WO2015080581A2 - Biobased coating for iron comprising surfaces - Google Patents
Biobased coating for iron comprising surfaces Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015080581A2 WO2015080581A2 PCT/NL2014/050809 NL2014050809W WO2015080581A2 WO 2015080581 A2 WO2015080581 A2 WO 2015080581A2 NL 2014050809 W NL2014050809 W NL 2014050809W WO 2015080581 A2 WO2015080581 A2 WO 2015080581A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- composition
- coating
- silicate
- clay
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/68—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous solutions with pH between 6 and 8
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/08—Anti-corrosive paints
- C09D5/082—Anti-corrosive paints characterised by the anti-corrosive pigment
- C09D5/084—Inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/60—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using alkaline aqueous solutions with pH greater than 8
- C23C22/62—Treatment of iron or alloys based thereon
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of a composition for forming a ' bio-compatible membrane applicable to building material, such as steel, stainless steel, iron alloy, cast steel, etc., to a method of applying said composition for forming a bio-compatible membrane, a biocompatible membrane, use of said membrane for various purposes, and to building material comprising said membrane.
- Steel is an alloy of iron and a small amount (0.002 t . % and 2 t.%) of carbon. There may be additional elements present in steel, such as ' manganese and phosphorus. In order to adapt properties of steel typically additional metal alloying elements are added.
- Steel is produced in huge quantities every year. Iron and steel are used widely for construction purposes, e.g. for shipbuilding, for pipelines, in mining, in infrastructure and buildings, in vehicles such as cars, in construction materials, and for offshore construction. Many of the application of steel and iron are in an environment that is (relatively) harsh, such as in salty water. As a consequence surfaces of steel and iron being exposed to these harsh environment degrade over time. Such degradation may be limited by applying a coating, such as paint, by adapting properties of steel and iron, etc. These measures are typically costly, rely on environmentally unfriendly materials, such as heavy metals, solvents, polymers, etc. Also coatings need to be applied over and over again, as the coatings themselves degrade as well. For some applications, such as ships and offshore equipment, coatings can not be applied at a site of use; therefore these applications need to be moved, often over a long distance, to (re-) apply a coating.
- US 3,728,267 A recites application of an acidic pickling composition, comprising an at reduced pH film-forming component consisting essentially of sodium alginate or sodium alginate and gelatin, with at least one of starch, bentonite, talc, powdered silica, and powdered active terra alba, a liquid acid or solid acid, a penetrant and a solution promoting agent.
- the disclosure relates to a ready removable peeling composition for use in a pickling treatment, which does not call for subsequent treatment, in order ot re ⁇ cute costs. Inherently a peelable film does not adhere well, and hence does not provide much protection.
- US 4,851,149 A recites an acid cleaning/pickling composition for metal surfaces containing as essential compo- nents (A) at least one protein-derived polymer, sugar-derived polymer, sorbitol, tannin, or vinyl-based polymer, (B) at least one iodine or iodine-affording compound; acids solutions prepared therefrom; and methods for their use.
- essential compo- nents At least one protein-derived polymer, sugar-derived polymer, sorbitol, tannin, or vinyl-based polymer
- B at least one iodine or iodine-affording compound
- acids solutions prepared therefrom and methods for their use.
- For liquid compositions further essential ingredients are present. Corrosion of the acid in the composition is said to be inhibited , the acid being used to remove deposits, such as scale, from a to be cleaned surface. Hence no coating seems to be formed and the function of the polymer is unclear, apart from being nontoxic .
- EP 1 992 595 Al recite a method for producing a cement- containing material, in particular a cement-containing materi ⁇ al having a low content of soluble Cr (VI) which comprises the step of providing a cement-containing material with metallic sulphate particles coated with at least one product of the hy- drolysis of a collagen material such as gelatin.
- the cement
- US 3,106,496 A recites a process for coating and an- nealing grain oriented silicon steels.
- the coating of this document is not water dissolvable.
- the applied temperature is 700 °C, the goal is to improve the grain structure of the steel, and the coating should provide good separation after application .
- FR 1,319,873 A relates to a similar process as the
- the present invention relates to a composition for form ⁇ ing such a membrane, use thereof, and material comprising said membrane, which overcomes one or more of the above disad ⁇ vantages, without jeopardizing functionality and advantages.
- the present invention relates in a first aspect to a method of forming a bio-compatible membrane which can be applied easily and which provides a good, durable and not readily removable coating or membrane, according to claim 1, a method of protecting a surface from degradation according to claim 10, a coating according to claim 11 or 12, a material comprising said coating according to claim 14, and use of the present composition and/or present polymer coating according to claim 15.
- the invention makes use of non-toxic and environmentally friendly components. These components are biocompatible, i.e. an impact on the biological environment is considered minimal.
- the composition has as a main liquid water, or may be formed primarily from water. Including a solvent the composition comprises a polymer, and optionally a silicate and a na- noparticle, which form > 95 wt . % of the composition. If no further additives are present these components form > 99 wt . % and typically 99.9 et . % of the composition; in other words apart from unintentional impurities nothing else is present, with the restriction that if naturally base polymers are used, such a microbial alginate, inherently more impurities could be present .
- the polymer used is preferably bio-degradable, that is can be degraded by e.g. bacteria, yet is stable enough to provide e.g. a good protection for an underlying material, such as steel.
- the polymer dissolves sufficiently in water, typically forming a viscous solution.
- ionic polymers such as in alkaline form, and acidic polymers are considered specifically.
- the polymer is capable of forming a gel, once being in contact with polyvalent cations, thereby forming a flexible, impermeable membrane.
- the membrane preserves water being present in an underlying material and protects the underlying material from the environment.
- Certain types of polymers used may form a self-healing coating or membrane, such as when both an alginate and alginate producing microorganisms are present.
- the present coating applied initial ⁇ ly to the surface supports healing and maintenance of the initial coating by e.g. algae being present in the environment.
- silicate material may be present.
- the silicate is considered biocompatible as well.
- the silicate forms a glassy structure upon contact with a polyvalent cation.
