WO2015096191A1 - 热离子电源发电单元 - Google Patents
热离子电源发电单元 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015096191A1 WO2015096191A1 PCT/CN2014/001077 CN2014001077W WO2015096191A1 WO 2015096191 A1 WO2015096191 A1 WO 2015096191A1 CN 2014001077 W CN2014001077 W CN 2014001077W WO 2015096191 A1 WO2015096191 A1 WO 2015096191A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J45/00—Discharge tubes functioning as thermionic generators
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- the invention belongs to the technical field of thermal power generation, relates to a static thermoelectric conversion device, and particularly relates to a thermionic power generation unit suitable for the fields of nuclear energy, fire power and solar power generation.
- the basic structure of the existing thermionic power source is composed of four high-temperature heat sources, a high-emission function emitter, a low-emission function receiving electrode and a cooling device.
- the emitter and the receiving electrode are filled with helium vapor.
- the working principle is as follows: the high temperature heat source heats the emitter and escapes the hot electrons, the hot electrons fly to the receiving pole under the contact potential difference between the poles, the receiving pole captures the hot electrons, and the receiving pole keeps the low temperature through the heat discharging device, so that the emitter is at the emitter A potential difference is formed between the receiver and the receiver.
- U is the open circuit voltage and e is the electronic power.
- E L is the kinetic energy of the thermal electron transport loss.
- Thermionic power source designed according to the above formula and principle: the work function of the emitter material can only be greater than the work function of the receiver material, ie Otherwise the output voltage is zero or even negative. Due to the large work function of the emitter and the high operating temperature, the receiver must work in a low temperature environment, and a large temperature difference between the two adjacent electrodes is maintained by heat dissipation, which causes a large amount of heat to be lost. Converted to electrical energy, the actual thermoelectric conversion efficiency is less than 6%. Because of its small power generation capacity, low output voltage, complex power supply structure and operating conditions, and high cost, there are still many problems that hinder commercial applications.
- the present invention negates the classical concept of contact potential difference in physics with a new thermionic thermoelectric conversion theory, re-explains the surface barrier characteristics of metal conductors, and proposes the concept of phase potential difference, completely negating the present
- a new thermionic power supply voltage formula is proposed, thus constructing a completely different from the existing one.
- a new thermal ion power generation device for thermionic power supply The structure and operating conditions of the new thermionic power generation equipment are very simple, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency is significantly higher than the existing thermionic power source.
- thermoelectric conversion theory based on the present invention is as follows:
- the new thermionic thermoelectric conversion theory negates the classical concept of contact potential difference in physics, that is, the contact potential difference does not exist, and the contact potential difference cannot be done externally.
- the surface barrier characteristics of the metal conductor are reinterpreted, that is, the electrical layer of the metal surface is like a wall that is built on the ground, and the height of the ground inside and outside the wall is the same. Although the electrical layer of the metal surface can block the escape of internal electrons, it is not a potential difference. No matter whether the two metals are in contact or not, their phases do not change, so their Fermi levels are not uniform. There is a phase potential difference caused by material properties between the emitter and the receiver, and Peltier heat is the result of the work of the phase potential difference.
- the key factor of thermionic power generation is the initial kinetic energy of the hot electrons, which is the effective heat electron escape rate that drives the loop current. Therefore, the working principle of the existing thermionic power source is completely negated, and a new formula of the open circuit voltage of the thermionic power source is proposed.
- U is the open circuit voltage
- e is the electronic power
- E f0 is the emitter Fermi level
- E M is the average maximum kinetic energy of the outgoing hot electrons
- T is the emitter operating temperature
- the new theory clarifies the thermoelectric conversion principle and conditions different from the existing thermionic power supply: the escape function of the emitter is smaller than the work function of the receiver, and the operating temperature of the emitter can be equal to or greater than the operating temperature of the receiver.
- the new thermionic power generation unit includes two electrodes for transmitting and receiving the mixed electrode and the final stage.
- the final stage is made of a high melting point conductor with a high work function, and the ability to emit hot electrons is low;
- the hybrid electrode is used as an emitter and an intermediate electrode;
- the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode is a high-melting-point conductor with a high work function as a receiver base, and is constructed with a low-emission work material on a structural surface of the receiver substrate that needs to emit hot electrons. It is easy to emit the emitter surface of hot electrons.
