NL2029164B1 - Modification of biopolymers using polyols and polyacids - Google Patents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/91—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08G63/912—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/045—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with vegetable or animal fibrous material
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
- C08L97/02—Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse
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- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J167/00—Adhesives based on polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09J167/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. lactones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2367/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxy carboxylic acids, e.g. lactones
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Abstract
The present invention is in the field of a method of modifying polymers produced by bi- ological species, in particular microorganisms, by reacting un-modified biopolymer, a modi- fied biopolymer obtained by said method, an adhesive comprising said modified biopolymer, a fibre reinforced composite comprising said modified biopolymer, and a fibre reinforce panel comprising said fibre reinforced composite.
Description
P100618NL00
Modification of biopolymers using polyols and polyacids
The present invention is in the field of a method of modifying polymers produced by bi- ological species, in particular microorganisms, by reacting un-modified biopolymer, a modi- fied biopolymer obtained by said method, an adhesive comprising said modified biopolymer, a fibre reinforced composite comprising said modified biopolymer, and a fibre reinforce panel comprising said fibre reinforced composite.
A fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) is a building material that consists of three compo- nents, namely fibres (for strength and stiffness) as a discontinuous or dispersed phase, a ma- trix (binder) as a continuous phase, and the fine interphase region, also known as the inter- face. For fibres use can be made of natural fibres, synthetics fibres, or a combination thereof.
Examples thereof are flax, hemp, rice husk, rice hull, rice shell, cellulosic (waste streams), and plastic as ingredients. Fibres may need to be refined, blended, and compounded, such as in case of natural fibres from cellulosic waste streams. A high-strength fibre composite mate- rial in a polymer matrix can be formed thereby. The designated waste or base raw materials used in this instance are those of waste thermoplastics and various categories of cellulosic waste including straw, rice husk and saw dust.
In an alternative, e.g., to cellulosic waste streams, plant-based polymeric material, such as cellulose-based material thereof, may be used. Or a polyester may be formed directly from chemical products, such as by reacting an aliphatic polyalcohol and an aliphatic Poly carbox- ylic acid, such as is shown on WO2020/152082 A1, WO 2020/212427 Al, and WO 2021/023495 A1, which material may be used for manufacturing a laminate and the like.
Naturally occurring materials such as cotton, starch, and rubber were familiar materials for years before synthetic polymers such as polyethene and Perspex appeared on the market.
Many commercially important polymers are synthesized by chemical modification of natu- rally occurring polymers. Prominent examples include the reaction of nitric acid and cellulose to form nitrocellulose and the formation of vulcanized rubber by heating natural rubber in the presence of sulphur. Ways in which polymers can be modified include oxidation, cross-link- ing, and end-capping. Such polymers may find application as fiber reinforced composite ma- terials.
It is known that microorganisms are capable of producing biochemical compounds, such as lactic acid. Thereto typically a microbial culture is used. Therein microbial organisms reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions. It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms. A pure (or axenic) culture is a popula- tion of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types. Re- markably also non-pure cultures are capable of producing chemical substances. Bacteria are capable of producing a wide variety of chemical substances, such as lactic acid, but also me- thane, and are therefore used in food industry, in waste treatment, and so on.
With the term “microbial process” here a microbiological conversion is meant.
Recently it has been found that biobased polymeric substances, such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), in particular polysaccharide comprising materials, obtainable from granular sludge can be produced in large quantities. These substances relate to biobased carboxylic acid-like chemicals, which may be present in an ionic form (e.g. cationic or ani- onic). Examples of such production methods can be found in WO2015/057067 A1, and
WO2015/050449 A1, whereas examples of extraction methods for obtaining said biobased polymers can be found in Dutch Patent application NL2016441 and in WO2015/190927 Al.
Specific examples of obtaining these substances, such as aerobic granular sludge and anam- mox granular sludge, and the processes used for obtaining them are known from Water Re- search, 2007, doi:10. 1016/j waters.2007.03.044 (anammox granular sludge) and Water Sci- ence and Technology, 2007, 55(8-9), 75-81 (aerobic granular sludge). Further, Li et al. in “Characterization of alginate-like exopolysaccharides isolated from aerobic granular sludge in pilot plant”, Water Research, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, Vol. 44, No. 11 (June 1 2010), pp. 3355-3364) recites specific alginate-like EPS in relatively raw form. Though initially the term “alginate-like”, or “alginate-like EPS” (ALE) was used, the biobased polymeric substances are found to be more complex in terms of chemical building blocks present therein. Therefore the term EPS is preferred. Details of the biopolymers can also be found in these documents, as well as in Dutch Patent applications NL2011609, NL2011542, NL2011852, NL2017470, and
NL2012089. Also reference can be made to the Nereda® process. These documents, and there contents, such as characteristics (e.g. molecular weights, dynamic viscosity, shear rate, tensile strength, and flexural strength) of the biobased polymers, are incorporated by reference.
Advantageously, in an initial step, granules of granular sludge can be readily removed from a reactor by e.g. physical separation, settling, centrifugation, cyclonic separation, de- cantation, filtration, or sieving to provide extracellular polymeric substances in a small vol- ume. Compared to separating material from a liquid phase of the reactor this means that nei- ther huge volumes of organic nor other solvents (for extraction), nor large amounts of energy (to evaporate the liquid) are required for isolation of the extracellular polymeric substances.
