WO2015165272A1 - 熔融静电纺丝方法以及该方法制备的纳米纤维 - Google Patents

熔融静电纺丝方法以及该方法制备的纳米纤维 Download PDF

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WO2015165272A1
WO2015165272A1 PCT/CN2014/095472 CN2014095472W WO2015165272A1 WO 2015165272 A1 WO2015165272 A1 WO 2015165272A1 CN 2014095472 W CN2014095472 W CN 2014095472W WO 2015165272 A1 WO2015165272 A1 WO 2015165272A1
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polymer
nozzle
pressure air
temperature
nanofiber
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PCT/CN2014/095472
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French (fr)
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崔建中
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崔建中
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/08—Melt spinning methods

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  • the present invention relates to an electrospinning method, and more particularly to a novel melt electrospinning method and a nanofiber structure of the production method and related contents.
  • nanofibers have gradually evolved from the original “clothing materials” to the leading materials for the future development of social technologies such as environment, energy, IT, and bioengineering.
  • high-performance air filter membrane, protective clothing, water treatment materials, battery electrodes or diaphragms, energy change factors, nano-wire electronic equipment, wound stickers, skeleton cultivation, etc. are adopted, and practical.
  • Nanofibers are further divided into nano-sized fibers and nano-structured fibers.
  • the nanosized fiber is defined as a fibrous substance having a diameter of 1 nm to 100 nm and a length of 100 times or more of the diameter. However, depending on the application, we also call it a nanofiber with a fiber diameter of 100nm to 1000nm.
  • Nano-structured fibers refer to fibers having nano-features on the upper surface or internal structure of fibers of a generally diameter.
  • Nanofibers and nanostructured fibers have long been attracting attention for their excellent optical, acoustic, electrical, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties. It is widely used in medical, clothing, electrical industry, automotive, desert greening, building materials and many other uses. Recently, nanofibers and nanofiber structures have been demanded to be finer and smaller while requiring mass production.
  • nanofibers with small fiber diameters have large specific surface area, high void ratio, strong aeration performance, and unaffected by fluids. They are used in high-tech fields such as filters, clothing, medical materials, biochemistry, building materials, and automobiles. It has been widely developed.
  • the manufacturing method of the nanofibers includes an electrospinning method, a composite spinning method, a melt blowing method, a chemical vapor phase growth (CVD) method, and the like.
  • the electrospinning method and the CVD method have low production volumes, and the composite spinning method is complicated in engineering.
  • the melt-blowing method has a high production amount, only limited polymer types and diameters below 300 nm are available for production.
  • nonwoven fibers such as nonwoven fabrics, micron-sized fibers are generally produced by melt-blown techniques, and nanofibers and nanostructures are mainly produced by electrospinning techniques.
  • thermoplastic polymer (resin) 1 is discharged from the melt-blown resin nozzle 3, and the high-speed air 2 is ejected from the air nozzle 4 at a high speed, and is combined with the resin from the nozzle 3 to bring the resin to the collected collecting portion.
  • This configuration is such that the high-speed air 2 emerges from the air nozzle 4 and merges with the molten polymer resin from the melt-blown resin nozzle 3, and the resin is stretched at a high speed before the resin is solidified to form fibers.
  • Gas nozzle direction and resin The direction of the coming out is the same.
  • the melt-blown technology usually produced by nonwovens is based on a two-fluid (shown in Figure 1).
  • the resin from the hot-melt resin nozzle is compression-molded by the surrounding hot air to generate a vibration of mechanical compression expansion, and short fibers are produced. If the airflow speed is increased, the vibration period of the machine is also accelerated, and the melted polymer is broken and cannot become long fibers, so the speed of the high temperature gas is not improved. Therefore, the melt blowing method cannot produce nanofibers below the micrometer.
  • a first object of the present invention is to obtain a molten electrospinning device for mass production of nanofibers which is currently unavailable, for use in industrial mass production.
  • a second object of the present invention is to obtain a melt electrospinning method for mass production of nanofibers which is currently unavailable, for use in industrial mass production.
  • a third object of the present invention is to obtain nanolength fibers which are currently unavailable.
  • a fourth object of the present invention is to obtain an article of nanometer long fibers which is currently unavailable.
  • the invention provides a molten electrospinning device, wherein the device utilizes high-temperature high-speed air and static electricity to form a high molecular polymer into nanofibers, including:
  • the polymer polymer nozzle that ejects the polymer polymer is provided with an electrostatic generator and a mechanism for electrostatically charging the polymer polymer after being sprayed;
  • the high temperature is 100 to 800 ° C; the high pressure is 0.1 MPa to 0.5 MPa;
  • a nanofiber receiving device provided downstream of the insulating plate for preventing electrostatic interference of (d).
  • the high temperature is 200 to 800 ° C; and the high pressure is 0.2 MPa to 0.5 MPa.
  • the fusible polymer of (a) is a plurality of or a single thermoplastic polymer.
  • the fusible polymer of (a) is a plurality of or a single thermoplastic polymer particle.
  • the polymer polymer nozzle of (b) is covered with a heat insulating material for preventing heat dissipation.
  • the matching relationship between the polymer polymer nozzle of (b) and the high temperature and high pressure air nozzle of (c) may be selected from the following combinations:
  • a single high temperature and high pressure air nozzle matches a single polymer polymer nozzle
  • a single high temperature and high pressure air nozzle matches a plurality of polymer polymer nozzles
  • Multiple sets of single high temperature and high pressure air nozzles match multiple polymer nozzles.