- the material of the receiving body of the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode and the material used for the surface of the emitter satisfy the following conditions: among them The work function of the receiving base material of the hybrid electrode for the hot electron sending and receiving, The work function of the emitter surface material of the hybrid electrode for the hot electrons.
- the high-temperature heat source can directly or indirectly add heat to each electrode and maintain all the electrodes at a certain high temperature.
- the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode and the receiving electrode can operate at the same or similar temperature, or the hybrid electrode and the receiving electrode can be transmitted and received at each of the hot electrons. There are sequential high to low temperature gradients, or each of the hot electron transceiving mixing electrodes operates at the same temperature, while allowing the receiver to operate at relatively low temperatures.
- the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrodes do not need to be cooled and exhausted, and are in the same heat-insulating housing.
- the inner side of the receiving pole is adjacent to the transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode, and the outer side of the receiving pole needs to have heat dissipation.
- the source of heat at the final stage of the collector is primarily the heat radiated by the hot electron stream, the heat applied by the Pearl and the intermediate electrode.
- the purpose of maintaining the high temperature of the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode is to realize the thermal electron emission, so that the thermal energy is converted into potential energy by means of thermal electron emission; the operating temperature of the final-stage receiving electrode is close to that of the temperature of the transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode, and its purpose It is to reduce the heat radiated by the adjacent hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrodes, thereby reducing the heat energy loss.
- the thermionic power source generating unit is composed of a high temperature heat source, an insulated casing, a plurality of transmitting and receiving hybrid electrodes, a receiving pole and a heat dissipating device.
- the utility model comprises a m hot-electron transmitting/receiving hybrid electrode and a final-stage receiving electrode, wherein the m hot-electron transmitting/receiving hybrid electrodes are connected in series and connected in series with the final-stage receiving pole, and are mixed by the first-stage hot electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode and the second-stage hot electron transmitting and receiving.
- the hot electron transmissive hybrid electrode comprises: (1) a substrate: made of a high melting point conductor having a high work function; (2) an emitter surface on one side of the substrate: the emitter surface is made of a cathode material, A surface treatment for reducing the work function of the structural surface on the base of the transmitting and receiving mixed electrode that needs to emit hot electrons is made such that the surface becomes an emitter surface that easily emits hot electrons.
- the final stage receives an electrode made up of a high melting conductor having a high work function.
- the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode and the final-stage receiving electrode are disposed in the heat-insulating housing, and the final-stage receiving pole has a heat-dissipating condition for dissipating heat to the outside of the heat-insulating housing, so as to keep the operating temperature of the final-stage receiving pole not higher than The operating temperature of other transceiver electrodes.
- the material of the receiving body of the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode and the material used for the surface of the emitter satisfy the following conditions: among them The work function of the receiving base material of the hybrid electrode for the hot electron sending and receiving, The work function of the emitter surface material of the hybrid electrode for the hot electrons.
- the high melting point conductor having a high work function is made of tungsten W, molybdenum Mo, tantalum Ta, nickel Ni, platinum Pt, niobium Nb, tantalum Re, graphite C or P type semiconductor material.
- the cathode material serves as an emitter surface of a low work function, and the cathode material is selected from the group consisting of an oxide cathode material, an atomic film cathode material, a tantalum tungsten cathode material, a rare earth-molybdenum cathode material, or a rare earth-tungsten-based lanthanide diffusion cathode material.
- a thermionic power source comprising the thermionic power generating unit comprises: a plurality of thermionic power generating units, wherein the generating units are connected in series or in parallel to form a thermoelectric conversion device having a larger power.
- the operating temperature of the combined heating and receiving electrode of the thermionic power source of the invention is much lower than the operating temperature of the emitter of the existing thermionic power source, so that the heat source condition of the thermal power generation is greatly reduced, and the nuclear fuel, the solar heat collecting, the firepower, etc. can be utilized.
- the working temperature of the receiving end of the thermionic power source of the present invention is the same as or similar to the operating temperature of the transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode, the processing difficulty of the device is greatly reduced, the working condition of the device is greatly improved, and the new thermionic power source has low cost. Long life advantage;
- the operating temperature of the receiving end of the thermionic power source of the present invention only needs to maintain a high temperature state through a small amount of heat dissipation, the heat energy loss is small, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency is high, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the existing thermionic power source is less than 10%.
