Classifications

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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/36—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms
  • C07D213/40—Acylated substituent nitrogen atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4402—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof only substituted in position 2, e.g. pheniramine, bisacodyl
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/06034—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms
  • C07K5/06043—Leu-amino acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
  • C07K5/06034—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms
  • C07K5/06052—Val-amino acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
  • C07K5/06078—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06086—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being basic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06086—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being basic
  • C07K5/06095—Arg-amino acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06104—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being acidic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06139—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06139—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic
  • C07K5/06147—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic and His-amino acid; Derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
  • C07K5/06139—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic
  • C07K5/06156—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being heterocyclic and Trp-amino acid; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• This invention is directed to prodrugs of an NMDA antagonist, (S)-l-phenyl-2-
• (pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine and their use in the treatment of depression and depressive disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD), and also for the treatment of pain (such as neuropathic pain).
• the prodrugs of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine can also be used to treat Rett Syndrome, suicidal ideation, bipolar disorder (including bipolar depression) , obsessive compulsive disorder, sarin gas poisoning, and status epilepticus.
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the prodrugs and to processes for preparing them.
• Pain in one form or another is a pervasive part of human life. Pain from injury and post-surgical pain is often temporary, but can be severe, and can persist. Neuropathic pain such as diabetic neuropathy and post-herpetic neuralgia severely impacts sufferers. Every year, tens of millions of people around the world, including patients at the end of their lives, suffer from pain without adequate treatment.
• Depression affects about 120 million people worldwide. Symptoms of depression include, but are not limited to, depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration, or any combination thereof. These problems can be chronic or recurrent and can lead to substantial impairment of an individual's ability to take care of his or her everyday responsibilities. Depression is the leading cause of disability as measured by Years Lived with a Disability (YLDs) and the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease as measured by Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs; i.e., the sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of productive life lost due to disability) in 2000. By the year 2020, depression is projected to reach second place in the ranking of DALYs calculated for all ages, in both men and women. Today, depression is already the second cause of DALYs in the age category 15-44 years for both sexes combined.
• YLDs Years Lived with a Disability
• DALYs Disability Adjusted Life
• (S)-l-Phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine dihydrochloride has been disclosed for the treatment of MDD via intravenous infusion treatment (Gerard Sanacora et al, poster presented on 6 December 2012 at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology in Hollywood, Florida, USA.
• Other related disclosures include WO 1993/020052, WO2000/056324, and WO2000/63175. For convenience it would be useful to be able to administer this drug as an oral dosage form.
• Prodrugs of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine are predicted to break down in a human body to provide (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine, so that, when prodrugs of (S)-l- phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine are administered orally, they would break down to liberate a therapeutically effective dose of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine.
• prodrug of the present invention is administered intravenously it is predicted that the prodrug would liberate (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine to give a lower Cmax, at a slower rate, than if the corresponding dose of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine had been administered intravenously.
• the use of prodrugs of (S)-l-Phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine would be predicted to improve the clinical safety profile of (S)-l-Phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine (for example under overdose or, drug abuse (eg pill crushing) conditions).
• Figure la and lb illustrates the conversion of prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-
• FIG. 5 2-yl)ethanamine (Example 5) to (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine during an incubation period in human intestinal fluid.
• figure la illustrates prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2- (pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine (Example 5) concentration (initial concentrations of 30, 100, 300 and 600 ⁇ ), as it transforms to (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine, during an incubation period in human intestinal fluid.
• Figure lb illustrates (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine concentration, as it converts from prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine (Example 5, initial concentrations of 30, 100, 300 and 600 ⁇ ), during an incubation period in human intestinal fluid.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I):
• Rl is Ci -6 alkylC(0)0(Ci-6 alkoxy), or
• AA is a peptide bond-linked natural amino acid
• Alkyl is straight or branched chain and contains 1-6, for example 1-4, carbon atoms.
• Alkyl is, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl or tert-butyl.
• Alkoxy is straight or branched chain and contain 1-6, for example 1-4, carbon atoms. Alkoxy is, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, iso-butoxy or tert-butoxy.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Rl is Ci-6 alkylC(0)0(Ci-6 alkoxy), for example it is C 1-4 alkylC(0)0(Ci-4 alkoxy).
