WO2015121755A2 - Dispositifs et procédés d'atténuation de bruit de rotation lors de l'acquisition de données sismiques - Google Patents

Dispositifs et procédés d'atténuation de bruit de rotation lors de l'acquisition de données sismiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015121755A2
WO2015121755A2 PCT/IB2015/000788 IB2015000788W WO2015121755A2 WO 2015121755 A2 WO2015121755 A2 WO 2015121755A2 IB 2015000788 W IB2015000788 W IB 2015000788W WO 2015121755 A2 WO2015121755 A2 WO 2015121755A2
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Prior art keywords
seismic data
seismic
value
noised
tau
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PCT/IB2015/000788
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English (en)
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WO2015121755A3 (fr
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Can PENG
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Cgg Services Sa
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Priority to US15/105,783 priority Critical patent/US20160320508A1/en
Publication of WO2015121755A2 publication Critical patent/WO2015121755A2/fr
Publication of WO2015121755A3 publication Critical patent/WO2015121755A3/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/36—Effecting static or dynamic corrections on records, e.g. correcting spread; Correlating seismic signals; Eliminating effects of unwanted energy
    • G01V1/364—Seismic filtering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/32—Transforming one recording into another or one representation into another
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
    • G01V1/36—Effecting static or dynamic corrections on records, e.g. correcting spread; Correlating seismic signals; Eliminating effects of unwanted energy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/38—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for water-covered areas
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/20—Trace signal pre-filtering to select, remove or transform specific events or signal components, i.e. trace-in/trace-out
    • G01V2210/24—Multi-trace filtering
    • G01V2210/244—Radon transform
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/30—Noise handling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/30—Noise handling
    • G01V2210/32—Noise reduction
    • G01V2210/324—Filtering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/40—Transforming data representation
    • G01V2210/46—Radon transform
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V2210/00—Details of seismic processing or analysis
    • G01V2210/40—Transforming data representation
    • G01V2210/47—Slowness, e.g. tau-pi

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein generally relate to methods and systems for removing noise from seismic data. DISCUSSION OF THE BACKGROUND
  • Marine seismic data acquisition and processing generates a profile (image) of the geophysical structure under the seafloor. While this profile does not necessarily pinpoint location(s) for oil and gas reservoirs, it suggests, to those trained in the field, the presence or absence of them. Thus, providing a high- resolution image of the subsurface is an ongoing concern to those engaged in seismic data acquisition.
  • a seismic source is used to generate a seismic signal which propagates into the earth, and it is at least partially reflected by various seismic reflectors in the subsurface.
  • the reflected waves are recorded by seismic receivers.
  • the seismic receivers may be located on the ocean bottom, close to the ocean bottom, below a surface of the water, at the surface of the water, on the surface of the earth, or in boreholes in the earth.
  • the seismic receivers can be attached to streamers and, to image a desired subsurface region, the vessel will need to make numerous turns to pass back and forth through the targeted cell.
  • the recorded seismic datasets e.g., travel-time, may be processed to yield information relating to the location of the subsurface reflectors and the physical properties of the subsurface formations, e.g., to generate an image of the
  • noise attenuation processes are typically employed as one of the data processing techniques used to generate images of the subsurface.
  • These noise attenuation methods can include, for example, F-X prediction filtering (see, e.g., Canales, L. L, "Random noise reduction,” 54 th SEG Annual International Meeting, Expanded Abstracts, 3, no. 1 , 525-529, 1984), projection filtering (see, e.g.,
  • this noise is non-Gaussian in distribution and can be challenging for such conventional noise attenuation procedures to remove since most noise attenuation methods rely on the assumption of Gaussian-distributed noise and the predictability of coherent signals.
  • turn noise patterns in acquired seismic data are typically clustered such that the noisy data points do not display as outliers, and therefore can leak into the predicted signals, making this noise attenuation processing also sub-optimal for removal of turn noise.
  • computing devices, computer instructions and methods for de-noising seismic data recorded with seismic receivers are described which, for example, avoids blindly fitting strong yet incoherent noise patterns with low semblance.