- the silicate and/or polymer provide a conformal coating to a surface to which it is applied.
- the coating acts e.g. as protection against chemicals, such as salts, moisture, dust, and temperature extremes that, if uncoated (nonprotected) , could result in damage or failure of an underlying surface/material, ' ahd also maintains conditions of the surface, such as humidity or moisture content.
- the silicate pro vides a more stiff coating, the polymer a more flexible coating, and a combination of silicate and polymer may have in between characteristics .
- the present composition does not or at the most to a small extent penetrate into a surface to which it is applied.
- the membrane or coating formed can not be washed away by water, such as by rain.
- the membrane is fully integrated with an underlying surface, adheres thereto, and may be considered as a layer having suitable characteristics. So surprisingly the present composition may be applied directly to a surface and providing advantageous effects.
- platelet nanoparticles have dimensions wherein a length, and likewise a width, thereof is significantly larger than a height thereof, such as at least a factor 5 larger.
- a height of the nanoparticles is typically in the order of a crystallographic axis thereof, or a few times the axis, such as 1-50 nm or more.
- the width and length of the nanoparticles are from 10 nm - 5 ⁇ , preferably from 25 nm-1 pm, more pref ⁇ erably from 50 nm-500 nm, such as form' 100 nm-250 nm.
- the nanoparticles are typically suspended in the aqueous composition. Once a gel and/or glassy structure is formed it has been found that the nanoparticles are incorporated therein.
- the surface providing Fe cations in particular Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ) , a membrane is formed immediately, i.e. within a short time frame.
- properties of a surface are not changed sig- nificantly, e.g. by penetration of the composition or com ⁇ ponents thereof into the surface.
- the composition is applied at ambient temperature. On earth such a temperature relates to -50 °C- 70 °C, but typically modest temperatures are applicable, such as 10 °C- 30 °C.
- the present composition provides its beneficial effects thereto, without deterioration of the surface or optional underlying material.
- disadvantages of the prior art are overcome.
- a good and durable protection is provided which sticks to the sur- face to which it is applied well, at least under (semi-) dry conditions.
- the present invention relates in a first aspect to a method according to claim 1.
- an amount (wt.%) of polymer and/or silicate is larger than an amount of nanoparticle.
- (Q) : (iii) (b) 50:l.
- the ratio may vary somewhat on type of polymer/silicate used at the one hand, and on type of nanoparti- cles used on the other hand. It has been found that the densi- ty of the membrane/coating formed is better under the above conditions .
- the polymer and/or silicate (Q) is/are present in an amount of 1- 50 wt.%, based on a total weight of the composition.
- the amount of polymer/silicate may be adjusted to e.g. ambient conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and to a surface to which the present composition may be applied, etc. If a flexi ble coating or membrane is required, an amount of polymer is higher, whereas if a stiff coating is required an amount of silicate may be higher. Depending on a type of polymer/silicate an amount may be higher, e.g. if a gel is somewhat difficult to form at low amounts thereof. If it is preferred to have a relative permeable coating a somewhat lower amount is preferred.
- the amount is preferably 2-30 wt.%, more preferably 5- 20 wt.%, such as 10-15 wt.%. In general, these amounts provide the best characteristics.
- the poly mer is one or more of an anionic polysaccharide, such as algi nate, poly vinyl alcohol, poly (meth)acryl amide, acidic poly mer, poly styrene sulphonate, poly (meth) acrylic acid, acidic biopolymers, pectin, carrageenan, gelatin, a synthetic acid polymer, wherein the polymer may comprise one or more of a phosphate, sulphate and carboxylic group, and proteins.
- Polysaccharides may be defined as having a general formula of C x (H 2 0) y wherein x is a large number between e.g. 50 and 10000.
- the repeating units in the polymer backbone are often six-carbon monosaccharides
- the general formula can also be represented as (C 6 Hio0 5 ) n wherein as an example 10 ⁇ n ⁇ 3000.
- relatively small to relatively large molecules are considered.
- the present in vention is in principle applicable with a relative wide range of anionic bio-degradable polymers.
- the type of polymer may b selected and adapted to specific requirements and boundary conditions. Some polymers relate to products obtainable form waste, such as sludge, for instance waste alginate. From an economical point of view these latter may be preferred.
- iron is provided as a polyvalent cation.
- other polyvalent cations may support formation of the present membrane, such as one or more of calcium, copper, strontium, cobalt, zinc, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, chromium, titanium, vanadium and niobium, preferably non-toxic cations, such as calcium, and magnesium, preferably calcium.
- the present invention can as a consequence in this respect be applied widely.
- the nanoparticles are one or more of a natural or artificial clay, the clay preferably a monovalent cation clay.
- the clay preferably has a cationic exchange capacity of 2-200 meq/100 grams clay at a pH of 7, more preferably 5-150 meq/100 grams, even more preferably 10-120 meq/100 grams. It has been found that clays having a relatively higher CEC perform better in terms of relevant characteristics for the present invention.
- the clay may comprise one or more of H + , Na + , K + , Li + .
- the clay may be a tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral (TOT) -clay (or 2:1 clay) , such as a kaolin clay, such as kaolinite, dickite, hal- loysite and nacrite, a smectite clay, such as bentonite, mont- morillonite, nontronite and saponite, an illite clay, a chlorite clay. Also a silicate mineral, such as mica, such as bio- tite, lepidolite, muscovite, phlogopite, zinnwaldite, clinton- ite, and allophane, are applicable as well as platelet like particles.
- a clay applied may further be selected in view of required characteristics of a final coating. Addition of nanoparticles may improve present characteristics, e.g. (de ⁇ creased) permeability towards water, structural integrity, strength, flexibility, etc.
- the nanoparticles are present in an amount of 0.01- 12 wt.%, prefera ⁇ bly 0.1- 10 wt.%, more preferably 0.5- 5 wt.%, based on a to ⁇ tal weight of the composition. It is noted that relatively low amounts of nanoparticles may be used, which low amounts may still provide improved characteristics of the present invention. Higher amounts may be preferred, e.g. in view of (de ⁇ creased) permeability, stiffness, integrity, etc.
