelles) in water.
• These structures ideally bind to hydrophobic drug molecules with better affinities because of the alkyl chains and the PEG linker groups.
• X (_) is one or more negatively charged moieties
• Y (+) is one or more counter cations
• L is one or more linkers
• G is a bond or is one or more bridging groups
• D is a cyclodextrin
• R is one or more substituents.
• the charged moiety X (_) can be any suitable negatively charged moiety.
• Non-limiting examples include -SO3 " , -CO2 " , -OSO3 “ , -OPO3 " , for example.
• the linker L can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (such as a Ci-Cii alkyl group, for example), and/or a substituted or unsubstituted polyethylene glycol (PEG) group, or a combination of one or more alkyl groups and one or more PEG groups.
• the PEG group is of the formula -CHZ(CH 2 OCHZ) m CH 2 - where Z is H or CH3 and m is 1 to 20, for example; however, any suitable PEG group, if present, may be contemplated.
• L can comprise any unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group; for example, the alkyl group may be substituted with a PEG group. However, any suitable substituent may be contemplated. In other embodiments, L can comprise an unsubstituted or substituted PEG group; for example, the PEG group may be substituted with one or more alkyl groups. However, any suitable substituent may be contemplated. In certain other embodiments, L comprises a PEG group which has none, or one or more alkyl groups flanking on either or both sides of the PEG group. One or more of the CH 2 groups of the alkyl group may be replaced with an atom or functional group.
• Non-limiting examples of the atom or functional group include -0-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2- -CONH-, -COO-, -NZ-, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group, for example.
• substituted 1,2,3- triazole groups may include those substituted with a group comprising one of the following structures:
• the cyclodextrin D can comprise, for example, 6, 7, or 8 glucose subunits, typically 7.
• G represents any one or more suitable bridging groups.
• G may represent, for example, an ester, amide, amine, sulfur, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole.
• Non-limiting examples of bridging groups for G include -S-, -OC(O)-, - NHC(O)-, -SO-, -SO2-, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group.
• substituted 1,2,3-triazole groups may include those substituted with a group comprising one of the following structures:
• G is a bond.
• the substituent R can be any one or more suitable substituents.
• Non-limiting examples include H, an optionally substituted alkyl group or an optionally substituted acyl group.
• the optionally substituted alkyl group or acyl group is a Ci- Ci8 group, for example.
• Y (+) can be any pharmaceutically acceptable cation, typically Na + or K + , for example.
• the polyanionic cyclodextrin (CD)-based compound is:
• the number of linkers attached to the cyclodextrin can vary but are typically the same length within a given CD-based molecule.
• the CD core (i.e., D) comprises any number of glucose subunits. In certain embodiments, there are 6, 7, or 8 glucose subunits, typically 7. Therefore, in certain embodiments, a ⁇ -CD is contemplated.
• substituents can be H, an alkyl or acyl group.
• the chains are bonded to either 02 or 03 of the CD group, or both 02 and 03 groups.
• the length of the group can vary from Ci-Cis, for example.
• X'-L-G-D-R (Formula III) wherein X' is one or more neutral moieties; L is one or more linkers; G is a bond or is one or more bridging groups; D is a cyclodextrin; and R is one or more substituents.
• Examples of X' may include, for example, an unsubstituted or substituted amide including its N-substituted forms (such as -CONH2, for example), a nitrile group (-CN), or a polyhydroxylated residue (such as a carbohydrate for example).
• the linker L can comprise a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group (such as a Ci- C11 alkyl group, for example), and/or a substituted or unsubstituted polyethylene glycol (PEG) group, or a combination of one or more alkyl groups and one or more PEG groups.
• the PEG group is of the formula -CHZ(CH20CHZ) m CH2- where Z is H or CH3 and m is 1 to 20, for example; however, any suitable PEG group, if present, may be contemplated.
• L can comprise any unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group; for example, the alkyl group may be substituted with a PEG group.
• L can comprise an unsubstituted or substituted PEG group; for example, the PEG group may be substituted with one or more alkyl groups.
• any suitable substituent may be contemplated.