• Rl is Ci-6 alkylC(0)0(Ci-6 alkoxy), for example it is C 1-4 alkylC(0)0(Ci-4 alkoxy).
• Examples include: (CH 3 ) 2 CHC(0)OCH 2 0, (CH 3 ) 2 CHC(0)OCH(CH(CH 3 ) 2 )0, CH 3 C(0)OCH(CH 3 )0 or (CH 3 ) 2 CHC(0)OCH(CH 3 )0.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Rl is and AA is a peptide bond-linked natural amino acid.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein Rl is
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) wherein AA is, for example, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, hydroxylysine, arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline or hydroxyproline.
• AA is, for example, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, hydroxylysine, arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline or hydroxyproline.
• AA is selected from the group consisting of tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, arginine, histidine, lysine and valine. In another aspect AA is selected from the group consisting of tyrosine, arginine, histidine, lysine and valine. In a still further aspect AA is valine.
• a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt is, for example, an acid addition salt such as a hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulphate, phosphate, acetate, fumarate, maleate, tartrate, lactate, citrate, pyruvate, succinate, oxalate, methanesulphonate, /?-toluenesulphonate, bisulphate, benzenesulphonate, ethanesulphonate, malonate, xinafoate, ascorbate, oleate, nicotinate, saccharinate, adipate, formate, glycolate, L-lactate, D-lactate, aspartate, malate, L-tartrate, D- tartrate, stearate, 2-furoate, 3-furoate, napadisylate (naphthalene-l,5-disulfonate or naphthalene- l-(sulfonic acid)-5-sulfonate
• Compounds of the invention can be prepared by adapting methods described in the art or by adapting methods described in the Examples.
• the compound (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin- 2-yl)ethanamine) can be prepared, for example, by process methodology in EP-0633879 and the content of that document is incorporate by reference.
• the present invention provides the compound 2-((5)-2- phenyl-2-((S)-pyrrolid-2-incarboxamido)ethyl)pyridine:
• salt for example, a hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulphate, phosphate, acetate, methanesulphonate, /?-toluenesulphonate, formate or benzoate salt.
• the present invention provides the intermediate compound 2- ((S)-2-phenyl-2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2-iumcarboxamido)ethyl)pyridinium chloride
• a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used in the treatment of depression (such as major depressive disorder, for example treatment resistant major depressive disorder).
• a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used in the treatment of pain (such as neuropathic pain, chronic pain, phantom-limb pain, nociceptive pain, psychogenic pain, incident pain or breakthrough pain).
• pain such as neuropathic pain, chronic pain, phantom-limb pain, nociceptive pain, psychogenic pain, incident pain or breakthrough pain.
• a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used in the treatment of Rett Syndrome, suicidal ideation, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, sarin gas poisoning, or status epilepticus.
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof as defined herein for use in therapy. Therefore, the term “prodrug” as used herein may refer to a compound of formula (I) in the form of a salt or in the form of a free base.
• the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined herein in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy.
• the present invention provides a method of administering (S)-l- phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine to a patient, said method comprising administering a compound of formula (I), of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient wherein said compound of formula (I) metabolises in said patient to produce (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2- yl)ethanamine.
• the term “therapy” also includes “prophylaxis” unless there are specific indications to the contrary.
• the terms “therapeutic” and “therapeutically” should be construed accordingly.
• Prophylaxis is expected to be particularly relevant to the treatment of persons who have suffered a previous episode of, or are otherwise considered to be at increased risk of, the disease or condition in question.
• Persons at risk of developing a particular disease or condition generally include those having a family history of the disease or condition, or those who have been identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularly susceptible to developing the disease or condition.
• the invention still further provides a method of treating depression which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined herein.
• the invention still further provides a method of treating MDD which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined herein.
• the invention still further provides a method of treating pain which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined herein.
• the invention still further provides a method of treating neuropathic pain, chronic pain, phantom-limb pain, nociceptive pain, psychogenic pain, incident pain or breakthrough pain which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined herein.