- composition may comprise further additives, such as an anti-fouling additive.
- an anti-fouling additive An example thereof is CuS0 4 .
- Additives may be added directly to the composition, if compatible, or may be added after applying the composition. Further additives, such as UV- blocker, stabilizers, fillers, colorants, and pigments may be added.
- the amount of additives is typically ⁇ 5 wt.%, preferably smaller than 2 wt.%, such as ⁇ 1 wt.%.
- the present invention relates to a method of forming a bio-compatible membrane making use of the present composi ⁇ tion.
- the present composition may be used as such, and similarly a first composition comprising the present polymer/silicate and a second composition comprising the present nanoparticles , if present, may be used.
- the two compositions may be applied separately to a surface, and then mixing of the compositions may take place. As mixing may be less optimal in view of present characteristic of a coating being formed, application of one composition is typically preferred.
- the pre ⁇ sent surface e.g. iron and steel, provides polyvalent cations, such as Fe 2+ . It has been found that a good coating is obtained by applying the present composition.
- a (semi) solid surface like that of steel is capable of provid ⁇ ing polyvalent cations in sufficient amounts to form a mem ⁇ brane/coating according to the invention, and wherein the composition does not (or slightly at the most) penetrate the sur ⁇ face. Even further, without further measures the present meth ⁇ od is capable of forming a membrane with required characteristics .
- the present method may be repeated, e.g. if a thicker coating is required, if characteristics of the subsequent coating may or should vary, etc.
- the surface is pre-treated and/or pre-shaped. Such may improve adhesion of the present membrane or coating.
- the present coating applied to the surface inherently has a same (or at least similar) shape .
- the surface is one or more of steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, cast steel, and com ⁇ binations thereof. These types of materials are widely used and formed and the present coating/membrane may provide advantageous characteristics to these materials.
- the polymer is Na-alginate, preferably a non-food grade alginate, such as obtained from a waste material handling system, such as a sludge.
- the alginate may be obtained from bacteria, especially from granules.
- the alginate from sludge is very cheap, provides better characteristics than alginate from algae, can not be used in food or the like, and is therefore considered a very good material for the present invention.
- the clay is Na- montmorillonite .
- the composition is applied in an amount of 10-1000 ml/m 2 , such as 10-500 ml/m 2 .
- a relatively thin coating is sufficient to provide the present advantages.
- a coating of 1-10 pm thickness is typically sufficient.
- the present invention relates to a method of protecting a surface from degradation according to claim 10. As indicated throughout the application especially an iron comprising surface is considered.
- the surface is protected from one or more of drying, oxidizing, such as corroding, wearing, fouling, and dehydrating.
- the present invention relates to a coating according to claims 11 or 12.
- the coating is stiff, comprising Fe cations, water, optionally platelet nanoparticles, and one or more of an in water dissolvable cyclic and single chain silicate .
- the coating is flexible. It is noted that combinations of polymers may be used, as well as combinations of nanoparticles, in order to obtained required characteristics.
- the present coating is applied in an environment comprising algae.
- the algae may provide alginate for maintaining properties of the present coating. For instance, if iron or steel is applied in salty aqueous condi ⁇ tions, such as in. a sea or ocean, a coating applied will remain effective, e.g. in terms of protection. It has been found that the present membranes improve a life time of underwater iron and steel, such as in ships, in offshore, and in piping, and reduce maintenance costs thereof.
- the present invention relates to one or more of steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, cast steel, comprising a water impermeable flexible polymer coating according to the invention.
- the coating has a thickness of 5-500 ⁇ , more preferably a thickness of 10-250 ⁇ , such as a thick ⁇ ness of 50-100 ⁇ .
- a relatively thicker coating e.g. 100 ⁇
- the present invention relates to a use of the present composition and/or of the present flexible polymer coating for protecting steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, or cast steel, from degradation.
- Fig. l.(a) shows a picture of a treated steel plate and fig.
- Fig. 2. shows a picture of a treated steel plate and fig.
- the alginate relates to a bacterial alginate, obtained from sludge.
- MMT relates to montmorrilonite .
- a indi- cates rapid formation of a gel the gel having characteristics in line with the description above. "0" indicates forming of a gel, but questionable if the gel has all the characteristics mentioned. For example the gels of ' samples 5-7 cracked upon drying. indicates no gel being formed.
- concentrations of Na-alginate in samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 is 2wt.%, and concentrations of NaMMT and Na 2 Si0 3 is about 5 wt . % with respect to the weight of Na alginate: in total composition that relates to 2 wt . % of Na Alginate and 0.107 wt.% of Na 2 Si0 3 and/or 0.107 wt . % of NaMM .
- the concen- tration for samples 5 and 7 was 2 wt.%, for NaMMT and Na 2 Si0 3 , respectively.
- the concentration was 2 wt.% of Na 2 Si0 3 and about 5 wt.% of NaMMT on the weight of Na 2 Si0 3 ; in total composition that relates to 2 wt.% of a 2 Si0 3 and 0.107 wt.% of NaMMT.
- the test consisted of two cleaned (non-corroded) steel plates, from which one was immersed in sodium alginate solution and dried afterwards. The thickness of alginate film was around 100 ⁇ . The steel plates were immersed in 35g/L NaCl solution, and inventors monitored the corrosion visually. Inventors observed initial protection of the steel plate with an alginate film. It was clear that a corrosion product of the untreated steel plate sedimentated in the solution (orange sediment) , while in the alginate treated one there was only some iron (ions) in the solution.
- the steel plates were taken out of the NaCl solution, and what was observed on the steel plate with alginate was a gel layer on the surface of steel plate, which is considered to be a Fe Alginate gel. After inventors removed the gel, it was observed that the steel plate was not corroded (fig. la), whereas the steel plate without alginate was corroded (fig. lb) .
- the submerged surfaces were determined in order to validate the results further.