Extracellular polymeric substances obtainable from granular sludge (preferably obtained from granular sludge) do not require further purification or treatment to be used for some applications, hence can be applied directly. When the extracellular polymeric substances are obtained from granular sludge the extracellular polymeric substances are preferably iso- lated from bacteria (cells) and/or other non-extracellular polymeric substances. The granular sludge can be suitably produced by bacteria belonging to the order Pseudomonadaceae, such as pseudomonas and/or Acetobacter bacteria (aerobic granular sludge); or, by bacteria belong- ing to the order Planctomycetales (anammox granular sludge), such as Brocadia anammoxi- dans, Kuenenia stuttgartiensis or Brocadia fulgida; or by betaproteobacteria, such as Candida- tis Accumulibacter Phosphatis, or, by algae, such as brown algae.
Extraction of biopolymers from aerobic granular sludge is an emerging topic, and so far amongst others extraction with alkaline substances, such as Na,COj3, NaOH or NaOCl, and likewise with compounds having two amine groups, have been suggested and implemented.
The processes provide acceptable results for some further applications, but still produce a mixture of components present and need relatively harsh conditions. Na2CO: is found to pro- vide biopolymers with an number average molecular weight of 50-75 kDa, NaOH at a pH of 11-12 provides biopolymers with an number average molecular weight of 20-45 kDa, and
NaOCl provides biopolymers with an number average molecular weight of about 120 kDa(100-150 kDa)[as determined with GPC/SEC, Shimadzu Nexpera GPC].
In an alternative to biological products, algae alginate (e.g. from seaweed) has found ap- plication in various products, especially as gelling agents. Calcium alginate wound dressings are used worldwide in view of creating a moist wound environment that encourages more ef- fective healing. The alginate referred to here does not relate to a biopolymer of microbial origin.
In general it has been found difficult to further process products of biological origin, such as (these) microbial products, in particular biopolymers such as EPS, either in pure form as obtained from a reactor, or purified or extracted as indicated above.
So, practical application of biopolymers, such as alginate, has been limited. A problem with biopolymers is that upon further treatment water may need to be removed, which is diffi- cult.
The present invention relates to a product comprising a modified biopolymer, such as the above modified extracellular polymeric substance, a method of producing said modified biopolymer, and further aspects thereof, which overcomes one or more of the above disad- vantages, without jeopardizing functionality and advantages.
The present invention relates in a first aspect to a method of obtaining a modified biopolymer comprising providing an amount of at least one un-modified biopolymer pro- duced by at least one microbial species, such as an extra-polymeric substance, and (1) modify- ing the at least one un-modified biopolymer by reacting the unmodified biopolymer with at least one biodegradable and non-toxic ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is ca- pable of forming at least two of esters and/or ethers, wherein the ester-forming or ether-form- ing or anhydride-forming compound is selected from polyols, polyacids, such as poly carbox- ylic acids, poly alcohols, poly aldehydes, molecules comprising at least one OH-group and one COOH group, and combinations thereof, at an elevated temperature, during a reaction time of at least 10 minutes, therewith forming a modified biopolymer-compound ester and op- tionally amide and optionally ether. The reaction may be inter-biopolymer molecule, intra- bi- opolymer molecule, or both. Surprisingly the water, being produced by the reaction, and/or being present, can be removed and therefore does not substantially hinder the present modifi- cation. The reactive compound is preferably a polyol, or a polyacid. It is important that in the reactive compound at least two ester-forming and/or ether-forming and/or anhydride-forming moieties are present, in order to modify the un-modified biopolymer. In an example, the extra- cellular polymeric substances comprise a major portion consisting of exopolysaccharides, and a minor portion, such as less than 30 % w/w, typically less than 10 %w/w, consisting of lipids and/or other components more hydrophobic than the exopolysaccharides, such as proteins.
So inventors found that it is beneficial to include e.g. polyols like glycerol, sorbitol and analogous, and/or polyacids, for instance citric acid, to modify microbial biopolymer formula- tions. In the case of Kaumera® (ALE) inventors established that 25% citric acid (CA) is about the stoichiometric amount to react with the available functional groups to form a Kaumera resin that can be cured at elevated temperature, such as at 140 C and higher, typically so as to yield a non-soluble ester/amide covalently crosslinked network. In conjunction to this base formulation additionally citric acid and e.g. glycerol (GLY) can be included into the biopoly- mer to modify the plasticity or flow of the resin obtained. This can be in a non-stoichiometric ratio, although possibly stoichiometric ratios are better to get a complete reaction after curing.
