WO2015151002A1 - Activated carbon for smoking articles - Google Patents
Activated carbon for smoking articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015151002A1 WO2015151002A1 PCT/IB2015/052275 IB2015052275W WO2015151002A1 WO 2015151002 A1 WO2015151002 A1 WO 2015151002A1 IB 2015052275 W IB2015052275 W IB 2015052275W WO 2015151002 A1 WO2015151002 A1 WO 2015151002A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- activated carbon
- smoking article
- carbon material
- filter
- less
- Prior art date
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 211
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 18
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 45
- HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrolein Chemical compound C=CC=O HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 26
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 22
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 21
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 description 7
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMIMRNSIRUDHCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropylaldehyde Chemical compound CC(C)C=O AMIMRNSIRUDHCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic aldehyde Chemical compound CCC=O NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N buten-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- MGNZXYYWBUKAII-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexa-1,3-diene Chemical compound C1CC=CC=C1 MGNZXYYWBUKAII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen cyanide Chemical compound N#C LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-one Chemical compound CCCC(C)=O XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N (-)-Nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- APPOKADJQUIAHP-GGWOSOGESA-N (2e,4e)-hexa-2,4-diene Chemical compound C\C=C\C=C\C APPOKADJQUIAHP-GGWOSOGESA-N 0.000 description 1
- OXHNLMTVIGZXSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Methylpyrrole Chemical compound CN1C=CC=C1 OXHNLMTVIGZXSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEMMBWWQXVXBEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-acetylfuran Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CO1 IEMMBWWQXVXBEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diacetyl Chemical group CC(=O)C(C)=O QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YGHRJJRRZDOVPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isovaleric aldehyde Natural products CC(C)CC=O YGHRJJRRZDOVPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- IYABWNGZIDDRAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N allene Chemical compound C=C=C IYABWNGZIDDRAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009739 binding Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric aldehyde Natural products CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005539 carbonized material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019506 cigar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-cyclohexene Natural products C1CCC=CC1 HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFWSQSCIDYBUOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclopentadiene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC1 NFWSQSCIDYBUOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002715 nicotine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Natural products CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940078552 o-xylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 1
- LVMTVPFRTKXRPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-1,2-diene Chemical compound CCC=C=C LVMTVPFRTKXRPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005594 polymer fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/16—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of inorganic materials
- A24D3/163—Carbon
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/16—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of inorganic materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/062—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters characterised by structural features
- A24D3/066—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters characterised by structural features in the form of foam or having cellular structure
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/14—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as additive
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to activated carbon suitable for smoking articles, to filters containing such activated carbon, and related smoking articles.
- Combustible smoking articles such as cigarettes, typically have shredded tobacco (usually in cut filler form) surrounded by a paper wrapper forming a tobacco rod.
- a cigarette is employed by a smoker by lighting one end of the cigarette and burning the tobacco rod. The smoker then receives mainstream smoke by drawing on the opposite end or mouth end of the cigarette, which typically contains a filter.
- the filter is positioned to entrap some constituents of mainstream smoke before the mainstream smoke is delivered to a smoker and may contain activated carbon for adsorbing smoke constituents.
- Pores of activated carbon for use in smoking articles have been characterized as microporous (2 nm or less) or mesoporous (2 nm to 50 nm), with reports suggesting that increasing the ratio of mesopores to micropores can be advantageous for adsorption of smoke constituents. More recently, a subset of micropores, called narrow micropores has been described. Narrow micropores have a size of 0.7 nm or less. Some have suggested that to optimize the adsorption capacity of activated carbon for volatile organic pollutants in gaseous stream of industrial processes at low concentrations, the volume of narrow micropores needs to be maximized.
- One object of the present invention is to employ activated carbon in filters of smoking articles, where the activated carbon is more effective at removing at least selected smoke constituents than existing activated carbon that has been used or suggested for use in smoking articles.
- Other objects of the present invention will be evident to those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the present disclosure, which includes the claims that follow and accompanying drawings.
- a smoking article in aspects of the present invention, includes a smokable material and an activated carbon material downstream of the smokable material.
- the activated carbon material has a ratio of narrow micropore volume to total micropore volume of about 0.9 or less and has a surface oxygen at a concentration of about 5000 micromole per gram or less as determined by temperature-programmed desorption.