- the surface of the uncoated steel plate was 55cm 2 and for the coated it was 46.9 cm 2 .
- some dried mass could also come from the coating itself, because we saw some part of the coating going into the solution (it detached) ; in other words the 0.893 grams above relates to an upper estimate. From the above one may conclude that coating steel with an alginate membrane reduces corrosion (in salty water) with approximately a factor 3. Such is considered remarkable.-
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Abstract
The present invention is in the field of a composition for forming a bio-compatible membrane applicable to building material, such as steel, stainless steel, iron alloy, cast steel, etc., to a method of applying said composition for forming a bio-compatible membrane, a biocompatible membrane, use of said membrane for various purposes, and to building material comprising said membrane.
Description
Biobased coating for iron comprising surfaces
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is in the field of a composition for forming a' bio-compatible membrane applicable to building material, such as steel, stainless steel, iron alloy, cast steel, etc., to a method of applying said composition for forming a bio-compatible membrane, a biocompatible membrane, use of said membrane for various purposes, and to building material comprising said membrane.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Steel is an alloy of iron and a small amount (0.002 t . % and 2 t.%) of carbon. There may be additional elements present in steel, such as' manganese and phosphorus. In order to adapt properties of steel typically additional metal alloying elements are added.
Steel is produced in huge quantities every year. Iron and steel are used widely for construction purposes, e.g. for shipbuilding, for pipelines, in mining, in infrastructure and buildings, in vehicles such as cars, in construction materials, and for offshore construction. Many of the application of steel and iron are in an environment that is (relatively) harsh, such as in salty water. As a consequence surfaces of steel and iron being exposed to these harsh environment degrade over time. Such degradation may be limited by applying a coating, such as paint, by adapting properties of steel and iron, etc. These measures are typically costly, rely on environmentally unfriendly materials, such as heavy metals, solvents, polymers, etc. Also coatings need to be applied over and over again, as the coatings themselves degrade as well. For some applications, such as ships and offshore equipment, coatings can not be applied at a site of use; therefore these applications need to be moved, often over a long distance, to (re-) apply a coating.
Applying a coating onto e.g. steel is known. For instance, US 3,728,267 A recites application of an acidic pickling composition, comprising an at reduced pH film-forming component consisting essentially of sodium alginate or sodium alginate and gelatin, with at least one of
starch, bentonite, talc, powdered silica, and powdered active terra alba, a liquid acid or solid acid, a penetrant and a solution promoting agent. The disclosure relates to a ready removable peeling composition for use in a pickling treatment, which does not call for subsequent treatment, in order ot re¬ duce costs. Inherently a peelable film does not adhere well, and hence does not provide much protection.
Further, US 4,851,149 A recites an acid cleaning/pickling composition for metal surfaces containing as essential compo- nents (A) at least one protein-derived polymer, sugar-derived polymer, sorbitol, tannin, or vinyl-based polymer, (B) at least one iodine or iodine-affording compound; acids solutions prepared therefrom; and methods for their use. For liquid compositions further essential ingredients are present. Corrosion of the acid in the composition is said to be inhibited , the acid being used to remove deposits, such as scale, from a to be cleaned surface. Hence no coating seems to be formed and the function of the polymer is unclear, apart from being nontoxic .
EP 1 992 595 Al recite a method for producing a cement- containing material, in particular a cement-containing materi¬ al having a low content of soluble Cr (VI) which comprises the step of providing a cement-containing material with metallic sulphate particles coated with at least one product of the hy- drolysis of a collagen material such as gelatin. The cement
(surface) does not provide Fe-cations, nor does a coating seem to be formed, other than presence of a coating on metallic sulphate particles.
US 3,106,496 A recites a process for coating and an- nealing grain oriented silicon steels. The coating of this document is not water dissolvable. The applied temperature is 700 °C, the goal is to improve the grain structure of the steel, and the coating should provide good separation after application .
FR 1,319,873 A relates to a similar process as the
US' 496, albeit at an even higher application temperature of 900 °C -1200 °C.
Thus there is a need for improved coatings or mem¬ branes which can be applied easily and which provide a good, durable and not readily removable coating or membrane.
The present invention relates to a composition for form¬ ing such a membrane, use thereof, and material comprising said membrane, which overcomes one or more of the above disad¬ vantages, without jeopardizing functionality and advantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates in a first aspect to a method of forming a bio-compatible membrane which can be applied easily and which provides a good, durable and not readily removable coating or membrane, according to claim 1, a method of protecting a surface from degradation according to claim 10, a coating according to claim 11 or 12, a material comprising said coating according to claim 14, and use of the present composition and/or present polymer coating according to claim 15.
The invention makes use of non-toxic and environmentally friendly components. These components are biocompatible, i.e. an impact on the biological environment is considered minimal. The composition has as a main liquid water, or may be formed primarily from water. Including a solvent the composition comprises a polymer, and optionally a silicate and a na- noparticle, which form > 95 wt . % of the composition. If no further additives are present these components form > 99 wt . % and typically 99.9 et . % of the composition; in other words apart from unintentional impurities nothing else is present, with the restriction that if naturally base polymers are used, such a microbial alginate, inherently more impurities could be present .
The polymer used is preferably bio-degradable, that is can be degraded by e.g. bacteria, yet is stable enough to provide e.g. a good protection for an underlying material, such as steel. The polymer dissolves sufficiently in water, typically forming a viscous solution. As such ionic polymers, such as in alkaline form, and acidic polymers are considered specifically. The polymer is capable of forming a gel, once being in contact with polyvalent cations, thereby forming a flexible, impermeable membrane. The membrane preserves water being present in an underlying material and protects the underlying material from the environment. Certain types of polymers used may form a self-healing coating or membrane, such as when both an alginate and alginate producing microorganisms
are present. Surprisingly the present coating applied initial¬ ly to the surface supports healing and maintenance of the initial coating by e.g. algae being present in the environment.
In addition to the present polymer a silicate material may be present. The silicate is considered biocompatible as well. The silicate forms a glassy structure upon contact with a polyvalent cation.