• L comprises a PEG group which has none, or one or more alkyl groups flanking on either or both sides of the PEG group.
• One or more of the CH 2 groups of the alkyl group may be replaced with an atom or functional group.
• Non- limiting examples of the atom or functional group include -0-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2- -CONH- , -COO-, -NZ-, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole.
• substituted 1,2,3-triazole groups may include those substituted with a group comprising one of the following structures: , for example.
• the cyclodextrin D can comprise, for example, 6, 7, or 8 glucose subunits, typically 7.
• G represents any one or more suitable bridging groups.
• G may represent, for example, an ester, amide, amine, sulfur, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole.
• Non-limiting examples of bridging groups for G include -S-, -OC(O)-, - NHC(O)-, -SO-, -SO2-, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazole group.
• substituted 1,2,3-triazole groups may include those substituted with a group comprising one of the following structures:
• G is a bond.
• the substituent R can be any one or more suitable substituents.
• Non-limiting examples include H, an optionally substituted alkyl group or an optionally substituted acyl group.
• the optionally substituted alkyl group or acyl group is a C Ci8 group, for example.
• the non-ionic CD-based compound is:
• R, L, G and X' are defined above and wherein the cyclodextrin subunit is shown where p is 6 to 8, typically 7.
• p is 6 to 8, typically 7.
• the number of alkyl and/or PEG groups can vary but are typically the same length within a given CD-based molecule.
• Example 1 Polyanionic CD-based compounds and synthesis thereof
• Figure 1 shows an exemplary thioether-linked sulfoalkyl polyanionic CD-based compound.
• the molecule comprises a saturation of the CD groups with butyl
• FIG. 1 shows an exemplary polyanionic CD with a PEG-ylated linker group.
• the anionic group can be any suitable group, such as -SO3 " or -CO2 " for example.
• the PEG segment can include 1 to 20 repeating ethylene glycol groups.
• the bridging group used to connect PEG segment to D-glucose is a substituted 1,2,3-triazole group such as the (l,2,3-triazole-4-yl)methyl or (l,2,3-triazole-4-yl)carbonyl group.
• Y + can be Na + , K + or any other pharmaceutically tolerated cation.
• Figure 3 shows an exemplary synthesis for polyanionic CD containing sulfoalkyl group via thioether linkage.
• the anionic group can be any suitable group, such as -SO3 " for example.
• the leaving group on the cyclodextrin is shown to be bromide, but may also be another conventional halide such as chloride or iodide.
• Figure 4 shows an exemplary synthesis of an amphiphilic sulfoakyl thioether analog.
• the synthesis requires as little as two steps from a known 2,3-alkylated or acylated CD compound such as compounds 17 or 18.
• Copper(I)-mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition permits the efficient synthesis of mesylates 19 and 20 from an alkyne-functionalized PEG derivative (16).
• a highly nucleophilic thiolate containing sulfoalkyl group, generated in situ from the thioacetate precursor, is used to react with the mesylated CD compound to form CDs comprising thioether-linked sulfoalkyls (21, 22).
• Figure 5 shows an exemplary synthesis of a carboxyalkyl thioether analog.
• a mesylated CD starting material (19, 20) is reacted with an S-thioacetyl-functionalized carboxylic acid to form the carboxyalkyl-functionalized CDs via thioether group (23, 24).
• Example 2 Polyanionic SulfoPEG Thioether Cyclodextrins
• Figure 6 shows ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ embodiments of CDs as described herein.
• the 6-hydroxyl groups of native cyclodextrins are partially or completely replaced with R groups of the formula -G-L-X " Y + , -S-G-L-X " Y + or -OH.
• G, L, X and Y are as defined above.
• Figure 7 shows examples of synthesized sulfoPEG thioether CD analogs (25-30). Left panel shows two a-CD derivatives (25 and 28) containing different length of linker, middle panel shows two ⁇ -CD analogs (26 and 29) and right panel show two ⁇ -CD analogs (27 and 30). In each pair of example shown, the number of PEG group varies between two and three units; however, it may be contemplated as stated above that any number of PEG groups may be present. [0097] Figure 8 shows an exemplary synthesis of sulfoPEG thioether analogs as described herein.