- a method includes (i) providing activated carbon material having a ratio of narrow micropore volume to total micropore volume of about 0.9 or and having a surface oxygen at a concentration of about 5000 micromole per gram or less as determined by temperature-programmed desorption; (ii) providing filter material for use in a smoking article; and (iii) combining the activated carbon material and the filter material to form a filter for a smoking article.
- filters and smoking articles of the present invention may have one or more advantages relative to currently available filter and smoking articles. For example, improved efficiency of activated carbon for removing at least selected smoke constituents may allow for less activated carbon material to be used, thereby reducing manufacturing cost. Use of less activated carbon material may also result in less particle breakthrough. By way of further example, selective adsorption of smoke constituents may result in a better smoking experience. For example, enhanced flavour may result due to removal of selective constituents rather than all constituents, including flavour constituents. Additional advantages of one or more aspects of filters and smoking articles described herein will be evident to those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the present disclosure.
- Activated carbon is a generic term used to describe a family of carbonaceous adsorbents with an extensively developed internal pore structure. Activated carbon can be produced from a carbonaceous source material such as wood, lignite, coal, coconut husk or shells, peat, pitch, polymers, cellulose fibers, polymer fibers, or the like.
- Activated carbon may be produced by any suitable process such as physical activation or chemical activation.
- physical activation the source material is developed into activated carbon using hot gases by carbonization, activation/oxidization or
- the process of carbonization includes pyrolyzing source material at high temperatures, typically in the range of about 600°C to about 900°C, in the absence of oxygen.
- Activation/oxidization includes exposing carbonized material to oxidizing atmospheres, such as steam, carbon dioxide or oxygen, at temperatures above 250°C. Temperatures for activation/oxidization typically range from about 600°C to about 1200°C.
- Chemical activation includes impregnating raw source material with certain chemicals, such as an acid, base or salt, such as phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium chloride, or zinc chloride. The raw materials are then carbonized at temperatures that are typically lower than physical activation
- temperatures for chemical activation carbonization may be in the range of from about 450°C to about 900 e C. Carbonization and activation may occur simultaneously.
- carbonaceous source material may be activated via any suitable process.
- the activation process can comprise chemical activation, which may include shorter activation times and lower temperatures relative to physical activation.
- physical activation may be employed.
- Pore size and surface characteristics may be varied according to well-known techniques, which can affect the efficiency with which activated carbon can remove selected smoke constituents, such as 1,2-propadiene, 1 ,3-butadiene, isoprene, benzene, 1 ,2-pentadiene, 1 ,3-cyclopentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, methyl-1 ,3-cyclopentadiene, benzene, toluene, p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, styrene (vinylbenzene), 1-methylpyrrole, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein,
- the activated carbon for use in filters and smoking articles of the present invention preferably efficiently removes benzene, acrolein, or both benzene and acrolein, but may also efficiently remove one or more other smoke constituents.
- the activated carbon for use in filters or smoking articles of the present invention preferably has a mesopore volume to total pore volume of about 10% or less.
- Mesopores are pores having a size of 2 nanometers to 50 nanometers. More preferably, the mesopore volume to total pore volume is about 5% or less.
- the activated carbon for use in filters or smoking articles of the present invention preferably has a ratio of micropore volume to total pore volume of about 90% or more.
- Micropores are pores having a size of 2 nanometers or less. More preferably, the micropore volume to total pore volume is about 95% or more. Even more preferably, the micropore volume to total pore volume is about 96% or more or about 98% or more.
- the activated carbon for use in filters or smoking articles of the present invention preferably has a narrow micropore to total micropore ratio of about 0.9 or less.
- Narrow micropores are pores having a size of 0.7 nanometers or less. More preferably, the narrow micropore to total micropore ratio is about 0.85 or less. Even more preferably, the narrow micropore to total micropore ratio is about 0.8 or less. Yet more preferably, the narrow micropore to total micropore ratio is about 0.75 or less.
- the activated carbon for use in filters or smoking articles of the present invention preferably contains a surface oxygen concentration of about 5000 micromole per gram or less. More preferably, the surface oxygen concentration is about 4000 micromole per gram or less. Even more preferably, the surface oxygen concentration is about 3000 micromole per gram or less. Yet even more preferably, the surface oxygen
- concentration is about 2000 micromole per gram or less.
- the activated carbon for used in filters or smoking articles of the present invention preferably has a specific surface area (BET) of about 1100 m 2 /g or greater. Generally, the activated carbon will have a BET of about 2500 m 2 /g or less. Preferably, the activated carbon has a BET of about 1600 m 2 /g.