The silicate and/or polymer provide a conformal coating to a surface to which it is applied. The coating acts e.g. as protection against chemicals, such as salts, moisture, dust, and temperature extremes that, if uncoated (nonprotected) , could result in damage or failure of an underlying surface/material, 'ahd also maintains conditions of the surface, such as humidity or moisture content. The silicate pro¬ vides a more stiff coating, the polymer a more flexible coating, and a combination of silicate and polymer may have in between characteristics .
The present composition does not or at the most to a small extent penetrate into a surface to which it is applied. The membrane or coating formed can not be washed away by water, such as by rain. The membrane is fully integrated with an underlying surface, adheres thereto, and may be considered as a layer having suitable characteristics. So surprisingly the present composition may be applied directly to a surface and providing advantageous effects.
It has been found that in order to have improved bar¬ rier properties further platelet nanoparticles are preferably present. Platelet nanoparticles have dimensions wherein a length, and likewise a width, thereof is significantly larger than a height thereof, such as at least a factor 5 larger. A height of the nanoparticles is typically in the order of a crystallographic axis thereof, or a few times the axis, such as 1-50 nm or more. The width and length of the nanoparticles are from 10 nm - 5 μπι, preferably from 25 nm-1 pm, more pref¬ erably from 50 nm-500 nm, such as form' 100 nm-250 nm.
The nanoparticles are typically suspended in the aqueous composition. Once a gel and/or glassy structure is formed it has been found that the nanoparticles are incorporated therein.
It is an important characteristics of the present
composition that once applied onto a surface, the surface providing Fe cations (in particular Fe2+ and Fe3+) , a membrane is formed immediately, i.e. within a short time frame. As such properties of a surface are not changed sig- nificantly, e.g. by penetration of the composition or com¬ ponents thereof into the surface. The composition is applied at ambient temperature. On earth such a temperature relates to -50 °C- 70 °C, but typically modest temperatures are applicable, such as 10 °C- 30 °C.
Once applied to a surface the present composition provides its beneficial effects thereto, without deterioration of the surface or optional underlying material. Therewith disadvantages of the prior art are overcome. A good and durable protection is provided which sticks to the sur- face to which it is applied well, at least under (semi-) dry conditions. For some coatings, specifically ones having alginate in it, it is found extremely difficult to remove the coating on a steel like surface if the coating is unwanted, as it sticks extremely well.
Thereby the present invention provides a solution to one or more of the above mentioned problems.
Advantages of the present description are detailed throughout the description.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates in a first aspect to a method according to claim 1.
In an example of the present method in the composition an amount (wt.%) of polymer and/or silicate is larger than an amount of nanoparticle. Ratios between amount of (ii) polymer and optional silicate (iiia) (indicate as Q) and (iii) (b) amount of nanoparticle that provide advantageous characteristics to a membrane or coating formed, e.g. in terms of ( im) permeability towards water, have been found to be in a range of (Q) : ( iii ) (b) =2 : 1 to (Q) :( iii ) (b) =1000 : 1 (that is in almost equal amounts to an abundant polymer/silicate). It is preferred to use an amount of (Q) : (iii) (b)=5:l to
(Q) : (iii) (b)=100:l, such as (Q) : (iii ) (b) =10 : 1 to
(Q) : (iii) (b)=50:l. The ratio may vary somewhat on type of polymer/silicate used at the one hand, and on type of nanoparti- cles used on the other hand. It has been found that the densi-
ty of the membrane/coating formed is better under the above conditions .
In an example of the present composition the polymer and/or silicate (Q) is/are present in an amount of 1- 50 wt.%, based on a total weight of the composition. The amount of polymer/silicate may be adjusted to e.g. ambient conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and to a surface to which the present composition may be applied, etc. If a flexi ble coating or membrane is required, an amount of polymer is higher, whereas if a stiff coating is required an amount of silicate may be higher. Depending on a type of polymer/silicate an amount may be higher, e.g. if a gel is somewhat difficult to form at low amounts thereof. If it is preferred to have a relative permeable coating a somewhat lower amount is preferred. The amount is preferably 2-30 wt.%, more preferably 5- 20 wt.%, such as 10-15 wt.%. In general, these amounts provide the best characteristics.
In an example of the present composition the poly mer is one or more of an anionic polysaccharide, such as algi nate, poly vinyl alcohol, poly (meth)acryl amide, acidic poly mer, poly styrene sulphonate, poly (meth) acrylic acid, acidic biopolymers, pectin, carrageenan, gelatin, a synthetic acid polymer, wherein the polymer may comprise one or more of a phosphate, sulphate and carboxylic group, and proteins. Polysaccharides may be defined as having a general formula of Cx(H20)y wherein x is a large number between e.g. 50 and 10000. Considering that the repeating units in the polymer backbone are often six-carbon monosaccharides, the general formula can also be represented as (C6Hio05)n wherein as an example 10≤n≤3000. In other words relatively small to relatively large molecules are considered. As such the present in vention is in principle applicable with a relative wide range of anionic bio-degradable polymers. The type of polymer may b selected and adapted to specific requirements and boundary conditions. Some polymers relate to products obtainable form waste, such as sludge, for instance waste alginate. From an economical point of view these latter may be preferred.
In an example of the present method iron is provided as a polyvalent cation. To some extent, in as far as present in an iron or steel surface, other polyvalent cations
may support formation of the present membrane, such as one or more of calcium, copper, strontium, cobalt, zinc, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, chromium, titanium, vanadium and niobium, preferably non-toxic cations, such as calcium, and magnesium, preferably calcium. The present invention can as a consequence in this respect be applied widely.