For CA/GLY this ratio may be about 3/1 in weight, based on the effective available acid groups (+2 in CA) and +3 OH in GLY. For the Kaumera polymer the level of acidity will in- fluence the number of effectively available carboxylic groups in the polymer (COOH 1n acid
ALE, for Na-ALE the carboxylic groups in the polymer do not participate). The Kaumera resin formulation of this generic type e.g. 75 Kaumera/25 CA + x%(3 CA/I GLY) are suitable asa binder for e.g. fibre reinforced panel manufacturing. Analogously, the aliphatic PHBV polyesters obtained from e.g. vegetable waste composting can be modified using CA/GLY and similar additions, to cleave the polymer chains, and decorate the ends with branched acid or OH functional end-groups of the PHBV chains. This may be useful to control the degree of crystallization, the melting point of the formulation, and the 'tackiness' of the final mixture, after some esterification/cleavage at elevated temperature, again typically above 140C. These
PHBYV based formulations are considered useful for optimizing the polymer performance as a matrix resin, or in adhesives (solvent based, hot melt, and pressure sensitive adhesives). It is worth noting that glycerol can be replaced by analogous polyols like sorbitol (6 OH groups) in case of evaporation of the GLY at elevated temperatures, etc.
In a second aspect the present invention relates to a modified, plasticized, or functional- ized biopolymer obtainable by a method according to the invention. It is considered an im- portant advantage of the present method of modifying, and the modified biopolymers ob- tained thereby, that characteristics of the un-modified biopolymers can be adapted largely as desired. In other words, the biopolymers can be plasticized, or functionalized, or modified in general, with a specific application thereof in mind, such as the use as an adhesive compound, or the use in a fibre reinforced composite. Said modified biopolymer may have a melting point of >150 °C, and/or a tackiness of > 200 J/m2, and/or a glass transition temperature of < °C (high temperature compostable), preferably < 40 °C, such as < 20 °C. For instance
PHBV is <0 C. A biopolymer PHBV based formulation that has a good hot melt and short-term tackiness properties is obtained.
In a further aspect the present invention relates to an adhesive comprising a biopol- ymer according to the invention, such as a solvent based adhesive, and a hot melt adhesive.
In yet a further aspect the present invention relates to a fibre reinforced composite com- 5 prising 1-70 wt.% of an adhesive according to the invention, and 30-99 wt.% fibres, in partic- ular cellulosic fibres, hemp fibres, flax fibres, and viscose fibres, preferably wherein the com- posite is 50-90% cured.
And the invention relates, in a further aspect, to a fibre reinforced panel comprising a fibre reinforced composite according to the invention.
Thereby the present invention provides a solution to one or more of the above men- tioned problems. Advantages of the present invention are detailed throughout the description.
The present invention relates in a first aspect to a method according to claim 1.
In an exemplary embodiment the present method comprises (i) modifying the at least one un-modified biopolymer or providing at least one un-modified bio-polyester, (i1) plasti- cizing the at least one modified biopolymer or un-modified bio-polyester by reacting with an 0.1-35% stoichiometric amount of at least one biodegradable and non-toxic ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound, in particular 1-30 % stoichiometric amount, such as 5-25% stoichiometric amount, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhy- dride-forming compound is capable of forming at least two of esters and/or ethers, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is selected from polyols, polyacids, such as poly carboxylic acids, poly alcohols, molecules comprising at least one
OH-group and one COOH group, and combinations thereof, at an elevated temperature, dur- ing a reaction time of at least 10 minutes, therewith forming a plasticized biopolymer-com- pound ester and optionally amide and optionally ether, and/or (ii1) functionalizing the at least one modified biopolymer or un-modified bio-polyester by reacting with an 0.1-35% stoichio- metric amount of at least one biodegradable and non-toxic ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound, in particular 1-30 % stoichiometric amount, such as 5-25% stoichiometric amount, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is capable of forming at least two of esters and/or ethers, wherein the ester-form- ing or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is selected from polyols, polyacids, such as poly carboxylic acids, poly alcohols, molecules comprising at least one OH-group and one COOH group, and combinations thereof, at an elevated temperature, during a reaction time of at least 10 minutes, therewith forming a functionalized biopolymer-compound ester and optionally amide and optionally ether. In an alternative to reacting the un-modified bi- opolymer with the ester-, ether, or anhydride-forming compound one can also start with an un-modified biopolymer, in particular a bio-polyester. The bio-polyester is considered to be less reactive than an unmodified biopolymer having OH-groups available for reacting and op- tionally further groups for reacting. However, the bio-polyester can still be modified, such as plasticized, and/or functionalized, with at least one biodegradable and non-toxic ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound, typically under similar reaction conditions.
In step of plasticizing a small fraction of the available reactive moieties (or groups) is reacted, typically with an 0. 1-25% stoichiometric amount of such reactive groups being available, preferably with an 1-8% stoichiometric amount, such as with an 2-5% stoichiometric amount thereof. In an alternative, or in addition, the modified biopolymer or bio-polyester can be functionalized in a similar manner, by reacting a small fraction of the available reactive moie- ties (or groups), typically with an 0.1-25% stoichiometric amount of such reactive groups be- ing available, preferably with an 1-8% stoichiometric amount, such as with an 2-5% stoichio- metric amount thereof. Depending on he selection of the reactive compound (ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound) plasticity and/or function of the biopolymer or bio-polyester can be modified.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method wherein the un-modified biopol- ymer has various moieties or groups available for reacting, such as comprises OH-groups available for reacting and optionally at least one of NH groups for reacting, carboxylic groups for reacting, RSO:H, groups for reacting, RPO:H, groups for reacting, ester-groups for reacting, ether-groups for reacting, O-acetyl groups for reacting, which typically are ke- tone group, sulfone groups for reacting, sulfonate groups for reacting, sulphonamide groups for reacting, and combinations thereof. It is noted that biopolymers produced by at least one microbial species may vary in terms of molecular weight, in terms of functional groups and amounts thereof being present in the biopolymer, in terms of sequence of monomers, dimers, etc. The un-modified biopolymer and the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-form- ing compound are preferably provided in a stoichiometric ratio of biopolymer:compound of 0.7:1 to 2:1, more preferably 1:1 to 1.5:1. In an alternative during reacting the unmodified bi- opolymer and ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming an amount of 75-99.9 % of the stoichiometric ratio, which affectively is a too low ratio, preferably 80-95%, such as 85-90% of said stoichiometric ratio, of combined ester-forming and ether-forming and anhy- dride-forming compound is added. Such leads to “incomplete” reactions, or put different, par- tial modification of the un-modified biopolymer. Such partial modification may in fact be what is desired, having a specific application in mind.