• the daily dosage of the compound of the invention if inhaled, may be in the range from 0.05 micrograms per kilogram body weight ⁇ g/kg) to 100 micrograms per kilogram body weight ⁇ g/kg).
• the daily dosage of the compound of the invention may be in the range from 0.01 micrograms per kilogram body weight ⁇ g/kg) to 100 milligrams per kilogram body weight (mg/kg).
• Compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used on their own but will generally be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in which the formula (I) compound/salt (active ingredient) is in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant diluent or carrier.
• Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable pharmaceutical formulations are described in, for example, "Pharmaceuticals - The Science of Dosage Form Designs", M. E. Aulton, Churchill Livingstone, 1988.
• the pharmaceutical composition will preferably comprise from 0.05 to 99 %w (per cent by weight), more preferably from 0.05 to 80 %w, still more preferably from 0.10 to 70 %w, and even more preferably from 0.10 to 50 %w, of active ingredient, all percentages by weight being based on total composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprises 0.5 %w of active ingredient.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprises 20 %w of active ingredient.
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined herein, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier.
• the invention further provides a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention which comprises mixing a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined herein with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent or carrier.
• the compound of the invention may be admixed with an adjuvant or a carrier, for example, lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol; a starch, for example, potato starch, corn starch or amylopectin; a cellulose derivative; a binder, for example, gelatine or polyvinylpyrrolidone; and/or a lubricant, for example, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, polyethylene glycol, a wax, paraffin, and the like, and then compressed into tablets.
• an adjuvant or a carrier for example, lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol
• a starch for example, potato starch, corn starch or amylopectin
• a cellulose derivative for example, gelatine or polyvinylpyrrolidone
• a lubricant for example, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, polyethylene glycol, a wax
• the cores may be coated with a concentrated sugar solution which may contain, for example, gum arabic, gelatine, talcum and titanium dioxide.
• a concentrated sugar solution which may contain, for example, gum arabic, gelatine, talcum and titanium dioxide.
• the tablet may be coated with a suitable polymer dissolved in a readily volatile organic solvent.
• the compound of the invention may be admixed with, for example, a vegetable oil or polyethylene glycol.
• Hard gelatine capsules may contain granules of the compound using either the above-mentioned excipients for tablets.
• liquid or semisolid formulations of the compound of the invention may be filled into hard gelatine capsules.
• Compounds of the invention may also be administered in conjunction with other compounds used for the treatment of the above conditions.
• High pressure liquid chromatography was performed on a reversed phase (RP) column.
• a linear gradient was applied using for example mobile phase A (0.1% Formic Acid in MilliQ H20 or 0.1% NH3 in MilliQ H20 or 10 mM NH40Ac and 5% CH3CN in MilliQ H20, or 0.05% trifluoric acid in MilliQ H20, or NH4HC03 in MilliQ H20 (lOmM)) and B (CH30H or CH3CN).
• MS analyses were performed in positive and/or negative ion mode using electrospray ionization (ESI+/-), atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI+/-) and/or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI+/-).
• ESI+/- electrospray ionization
• APPI+/- atmospheric pressure photo ionization
• APCI+/- atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
• GC Gas chromatography
• MS mass spectrometer
• FID flame ionization detector
• EI electron impact
• CI chemical ionization
• DB-5MS DB-5MS
• UPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• MR spectra were recorded on a 300 MHz (or higher field) MR spectrometer fitted with a probe of suitable configuration. Spectra were recorded at ambient temperature unless otherwise stated. Chemical shifts are given in ppm down- and upfield from TMS (0.00 ppm). The following reference signals were used: TMS ⁇ 0.00, or the residual solvent signal of DMSO-d6 ⁇ 2.49, CD30D ⁇ 3.30, acetone-d6 2.04, CDC13 ⁇ 7.25, or D20 ⁇ 4.79 (unless otherwise indicated). Resonance multiplicities are denoted s, d, t, q, m, br and app for singlet, doublet, triplet, quartet, multiplet, broad and apparent, respectively.
• Example 2 diastereomer 1 There are two different diastereomers of Example 2 due to the two possible configurations at the carbon atom identified with *. These are referred to as Example 2 diastereomer 1 and Example 2 diastereomer 2. Their absolute configurations have not been determined.
• reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate washed with MTBE (2x50 mL), the volume was reduced to 50 mL (distilling off the acetone) and then the resulting mixture was separated between MTBE and water.
• the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE and the combined organics were dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and evaporated to give 1.89 g of the title compound, which was used in the next step without further purification.
• Example 3 diastereomer 1 There are two different diastereomers of Example 3 due to the two possible configurations at the carbon atom identified with *. These are referred to as Example 3 diastereomer 1 and Example 3 diastereomer 2. Their absolute configurations have not been determined.
• reaction mixture was then separated between EtOAc and sat aq NaHC0 3 , the organic layer washed with sat aq NaHC0 3 , brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 and evaporated.
• This mixture was pre-purified by column chromatography using a gradient of EtOAc in heptane (0-50%) to give 160 mg of the title compound as mixture of its two diastereomers.
• Example 4 diastereomer 1 1 -((S)- 1 -Phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylcarbamoyloxy)ethyl isobutyrate
• Ratio major/ minor 1 :0.07.
• UV Purity 100%.
• Ratio major/minor 1 :0.08.
• UV Purity 100%.
• T3P 50% wt. in DMF, 0.86 mL, 1.47 mmol was added dropwise to a solution of (lS)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethan-l -amine (200 mg, 0.737 mmol), Boc-L-proline (159 mg, 0.737 mmol) and DIPEA (0.64 mL, 3.69 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (7.4 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was gradually warmed to rt while stirring overnight. The organic layer was washed twice with 5% aq. NaHC0 3 , once with brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated.
• the product was purified using a 50 g snap column, eluting with a gradient of MeOH and CH 2 C1 2 (0% MeOH / 100% CH 2 C1 2 ⁇ 10% MeOH / 90% CH 2 C1 2 ), yielding the title compound 305 mg (>100%).
• Boc-L-Pro-OH 2.0 g, 9.29 mmol was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (15 mL).
• HATU 3. g, 9.76 mmol
• Hunig's base 5.3 mL, 30.66 mmol
• 2-[(2S)-2-azaniumyl-2-phenylethyl]pyridin-l-ium dichloride 2.5 g, 9.29 mmol was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours 30 minutes at rt. Water was added and the mixture was extracted 3 x with EtOAc.
• the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the product was purified on a Si0 2 column, eluting with a gradient (0% MeOH / 50% EtOAc / 50% heptane ⁇ 0% MeOH / 100% EtOAc / 0% heptane ⁇ 10% MeOH / 90% EtOAc / 0% heptane) and then on a C- 18 column, eluting with a gradient of MeOH and water (0 to 100% MeOH), yielding 2.9 g (78%) of the title compound.
• T3P (50% wt. in DMF, 0.83 mL, 1.42 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of (S)-N-((S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide dihydrochloride salt (263 mg, 0.714 mmol), Boc-L- Valine (155 mg, 0.714 mmol) and DIPEA (0.62 mL, 3.57 mmol) in DCM (7 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction was gradually warmed to rt under stirring overnight. The organic layer was washed twice with 5% aq.
• the title compound as the dihydrochloride salt was then converted to the free base by techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the title compound may be prepared as a fumarate salt by methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• N-alpha, N-epsilon-bis(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-L-lysine dicyclohexylammonium salt (287 mg, 0.54 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (4 mL).
• HATU (217 mg, 0.57 mmol)
• DIPEA (0.21 mL, 1.19 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 minutes.
• (2S)-2- ⁇ [( 1 S)- 1 -phenyl-2-(pyridin- 1 -ium-2-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl ⁇ pyrrolidin- 1 -ium dichloride 200 mg, 0.54 mmol was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred for 18h at rt. Water was added and the mixture was extracted 3 x with EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the product was purified on a Si0 2 column, eluting with a gradient (0% MeOH / 50% EtOAc / 50%> heptane ⁇ 0% MeOH / 100% EtOAc / 0% heptane ⁇ 10% MeOH / 90% EtOAc / 0% heptane) then on a C- 18 column, eluting with a gradient of MeOH and water (0 to 100% MeOH), yielding 80 mg (24%) of the title compound.
• Boc-His-OH (166 mg, 0.65 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (4 mL).