- the theoretical limit of the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the thermionic power source of the invention can reach more than 80%, and the practical efficiency can reach more than 50%;
- Figure 1 is a hot electron transceiver hybrid electrode
- FIG. 2 is a structural diagram of a thermionic power generation unit.
- the present invention includes m hot-electronic transmitting and receiving hybrid electrodes 1 and a final-stage receiving electrode 9, and m hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrodes 1 are connected in series and connected in series with the final-stage receiving poles 9, m being a natural number.
- the hot electron transceiver hybrid electrode 1 comprises: (1) the base 2 is operated by work Made of high high melting point conductor; (2) The surface of the emitter 3 on the side of the substrate 2 is operated by Made of low cathode material, making this surface easy to emit hot electrons, satisfying The final stage receiver 9 is operated by the work function Made of high high melting point conductor.
- the high melting point conductor having a high work function can be made of tungsten W, molybdenum Mo, tantalum Ta, nickel Ni, platinum Pt, niobium Nb, tantalum Re, graphite C or P type semiconductor material.
- the low work function cathode material is selected from the group consisting of an oxide cathode material, an atomic film cathode material, a tantalum tungsten cathode material, a rare earth-molybdenum cathode material, or a rare earth-tungsten-based lanthanide diffusion cathode material.
- the thermionic power source generating unit includes a heat insulating casing 10 in which the hot electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode 1 is located, and the final stage receiving pole 9 is embedded in the heat insulating casing 10. This structure allows the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode 1 and the final-stage receiving electrode 9 to operate at the same or similar operating temperatures, while the final-stage receiving electrode 9 can be dissipated by the temperature-controlled heat sink 17.
- the hot-electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode 1 is used as an emitter and an intermediate electrode; the emitter, the plurality of intermediate electrodes and the final-stage receiving electrode 9 are connected in series; the first-stage hot electron transmitting and receiving hybrid electrode 4,
- the second-stage thermoelectric transmission/reception hybrid electrode 5, the third-stage thermoelectric transmission/reception hybrid electrode 6, the fourth-stage thermoelectric transmission/reception hybrid electrode 7, the m-th stage thermoelectric transmission/reception hybrid electrode 8, and the final-stage receiver 9 have a total of n electrodes
- a thermionic power source comprising the above-described thermionic power generating unit, comprising: a high temperature heat source 13, a thermionic power generating unit, a heat sink 17, a wire 11 and a load 12, wherein the last stage receiving pole 9 of the thermionic power generating unit is connected a controllable amount of heat dissipation means 17; high temperature heat source 13 added to the inside of the heat insulating casing 10 Q in, send and receive multi-stage mixing to obtain an electrode supplemental electrode 14 directly or indirectly heat from the high temperature heat source 13 (Q 1 ⁇ Q m) ,
- the heat 14 (Q 1 ⁇ Q m ) allows all the electrodes to operate at the same or similar high temperature conditions, and ensures that the emitter surface of each of the transceiver electrodes emits hot electrons at a sufficiently high temperature, and then heat is applied to the transmitting and receiving hybrid electrodes.
- the wire 11 connects the first stage thermoelectric transmission/reception hybrid electrode 4, the load 12, and the final stage hot electron receiving electrode 9 into a current loop outside the thermionic power generation unit.
- the loop current 16 starts the Peltier heat and the bombardment heat q15 from the first-stage thermoelectric transmission/reception hybrid electrode 4, and flows through the second-stage thermoelectric transmission/reception hybrid electrode 5, the third-stage thermoelectric transmission/reception hybrid electrode 6, and the fourth-stage heat.
- the electronic transmitting/receiving hybrid electrode 7, the m-th stage hot-electronic transmitting/receiving hybrid electrode 8, and finally transmitting to the final-stage receiving pole 9 ensure that the temperature of the final-stage receiving pole 9 does not continuously increase and is not higher than the temperature of other electrodes.
- the heat sink 17 that can control the amount of heat radiation discharges the Peltier heat and the bombardment heat q15 to the outside of the heat insulating casing 10 of the thermionic power generation unit.