In fact by selecting the amount of reactive compound, and/or a sequence of steps to be performed (such as plasticizing and functionalizing), the characteristics of the present un- modified microbial polymer can be modified as desired.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the polyol is selected from glyc- erol, trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol, from sugar alcohols ((CHOH),H2, where n = 4— 6), such as maltitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, and isomalt, and from polyvinyl alcohols (with formula (CH:CHOH),, wherein n<100, preferably wherein n<60, such as n<20),
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the polyacid is selected from or-
ganic polyacids, such as dicarboxylic acids and tricarboxylic acids, such as citric acid, suc- cinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, and malonic acid.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method in the step of (1) modifying by reacting the unmodified biopolymer the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is provided in a weight ratio compound:biopolymer of 1:10 to 1:1, preferably 1:6 to 1:2, such as 1:5 to 1:4.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the modified biopolymer is ob- tained at a temperature of > 100 °C, preferably > 140 °C, such as > 160 °C, and preferably < 185 °C. Typically the temperature is increased significantly, in order to speed up the reaction.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the modified biopolymer is re- acted during 5-180 minutes, such as 10-60 minutes, such as 20-30 minutes, which is consid- ered to be relatively quickly.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the pressure is < 1000 kPa, such as <100 kPa, in particular < 50 kPa, more in particular < 10 kPa, that is, under a reduced pressure, in particular under a reduced water pressure. As such water being formed during the reaction is removed rather easily.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method is performed under a nitrogen atmosphere.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the un-modified biopolymer is selected from polysaccharides, wherein the saccharide is preferably selected from trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, octoses, dodecyloses, from amino sugars, such as galac- tosamine, glucosamine, sialic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, from sulfosugars, such as sulfoqui- novose, and carrageenan, from ascorbic acid, and mannitol, from polyuronic acids, such as comprising glucuronic acid, d-Galacturonic acid, and mannuronic acid, poly sugar acids, such as comprising aldonic acid, ulosonic acid, uronic acid, aldaric acid, Glyceric acid (3C), Xy- lonic acid (5C), Gluconic acid (6C), Ascorbic acid (6C), Neuraminic acid (5-amino-3,5-dide- oxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid), Ketodeoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO or 3-de- oxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid), Glucuronic acid (6C), Galacturonic acid (6C), Iduronic acid (6C), Tartaric acid (4C), meso-Galactaric acid (Mucic acid) (6C), and D-Glucaric acid (Saccharic acid) (6C), polymers comprising nonulosonic acid, such as sialic acid, such as al- ginate, inulin, starch, and celluloses, nitropolysaccharides, guar, and extracellular substances obtainable from granular sludge such as Kaumera, or wherein the bio-polyester is selected from polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA), preferably wherein the PHA is formed from C;-C7 car- boxylic acids, such as Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB V), polylactic acid (PLA), and poly hydroxy butyrate (PHB), hybrid polymers thereof, and block- or co-polymers thereof , and combinations thereof. So a large variety of microbial polymers can be used in the present invention for modification.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the un-modified biopolymer is anionic or cationic. In view of solubility in water such may be an advantage.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the un-modified biopolymer is a non-linear biopolymer.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the un-modified biopolymer has an average molecular weight of >5kDa (size exclusion chromatography), preferably > 10 kDa, more preferably >20 kDa, such as > 100 kDa. Size exclusion chromatography, such as by us- ing a Shimadzu SEC, can be done using a suitable protocol, which are readily available. Such applies to other molecular weights as well.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the un-modified biopolymer has an average molecular weight of <1500kDa (size exclusion chromatography), preferably < 1000 kDa, more preferably <500 kDa.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the un-modified biopolymer has a multifunctionality, that is has different reactive groups, such as exemplified above. The mul- tifunctionality introduces some complexity at he one end, but also offers versatility at the other end.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the modified biopolymer-com- pound ester has an average molecular weight of >10 kDa.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the polyol and polyacid are pro- vided in a molar ratio of available OH-groups in polyol:available acid groups in polyacid of 1:10 to 1:2, preferably 1:5 to 1:3.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method a partial reaction is performed, such as forming an anhydride, thereby removing a H:O molecule, and still remaining reactive functionality of the COOH, which may be used later. In view of the multifunctionality and polymeric character of the present biopolymer clearly more than one water molecule per bi- opolymer molecule can be removed.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the modified biopolymer-com- pound ester is post-cured at a temperature of > 150 °C, preferably > 160 °C, such as > 170 °C.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the modified biopolymer-com- pound ester is post-cured during 5-120 minutes, such as 10-60 minutes, such as 20-30 minutes.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the un-modified biopolymer comprises 30-200 % free OH-groups, in particular 50-150%, and/or comprises 5-30% free
COOH groups, in particular 10-25%, and/or comprises 1-10% free NH: groups, in particular 5-8%..