In an example of the present composition (iii) (b) the nanoparticles are one or more of a natural or artificial clay, the clay preferably a monovalent cation clay. The clay preferably has a cationic exchange capacity of 2-200 meq/100 grams clay at a pH of 7, more preferably 5-150 meq/100 grams, even more preferably 10-120 meq/100 grams. It has been found that clays having a relatively higher CEC perform better in terms of relevant characteristics for the present invention. The clay may comprise one or more of H+, Na+, K+, Li+. The clay may be a tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral (TOT) -clay (or 2:1 clay) , such as a kaolin clay, such as kaolinite, dickite, hal- loysite and nacrite, a smectite clay, such as bentonite, mont- morillonite, nontronite and saponite, an illite clay, a chlorite clay. Also a silicate mineral, such as mica, such as bio- tite, lepidolite, muscovite, phlogopite, zinnwaldite, clinton- ite, and allophane, are applicable as well as platelet like particles. A clay applied may further be selected in view of required characteristics of a final coating. Addition of nanoparticles may improve present characteristics, e.g. (de¬ creased) permeability towards water, structural integrity, strength, flexibility, etc.
In an example of the present composition the nanoparticles are present in an amount of 0.01- 12 wt.%, prefera¬ bly 0.1- 10 wt.%, more preferably 0.5- 5 wt.%, based on a to¬ tal weight of the composition. It is noted that relatively low amounts of nanoparticles may be used, which low amounts may still provide improved characteristics of the present invention. Higher amounts may be preferred, e.g. in view of (de¬ creased) permeability, stiffness, integrity, etc.
In an example of the present composition may comprise further additives, such as an anti-fouling additive. An example thereof is CuS04. Additives may be added directly to the composition, if compatible, or may be added after applying the composition. Further additives, such as UV-
blocker, stabilizers, fillers, colorants, and pigments may be added. The amount of additives is typically < 5 wt.%, preferably smaller than 2 wt.%, such as < 1 wt.%.
The present invention relates to a method of forming a bio-compatible membrane making use of the present composi¬ tion. Therein the present composition may be used as such, and similarly a first composition comprising the present polymer/silicate and a second composition comprising the present nanoparticles , if present, may be used. The two compositions may be applied separately to a surface, and then mixing of the compositions may take place. As mixing may be less optimal in view of present characteristic of a coating being formed, application of one composition is typically preferred. The pre¬ sent surface, e.g. iron and steel, provides polyvalent cations, such as Fe2+. It has been found that a good coating is obtained by applying the present composition. Surprisingly a (semi) solid surface like that of steel is capable of provid¬ ing polyvalent cations in sufficient amounts to form a mem¬ brane/coating according to the invention, and wherein the composition does not (or slightly at the most) penetrate the sur¬ face. Even further, without further measures the present meth¬ od is capable of forming a membrane with required characteristics .
The present method may be repeated, e.g. if a thicker coating is required, if characteristics of the subsequent coating may or should vary, etc.
In an example of the present method the surface is pre-treated and/or pre-shaped. Such may improve adhesion of the present membrane or coating. The present coating applied to the surface inherently has a same (or at least similar) shape .
In the present method the surface is one or more of steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, cast steel, and com¬ binations thereof. These types of materials are widely used and formed and the present coating/membrane may provide advantageous characteristics to these materials.
In an example of the present method the polymer is Na-alginate, preferably a non-food grade alginate, such as obtained from a waste material handling system, such as a sludge. The alginate may be obtained from bacteria, especially
from granules. The alginate from sludge is very cheap, provides better characteristics than alginate from algae, can not be used in food or the like, and is therefore considered a very good material for the present invention.
In an example of the present method the clay is Na- montmorillonite .
In an example of the present method the composition is applied in an amount of 10-1000 ml/m2, such as 10-500 ml/m2. Surprisingly a relatively thin coating is sufficient to provide the present advantages. A coating of 1-10 pm thickness is typically sufficient.
In a second aspect the present invention relates to a method of protecting a surface from degradation according to claim 10. As indicated throughout the application especially an iron comprising surface is considered.
In an example the surface is protected from one or more of drying, oxidizing, such as corroding, wearing, fouling, and dehydrating.
In a third aspect the present invention relates to a coating according to claims 11 or 12.
In an example the coating is stiff, comprising Fe cations, water, optionally platelet nanoparticles, and one or more of an in water dissolvable cyclic and single chain silicate .
In an example the coating is flexible. It is noted that combinations of polymers may be used, as well as combinations of nanoparticles, in order to obtained required characteristics.
In an example the present coating is applied in an environment comprising algae. The algae may provide alginate for maintaining properties of the present coating. For instance, if iron or steel is applied in salty aqueous condi¬ tions, such as in. a sea or ocean, a coating applied will remain effective, e.g. in terms of protection. It has been found that the present membranes improve a life time of underwater iron and steel, such as in ships, in offshore, and in piping, and reduce maintenance costs thereof.
In a fourth aspect the present invention relates to one or more of steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, cast steel, comprising a water impermeable flexible polymer coating
according to the invention.
In an example the coating has a thickness of 5-500 μπι, more preferably a thickness of 10-250 μπι, such as a thick¬ ness of 50-100 μπι. In view of the amounts of water and compo- nents a relatively thicker coating (e.g. 100 μιη) would still require a low amount of composition (0.1 1/m2) , i.e. is prac¬ tically not very limiting.
In a fifth aspect the present invention relates to a use of the present composition and/or of the present flexible polymer coating for protecting steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, or cast steel, from degradation.
The invention is further detailed by the accompanying figures and examples, which are exemplary and explanatory of nature and, are not limiting the scope of the invention. To the person skilled in the art it may be clear that many variants, being obvious or not, may be conceivable falling within the scope of protection, defined by the present claims .
SUMMARY OF FIGURES
Fig. l.(a) shows a picture of a treated steel plate and fig.
1. (b) shows a picture of an untreated steel plate.
Fig. 2. (a) shows a picture of a treated steel plate and fig.
2. (b) shows a picture of an untreated steel plate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
The figures are further detailed in the description of the experiments below.
EXAMPLES/EXPERIMENTS
The invention although described in detailed explana¬ tory context may be best understood in conjunction with the accompanying examples and figures.