- the potential energy E 1 -E m between the electrodes of each stage is transmitted to the load 12 through the wire 11, and the load 12 will obtain the electric energy E out .
- the thermionic power generation unit operates under the high temperature conditions in which the electrodes maintain the same or similar; or the temperature is the same at the same temperature of the emitter and the intermediate electrode, and the temperature of the final stage is relatively low; or sequentially passes through the emitter,
- the intermediate electrode and the final stage of each stage operate under a high to low temperature gradient; the operating temperature of the emitter and the intermediate electrode must be maintained at a temperature range capable of efficiently emitting hot electrons.
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Abstract
一种适用于核能、火力、太阳能发电领域的热离子发电单元，其包括多个热电子收发混合电极和一个末极接收极，多个热电子收发混合电极依次串联后与末极接收极串联。该热离子发电单元的收发混合电极和接受极工作温度相同或相近，所需热源温度相对较低，热能损耗少，设备具有简单、经济、高效、安全等特点。
Description
本发明属于热能发电技术领域，涉及静态热电转换装置，尤其涉及一种适用于核能、火力、太阳能发电领域的热离子发电单元。
虽然人们大规模使用电力的历史不过百年，然而基于各种发电装置大约4％～35％的热电转换效率，又缺乏成熟高效的技术用于大规模地获取核电和太阳能电力，导致地球上数十亿年以来积累的化石能源在急速减少，面对化石能源濒临枯竭和自然环境日趋恶化，我们急需提高发电技术水平，继而能大规模地利用太阳能和核能资源，减少甚至停止消耗一次性化石能源，这正是当今世界大范围内节能减排的主流和方向。
现有热离子电源的基本结构为：高温热源、高逸出功发射极、低逸出功接收极和降温装置四个不可缺少的组件构成，发射极和接收极之间充有铯蒸汽。其工作原理为：高温热源加热发射极并逸出热电子，热电子在极间接触电势差的作用下飞向接收极，接收极俘获热电子，接收极通过排热装置保持低温，这样在发射极和接收极之间就形成了电势能差。其输出电压U满足：极间电子势能差＝发射极材料逸出功-接收极材料逸出功-热电子运输损耗的动能即：
其中U为极间开路电压，e为电子电量，
为发射极材料逸出功，
为接收极材料逸出功，EL为热电子运输损耗的动能。
根据上述公式及原理设计的热离子电源：发射极材料的逸出功只能大于接收极材料的逸出功，即
否则输出电压即为零甚至为负数。由于发射极的逸出功较大而工作温度很高，接收极必须工作在低温环境下，在两个临近的电极之间出现了依靠散热来维持的巨大温差，这样就导致大量热能散失而不能转换为电能，实际的热电转换效率不足6％。又因其单电源发电容量小，输出电压低，电源结构及运行条件复杂并且造价高昂，所以还存在许多问题妨碍商业应用，多年来这种电源一直未能推广。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题，本发明用新的热离子热电转换理论否定了物理学中经典的接触电势差概念，重新阐述了金属导体的表面势垒特征，提出了相电位差的概念，彻底否定了现有热离子电源的工作原理，提出了新的热离子电源电压公式，由此构建了一种完全不同于现有
热离子电源的新型热离子发电设备。新型热离子发电设备的结构及运行条件均十分简单，其热电转换效率明显高于现有的热离子电源。