- BET specific surface area
- activated carbon for used in filters or smoking articles of the present invention has a ratio of narrow micropore volume to total micropore volume ratio of about 0.75 or less and has a total micropore volume to total pore volume ratio of about 0.9 or greater.
- the activated carbon can have any suitable BET, which may often be less than about 2500 m 2 /g.
- the BET is about 1100 m 2 /g or greater.
- the BET is about 1600 m 2 /g.
- activated carbon for used in filters or smoking articles of the present invention has a surface oxygen concentration of about 2000 micromole per gram or less and has a ratio of total micropore volume to total pore volume of about 0.95 or greater.
- the activated carbon can have any suitable BET, which may often be less than about 2500 m 2 /g.
- the BET is about 1100 m 2 /g or greater.
- the BET is about 1600 m 2 /g.
- activated carbon for used in filters or smoking articles of the present invention has a ratio of narrow micropore volume to total micropore volume ratio of about 0.75 or less; has a surface oxygen concentration of about 2000 micromole per gram or less; and has a ratio of total micropore volume to total pore volume of about 0.95 or greater.
- the activated carbon can have any suitable BET, which may often be less than about 2500 m 2 /g.
- the BET is about 1100 m 2 /g or greater.
- the BET is about 1600 m 2 /g.
- the pore size distribution and surface characteristics can be readily modified by adjusting the activating atmosphere (e.g., 0 2 , C0 2 or steam) and the activation time and temperature. Further treatment, e.g. in an inert atmosphere, may be performed to modify surface oxygen content without modifying porosity.
- the activating atmosphere e.g., 0 2 , C0 2 or steam
- Further treatment e.g. in an inert atmosphere, may be performed to modify surface oxygen content without modifying porosity.
- activation parameters e.g., activated carbon for use in filters and smoking articles of the present invention.
- activated carbon may be prepared as described in the Examples presented below or modified from the procedures presented in the Examples as desired to achieve suitable activated carbon material.
- Pore size distribution may be determined in any suitable manner.
- micropore volume may be calculated from N 2 adsorption isotherms at -196°C using the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation as taught by, for example, Gregg SJ, Sing KSW;
- Narrow micropore volume may be calculated from C0 2 adsorption at 0°C as described in (i) Cazorla-Amoros et al, Lanqmuir 1996: 12:2820-24; (ii) Cazorla-Amoros et al, Lanqmuir 1998; 14:4589-96; and (iii) Cazorla-Amoros et al, Usefulness of C02 adsorpotion at 273K for the characterization of porous carbons. Carbon 2004; 42:1233-42.
- total pore volume, micropore volume and narrow micropore volume may be determined as described below in the Examples. Once the total pore volume, micropore volume and narrow micropore volume are determined, the ratio of narrow micropore volume to total micropore volume, the ratio of total micropore volume to total pore volume, and the like may be readily calculated.
- Surface oxygen concentration may be determined in any suitable manner.
- surface oxygen concentration may be determined by temperature- programmed desorption (TPD) experiments using, for example, a differential scanning calomiter (DSC) - thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) coupled to a mass
- a 10 milligram sample of activated carbon may be heated up to 950°C at a heating rate of 20°C/minute under a helium flow rate of 100 milliliters/minute.
- Activated carbon may be placed in a filter for a smoking article in any suitable manner.
- activated carbon can be intermingled with fibrous filter material, placed in a void space in the filter, or in a combination, i.e., intermingled with fibrous filter material and in a void space in the filter.
- activated carbon is provided in a filter in a plug-space-plug configuration, where the activated carbon is present in a void space between two sections of filter plug material.
- the plugs of filter sections in a plug-space- plug filter configuration are plugs of cellulose acetate tow.
- activated carbon is provided in a carbon on tow configuration.
- the tow is cellulose acetate tow. Regardless of the filter configuration, it may be desirable to include a white cellulose acetate tow section at the mouth end of the filter for purposes of aesthetics or to meet consumer expectations.
- a filter of a smoking article or a filter for a smoking article includes activated carbon described herein.
- the filter may include filter material, such as cellulose acetate tow.
- the activated carbon is incorporated in or on the cellulose acetate tow.
- the filter includes first and second cellulose acetate tow elements and activated carbon material is disposed between the first and second cellulose acetate tow elements in a plug-space-plug configuration.
- activated carbon material is disposed between the first and second cellulose acetate tow elements in a plug-space-plug configuration.