In a first experiment various combinations of polymer, nanoparticle, silicate, respectively, and clay were test¬ ed. The experiment consisted of pouring solutions on a steel surface. All but one mentioned exhibited rapid gel formation when they got into contact with the steel surface, the surface providing Fe ions. The results are summarized in the table be¬ low .
Table 1:
Sample Na
Alginate Na MMT Na2Si03 Result
1 + +
2 + + - +
3 + + + +
4 + + +
5 + - 0
6 + + 0
7 + 0
The alginate relates to a bacterial alginate, obtained from sludge. MMT relates to montmorrilonite . Therein a indi- cates rapid formation of a gel, the gel having characteristics in line with the description above. "0" indicates forming of a gel, but questionable if the gel has all the characteristics mentioned. For example the gels of 'samples 5-7 cracked upon drying. indicates no gel being formed.
The concentrations of Na-alginate in samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 is 2wt.%, and concentrations of NaMMT and Na2Si03 is about 5 wt . % with respect to the weight of Na alginate: in total composition that relates to 2 wt . % of Na Alginate and 0.107 wt.% of Na2Si03 and/or 0.107 wt . % of NaMM . The concen- tration for samples 5 and 7 was 2 wt.%, for NaMMT and Na2Si03, respectively. And for sample 6, the concentration was 2 wt.% of Na2Si03 and about 5 wt.% of NaMMT on the weight of Na2Si03; in total composition that relates to 2 wt.% of a2Si03 and 0.107 wt.% of NaMMT.
Inventors performed further tests regarding alginate on steel surface, for corrosion protection. The test consisted of two cleaned (non-corroded) steel plates, from which one was immersed in sodium alginate solution and dried afterwards. The thickness of alginate film was around 100 μιπ. The steel plates were immersed in 35g/L NaCl solution, and inventors monitored the corrosion visually. Inventors observed initial protection of the steel plate with an alginate film. It was clear that a corrosion product of the untreated steel plate sedimentated in the solution (orange sediment) , while in the alginate treated one there was only some iron (ions) in the solution. The steel plates were taken out of the NaCl solution, and what was observed on the steel plate with alginate was a gel layer on the surface of steel plate, which is considered to be a Fe Alginate gel. After inventors removed the gel, it was observed that the steel plate was not corroded (fig. la), whereas the
steel plate without alginate was corroded (fig. lb) .
In a further experiment inventors have applied sodium alginate on a steel surface that has been corroding in 35g/L NaCl solution. The sodium alginate film was dried at 40 °C, and a thickness thereof was about 100 pm. A difference with the previous experiment was seen immediately, because the col¬ or of the film turned brown. Such is considered indicative for some Fe Alginate forming (fig. 2a) . The steel plates were placed in 35g/L NaCl solution and what was observed was swelling of the, polymer film. Conform the previous experiment pre¬ cipitation of corrosion products for the non-treated steel plate was seen. It is noted that adhesion of the gel was partially successful, possibly because conditions applied were not optimal (yet) . Such may be due to the film preparation. It is however obvious from the figs. 2a and 2b, respectively, that treated steel was much better protected from corrosion than non-treated steel.
In a more quantitive approach the following test was per¬ formed. A first steel plate was left to corrode in 35g/L NaCl solution, after which it was dipped in 3 wt . % NaAlginate. The coated steel plate was dried, with coating thickness of around 100 um. The corrosion period took 4 days in 35g/L NaCl solu¬ tion. Coated and uncoated steel plates were dipped in NaCl solution. Visually, in first day coated steel plate corroded less (no sedimentation of corrosion product) . After 4 days it was not possible to visually judge solution of coated steel plate. Inventors removed both steel plates from the solutions and dried the solution, at 105°C for 24h, to measure the mass of the corrosion product. The measured mass loss was from evaporation of water. The corrosion-product mass was obtained by the difference between the measured dry mass and the NaCl mass, which inventors derived from the NaCl initial concentration. The mass loss was calculated as follows:
Concentration of NaCl=m (NaCl )/ (m (NaCl ) +m (H20) )
m(dried mass) = m (NaCl ) +m (Corrosion product)
The results were the following:
m(Corrosion product) = 0.893g > For coated steel
m(Corrosion product) = 2.871g > Steel without coating
The submerged surfaces were determined in order to validate the results further. The surface of the uncoated
steel plate was 55cm2 and for the coated it was 46.9 cm2. In the case of the coated steel plate, some dried mass could also come from the coating itself, because we saw some part of the coating going into the solution (it detached) ; in other words the 0.893 grams above relates to an upper estimate. From the above one may conclude that coating steel with an alginate membrane reduces corrosion (in salty water) with approximately a factor 3. Such is considered remarkable.-
It should be appreciated that for commercial application it may be preferable to use one or more variations of the present system, which would similar be to the ones disclosed in the present application and are within the spirit of the invention .
Claims
1. Method of forming a durable and not-ready removable bio-compatible, membrane comprising the steps of
providing an aqueous composition comprising for at least 95 wt.% (based on a total .weight of the composition)
(i) water, and optional co-solvents, the co- solvents being selected from glycerol, and alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol,
(ii) an anionic bio-degradable polymer, and/or a synthetic acid polymer, wherein the polymer is capable of forming a gel in contact with polyvalent cations under ambient conditions, the polymer being dissolved in the liquid, wherein the polymer is present in an amount of 1- 50 wt.%, and optionally
(iii) (a) one or more of an in water dissolvable cyclic and single chain silicate (SiC>2+n2n"~) / such as silicate
(Si03 2~) , and orthosilicate (Si04 4_) , pyrosilicate (Si207 5~) , such as a monovalent cations thereof, and components that form a silicate such as Si03 2~ in water, wherein the silicate is capable of forming a glassy structure in contact with polyvalent cations under ambient conditions, wherein the silicate is present in an amount of 1- 50 wt.%, based on a total weight of the composition, and
(iii) (b) platelet nanoparticles , the nanoparti- cles being suspended in the liquid either as such or in parts thereof, wherein the nanoparticles are present in an amount of 0.01- 12 wt.%,
applying the composition onto a surface at ambient temperature (-50 °C- 70 °C) , the surface providing Fe cations, wherein the surface is one or more of steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, cast steel, and combinations thereof,
reacting the (ii) bio-degradable polymer and/or
(iii) (a) silicate, and Fe cations, thereby forming a membrane layer on the surface.