• an ⁇ , ⁇ -di chloride of a PEG of any length (31,34) is reacted with sodium sulfite to selectively replace one of the chlorides with the sulfonate.
• the remaining chloride (32, 35) is then substituted with thioacetate.
• the obtained reagent (33, 36) is then reacted with a cyclodextrin derivative (8-10, derived from 5-7) bearing leaving group(s) (Br) at the primary carbon (C6) under basic condition in an alcohol-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixture; the reaction generates a reactive thiolate intermediate from the reagent that attacks the cyclodextrin substrate to provide the anionic cyclodextrin product.
• DMSO alcohol-dimethyl sulfoxide
• Example 3 Non-ionic CD-based compounds and synthesis thereof
• Figure 9 shows ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ embodiments of CDs as described herein. In these embodiments, the 6-hydroxyl groups of native cyclodextrins are partially or completely replaced with R groups of the formula -G-L-X', such as -S-L-X', or with -OH. G, L and X' are defined above.
• Figure 10 shows an exemplary synthesis of non-ionic CDs.
• the reagents include the co-haloalkanamide (such as the 2-chloroacetamide 37).
• the halide can be subsequently displaced with a thioacetate to afford the ro-(thioacetyl)alkanamide reagents (such as the 2-thioacetylacetamide 38).
• ester analogs of the co-haloalkanamide that have PEG chain embedded in any position of the co-haloalkanoate chain (such as the co- chlorinated ester 40) can be used.
• the terminal halide can be substituted with thioacetate to afford the co-thioacetyl substituted esters (such as compound 41), and a subsequent aminolysis reaction simultaneously converts the ester functionality to the desired amide and also deprotect the thioacetyl group to the reactive thiol (such as compound 42).
• the same 6-halogenated CD compounds can be used as a starting material for the subsequent nucleophilic substitutions.
• a per-6-brominated gamma-CD is shown, but other per-6-halogented alpha- and beta-CD analogs may also be used for substitutions.
• the thioester 38 and thiol 42 were respectively subjected to a treatment with alkoxides in DMSO to generate an intermediate thiolates for reaction with the 6-brominated gamma-CD to obtain the non-ionic compounds 39 and a derivative 43 that has a PEG chain embedded into the linker.
• Example 4 Properties of synthesized SulfoPEG polyanionic derivatives 25- 3a
• Figures 11 and 12 show the 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectra synthesized a-cyclodextrin derivative 28 which showed strong evidence of self-inclusion (one of its side arms bends and enters into the cavity of the molecule) at room temperature, as the observed 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectra showed multiple types of glucosyl units. However, the 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectra became increasingly simpler when the temperature was raised. At 80°C, the 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum became symmetric, as only one type of the glucosyl unit was observed.
• Figures 15 shows the 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of non-ionic gamma-cyclodextrin derivative 39 which showed the expected symmetry, as only one type of the glucosyl unit was observed.
• Figures 16 shows the 3 ⁇ 4 NMR spectrum of non-ionic gamma-cyclodextrin derivative 43 which showed the expected symmetry as well as the PEG group. Only one type of the glucosyl unit was observed.
• Figure 17 shows the inclusion studies of sulfoPEG ⁇ -cyclodextrin derivatives 29.
• the polyanionic ⁇ -CD compound (29) was analyzed both without (top panel) and with (bottom panel) cholic acid included within the CD compound.
• the results show that a polyanionic CD compound in accordance with the present invention can be used as a carrier of guest molecules.
• other polyanionic and non-ionic CD compounds as described herein may also be suitable as a carrier or excipient with other guest molecules.
• Figure 18 and 19 show similar inclusion studies of sulfoPEG ⁇ -cyclodextrin derivative 30 with cholic acid (top panel: compound 30 alone, bottom panel: compound 30 with cholic acid).
• the present experiments provide exemplary polyanionic and non- ionic CD-based compounds which can be used as excipients and/or carriers of guest molecules in a number of pharmaceutical applications.

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