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the unmodified biopolymers have an number average molecular weight of 50-75 kDa, such as after extraction with Na2CO: have an number average molecular weight of 20-45 kDa, such as after extraction with NaOH at a pH of 11-12, or have an number average molecular weight of 100-150 kDa, e.g. about 120 kDa , such as after extraction with NaOCl [as determined with GPC/SEC].
S
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the modified biopolymer is non- soluble in water.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method during (1) modifying, (i1) plasti- cizing, or (iii) functionalizing at least one further additive is provided, or a combination thereof.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method during (i) modifying, (11) plasti- cizing, or (iii) functionalizing at least one mono-carboxylic acid is provided, or a combination thereof.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method 30-99 wt.% fibres are added to the modified or un-modified biopolymer, in particular cellulosic fibres, such as fibres of 0.2-7 mm length, in particular 1-5 mm in length such as 2-4 mm.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method a water content of the modi- fied or un-modified biopolymer is reduced, such as by hot-pressing at a temperature of 140-170 °C, in particular 145-160 °C, and/or under a pressure of 1-100 kN, in particu- lar 10-30 kN, such as 15-20 kN, and/or during a time of 10-60 minutes, in particular 15-45 minutes, such as 38-42 minutes.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method a water content of the modi- fied or un-modified biopolymer is reduced by pre-drying of the modified or un-modi- fied biopolymer during a time of 10-240 minutes, in particular 60-180 minutes, at a temperature of 50-100 °C, in particular 70-80 °C.
In an exemplary embodiment the present fibre reinforce composite has a flexural modulus of 1-7 GPa (ASTM D790-17), and/or has a flexural strength of 5-30 MPa (ASTM
D790-17).
The invention is further detailed by the accompanying figures and examples, which are exemplary and explanatory of nature and are not limiting the scope of the in- vention. To the person skilled in the art it may be clear that many variants, being obvi- ous or not, may be conceivable falling within the scope of protection, defined by the present claims.
EXAMPLES/EXPERIMENTS
The invention although described in detailed explanatory context may be best un- derstood in conjunction with the accompanying examples.
For a PHBYV, treated wit citric acid, and glycerol (in the given weigh ratios) the follow- ing adhesive properties were obtained:
Maternal Adhesion energy (J/m?) after 10 minutes
Paper on glass of PHBV (90:7.5:2.5) 427 Jm?
Textile on glass of PHBV (90:7.5:2.5) 605 J/m?
Textile on glass of PHBV (95:3.75:1.25) 228 J/m?
Post-it on glass 12.1 J/m?
Sellotape on glass 245 J/m?
Table 1: adhesion energy measured on different materials.
In a further example a Tg of -6 to -10 °C, was obtained, depending on an amount on HV in the PHBV. A melting point of about 194 °C, aK of 1558°C/Da, and a t=0.4 in a Flory-Fox like Tm dependence was obtained. The melting temperature was > 150 °C for PHBV with small amounts of HV.
Kaumera (extracellular substances obtainable from granular sludge) films
Thin Kaumera/CA films were made at Chaincraft, by drying a solution of the two com- ponents. For DMTA testing, a film thickness of 100 to 200 um was desired. Therefore, before a first iteration at creating the films, the thickness that would result from the drying process was calculated by using the geometry of the cupcake trays the films were to be made in and estimating the eventual density of the film. The assumptions in this calculation, however, were plenty, which resulted in insufficiently coherent films. Several batches were made, of which the last one is described here.
First, about 20 g of 12 weight % Kaumera solution was weighed off and diluted to 4% with demineralised water. Next, different amounts of citric acid were added to the solution, to get specific ALE/CA ratios. These mixtures were stirred for about 10 minutes before specific amounts were poured into cupcake trays. These were then dried in the oven at 40 °C for at least 24h. The amount of solution poured into the cupcake tray was based on the earlier calcu- lations, but multiplied by 3 or 4, depending on the results of previous batches of films. Films were made with 0, 20, 22, 25, 29, 33, 40 and 50 weight % of citric acid.
After transporting them to Delft, the films were once again dried at 40 °C, this time in a vac- uum oven, to remove any moisture. Afterwards, they were placed in a desiccator. Before test- ing, the films were cut into 3mm wide strips to be able to fit in the DMTA machine.
DMTA testing
For DMTA testing, the strips were manually cut to a length of approximately 2 cm to fit in the machine. Temperature sweep measurements were done for different temperature ranges in be- tween -50 °C and 300 °C with a heating rate of 2 °C/min. The load was amplitude controlled, where the amplitude was set manually to be sure that the samples were in the linear regime.