  • An electrospinning method of a molten electrospinning device comprising the steps of:
  • An electrostatic generator is arranged in front of the polymer polymer nozzle to make the polymer polymer electrostatically sprayed;
  • the nanofiber receiving device disposed downstream of the insulating plate receives the stretched polymer to obtain nanofibers.
  • the yield of the process is not less than 3 KG/hour.
  • a third aspect of the invention provides a nanofiber obtained by the method.
  • the nanofibers have a diameter of from 200 to 1000 nm, preferably from 500 to 800 nm.
  • a nanofiber product according to the present invention which is a heat insulating material, a sound absorbing material, and a high efficiency filter film for removing oil and fat and minute substances.
  • the microscopic substance comprises a germ, a virus, a fine dust, or a combination thereof.
  • FIG. 4 Schematic diagram of flow of plastic polymer and air
  • FIG. 5 Schematic diagram of high pressure air heating.
  • the invention uses high temperature and high pressure air nozzle
  • the inventors have conducted extensive and intensive research to obtain a high-yield nanofiber production apparatus and method by improving the preparation process, which is applicable to a wide range of polymer types and solves the problem of production difficulty.
  • the present invention has been completed on this basis.
  • the term “contains” or “includes” means that the various ingredients can be used together in the mixture or composition of the present invention.
  • the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” are encompassed by the terms “comprising” or “including.”
  • the melt electrospinning method of the present invention may use a thermoplastic polymer such as polyester fiber, polyamide, polyolefin, polyurethane (PU) or the like.
  • Polyester fibers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polylactic acid (PLA), etc.
  • Nylon series NYLON6 6, NYLON6
  • polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), etc. can be used as nanofiber raw materials.
  • the nanosized fiber is defined as a fibrous substance having a diameter of 1 nm to 100 nm and a length of 100 times or more of the diameter. However, depending on the application, we also call it a nanofiber with a fiber diameter of 100nm to 1000nm. Nano-structured fibers refer to fibers having nano-features on the upper surface or internal structure of fibers of a generally diameter.
  • the invention provides a molten electrospinning device, wherein the device utilizes high-temperature high-speed air and static electricity to form a high molecular polymer into nanofibers, including:
  • the polymer polymer nozzle that ejects the polymer polymer is provided with an electrostatic generator and a mechanism for electrostatically charging the polymer polymer after being sprayed;
  • the high temperature is 100 to 800 ° C; the high pressure is 0.1 MPa to 0.5 MPa
  • a nanofiber receiving device provided downstream of the insulating plate for preventing electrostatic interference of (d).
  • the invention adopts a comprehensive means of high-temperature high-speed air and static electricity, and the high-temperature high-pressure air nozzle rapidly stretches the spun polymer to form long fibers on the receiving device.
  • the rate of fiber formation is greatly increased, and the output is also correspondingly increased, which solves the problems that have been urgently solved in the field.
  • the fusible polymer of (a) is a plurality of or a single thermoplastic polymer.
  • the "thermoplastic high molecular polymer” is as defined above. Specifically, the fusible polymer of (a) is a plurality of or a single thermoplastic polymer particle.
  • the polymer polymer nozzle of (b) is covered with a heat insulating material that prevents heat dissipation.
  • the matching relationship between the polymer polymer nozzle of (b) and the high temperature and high pressure air nozzle of (c) may be selected from the following combinations:
  • a single high temperature and high pressure air nozzle matches a single polymer polymer nozzle
  • a single high temperature and high pressure air nozzle matches a plurality of polymer polymer nozzles
  • Multiple sets of single high temperature and high pressure air nozzles match multiple polymer nozzles.
  • the invention provides an electrospinning method of the molten electrospinning device, which comprises the following steps:
  • An electrostatic generator is arranged in front of the polymer polymer nozzle to make the polymer polymer electrostatically sprayed;
  • the nanofiber receiving device disposed downstream of the insulating plate receives the stretched polymer to obtain nanofibers.
  • the process has a yield of not less than 3 KG/hr.
  • the nanofiber has a particle size scale of 200 nm to 1000 nm, preferably 500 to 800 nm.
  • the nanofiber product of the present invention may be a heat insulating material, a sound absorbing material, or a high efficiency filter film for removing oil and fat and minute substances.
  • the microscopic substance comprises a germ, a virus, a fine dust, or a combination thereof.
  • a first object of the invention is to provide a production process that can be practiced by melt electrospinning.
  • a second object of the invention is to produce nanofibers by melt electrospinning.
  • a third object of the present invention is to provide a polymer nanofiber which can produce insoluble or poorly soluble.
  • a fourth object of the present invention is to prevent the generation of electrostatic interference and to obtain a nanofiber membrane having a uniform thickness.
  • a fifth object of the invention is to eliminate the risk of explosion.
  • a sixth object of the present invention is to produce a highly efficient oil absorbing material by a melt electrospinning technique.
  • a seventh object of the present invention is to produce a strong heat insulating material by a melt electrospinning technique.
  • An eighth object of the present invention is to produce a high-efficiency filtration membrane for removing oily substances and minute substances (bacteria, viruses, fine dust) by a melt electrospinning technique.
  • a ninth object of the present invention is to produce a continuous product for a long period of time by means of a melt electrospinning technique.
  • a tenth object of the present invention is to provide a low-cost production of nanofiber technology using melt electrospinning technology.
  • An eleventh object of the present invention is to mass produce nanofibers in a multi-nozzle.