- activated carbon may be incorporated into or on one or both of the first and second cellulose acetate tow elements.
- Any suitable smoking article may include a filter having activated carbon as described in this disclosure, where the filter is disposed downstream of a smokable material.
- downstream refers to relative positions of elements of the smoking article described in relation to the direction of mainstream smoke as it is drawn from a smokable material and into a user's mouth.
- smoking article includes cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos and other articles in which a smokable material, such as a tobacco, is lit and combusted to produce smoke.
- a smokable material such as a tobacco
- smoking article also includes articles in which smokable material is not combusted, such as but not limited to smoking articles that heat a smoking composition directly or indirectly, or smoking articles that use air flow or a chemical reaction, with or without a heat source, to deliver nicotine or other materials from the smokable material.
- an aerosol produced by a smoking article is used to describe an aerosol produced by a smoking article.
- An aerosol produced by a smoking article may be, for example, smoke produced by combustible smoking articles, such as cigarettes, or aerosols produced by non-combustible smoking articles, such as heated smoking articles or non-heated smoking articles.
- the activated carbon for use in filters and smoking articles of the present invention preferably removes one or more constituent from smoke when a smoking article is smoked by a user.
- the activated carbon may remove one or more
- activated carbon for use in filters and smoking articles of the present invention removes benzene, acrolein, or both benzene and acrolein.
- FIGS. 1-2 are schematic perspective views of embodiments of partially unrolled smoking articles.
- the smoking articles depicted in FIGS. 1-2 illustrate embodiments of smoking articles or components of smoking articles described above.
- the schematic drawings are not necessarily to scale and are presented for purposes of illustration and not limitation.
- the drawings depict one or more aspects described in this disclosure. However, it will be understood that other aspects not depicted in the drawings fall within the scope and spirit of this disclosure.
- the smoking article 10 includes a rod 20, such as a tobacco rod, and a mouth end filter 30.
- the filter 30 includes a mouth end segment 32, such as a white cellulose acetate tow segment, and an upstream carbon on tow segment 34. Filter segments 32 and 34 are shown as being separated for purposes of illustration, but may be abutting.
- filter segment 34 and rod 20 are shown as being separated for purposes of illustration, but may be abutting.
- the depicted smoking article 10 includes plug wrap 60, cigarette paper 40, and tipping paper 50.
- the plug wrap 60 circumscribes at least a portion of the filter 30.
- the cigarette paper 40 circumscribes at least a portion of the rod 20.
- Tipping paper 50 or other suitable wrapper circumscribes the plug wrap 60 and a portion of the cigarette paper 40 as is generally known in the art.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment where filter 30 is in a plug 32-space 37-plug 35 configuration.
- Activated carbon (not shown) may occupy the void space 37 between filter plugs 32 and 35.
- filter segment 35 and rod 20 are shown as being separated for purposes of illustration, but may be abutting.
- components labelled with the same number as components depicted in FIG.1 are the same as, or similar to, those components as discussed with regard to FIG. 1 above. For those components not specifically discussed with regard to FIG. 2, reference is made to the discussion above with regard to FIG. 1.
- Non-limiting examples illustrating activated carbon as described above and filters and smoking articles having such activated carbon are described below.
- Activated carbon was prepared as follows. A commercial spherical activated carbon serving as precursor (obtained from polymer) provided by Gun-Ei, was selected as starting material. With the aim of further developing its porosity, activated carbons were prepared by physical activation with C0 2 using the experimental procedure described in Romero-Anaya, et al. (2010), Carbon 48 :2625-2633. For physical activation with C0 2 , a horizontal quartz furnace tube 2 m long and 0.7 m diameter was used, and the precursor was placed in a crucible.
- a flow of 80 ml/min of C0 2> heating at 10°C/min from room temperature to 880°C and times of activation of 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 hours were used for preparing samples 2 to 6.
- the nomenclature of these samples has been selected according to the activation degree.
- a spherical commercial activated carbon provided by Gun-Ei, sample 7, has also been selected and studied.
- a commercial granular activated carbon from eadWestvaco (WVA1100) sample 11 has been selected as a granular material.
- WVA1100 eadWestvaco
- Several heat treatments in inert atmosphere have been performed over this sample with the aim of modifying its surface chemistry and studying in more depth the effect of this parameter on the performance of these samples towards smoking article application, since surface chemistry has proved to have an important effect on the adsorption of many organic compounds.