The load was always applied at 1 Hz.
The machine used was a Perkin Elmer DMTA e7.
TGA testing
For TGA testing, small pieces of the films were used of around 8 mg. First, a temperature sweep test of 30 °C to 230 °C at 2 °C per minute was done on a pure Kaumera sample and a 25 weight % CA sample in order to identify temperatures at which different reactions would take place. Then, five more samples were subjected to a temperature sweep with isothermal steps at these temperatures so that the specific reactions would have the time to finish before others started. Doing so, individual reaction peaks could be deconvoluted in the time-weight graphs. The program had several heating steps at 2 °C per minute, and 30-minute isothermal steps at 90 °C, 115 °C, 160 °C and 220 °C. The full temperature range was 30 °C to 250 °C.
The device used was a Perkin Elmer TGA 8000.
In an example the glass transition temperature is obtained by reading the temperature at the point where the storage modulus becomes 1.25 GPa, which is around 20 °C. The glass transition point was determined derived to be about 40 °C. For TGA an initial 2 °C/min sweep for the pure Kaumera and 25% CA samples are taken. This showed water released per CA re- action. The amount of water released per citric acid molecule, on average, can be calculated from this data. The higher this number is, the higher the degree of cross-linking, because a molecule reacting with a Kaumera chain releases 1 water molecule, whereas a citric acid mol- ecule reacting with another releases only 0.5 water molecules per CA molecule. The upper limit will be 2, which is when each CA molecule reacts with a Kaumera chain on both sides.
In these tests, the numbers were around 0.5 for 24w% samples, and 0.3 for SOw% samples.
This indicates that the samples with a lower CA content, were more efficiently cross-linked than those with a higher content.
Testing of composites with Kaumera
The following composites were investigated:
A set of 20 samples consisting of 64 g of citric acid, 160 g of ALE and 56 g of shredded toilet paper.
A set of 10 samples consisting of 46 g of citric acid, 160 g of ALE and 56 g of shredded toilet paper.
A set of 18 samples consisting of 64 g of citric acid, 160 g of ALE and 56 g of ReCell R cellulose. The 3-point-bending test were performed at the mechanical lab in the faculty for maritime, mechanical and materials engineering at TU Delft. They were performed according to the standard ASTM D790-17, which was the most upto-date version of the
ASTM standard for testing "Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and
Electrical Insulating Materials" (ASTM International, 2017), the strain rate, which was given as 0:0lmm/mm/min by ASTM International (2017).. The tests were performed on a Zwick 7010 tensile tester, using a 10 kN load cell. The machine was operated using the Zwick/Roell
TestXpert 2.0 software. Furthermore, a Mituyoto micrometer was used to measure the dimen- sions of the samples, and a pair of digital calipers was used to measure the support span. ReCell is a recy- cled cellulose fibre form sewage water.
Mean flex. Flex. Modulus Mean Max. Max. strength
Modulus Ef [MPa] StDev (MPa) Strength Sm [MPa] StDev [MPa]
Toilet paper, much citric acid 3080 288 8.64 0.71
Toilet paper, little citric acid 4283 387 11.2 1.30
ReCell 3486 243 9.94 0.87
Table 2, Results of 3-point bend-testing
For an exemplary recipe, comprising 100 parts H-Ale, 30 parts citric acid, 6.6 parts glycerol, 5 parts bamboo powder and 25 parts of the above ReCell, the parts being on a weight basis, curing times and temperatures were investigated. Curing times were from >90 minutes for the lowest tested temperature of 140 °C to about 25 minutes for the highest tested temperature of 170 °C. A temperature of 160 °C with a curing time of 35-50 minutes was found optimal, e.g. in terms of almost no degradation of the product obtained.
In view of water content in the Kaumera/ALE, and in view of water formed by the reac- tion of e.g. citric acid with the Kaumera, such as due to esterification, extra care was taken to remove water before and during the reaction of Kaumera with he further ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound. Temperatures were varied from 140-170 °C, in particular 145-160 °C, and/or under a pressure of 1-30 KN, in particular 10-15 kN, and/or during a time of 10-60 minutes, in particular 15-45 minutes, such as 38-42 minutes. It was found that typically >90% of the sample was cured and in particular most (97%) to all of the sample was cured. Thereby uniform samples were obtained. Fibre reinforced composites formed by the present method typically had a flexural modulus Egex of 1-7 GPa, such as 2-5
GPa, and a flexural strength or of 5-30 MPa using the 3-point bending test, typically 10-20
MPa.
Figs. la-b, 2-3, and 4a-b show exemplary reactions.
Fig. 1a shows a schematic reaction between two biopolymers, left and right, having re- active groups for reacting. Shown are OH-reactive groups, COOH-groups, NHz-reactive groups, whereas other groups, such as RSO4Hx groups, RPO4Hx groups, ester-groups, ether- groups, O-acetyl groups, sulfone groups, sulfonate groups, and sulphonamide groups, are not shown, but may be present. Citric acid is added, and reacts under forming of two esters in the example. Likewise, the citric acid may react with one or more of the other reactive groups. In fig. 1b a similar reaction as with the citric acid above is shown with glycerol.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic reaction between a modified biopolymer and a glycerol. The modified biopolymer is thereby functionalized. Likewise the modified biopolymer is plasti- cized. It is noted the terms “functionalize” and “plasticize” may at least partly overlap, de- pending e.g. on the type of biopolymer, reactant, reaction conditions, etc.