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the pH of the composition is 6-12. ,
3. Method according to any of the preceding claims wherein, in the composition an amount (wt.%) of polymer and/or silicate is larger than an amount of nanoparticle .
4. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer is one or more of an anionic polysaccha¬ ride, such as alginate, poly vinyl alcohol, poly (meth)acryl amide, acidic polymer, poly styrene sulphonate, poly
(meth) acrylic acid, acidic biopolymers, pectin, carrageenan, gelatine, a synthetic acid polymer, wherein the polymer may comprise one or more of a phosphate, sulphate and carboxylic group, and proteins, and/or
wherein further polyvalent cations are provided, such as one or more of calcium, copper, strontium, cobalt, zinc, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel,- chromium, ti¬ tanium, · vanadium and niobium, preferably non-toxic cations, such as calcium, and magnesium, preferably calcium.
5. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein
(iii) (b) the nanoparticles are one or more of a natural or artificial clay, the clay preferably a monovalent cation clay, comprising one or more of H+, Na+, K+, Li+, such as a TOT-clay (or 2:1 clay), such as a kaolin clay, such as kaolin- ite, dickite, halloysite and nacrite, a smectite clay, such as bentonite, montmorillonite , nontronite and saponite, an illite clay, a chlorite clay, a silicate mineral, such as mica, such as biotite, lepidolite, muscovite, phlogopite, zinnwaldite, clintonite, and allophane, and platelet like polymers, and wherein the nanoparticles are present in an amount of 0.1- 10 wt . % , based on a total weight of the composition.
6. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the surface is pre-treated and/or pre-shaped.
7. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition consists for more than 98 wt . % of water and optional co-solvents, an anionic bio-degradable polymer, and/or a synthetic acid polymer, and optionally a silicate and nanoparticles, and less than 2 wt . % additives.
8. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer is Na-alginate, and
wherein the clay is Na-montmorillonite, and/or
wherein the composition is applied in an amount of 1-1000 ml/m2.
9. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is applied at least once by one or
more of spraying, brushing, nebulizing, and pouring.
10. Method of protecting a surface from degradation by performing a method according to any of the preceding claims .
11. Stiff coating comprising Fe cations, water, op¬ tionally platelet nanoparticles, and one or more of an in water dissolvable cyclic and single chain silicate, obtainable by a method according to any of claims 1-10.
12. Flexible coating comprising Fe cations, water, optionally platelet nanoparticles, and bio-degradable polymers, obtainable by a method according to any of claims 1-10.
13. Self-healing flexible polymer coating according to claim 12, wherein the coating is applied in an environment comprising algae.
14. One or more of steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, cast steel, comprising a water impermeable flexible polymer coating according to claim 12 or 13, preferably a coating having a thickness of 5-500 μηα, more preferably a thickness of 10-250 pm, such as a thickness of 50-100 μπι.
15. Use of a flexible polymer coating according to claim 12 for protecting steel, stainless steel, iron, iron alloy, or cast steel, from degradation.
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Cited By (1)
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CN108479429A (en) * | 2018-05-31 | 2018-09-04 | 中国科学院城市环境研究所 | It is a kind of to utilize nanometer Fe3O4The preparation method of modified PVDF microfiltration membranes and its utilization |
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NL2018754B1 (en) | 2017-04-20 | 2018-11-05 | Univ Delft Tech | Biobased Super-absorbing polymers |
CN109382004B (en) * | 2017-08-04 | 2020-04-24 | 天津工业大学 | Method for separating and recovering mixed heavy metal by using calcium alginate membrane |
NL2021875B1 (en) | 2018-10-25 | 2020-05-13 | Univ Delft Tech | Production of biomedical compounds by enrichment cultures of microorganisms |
NL2029147B1 (en) | 2021-09-08 | 2023-03-21 | Haskoningdhv Nederland Bv | A method for preparing a composition comprising extracellular polymeric substances from aerobic granular sludge and a plasticizer |
NL2029164B1 (en) | 2021-09-09 | 2023-03-23 | Univ Delft Tech | Modification of biopolymers using polyols and polyacids |
NL2030233B1 (en) | 2021-12-22 | 2023-06-29 | Paques Biomaterials Holding B V | Adhesive from wet bacterial biomass |
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US3106496A (en) | 1961-04-28 | 1963-10-08 | Gen Electric | Process for coating and annealing grain oriented silicon steels |
US3728267A (en) | 1970-01-14 | 1973-04-17 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Peeling type pickling compositions |
US4851149A (en) | 1985-11-13 | 1989-07-25 | Henkel Corporation | Non-toxic acid cleaner corrosion inhibitors |
EP1992595A1 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-11-19 | Lafarge | Process to reduce the amount of Cr (VI) in a cement-containing composition and a composition comprising cement and coated metallic sulphate particles |
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US3106496A (en) | 1961-04-28 | 1963-10-08 | Gen Electric | Process for coating and annealing grain oriented silicon steels |
FR1319873A (en) | 1962-04-17 | 1963-03-01 | Thomson Houston Comp Francaise | Reduction of magnetic losses in electric induction devices |
US3728267A (en) | 1970-01-14 | 1973-04-17 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Peeling type pickling compositions |
US4851149A (en) | 1985-11-13 | 1989-07-25 | Henkel Corporation | Non-toxic acid cleaner corrosion inhibitors |
EP1992595A1 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2008-11-19 | Lafarge | Process to reduce the amount of Cr (VI) in a cement-containing composition and a composition comprising cement and coated metallic sulphate particles |
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CN108479429A (en) * | 2018-05-31 | 2018-09-04 | 中国科学院城市环境研究所 | It is a kind of to utilize nanometer Fe3O4The preparation method of modified PVDF microfiltration membranes and its utilization |
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