  • the first solution of the present invention is to melt the thermoplastic polymer and generate nanofibers with high velocity air and static electricity.
  • the present invention also uses a combination of wind and static electricity to produce a molten nanofiber structure.
  • the second solution of the invention is to melt the plastic polymer body and the nozzle for pushing the thermoplastic polymer, the high temperature and high pressure air nozzle and the high temperature and high pressure air generator, the electrode with the charge on the polymer and the antistatic nanofiber. It is composed of an insulating plate that is dried by an electrostatic field. Insulation is applied to the nozzle to prevent heat dissipation.
  • the third solution of the present invention is to form a nanofiber by melting the body of the moldable polymer.
  • a fourth solution of the present invention is an insulating plate and high-pressure air that prevents electrostatic nanofibers from being scratched by an electrostatic field.
  • the fifth aspect of the present invention does not use a volatile substance, does not generate particulate dust, and does not generate volatility and dust explosion.
  • the sixth solution of the present invention is to use a melt electrospinning method to mix a plurality of thermoplastic polymers or a single thermoplastic into a particulate form or a single use, and to manufacture a plurality of thermoplastic polymers without nanofibers.
  • the seventh solution of the present invention is to use a melt electrospinning method to mix a plurality of thermoplastic polymers or a single thermoplastic resin in a particulate form or in a single use, and to manufacture nanofibers, and the plurality of thermoplastic polymers do not impair various high temperatures.
  • the eighth solution of the present invention is to use a melt electrospinning method to mix a plurality of thermoplastic polymers or a single thermoplastic resin in a particulate form or in a single use, and to manufacture nanofibers, and the plurality of thermoplastic polymers do not impair various high temperatures.
  • a high-efficiency filtration membrane that removes oil and fine substances (bacteria, viruses, and fine dust) from nanofiber structures that characterize the properties of various polymers.
  • the single high pressure nozzle of the invention is provided with a single nozzle, the single nozzle is equipped with a plurality of nozzles, the plurality of single high pressure nozzles are equipped with a single nozzle, and the plurality of single nozzles are matched with a plurality of nozzles to effectively improve the production speed and reduce the cost.
  • the heat-meltable fusible polymer melting mechanism is connected to a nozzle for ejecting the melted polymer, a nozzle for high-temperature and high-pressure air that rapidly ejects the ejected polymer, and a high-pressure air heating mechanism, and electrostatic generation in front of the polymer nozzle and A mechanism for electrostatically charging a polymer, and a molten electrospinning mechanism that uses a high-temperature high-speed air and static electricity to form a polymer into nanofibers.
  • nanofibers are produced for various use conditions, and are used to absorb oils and remove fine fungus viruses and dust.
  • a variety of different polymers are produced by a melt electrostatic method to produce fiber filter membranes having various material characteristics.
  • nanofibers with a large specific surface area and the characteristics of hydrophilic materials to produce water absorption, water retention materials, and green deserts.
  • Insulation materials produced by mixing a variety of polymers or using a single polymer.
  • the melt electrospinning method may use a thermoplastic material such as polyester fiber, polyamide, polyolefin, polyurethane (PU) or the like.
  • Polyester fibers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polylactic acid (PLA), etc.
  • Nylon series NYLON 66, NYLON 6
  • polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), etc. can be used as nanofiber raw materials.
  • the high-voltage power supply acts as a static induction function, and no wire current flows, which can correspond to multiple sets of nozzles.
  • thermoplastic polymer is heated to a liquid state, and high-pressure high-temperature air and static electricity are used to generate nanofibers, and no organic solvent is volatilized to eliminate the possibility of explosion.
  • Units composed of multiple nozzles are convenient for production, increase production and reduce costs.
  • the equipment is simple in structure and easy to operate and maintain.
  • the nanofibers produced by the melt electrospinning equipment can be used for oil-water separation and oil recovery.
  • the nanofibers produced by the melt electrospinning equipment can be used for water purification, seawater desalination and sewage treatment.
  • thermoplastic polymer 5 is a polymer polymer nozzle which ejects the polymer after melting
  • 6 is a method in which the molten thermoplastic polymer is sprayed from the polymer polymer nozzle to extend it.
  • High temperature and high pressure air nozzle 7 is an electrode (ie, an electrostatic generator) for electrostatically charging the polymer in front of the polymer polymer nozzle 5 after being sprayed
  • 9 is an electrostatic field for inducing electrostatic nanofibers. Interrupted insulation board for dry flexing.
  • thermoplastic polymer 1 is heated and melted on the melting mechanism 8, and the melted polymer is discharged from the polymer polymer head 5, and the high pressure gas 2 is ejected from the high temperature and high pressure air nozzle 6 to be melted.
  • the polymer stretch is extended.
  • a high voltage is applied between the electrostatic generator 7 and the polymer polymer nozzle 5 to generate static electricity, so that the polymer is charged with the same polarity, and the same charge is repelled to make the polymer extend more before solidification, thereby producing nanometer. fiber.
  • the tensile force of the polymer is dominated by high-speed high-temperature air, and the high-speed and high-temperature airflow causes a differential airflow formed by a slow airflow around the high-temperature high-speed airflow.
  • the molten polymer is stretched from a slow flow into a high speed center.
  • a slow-flow layer is required so that the polymer is not broken before it is cured.
  • a slowing layer can be formed within the pressure and temperature range of the present invention
  • the distance between the discharge port 5 of the polymer and the high-speed high-pressure discharge port 6 can be adjusted.