本发明依据的新型热离子热电转换理论如下：
新的热离子热电转换理论否定了物理学中经典的接触电势差概念，即接触电势差是不存的，接触电势差不可能对外做功。重新解释了金属导体的表面势垒特征，即金属表面的偶电层就像一堵就地取材砌筑的围墙，围墙内外地面高度相同。虽然金属表面的偶电层能阻挡内部电子的逸出，但不是电势差。无论两种金属接触与否，它们的相均没有发生变化，所以它们的费米能级也不会统一。发射极与接收极之间存在由材料特性引起的相电势差，珀尔帖热就是相电位差做功的结果。热离子电源发电关键因素是热电子的初始动能，是有效热电子的逸出速度带动了回路电流。因此彻底否定了现有热离子电源的工作原理，提出了崭新的热离子电源开路电压公式。
热离子电源电压公式：Ue＝EM＝f(T，Ef0)
其中U为极间开路电压，e为电子电量，Ef0为发射极费米能级，EM为出逸热电子的平均最大动能，T为发射极工作温度。
新理论明确了与现有热离子电源不同的热电转换原理和条件：发射极的逸出功要小于接收极的逸出功，发射极的工作温度可以等于或大于接收极的工作温度。
新型热离子电源发电单元的工作原理简要介绍如下：
新型热离子电源发电单元包括收发混合电极和末级接收极在内的两种电极，末级接收极用逸出功较高的高熔点导体制成，发射热电子的能力较低；热电子收发混合电极用作发射极和中间电极；热电子收发混合电极是用逸出功较高的高熔点导体作为接收极基体，在接收极基体需要发射热电子的结构面上用低逸出功材料构建容易发射热电子的发射极表面。热电子收发混合电极的接收极基体采用的材料与发射极表面采用的材料，满足以下条件：
其中
为所述热电子收发混合电极的接收极基体材料的逸出功，
为所述热电子收发混合电极的发射极表面材料的逸出功。
高温热源可以直接或间接地向各个电极补充热量并使所有电极保持一定的高温，热电子收发混合电极和接收极可以在相同或相近的温度下工作，或者在各个热电子收发混合电极和接收极存在依次由高到低的温度梯度下工作，或者各个热电子收发混合电极工作在相同的温度下，而让接收极工作在温度相对较低的条件下。上述热电子收发混合电极均不需要降温排热而处于同一个绝热外壳以内，接收极的内侧紧邻收发混合电极，接收极外侧需要具备散热
量可控的向绝热外壳以外散热的条件，通过少量的降温排热以保持末级接收极的工作温度不高于其他收发混合电极的工作温度。末级接收极上的热量来源主要是由热电子流轰击热、珀尔贴热和中间电极向其辐射的热量。热电子收发混合电极保持高温的目的是要实现热电子发射，使热能以热电子发射的方式转化为电势能；末级接收极的工作温度要接近而不高于收发混合电极的温度、其目的是要减小其相邻的热电子收发混合电极向其辐射的热量，进而减小热能损失。
本发明的技术方案为：热离子电源发电单元由高温热源、绝热外壳、若干收发混合电极、接收极、散热装置五部分组成。包括m个热电子收发混合电极和一个末级接收极，m个热电子收发混合电极依次串联后与末级接收极串联，既由第1级热电子收发混合电极、第2级热电子收发混合电极、第3级热电子收发混合电极、第4级热电子收发混合电极、第m级热电子收发混合电极、末级接收极，共计n个电极依次串联排列组成热离子发电单元的热电转换组件，其中m为自然数，n＝m+1。
所述热电子收发混合电极包括：(1)基体：由逸出功高的高熔点导体制成；(2)基体一侧的发射极表面：所述的发射极表面由阴极材料制成，是对收发混合电极基体上需要发射热电子的结构面进行降低逸出功的表面处理，使此表面成为容易发射热电子的发射极表面。所述末级接收极为由逸出功高的高熔点导体制成的电极。
所述热电子收发混合电极和末级接收极设置于绝热外壳内，所述末级接收极具备散热量可控的向绝热外壳以外散热的条件，以保持末级接收极的工作温度不高于其他收发混合电极的工作温度。
所述热电子收发混合电极的接收极基体采用的材料与发射极表面采用的材料，满足以下条件：
其中
为所述热电子收发混合电极的接收极基体材料的逸出功，
为所述热电子收发混合电极的发射极表面材料的逸出功。
所述逸出功高的高熔点导体采用钨W、钼Mo、钽Ta、镍Ni、铂Pt、铌Nb、铼Re、石墨C或P型半导体材料制成。
所述阴极材料作为低逸出功的发射极表面，阴极材料选自氧化物阴极材料、原子膜阴极材料、钍钨阴极材料、稀土-钼阴极材料或稀土-钨基钪系扩散阴极材料。
一种包含所述热离子电源发电单元的热离子电源，其包括：由若干个热离子电源发电单元，这些发电单元相互串联或并联形成功率较大的热电转换装置。
本发明的有益效果在于：