Fig. 3 shows a schematic “reaction” between a modified biopolymer and a glycerol. The glycerol is incorporated into the modified biopolymer. The modified biopolymer is thereby plasticized.
Fig. 4a shows a schematic reaction between an un-modified biopolymer, in this case polylactic acid, and citric acid. The citric acid reacts with an end-group of the polylactic acid.
Therewith the polylactic acid is thereby functionalized. Likewise the modified biopolymer is plasticized.
Fig. 4b shows a schematic reaction between an un-modified biopolymer, in this case polylactic acid, and citric acid. The citric acid reacts with an intermediate group of the pol- ylactic acid, effectively dividing the polylactic acid in two polymer chain parts, one with p monomers, and the other with q monomers, and the citric acid moiety in between. Therewith the polylactic acid is thereby functionalized.
For the purpose of searching the following section is added, which may be considered embodiments of the present invention, and of which the subsequent section represents a trans- lation into Dutch. 1. A method of obtaining a modified biopolymer comprising providing an amount of at least one un-modified biopolymer produced by at least one microbial species, and (1) modifying the at least one un-modified biopolymer by reacting the unmodified bi- opolymer with at least one biodegradable and non-toxic ester-forming or ether-forming or an- hydride-forming compound, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is capable of forming at least two of esters and/or ethers, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is selected from polyols, polyacids, such as poly carboxylic acids, poly alcohols, poly aldehydes, molecules comprising at least one OH- group and one COOH group, and combinations thereof, at an elevated temperature, during a reaction time of at least 10 minutes, therewith forming a modified biopolymer-compound es- ter and optionally amide and optionally ether. 2. Method according to claim 1, comprising (1) modifying the at least one un-modified biopolymer or providing at least one un-modified bio-polyester, (ii) plasticizing the at least one modified biopolymer or un-modified bio-polyester by reacting with an 0. 1-35% stoichiometric amount of at least one biodegradable and non-toxic ester- forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is capable of forming at least two of esters and/or ethers, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is selected from polyols, polyacids, such as poly carboxylic acids, poly alcohols, molecules comprising at least one OH-group and one COOH group, and combinations thereof, at an ele- vated temperature, during a reaction time of at least 10 minutes, therewith forming a plasti- cized biopolymer-compound ester and optionally amide and optionally ether, and/or (111) functionalizing the at least one modified biopolymer or un-modified bio-polyester by re- acting with an 0.1-35% stoichiometric amount of at least one biodegradable and non-toxic es- ter-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is capable of forming at least two of esters and/or ethers, wherein the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is selected from polyols, polyacids, such as poly carboxylic acids, poly alcohols, molecules comprising at least one OH-group and one COOH group, and combinations thereof, at an ele- vated temperature, during a reaction time of at least 10 minutes, therewith forming a function- alized biopolymer-compound ester and optionally amide and optionally ether. 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the un-modified biopolymer comprises OH-groups available for reacting and option- ally at least one of NH, groups for reacting, carboxylic groups for reacting, RSO:H, groups for reacting, RPO:H, groups for reacting, ester-groups for reacting, ether-groups for reacting,
O-acetyl groups for reacting, sulfone groups for reacting, sulfonate groups for reacting, sul- phonamide groups for reacting, and combinations thereof, and wherein the un-modified biopolymer and the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride- forming compound are preferably provided in a stoichiometric ratio of biopolymer:compound of 0.7:1to 2:1, or wherein during reacting the unmodified biopolymer and ester-forming or ether-forming or an- hydride-forming an amount of 75-99.9 % of the stoichiometric of combined ester-forming and ether-forming and anhydride-forming compound is added. 4. Method according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the polyol is selected from glycerol, tri- methylol propane, and pentaerythritol, from sugar alcohols ((CHOH),H:, where n = 4-6), such as maltitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, and isomalt, from polyvinyl alcohols with formula (CH,CHOH),, wherein n<100, and/or wherein the polyacid is selected from dicarboxylic acids and tricarboxylic acids, such as citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, and malonic acid. 5. Method according to any of claims 1-4, wherein in the step of (1) modifying by reacting the unmodified biopolymer the ester-forming or ether-forming or anhydride-forming compound is provided in a weight ratio compound:biopolymer of 1:10 to 1:1, preferably 1:6 to 1:2, such as 1:5to 1:4. 6. Method according to any of claims 1-5, wherein the modified biopolymer is obtained at a temperature of > 100 °C, preferably > 140 °C, such as > 160 °C, and preferably < 185 °C, and/or wherein the modified biopolymer is reacted during 5-180 minutes, such as 10-60 minutes, such as 20-30 minutes, and/or wherein the pressure is < 1000 kPa, such as <100 kPa, in particular under a reduced water pressure, and/or under a nitrogen atmosphere. 7. Method according to any of claims 1-6, wherein the un-modified biopolymer is selected from polysaccharides, wherein the saccharide is preferably selected from trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, octoses, dodecyloses, from amino sugars, such as galactosamine,