  • the distance is too close, the pressure difference is too large, the polymer is not extended, and it is easy to become a particle.
  • the positional relationship between the high-speed high-temperature air shower head 6 and the polymer discharge port can be adjusted.
  • the distance is too far, the first is not caught by the high-speed airflow, and the temperature of the second polymer is lowered and the viscosity is increased.
  • the pressure and temperature range of the present invention it can be suitably adjusted.
  • the molten polymer is rapidly cooled by contact with air, and the viscosity is increased.
  • a heater is disposed in front of the high-temperature high-speed air jet head 6.
  • the compressed air is rapidly expanded after heating, and the high-speed gas is accelerated faster.
  • the air is heated to a temperature above the molten polymer to delay the cooling rate of the liquid polymer.
  • the hot melt mechanism 8 melts the thermoplastic polymer and pushes it to the head 5 to which high-voltage static electricity is added, and then discharges it.
  • the molten polymer is charged, and the fibers are finer due to the mutual repulsion of the same charge (Coulomb force) and the high-speed and high-temperature wind.
  • the collector 10 is electrostatically charged with different electrodes, and the charged nanofibers are attracted to collect to form a nanofiber membrane.
  • the nanofiber membrane thus collected can be utilized as a service Materials, insulation materials, sound absorbing materials, oil absorption materials, etc.
  • the nanofiber obtained by the present invention is a long fiber and is convenient to use.
  • the present invention not only exceeds the scope of utilization described above, but with the development of the technology in the future, it is possible to utilize its large specific surface area characteristics (many reactions can only be produced on the surface of the material), the interaction between the nanofibers and the specific properties of the nanofibers, Looking forward to the development of deeper medical technology, civil life, and aerospace technology. A large number of technologies for generating nanofibers have extremely high inventive value.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)

Abstract

一种熔融静电纺丝装置，其中，所述装置利用高温高速空气和静电使高分子聚合物形成纳米纤维，包括：（a）可将可熔性高分子聚合物热熔化的熔化机构（8）；（b）连接所述（a）的熔化机构并将熔化后的高分子聚合物进行喷吐的高分子聚合物喷头（5）；所述高分子聚合物进行喷吐的高分子聚合物喷头（5）前面设有静电发生器（7）以及使得高分子聚合物喷吐后带上静电的机构；（c）将（b）中喷吐出来的高分子聚合物拉伸的高温高压空气喷头（6），其中所述高温高压空气喷头（6）周围设有对高压空气进行加热的加热机构；所述高温为100～800℃；所述高压为0.1MPa～0.5MPa；（d）设在（c）的高温高压空气喷头下游的防止静电干涉的绝缘板（9）；（e）设在所述（d）的防止静电干涉的绝缘板（9）下游的纳米纤维接收装置。