- the heat treatments have been performed in nitrogen atmosphere using a 100 ml/min flow rate up to three different maximum temperatures, 300, 600 and 900°C, which were held for one hour.
- the cooling step was performed in the same nitrogen flow.
- the characteristics of activated carbon can be analysed by routine methods for determining the total pore volume, total micropore volume, and narrow micropore volume.
- the samples were characterized as follows. The characterization of all samples was performed using nitrogen (N 2 ) adsorption at -196 °C and C0 2 adsorption at 0 °C in a volumetric Autosorb-6B apparatus from Quantachrome. Before the analysis, the samples were outgassed at 250°C for 4 hours. The BET equation was applied to the nitrogen adsorption data to get the apparent BET surface area (SBET) (Linares-Solano et al., Tanso 1998; 185:316-325).
- SBET apparent BET surface area
- the Dubinin- Radushkevich equation was applied to the carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms to determine narrow micropore volumes V-DR-C02 (pores with size ⁇ 0.7 nm).
- TPD temperature-programmed desorption
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- TGA thermo- gravimetric analysis
- Bed density of the activated carbons can be defined as the weight of porous solid per volume. This volume includes the volume of pores, both opened and closed, and the space volume between the solid particles. This magnitude was measured using an experimental procedure similar to that described by the D2854-89 ASTM method (Romero-Anaya et al., Carbon 2010;
- the density measurement was performed with 0.5 g of sample using a 10 ml measuring cylinder.
- a filter in plug-space-plug configuration with 11 mm cellulose acetate plugs and a 5 mm cavity was adjusted to 54 mm length tobacco rod with a constant tobacco weight (about 600 mg) and attached by a tipping paper.
- the cavity was filled respectively by 165 mg, 127 mg, 100 mg, 70 mg, 55 mg, 40 mg and 30 mg of sample 1 to 7 and an adequate quantity of a non-porous material such as cellulose beads in order to obtain a complete cavity filling.
- the BET surface available for adsorption in each filter was maintained around 67 m2 from sample 2 to sample 7.
- the cigarettes were designed to maintain a constant pressure drop for non-ventilated cigarettes at about 140 mmWG.
- Filters of reference cigarettes were containing only the non-porous material in the cavity.
- Cigarette were smoked following the methodology described in WHO TobLabNet Official Method SOP01 :° Standard operating procedure for intense smoking of cigarette”. The method was adapted to smoke 10 sticks per samples.
- Benzene and acrolein were measured from cigarettes smoke analysis and % reduction were calculated from cigarettes not containing activated carbons.
- 75 mg of activated carbon was used to compensate for the smaller BET surface and smaller pore volumes (see Table 2).
- Table 1 below provides characterization results for samples 1-8, and Table 2 below provides characterization results for samples 11-14.
- FIG. 3 is a graph of the N 2 isotherms at -196°C of samples 1-7.
- FIG. 4 is a graph of the percent reduction of benzene (relative to a cigarette with no activated carbon) for cigarettes containing activated carbon of each of samples 1-7.
- FIG. 5 is a graph of the percent reduction of acrolein (relative to a cigarette with no activated carbon) for cigarettes containing activated carbon of each of samples 1-7.
- FIG. 6 is a graph of the percent reduction of benzene (relative to a cigarette with no activated carbon) for cigarettes containing activated carbon of each of samples 11-14.
- FIG. 7 is a graph of the percent reduction of acrolein (relative to a cigarette with no activated carbon) for cigarettes containing activated carbon of each of samples 11-14.
- the results indicate that (i) a decreased ratio of narrow micropore volume to total micropore volume increases adsorption of benzene and acrolein; (ii) an increased ratio of total micropore volume to total pore volume increases adsorption of benzene and acrolein; and (iii) decreased surface oxygen concentration results in increased adsorption of benzene and acrolein.
- the percent reduction in benzene and the percent reduction in acrolein increases from sample 3 to 4 as the narrow micropore portion increases.
- the percent reduction of acrolein for sample 7 is less than from sample 6 despite having a higher BET.
- the lower ratio of micropore volume to total pore volume for sample 7 relative to sample 6 (0.93 versus 0.96) may be a factor in the decreased reduction of acrolein with sample 7.
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Abstract
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JP2016556313A JP2017510266A (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2015-03-27 | Activated carbon for smoking articles |
RU2016138543A RU2678898C2 (en) | 2014-03-31 | 2015-03-27 | Activated carbon for smoking articles |
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