  • a method includes transforming the seismic data into a Tau-P domain to generate transformed seismic data traces.
  • the transformed seismic data traces are scaled using a semblance value to generate scaled seismic data traces.
  • a scaled seismic data trace having a maximum energy is selected and removed from the seismic data to generate de-noised seismic data.
  • a computing device for de-noising seismic data recorded with seismic receivers includes an interface configured to receive the seismic data recorded with the seismic receivers, wherein the seismic data is recorded in a time-space domain.
  • a processor connected to the interface is configured to implement a de-noising technique including: transforming the seismic data from the time-space domain into a Tau-P domain to generate transformed seismic data traces; scaling the transformed seismic data traces using a semblance value to generate scaled seismic data traces; selecting a scaled seismic data trace having a maximum energy; and removing the selected, scaled seismic data trace from the seismic data to generate de-noised seismic data.
  • Figure 1 is a flowchart of an algorithm for de-noising seismic data according to a conventional anti-leakage Tau-P transform technique
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a seismic survey system
  • Figure 3 is a flowchart of an algorithm for de-noising seismic data according to an embodiment of a coherence anti-leakage Tau-P transform technique
  • Figure 4 is a flowchart depicting a method according to an
  • Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a computing device for de-noising data according to an embodiment
  • Figures 6(a)-6(g) illustrate seismic data undergoing de-noising according to both a conventional technique and a coherence anti-leakage Tau-P transform technique according to an embodiment
  • Figure 7 depicts spectra associated with de-noising according to an embodiment.
  • a noise attenuation process which uses a modified anti-leakage Tau-P transform to attenuate turn noise is described.
  • This modified version of the anti-leakage Tau-P transform fits the signal energy from the seismic data while considering its coherence, and avoids fitting the strong, erratic turn noise from the seismic data.
  • Figure 1 depicts a conventional method for de-noising seismic data using a so-called anti-leakage Tau-P transform described by G. Poole in the article "Multi-Dimensional Coherency Driven De-noising of Irregular Data, published in the 73 rd EAGE Conference and Exhibition, 201 1 . Therein, raw seismic data is received in step 100.
  • raw seismic data simply refers to data that has not yet had this de-noising technique applied thereto, but not necessarily data which is completely unprocessed since (as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art) raw seismic data undergoes many different processing techniques prior to being rendered into an image of the subsurface and de-noising according to these embodiments may be performed before or after various ones of those other techniques.
  • the raw seismic data can be recorded with a land or marine receiver.
  • the receiver may be any one of a geophone, hydrophone, accelerometer or a combination of these elements.
  • a purely illustrative marine seismic system 200 for recording seismic waves (data) that includes a plurality of receivers is shown in Figure 2.
  • a seismic data acquisition system 200 includes a ship 202 towing a plurality of streamers 204 that can extend one or more kilometers behind the ship 202.
  • Each of the streamers 204 can include one or more birds 206 that maintain the streamers 204 in a known (potentially fixed) position relative to other streamers 204, and the one or more birds 206 are capable of moving the streamers 204 as desired according to bi-directional communications received by the birds 206 from the ship 202 both horizontally and vertically (depthwise) to maintain a desired depth profile of each streamer as well as their desired relative separation.
  • One or more source arrays 208 can also be towed by ship 202, or another ship (not shown), for generating seismic waves.
  • the source arrays 208 can include an impulsive source (e.g., an air gun), a continuous source (e.g., a marine vibrator) or both. Source arrays 208 can be placed either in front of or behind the receivers 210, or both behind and in front of the receivers 210.
  • the seismic waves generated by the source arrays 208 propagate downward, reflect off of, and penetrate the seafloor, wherein the refracted waves eventually are reflected by one or more reflecting structures (not shown in Figure 1 ) back toward the surface.
  • the reflected seismic waves then propagate upward and are detected by the receivers 210 disposed on the streamers 204, which seismic waves are converted into raw seismic data by the one or more transducers in the receivers 210 for storage and subsequent processing as described herein. It is noted that the seismic raw data is recorded in the x-t domain.