Description

熔融静电纺丝方法以及该方法制备的纳米纤维 技术领域
本发明涉及一种静电纺丝方法，特别是一种新型熔融静电纺丝方式以及此生产方式的纳米纤维的构造体以及有关内容。
背景技术
纳米纤维随着高科技的发展从原来的“衣料用”渐渐变成环境·能源·IT·生物工程等未来社会技术发展支撑用的先端材料。比如：高性能空气过滤膜，防护服，水处理材料，电池的电极或隔膜，能源的变化素子，纳米导线电子设备，创口贴，骨架培育等方面被采用，以及实用化。
纳米纤维又分为纳米尺寸纤维和纳米构造纤维。纳米尺寸纤维定义为直径1nm到100nm长度为直径的100倍以上的纤维状物质。但是根据使用用途，直径100nm到1000nm的纤维我们也把它称为纳米纤维。纳米构造纤维是指一般直径的纤维上表面或内部构造上具有纳米特点的纤维。
纳米纤维以及纳米构造纤维以其优异的光，声，电，磁，热以及机械特性早已被人所关注。在医疗，服装衣料，电气工业，汽车，沙漠绿化，建筑材料等众多用途上被广泛使用。最近纳米纤维以及纳米纤维构造体要求更细更小同时要求大量生产。
特别是纤维直径细小的纳米纤维具有比表面积大，空隙率高，通气性能强，流体通过时不受阻影响的特点，在过滤网，衣料，医疗材料，生物化学，建筑材料，汽车等高科技领域上被广泛开发。
纳米纤维的制造法有静电纺丝法，复合纺丝法，融喷法，化学气相成长(CVD)法等。但是静电纺丝法与CVD法生产量低，复合纺丝法工程复杂，融喷法虽然生产量高，但是可利用的只有有限的高分子种类以及300nm以下的直径生产困难。
现有的无纺布等粗纤维，微米级的纤维一般用熔喷技术制造；而纳米纤维以及纳米构造体为静电纺丝技术为主来制造。
如图1所示，是双流体熔喷方式的一种方式。热可塑性高分子聚合物(树脂)1从融喷树脂喷嘴3吐出，高速空气2从空气喷嘴4高速喷出，与喷嘴3出来的树脂汇合，将树脂带向设置的收集部这样一个构成。
这个构造是高速空气2从空气喷嘴4出来后与融喷树脂喷嘴3出来的熔化后高分子树脂交汇，在树脂固化之前高速带动树脂拉伸，形成纤维。气体喷嘴的方向与树脂 出来的方向一致。
通常无纺布生产的融喷技术以双流体(图1所示)为基础。热熔化树脂喷嘴出来的树脂被周围的热风压缩成形，产生机械性压缩膨胀的震动，生成的是短纤维。如果气流速度加快机械的振动周期也加快，熔化的高分子被破碎不能成为长纤维，因此高温气体的速度得不到提高。因此熔喷方式不能生产微米以下的纳米纤维。
现有的静电纺丝技术对不溶性物质的纳米纤维生产有很大的困难。现有的静电纺丝技术生成速度慢。不能对应大量生产。
发明内容
本发明的第一目的在于获得目前无法得到的大量生产纳米纤维的熔融静电纺丝装置，以便用于产业量产化上。
本发明的第二目的在于获得目前无法得到的大量生产纳米纤维的熔融静电纺丝方法，以便用于产业量产化上。
本发明的第三目的在于获得目前无法得到的纳米长纤维。
本发明的第四目的在于获得目前无法得到的纳米长纤维的制品。
本发明提供一种熔融静电纺丝装置，其中，所述装置利用高温高速空气和静电使高分子聚合物形成纳米纤维，包括：
(a)可将可熔性高分子聚合物热熔化的熔化机构；
(b)连接所述(a)的熔化机构并将熔化后的高分子聚合物进行喷吐的高分子聚合物喷头；
所述高分子聚合物进行喷吐的高分子聚合物喷头前面设有静电发生器以及使得高分子聚合物喷吐后带上静电的机构；
(c)将(b)中喷吐出来的高分子聚合物拉伸的高温高压空气喷头，其中所述高温高压空气喷头周围设有对高压空气进行加热的加热机构；
所述高温为100～800℃；所述高压为0.1MPa～0.5MPa；
(d)设在(c)的高温高压空气喷头下游的防止静电干涉的绝缘板；
(e)设在所述(d)的防止静电干涉的绝缘板下游的纳米纤维接收装置。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中，所述高温为200～800℃；所述高压为0.2MPa～0.5MPa。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中，所述(a)的可熔性高分子聚合物为多种或单一的热塑型高分子聚合物。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中，所述(a)的可熔性高分子聚合物为多种或单一的热塑型高分子聚合物粒子。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中，所述(b)的高分子聚合物喷头上覆盖防止散热的隔热材料。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中，所述(b)的高分子聚合物喷头与所述(c)的高温高压空气喷头之间的匹配关系可选自如下组合：
单一的高温高压空气喷头匹配单个的高分子聚合物喷头；
单一的高温高压空气喷头匹配多个的高分子聚合物喷头；
多组的单一高温高压空气喷头匹配单个的高分子聚合物喷头；或是
多组的单一高温高压空气喷头匹配多个的高分子聚合物喷头。
本发明的第二方面的所述的熔融静电纺丝装置的静电纺丝方法，其中，包括如下步骤：
(a)采用熔化机构将可熔性高分子聚合物热熔化；
(b)采用高分子聚合物喷头将熔化后的高分子聚合物进行喷吐；
所述高分子聚合物喷头前面设有静电发生器，以使得高分子聚合物喷吐后带上静电；
(c)通过高温高压空气喷头将喷吐出来的高分子聚合物迅速拉伸；
(d)通过绝缘板防止喷吐出来的高分子聚合物产生静电干涉；
(e)设置在绝缘板下游的纳米纤维接收装置对拉伸后的高分子聚合物进行接收，得到纳米纤维。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中，所述方法的产量不低于3KG/小时。