1、本发明所述热离子电源收发混合电极的工作温度远低于现有热离子电源发射极的工作温度，使得热发电的热源条件大幅度降低，可以利用核燃料、太阳能聚热、火力等多种热源发电；
2、本发明所述热离子电源接收极的工作温度与收发混合电极的工作温度相同或相近，设备加工难度大幅度降低，设备工作条件大幅度得以改善，使得新型热离子电源具备了成本低、寿命长的优势；
3、本发明所述热离子电源接收极的工作温度仅仅需要通过很少的散热量来保持高温状态，热能损耗少，热电转换效率高，现有热离子电源的热电转换效率不足10％，而本发明所述热离子电源的热电转换效率理论极限可以达到80％以上，实用效率可以达到50％以上；
4、其等温的电极工作环境和绝热的外包壳结构使得电源结构简单可靠，利于保障核电安全。
图1是热电子收发混合电极；
图2是热离子发电单元结构图。
其中，1、热电子收发混合电极，2、收发混合电极的接收极基体，3、收发混合电极的发射极表面，4、第1级热电子收发混合电极，5、第2级热电子收发混合电极，6、第3级热电子收发混合电极，7、第4级热电子收发混合电极，8、第m级热电子收发混合电极，9、末级接收极，10、绝热外壳，11、导线，12、负载，13、高温热源，14、向电极补充的热量，15、珀尔贴热和轰击热q，16、回路电流，17、散热装置。
具体实施方法
以下根据附图具体说明本发明。
参见图1-图2：本发明包括m个热电子收发混合电极1和一个末级接收极9，m个热电子收发混合电极1依次串联后与末级接收极9串联，m为自然数。
所述热电子收发混合电极1包括：(1)基体2由逸出功
高的高熔点导体制成；(2)基体2一侧的发射极表面3由逸出功
低的阴极材料制成，使此表面容易发射热电子，满足
所述末级接收极9由逸出功
高的高熔点导体制成。
所述逸出功高的高熔点导体可以采用钨W、钼Mo、钽Ta、镍Ni、铂Pt、铌Nb、铼Re、石墨C或P型半导体材料制成。
所述低逸出功的阴极材料选自氧化物阴极材料、原子膜阴极材料、钍钨阴极材料、稀土-钼阴极材料或稀土-钨基钪系扩散阴极材料。
所述热离子电源发电单元包括绝热外壳10，热电子收发混合电极1位于绝热外壳10内，所述末级接收极9嵌在绝热外壳10上。该结构使得热电子收发混合电极1和末级接收极9在相同或相近的工作温度下工作，同时末级接收极9又可以通过温度可控的散热装置17进行散热。
在热离子电源发电单元中热电子收发混合电极1用作发射极和中间电极；所述发射极、若干中间电极和末级接收极9依次串联；既由第1级热电子收发混合电极4、第2级热电子收发混合电极5、第3级热电子收发混合电极6、第4级热电子收发混合电极7、第m级热电子收发混合电极8、末级接收极9，共计n个电极依次串联排列组成热离子发电单元的热电转换组件，其中n＝m+1。
一种包含上述热离子电源发电单元的热离子电源，其包括：高温热源13、热离子电源发电单元、散热装置17、导线11和负载12，其中热离子电源发电单元的末级接收极9连接散热量可控的散热装置17；高温热源13向绝热外壳10内部补充热量Qin，多级收发混合电极直接或间接地从高温热源13获得向电极补充的热量14(Q1～Qm)，热量14(Q1～Qm)使得所有电极工作在相同或相近的高温条件下，并保证各个收发混合电极的发射极表面在足够高的温度下发射热电子，继而在收发混合电极上将热能转化为极间电势能E1～Em。导线11将第1级热电子收发混合电极4、负载12和末级热电子接收极9连接成热离子发电单元外的电流回路。回路电流16将珀尔贴热和轰击热q15从第1级热电子收发混合电极4开始，流经第2级热电子收发混合电极5、第3级热电子收发混合电极6、第4级热电子收发混合电极7、第m级热电子收发混合电极8、最终传递到末级接收极9，为保证末级接收极9的温度不会持续增高，并且不会高于其他电极的温度，用可以控制散热量的散热装置17将珀尔贴热和轰击热q15排出到热离子发电单元的绝热外壳10的外部。各级电极之间的电势能E1～Em通过导线11传输到负载12，负载12将获得电能Eout。所述热离子发电单元在各电极保持相同或相近的高温条件下工作；或在发射极和中间电极温度相同，而末级接收极温度相对较低的条件下工作；或在依次经过发射极、各级中间电极、末级接收极存在由高到低的温度梯度的条件下工作；其中发射极和中间电极的工作温度必须保持在能够高效发射热电子的温度范围。
Claims (6)
- 一种热离子电源发电单元，其特征在于：包括m个热电子收发混合电极和一个末级接收极，m个热电子收发混合电极依次串联后与末级接收极串联；即由第1级热电子收发混合电极、第2级热电子收发混合电极、第3级热电子收发混合电极、第4级热电子收发混合电极、第m级热电子收发混合电极、末级接收极，共计n个电极依次串联排列组成热离子发电单元的热电转换组件，其中m为自然数，n＝m+1。