  • the computing device uses the raw seismic data received in step 100 to transform it in step 102 into a slant stack domain, i.e., by performing a forward Tau-P transform thereon in a manner which will be known to those skilled in the art.
  • the transform that is applied to the seismic raw data may be a Radon transform.
  • a high resolution Radon transform should be applied at step 102 (see, e.g., Herrmann et al., "De-aliased, high-resolution Radon transforms," 70 th SEG Annual International Meeting,
  • a high-resolution Radon transform is also known as a tau-p transform, where tau is the time-intercept and p is the slowness.
  • tau-p transform may be solved either in the time- or frequency-domain in a mixture of dimensions, for example tau-px-p y -q h , where p relates to linear, q relates to parabolic and x, y, and h refer to the x-, y-, and offset-directions, respectively.
  • the Tau-P transform of a trace p can be calculated as:
  • the next step 104 of the conventional anti-leakage Tau-P transform involves ranking or ordering the p traces which are the result of the Tau-P transform in descending order according to their total energy.
  • a loop including steps 106, 108 and 1 10 then operates on the ordered list of p generated at step 104 until an accuracy criterion is met at step 106.
  • the accuracy criterion can, for example, be a ratio of the residual energy to the total input energy, e.g. 1 % or 0.1 %. More specifically, until the accuracy criterion is met at step 106, the next p trace in the list, i.e., the p trace with the highest energy, is selected at step 108 for subtraction from the input data at step 1 10. That is, the p trace with the highest energy is removed from the seismic data set (and saved in another output file at step 1 12). Then, the input is tested against the accuracy criterion again in step 106, and the process iterates until completion.
  • embodiments which describe a coherence-preferred anti-leakage Tau-P transform and which differ from the conventional Tau-P transform in, for example, the way that the optimal p trace is selected for removal in each iteration. Instead of directly using the energy of the slant-stacking trace to choose the optimal p for removal, embodiments first use a power of the semblance at each ⁇ along a p to scale the slant-stacking trace at that p.
  • the embodiments use the energy of the semblance-scaled p trace, Si (p, r)T(p, r), to pick the optimal p, where T(p, r) is the slant-stacking trace along p, S(p, r) is the semblance along p at r, and / is the power index.
  • the power index is used, according to an embodiment, to tune the significance of the coherence; i.e., the larger the power index value, the more significant the coherence is in the process.
  • the traces are transformed into the Tau-P domain and a semblance Tau-P map is calculated for each trace, e.g., as:
  • Each p trace is then scaled at step 302 by multiplying it with the semblance Tau-P map which was defined in step 300 to generate a scaled p trace as for example:
  • D (p, ⁇ ) D (p, ⁇ ) x s r (p, ⁇ ) (4)
  • the scaled p trace having the maximum energy is then selected at step 304 and removed from the input at step 306.
  • the selected p trace is also accumulated to an output file at step 307 for later use in the processing of the seismic data.
  • the residual i.e., the seismic data minus the p trace removed at step 306, is evaluated at step 310 to determine whether the maximum semblance is small or similarly if the residual is stable. When the maximum semblance in the residual is small enough, the residual is very random, and very likely is noise; hence there is no need to continue the process. If either of these criteria is met (although different
  • embodiments may evaluate the residual for only one or the other or both), then the process ends, and if not the process returns for another iteration.
  • the stopping criterion is met at step 310, the signal model is obtained in the Tau-P domain and, after reconstruction by performing an inverse Tau-P transform (not shown in Figure 3), the noise-attenuated data are obtained.
  • the method embodiments can be expressed in other forms or variants.
  • another method for de-noising seismic data is depicted according to another embodiment.
  • the seismic data is transformed into a tau-p domain to generate transformed seismic data traces.
  • the transformed seismic data traces are scaled using a semblance map to generate scaled seismic data traces at step 402.
  • a scaled seismic data trace having a maximum energy is selected at step 404.