本发明的第三方面提供一种所述的方法得到的纳米纤维。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中，所述纳米纤维的直径为200～1000nm，优选500～800nm。
本发明的第四方面提供一种本发明所述的纳米纤维的制品，所述制品为隔热性材料、吸音材料、去除油脂与微小物质的高效过滤膜。
在一个具体实施方式中，所述微小物质包括病菌，病毒，微小粉尘或其组合。
附图说明
【图1】现有熔喷方法图示
【图2】熔融静电纺丝图示
【图3】多喷头孔的图示
【图4】可塑性高分子以及空气的流动示意图示
【图5】高压空气加热示意图。
1···热可塑性高分子树脂    2···高速空气
3···现有的融喷树脂喷嘴    4···现有的空气喷嘴
5···本发明用高分子聚合物喷头
6···本发明用高温高压空气喷头
7···电极        8···热可塑性高分子的熔化机构
9···绝缘板      10···纤维收集装置
11···空气气流加热装置
具体实施方式
本发明人经过广泛而深入的研究，通过改进制备工艺，获得高产量的纳米纤维生产装置和方法，其适用于广泛的高分子种类并解决生产困难的问题。在此基础上完成了本发明。
本发明中，术语“含有”或“包括”表示各种成分可一起应用于本发明的混合物或组合物中。因此，术语“主要由...组成”和“由...组成”包含在术语“含有”或“包括”中。
热塑性高分子聚合物
本发明的熔融静电纺丝法可使用热可塑的高分子聚合物有聚酯纤维，聚酰胺，聚烯烃，聚氨酯(PU)等。聚酯纤维如聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)，聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PTT)，聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT),聚乳酸(PLA)等，聚酰胺有尼龙系列(NYLON6 6、NYLON6)，聚烯烃有聚乙烯(PE)，聚丙烯(PP)，聚苯乙烯(PS)等均可成为纳米纤维原材料。
纳米纤维
纳米尺寸纤维定义为直径1nm到100nm长度为直径的100倍以上的纤维状物质。但是根据使用用途，直径100nm到1000nm的纤维我们也把它称为纳米纤维。纳米构造纤维是指一般直径的纤维上表面或内部构造上具有纳米特点的纤维。
熔融静电纺丝装置
本发明提供一种熔融静电纺丝装置，其中，所述装置利用高温高速空气和静电使高分子聚合物形成纳米纤维，包括：
(a)可将可熔性高分子聚合物热熔化的熔化机构；
(b)连接所述(a)的熔化机构并将熔化后的高分子聚合物进行喷吐的高分子聚合物喷头；
所述高分子聚合物进行喷吐的高分子聚合物喷头前面设有静电发生器以及使得高分子聚合物喷吐后带上静电的机构；
(c)将(b)中喷吐出来的高分子聚合物拉伸的高温高压空气喷头，其中所述高温高压空气喷头周围设有对高压空气进行加热的加热机构；
所述高温为100～800℃；所述高压为0.1MPa～0.5MPa
(d)设在(c)的高温高压空气喷头下游的防止静电干涉的绝缘板；
(e)设在所述(d)的防止静电干涉的绝缘板下游的纳米纤维接收装置。
本发明采用高温高速空气和静电的综合手段，所述高温高压空气喷头使得喷吐出来的高分子聚合物予以迅速拉伸，在接收装置上快速形成长纤维。纤维的生成速度大幅度提高，产量也相应大幅度上升，解决了本领域一直亟待解决的问题。
所述(a)的可熔性高分子聚合物为多种或单一的热塑型高分子聚合物。所述的“热塑性高分子聚合物”如前定义。具体地，所述(a)的可熔性高分子聚合物为多种或单一的热塑型高分子聚合物粒子。
在本发明的优选实施方式中，所述(b)的高分子聚合物喷头上覆盖防止散热的隔热材料。
在本发明的优选实施方式中，所述(b)的高分子聚合物喷头与所述(c)的高温高压空气喷头之间的匹配关系可选自如下组合：
单一的高温高压空气喷头匹配单个的高分子聚合物喷头；
单一的高温高压空气喷头匹配多个的高分子聚合物喷头；
多组的单一高温高压空气喷头匹配单个的高分子聚合物喷头；或是
多组的单一高温高压空气喷头匹配多个的高分子聚合物喷头。
静电纺丝方法
本发明提供一种所述的熔融静电纺丝装置的静电纺丝方法，其中，包括如下步骤：
(a)采用熔化机构将可熔性高分子聚合物热熔化；
(b)采用高分子聚合物喷头将熔化后的高分子聚合物进行喷吐；
所述高分子聚合物喷头前面设有静电发生器，以使得高分子聚合物喷吐后带上静电；
(c)通过高温高压空气喷头将喷吐出来的高分子聚合物迅速拉伸；
(d)通过绝缘板防止喷吐出来的高分子聚合物产生静电干涉；
(e)设置在绝缘板下游的纳米纤维接收装置对拉伸后的高分子聚合物进行接收，得到纳米纤维。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中，所述方法的产量不低于3KG/小时。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中，所述纳米纤维的粒径尺度200nm～1000nm，优选500～800nm.
制品
本发明所述的纳米纤维的制品，可以为隔热性材料、吸音材料、去除油脂与微小物质的高效过滤膜。
在一个具体实施方式中，所述微小物质包括病菌，病毒，微小粉尘或其组合。
本发明的优选实施方式
本发明的第一个目的是提供了可以用熔融静电纺丝技术的生产方式。
本发明的第二个目的是用熔融静电纺丝技术生产出纳米纤维。
本发明的第三个目的是提供可以生产不能溶解或难溶解高分子纳米纤维。
本发明的第四个目的是防止静电干扰的产生，得到均衡厚度的纳米纤维膜。
本发明的第五个目的是消除爆炸的危险。
本发明的第六个目的是用熔融静电纺丝技术生产高效吸油性材料。
本发明的第七个目的是用熔融静电纺丝技术生产强隔热性材料。
本发明的第八个目的是用熔融静电纺丝技术生产去除油质与微小物质(病菌，病毒，微小粉尘)的高效过滤膜。
本发明的第九个目的是用熔融静电纺丝技术可连续性长时间生产。