- 根据权利要求1所述的热离子电源发电单元，其特征在于，所述热电子收发混合电极设置于绝热外壳内，所述末级接收极一侧与热电子收发混合电极相临，另一侧具备散热量可控的向绝热外壳以外散热的条件，以保持末级接收极的工作温度不高于其他收发混合电极的工作温度。
- 根据权利要求1或2所述的热离子电源发电单元，其特征在于：所述末级接收极用逸出功较高的高熔点导体制成，发射热电子的能力较低；热电子收发混合电极用作发射极和中间电极；所述热电子收发混合电极是用逸出功较高的高熔点导体作为热电子收发混合电极的接收极基体，在接收极基体需要发射热电子的结构面上用低逸出功材料构建容易发射热电子的发射极表面；在接收极基体上，除需要发射热电子的结构面外，其他各个外表面因为有较高的表面势垒而不容易发射热电子。
- 根据权利要求3所述的热离子电源发电单元，其特征在于：所述热电子收发混合电极的接收极基体采用的材料与发射极表面采用的材料，满足以下条件：其中
为所述热电子收发混合电极的接收极基体材料的逸出功，
为所述热电子收发混合电极的发射极表面材料的逸出功。
- 根据权利要求3所述的热离子电源发电单元，其特征在于：所述接收极基体材料采用钨W、钼Mo、钽Ta、镍Ni、铂Pt、铌Nb、铼Re、石墨C或P型半导体材料制成。
- 根据权利要求3所述的热离子电源发电单元，其特征在于：所述用于构建发射极表面的阴极材料选自氧化物阴极材料、原子膜阴极材料、钍钨阴极材料、稀土-钼阴极材料或稀土-钨基钪系扩散阴极材料。
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| CN1335671A (zh) * | 2001-08-21 | 2002-02-13 | 王杰 | 静电场可逆原理发电 |
| CN101749979A (zh) * | 2008-12-22 | 2010-06-23 | 富准精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | 散热鳍片、散热器及电子装置 |
| CN102195518A (zh) * | 2010-03-19 | 2011-09-21 | 李景旭 | 利用电场能发电的方法 |
| JP2012248369A (ja) * | 2011-05-26 | 2012-12-13 | Denso Corp | 電子放出素子 |
| CN103427709A (zh) * | 2012-05-22 | 2013-12-04 | 张维国 | 新型高效热离子电源 |
| CN203660926U (zh) * | 2013-12-26 | 2014-06-18 | 张维国 | 热离子电源发电单元 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1335671A (zh) * | 2001-08-21 | 2002-02-13 | 王杰 | 静电场可逆原理发电 |
| CN101749979A (zh) * | 2008-12-22 | 2010-06-23 | 富准精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | 散热鳍片、散热器及电子装置 |
| CN102195518A (zh) * | 2010-03-19 | 2011-09-21 | 李景旭 | 利用电场能发电的方法 |
| JP2012248369A (ja) * | 2011-05-26 | 2012-12-13 | Denso Corp | 電子放出素子 |
| CN103427709A (zh) * | 2012-05-22 | 2013-12-04 | 张维国 | 新型高效热离子电源 |
| CN203660926U (zh) * | 2013-12-26 | 2014-06-18 | 张维国 | 热离子电源发电单元 |
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| EP3089349A1 (en) | 2016-11-02 |
| CA2932850A1 (en) | 2015-07-02 |
| EP3089349A4 (en) | 2017-07-26 |
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