  • the selected, scaled seismic data trace is removed from the seismic data at step 406 to generate de-noised seismic data.
  • the seismic data can be processed to, among other things, be de-noised as described above using a computing system which is suitably programmed to perform these de-noising techniques.
  • a computing system which is suitably programmed to perform these de-noising techniques.
  • a generalize example of such a system 500 is provided as Figure 5.
  • one or more processors 502 can receive, as input, raw seismic data 504 via input/output device(s) 506.
  • the data can be processed to de- noise the input traces as described above and temporarily stored in the memory device 508.
  • one or more images 510 of the subsurface associated with the seismic data can be generated either as a displayed image on a monitor, a hard copy on a printer or an electronic image stored to a removable memory device.
  • Figures 6(a)-6(g) Some of the benefits of the embodiments may be appreciated by comparing outputs generated using the conventional anti-leakage Tau-P de-noising technique, with those generated using techniques in accordance with the embodiments as shown, for example, in Figures 6(a)-6(g).
  • Figures 6(a)-6(g) raw seismic data input to the two de-noising techniques is illustrated in Figure 6(a), which raw seismic data includes strong clustering turn noise.
  • Figures 6(b)-6(d) represent the raw seismic data after application of various aspects of the coherence preferred anti-leakage Tau-P transform de-noising techniques according to the embodiments described herein, while Figures 6(e)-6(g) represent the corresponding outputs of the raw seismic data after application of the conventional anti-leakage Tau-P transform.
  • Figures 6(b) and 6(e) show the raw seismic data from
  • Figure 6(c) which shows the data from Figure 6(b) after an inverse Tau-P transform has been applied thereto according to an embodiment
  • Figure 6(f) which shows the data from Figure 6(e) after an inverse Tau-P transform has been applied thereto using the conventional processing
  • Figures 6(d) and 6(g) depict the removed noise using the de-noising technique according to an embodiment and the conventional technique, respectively.
  • function 700 represents the raw, input seismic data.
  • Function 702 represents the output after a conventional F-K (dip) filtering is applied to the input data 700 to remove noise, while function 704 represents the output after a coherence-preferred anti-leakage Tau-P de- noising technique according to the embodiments is applied to the input data 700.
  • Function 706 indicates the total noise removed by applying a coherence-preferred anti- leakage Tau-P de-noising technique according to these embodiments, i.e., the difference between function 700 and function 704 (in a log scale).
  • the embodiments may be embodied in various forms. Accordingly, the embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment or an embodiment combining hardware and software aspects. Further, the exemplary embodiments may take the form of a computer program product stored on a computer-readable storage medium having computer-readable instructions embodied in the medium. Any suitable computer- readable medium may be utilized including hard disks, CD-ROMs, digital versatile discs (DVD), optical storage devices, or magnetic storage devices such a floppy disk or magnetic tape. Other non-limiting examples of computer-readable media include flash- type memories or other known types of memories.
  • the disclosed exemplary embodiments provide an apparatus and a method for seismic data de-noising. It should be understood that this description is not intended to limit the invention. On the contrary, the exemplary embodiments are intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which are included in the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Further, in the detailed description of the exemplary embodiments, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the claimed invention. However, one skilled in the art would understand that various

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif informatique, des instructions informatiques et un procédé de débruitage de données sismiques enregistrées par des récepteurs sismiques. Le procédé consiste à transformer les données sismiques dans un domaine Tau-P pour générer des traces de données sismiques transformées. Les traces de données sismiques transformées sont mises à l'échelle à l'aide d'une valeur de semblance afin de générer des traces de données sismiques mises à l'échelle. Une trace de données sismiques mise à l'échelle ayant une énergie maximale est sélectionnée et supprimée des données sismiques afin de générer des données sismiques débruitées.
PCT/IB2015/000788 2014-01-13 2015-01-12 Dispositifs et procédés d'atténuation de bruit de rotation lors de l'acquisition de données sismiques WO2015121755A2 (fr)

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