本发明的第十个目的是用熔融静电纺丝技术可提供低价生产纳米纤维技术。
本发明的第十一个目的是多喷头大量生产纳米纤维。
本发明的第一解决手段是将热可塑高分子熔化，用高速空气和静电生成纳米纤维。本发明也就是采用风和静电的组合生产熔融方式的纳米纤维构造物。
本发明的第二解决手段是将可塑高分子熔化机体和将热可塑高分子其推出的喷口，高温高压的空气喷口以及高温高压空气生成器，让高分子带上电荷的电极以及防止静电纳米纤维受静电场干挠的绝缘板构成。加上覆盖在喷头上防止散热的隔热材料。
本发明的第三解决手段是用可熔化可塑高分子熔化机体生成纳米纤维。
本发明的第四解决手段是防止静电纳米纤维受静电场干挠的绝缘板和高压空气。
本发明的第五不使用可挥发性物质，不生成微粒粉尘，不产生挥发性和粉尘爆炸。
本发明的第六解决手段是采用熔融静电纺丝法，将多种热可塑高分子或单一热可塑在粒子状混合或单一使用，制造纳米纤维化后多种热可塑高分子不损害各种高分子的特性，又聚合各种高分子的特性的纳米纤维构造体的隔热性材料。
本发明的第七解决手段是采用熔融静电纺丝法，将多种热可塑高分子或单一热可塑在粒子状混合或单一使用，制造纳米纤维化后多种热可塑高分子不损害各种高分子的特性，又聚合各种高分子的特性的纳米纤维构造体的吸音材料。
本发明的第八解决手段是采用熔融静电纺丝法，将多种热可塑高分子或单一热可塑在粒子状混合或单一使用，制造纳米纤维化后多种热可塑高分子不损害各种高分子的特性，又聚合各种高分子的特性的纳米纤维构造体的去除油质与微小物质(病菌，病毒，微小粉尘)的高效过滤膜。
本发明单一高压喷头配单个的喷头，单一喷头配多个喷头，多组单一高压喷头配单个的喷头，多组单一喷头配多个喷头做成一个整体有效提高生产速度降低成本。
可热熔化可熔性高分子熔化机构连接将熔化后的高分子喷吐的喷头、将喷吐出来的高分子迅速拉伸的高温高压空气的喷头以及加热高压空气机构，高分子喷头前面的静电发生以及让高分子带上静电的机构，防止静电干涉的绝缘板构成的利用高温高速空气和静电使高分子变成纳米纤维的熔融静电纺丝机构。
利用高分子的亲水性和不亲水性的特征，针对各种使用条件生产出不同种类的纳米纤维，使用于吸收油类，去除细小菌类病毒，粉尘。
使用不同种类的高分子颗粒混同熔化，再不损害各种高分子特性的同时又具有各高分子特性的纳米纤维构造物。
各种不同高分子用熔融静电法制造出具有各种材料特征的纤维过滤膜。
利用纳米纤维比表面积大以及亲水材料的的特征，制造吸水，保水材料，绿化沙漠。
多种高分子混合或使用单种高分子生产的隔热材料。
多种高分子混合或使用单种高分子生产的消音，吸音材料。
多种高分子混合或使用单种高分子生产的隔热难燃建筑材料。
如无具体说明，本发明的各种原料均可以通过市售得到；或根据本领域的常规方法制备得到。除非另有定义或说明，本文中所使用的所有专业与科学用语与本领域技 术熟练人员所熟悉的意义相同。此外任何与所记载内容相似或均等的方法及材料皆可应用于本发明方法中。
本发明的其他方面由于本文的公开内容，对本领域的技术人员而言是显而易见的。
下面结合具体实施例，进一步阐述本发明。应理解，这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法，通常按照国家标准测定。若没有相应的国家标准，则按照通用的国际标准、常规条件、或按照制造厂商所建议的条件进行。除非另外说明，否则所有的份数为重量份，所有的百分比为重量百分比，所述的聚合物分子量为数均分子量。
除非另有定义或说明，本文中所使用的所有专业与科学用语与本领域技术熟练人员所熟悉的意义相同。此外任何与所记载内容相似或均等的方法及材料皆可应用于本发明方法中。
实施例1
熔融静电纺丝法可使用热可塑形材有聚酯纤维，聚酰胺，聚烯烃，聚氨酯(PU)等。聚酯纤维如聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)，聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PTT)，聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT),聚乳酸(PLA)等，聚酰胺有尼龙系列(NYLON 66、NYLON 6)，聚烯烃有聚乙烯(PE)，聚丙烯(PP)，聚苯乙烯(PS)等均可成为纳米纤维原材料。
如上述说明，熔融静电纺丝法制造纳米纤维可达到下列效应。
(1)高压电源起静电诱导作用，无导线电流流通，可对应多组喷头
(2)不使用有机溶剂，热可塑高分子加热成液体状，使用高压高温空气和静电生成纳米纤维，无有机溶剂的挥发，消除爆炸的可能。
(3)消除静电的堆积干挠和离子风的影响，可生产出均衡厚度的纳米纤维层。
(4)防止喷头前端的静电荷量减少，可长时间作业。
(5)高分子液体一侧接地，不会发生漏电现象。
(6)多喷头组成的单元，便于生产，提高产量，降低了成本。
(7)设备构造简单便于操作和维护。
(8)熔融静电纺丝设备制造出来的纳米纤维，可用于油水分离，回收油质。
(9)熔融静电纺丝设备制造出来的纳米纤维可用于水质净化，海水淡化和污水的处理。
以下配合附加的图示对熔融静电纺丝加以说明
图3中8是热可塑性高分子的熔化机构，5是熔化后喷吐高分子聚合物的高分子聚合物喷头，6是将熔化的热可塑性高分子从高分子聚合物喷头喷5出来将其延伸的高温高压空气喷头；7是设在喷出融化后高分子聚合物喷头5的前面让高分子带上静电的电极(也即静电发生器)，9是遮断用于诱导静电纳米纤维的静电场干挠用的遮断绝缘板。
纳米纤维的生成过程：热可塑性高分子聚合物1在熔化机构8上加热熔化，熔化后的高分子从高分子聚合物喷头5吐出，同时高压气体2从高温高压空气喷头6喷出将熔化的高分子拉伸延长。同时静电发生器7和高分子聚合物喷头5之间加上高压电压产生静电，使高分子带上同极静电，同样电荷之间产生排斥作用使高分子在凝固前更能延伸，制造出纳米纤维。