glucosamine, sialic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, from sulfosugars, such as sulfoquinovose, and carrageenan, from ascorbic acid, and mannitol, from polyuronic acids, such as compris- ing glucuronic acid, d-Galacturonic acid, and mannuronic acid, poly sugar acids, such as com- prising aldonic acid, ulosonic acid, uronic acid, aldaric acid, Glyceric acid (3C), Xylonic acid (5C), Gluconic acid (6C), Ascorbic acid (6C), Neuraminic acid (5-amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glyc- ero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid), Ketodeoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO or 3-deoxy-D-manno- oct-2-ulosonic acid), Glucuronic acid (6C), Galacturonic acid (6C), Iduronic acid (6C), Tar- taric acid (4C), meso-Galactaric acid (Mucic acid) (6C), and D-Glucaric acid (Saccharic acid) (6C), polymers comprising nonulosonic acid, such as sialic acid, from alginate, inulin, starch, and celluloses, from nitropolysaccharides, from guar, and from extracellular substances ob- tainable from granular sludge, such as Kaumera, or wherein the bio-polyester is selected from polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA), preferably wherein the PHA is formed from C»-C7 carboxylic acids, such as Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polylactic acid (PLA), and poly hydroxy butyrate (PHB), hybrid polymers thereof, and block- or co-polymers thereof, and combinations thereof, and/or wherein the un-modified biopolymer is anionic or cationic, and/or wherein the un-modified biopolymer is a non-linear biopolymer, and/or wherein the un-modified biopolymer has an average molecular weight of >5kDa (size exclu- sion chromatography), preferably > 10 kDa, more preferably >20 kDa, such as > 100 kDa, and/or wherein the un-modified biopolymer has an average molecular weight of <1500kDa (size ex- clusion chromatography, preferably < 1000 kDa, more preferably <500 kDa, and/or wherein the un-modified biopolymer has a multifunctionality, and/or wherein the modified biopolymer-compound ester has an average molecular weight of >10 kDa. 8. Method according to any of claims 1-7, wherein the polyol and polyacid are provided in a molar ratio of available OH-groups in polyol:available acid groups in polyacid of 1:10 to 1:2, preferably 1:5 to 1:3. 9. Method according to any of claims 1-8, wherein a partial reaction is performed, such as forming an anhydride. 10. Method according to any of claims 1-9, wherein the modified biopolymer-compound ester is post-cured at a temperature of > 150 °C, preferably > 160 °C, such as > 170 °C, and/or post-cured during 5-120 minutes, such as 10-60 minutes, such as 20-30 minutes 11. Method according to any of claims 1-10, wherein the un-modified biopolymer comprises 30-200 % free OH-groups, in particular 50-150%, and/or comprises 5-30% free COOH groups, in particular 10-25%, and/or comprises 1-10% free NH» groups, in particular 5-8%, and/or wherein the unmodified biopolymers have an number average molecular weight of 50- 75 kDa, have an number average molecular weight of 20-45 kDa, or have an number average molecular weight of 100-150 kDa.
12. Method according to any of claims 1-11, wherein the modified biopolymer is non-soluble in water.
13. Method according to any of claims 1-12, wherein during (i) modifying, (ii) plasticizing, or
(111) functionalizing at least one further additive is provided, or a combination thereof, and/or wherein during (1) modifying, (ii) plasticizing, or (iii) functionalizing at least one mono-car-
boxylic acid is provided, or a combination thereof, and/or wherein 30-99 wt.% fibres are added to the modified or un-modified biopolymer, in particular cellulosic fibres, and/or wherein a water content of the modified or un-modified biopolymer is reduced, such as by hot-pressing at a temperature of 140-170 °C, in particular 145-160 °C, and/or under a pressure of 1-100 kN, in particular 10-30 kN, and/or during a time of 10-60 minutes, in particular 15- 45 minutes, such as 38-42 minutes, and/or by pre-drying of the modified or un-modified bi- opolymer during a time of 10-240 minutes, in particular 60-180 minutes, at a temperature of 50-100 °C, in particular 70-80 °C.
14 Modified, plasticized, or functionalized biopolymer obtainable by a method according to any of claims 1-13.
15. Biopolymer according to claim 14, wherein the biopolymer has a melting point of >150 °C, and/or a tackiness of > 200 J/m?, and/or a glass transition temperature of < 50 °C, preferably < 40 °C, such as < 20 °C (measured us- ing differential scanning calorimetry with Mettler Toledo TGA2 according to ISO 11357- 1:2016).
16. Adhesive comprising a biopolymer according to any of claims 14-15, such as a solvent based adhesive, and a hot melt adhesive.
17. Fibre reinforced composite comprising 1-70 wt.% of an adhesive according to claim 16, and 30-99 wt.% fibres, in particular cellulosic fibres, hemp fibres, flax fibres, viscose fibres, or a combination thereof.
18. Fibre reinforced composite according to claim 17, wherein the composite is 50-80% cured, and/or having a flexural modulus of 1-7 GPa (ASTM D790-17), and/or having a flexural strength of 5-30 MPa (ASTM D790-17).
19. Fibre reinforced panel comprising a fibre reinforced composite according to claim 17 or 18.
Claims (19)
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