高分子的拉伸力靠高速高温空气支配，高速高温的气流造成了以高温高速气流为中心带动周围空气缓慢气流形成的气压差气流。熔化高分子从缓慢流进入高速中心被拉伸成形。需要一个缓流层，才不至于高分子在未固化前被拉断。
高速气流的速度过高，没有慢慢提高流速的缓流层，气压差大，高分子在固化前被打碎，形成不了长纤维。如图4所示。在本发明的压力和温度范围内可形成缓流层
高分子的吐出口5与高速高压喷出口6的间距可调节。距离太近，气压差太大，高分子得不到延伸，容易成为粒子。在本发明的压力和温度范围内，可适当调节。
这里，高速高温空气喷头6与高分子吐出口的位置关系可调节。距离太远，第一不会被高速气流卷入，第二高分子的温度下降粘度提高。在本发明的压力和温度范围内，可适当调节。
同时熔化的高分子与空气接触也会急速冷却，粘度提高。
这里如图5所示，在高温高速空气喷头6前部设置有一个加热器。压缩空气加热后急速膨胀，高速气体得到更快加速。同时空气加热到熔化的高分子温度以上延缓液态高分子的冷却速度。
如图3所示，热熔化机构8将热可塑性高分子熔化后推到附加有高压静电的喷头5后吐出。熔化的高分子带上电荷，熔化高分子之间由于同性电荷的相互排斥(库仑力作用)和高速高温风力的作用下，纤维更加细小。收集器10带上不同电极静电，将带上电荷的纳米纤维吸引收集形成纳米纤维膜。这样收集的纳米纤维膜可以利用作为服 装材料，隔热材料，吸音材料，吸油材料等。
本发明得到的纳米纤维是长纤维，使用便利。
本发明不止以上说明的利用范围，随着今后技术的发展，可以利用其超大的比表面积特性(许多的反应只能在物质表面产生)，纳米纤维分子间的作用力等纳米纤维所特有性能，期待着在更深层次的医疗技术，民用生活，航天科技领域的开发。大量生成纳米纤维的技术具有极高的发明价值。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非用以限定本发明的实质技术内容范围，本发明的实质技术内容是广义地定义于申请的权利要求范围中，任何他人完成的技术实体或方法，若是与申请的权利要求范围所定义的完全相同，也或是一种等效的变更，均将被视为涵盖于该权利要求范围之中。
在本发明提及的所有文献都在本申请中引用作为参考，就如同每一篇文献被单独引用作为参考那样。此外应理解，在阅读了本发明的上述内容之后，本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改，这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种熔融静电纺丝装置，其中，所述装置利用高温高速空气和静电使高分子聚合物形成纳米纤维，包括：
    (a)可将可熔性高分子聚合物热熔化的熔化机构；
    (b)连接所述(a)的熔化机构并将熔化后的高分子聚合物进行喷吐的高分子聚合物喷头；
    所述高分子聚合物进行喷吐的高分子聚合物喷头前面设有静电发生器以及使得高分子聚合物喷吐后带上静电的机构；
    (c)将(b)中喷吐出来的高分子聚合物拉伸的高温高压空气喷头，其中所述高温高压空气喷头周围设有对高压空气进行加热的加热机构；
    所述高温为100～800℃；所述高压为0.1MPa～0.5MPa；
    (d)设在(c)的高温高压空气喷头下游的防止静电干涉的绝缘板；
    (e)设在所述(d)的防止静电干涉的绝缘板下游的纳米纤维接收装置。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的熔融静电纺丝装置，其特征在于，所述(a)的可熔性高分子聚合物为多种或单一的热塑型高分子聚合物。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的熔融静电纺丝装置，其特征在于，所述(a)的可熔性高分子聚合物为多种或单一的热塑型高分子聚合物粒子。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的熔融静电纺丝装置，其特征在于，所述(b)的高分子聚合物喷头上覆盖防止散热的隔热材料。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的熔融静电纺丝装置，其特征在于，所述(b)的高分子聚合物喷头与所述(c)的高温高压空气喷头之间的匹配关系可选自如下组合：
    单一的高温高压空气喷头匹配单个的高分子聚合物喷头；
    单一的高温高压空气喷头匹配多个的高分子聚合物喷头；
    多组的单一高温高压空气喷头匹配单个的高分子聚合物喷头；或是
    多组的单一高温高压空气喷头匹配多个的高分子聚合物喷头。
  6. 一种如权利要求1所述的熔融静电纺丝装置的静电纺丝方法，其中，包括如下步骤：
    (a)采用熔化机构将可熔性高分子聚合物热熔化；
    (b)采用高分子聚合物喷头将熔化后的高分子聚合物进行喷吐；
    所述高分子聚合物喷头前面设有静电发生器，以使得高分子聚合物喷吐后带上静电；
    (c)通过高温高压空气喷头将喷吐出来的高分子聚合物迅速拉伸；
    (d)通过绝缘板防止喷吐出来的高分子聚合物产生静电干涉；
    (e)设置在绝缘板下游的纳米纤维接收装置对拉伸后的高分子聚合物进行接收，得到纳米纤维。
  7. 如权利要求6所述的静电纺丝方法，其特征在于，所述方法的产量不低于3KG/小时。
  8. 一种如权利要求6所述的方法得到的纳米纤维。
  9. 如权利要求8的纳米纤维，其特征在于，所述纳米纤维的直径为200～1000nm，优选500～800nm。
  10. 一种如权利要求7所述的纳米纤维的制品，其特征在于，所述制品为隔热性材料、吸音材料、去除油脂与微小物质的高效过滤膜。
PCT/CN2014/095472 2014-04-30 2014-12-30 熔融静电纺丝方法以及该方法制备的纳米纤维 WO2015165272A1 (zh)

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