• HATU 260 mg, 0.68 mmol
• DIPEA 0.38 mL, 2.85 mmol
• 2-((S)-2-phenyl-2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2- iumcarboxamido)ethyl)pyridinium chloride (240 mg, 0.65 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 66 hours at rt. Water was added and the mixture was extracted 3x with EtOAc.
• the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the product was purified on a Si0 2 column, eluting with a gradient of MeOH and CH 2 C1 2 (0% to 13% MeOH) then on a C- 18 column, eluting with a gradient of MeOH and water (0 to 100% MeOH), yielding 100 mg (29%) of the title compound.
• the title compound can also be named as: 2-[(2S)-2- ⁇ [(2S)-l-[(2S)-2-azaniumyl-3- (4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]formamido ⁇ -2-phenylethyl]pyridin-l-ium di chloride
• Boc-Tyr-OH (229 mg, 0.81 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (5 mL).
• HATU 325 mg, 0.86 mmol
• DIPEA 0.47 mL, 2.69 mmol
• 2-((S)-2-phenyl-2-((S)-pyrrolidin-2- iumcarboxamido)ethyl)pyridinium chloride 300 mg, 0.81 mmol
• the title compound can also be named: 2-[(2S)-2- ⁇ [(2S)-l-[(2S)-2-azaniumyl-3- (lH-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]formamido ⁇ -2-phenylethyl]pyridin-l-ium dichloride STEP A
• Boc-Trp-OH (207 mg, 0.68 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (4 mL).
• HATU (271 mg, 0.71 mmol) and DIPEA (0.39 mL, 2.24 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 minutes.
• (2S)-2- ⁇ [(lS)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-l-ium-2- yl)ethyl]carbamoyl ⁇ pyrrolidin-l-ium dichloride 250 mg, 0.68 mmol was added and the mixture was stirred for 18 hours at rt. Water was added and the mixture was extracted 3x with EtOAc.
• Boc-Phe-OH (180 mg, 0.68 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (4 mL). HATU (271 mg, 0.71 mmol) and DIPEA (0.39 mL, 2.24 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 minutes. Then, (2S)-2- ⁇ [(lS)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-l-ium-2- yl)ethyl]carbamoyl ⁇ pyrrolidin-l-ium dichloride (250 mg, 0.68 mmol) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred for 18h at rt. Water was added and the mixture was extracted 3 x with EtOAc.
• N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-L-leucine (157 mg, 0.68 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (4 mL).
• HATU (271 mg, 0.71 mmol)
• DIPEA (0.39 mL, 2.24 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 minutes.
• (2S)-2- ⁇ [(lS)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin- l-ium-2-yl)ethyl]carbamoyl ⁇ pyrrolidin-l-ium dichloride (250 mg, 0.68 mmol) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred for 18 hours at rt.
• Boc-Arg(Boc) 2 -OH (644 mg, 1.36 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (7 mL).
• HATU (542 mg, 1.43 mmol)
• DIPEA (0.78 mL, 4.48 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 minutes.
• (2S)-2- ⁇ [(l S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-l-ium-2- yl)ethyl]carbamoyl ⁇ pyrrolidin-l-ium dichloride (500 mg, 1.36 mmol) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred for 18h at rt. Water was added and the mixture was extracted 3x with EtOAc.
• the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the product was purified on a Si0 2 column, eluting with a gradient (0% MeOH / 50% EtOAc / 50% heptane ⁇ 0% MeOH / 100% EtOAc / 0% heptane ⁇ 10% MeOH / 90% EtOAc / 0%) heptane) then on a C- 18 column, eluting with a gradient of MeOH and water (0 to 100% MeOH)., yielding 200 mg (20%) of the title compound.
• Prodrugs described herein are contemplated to be administered orally by those suffering with depression or pain.
• Conversion of a prodrug wherein Rl is Ci -6 alkylC(0)0(Ci -6 alkoxy) to (S)-l-phenyl-2- (pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine is expected to occur via an initial enzymatic hydrolysis of a functional group, such as an ester, followed by a spontaneous conversion to (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2- yl)ethanamine.
• Enzymes involved are expected to be several non-specific, high capacity esterases, which can be shown by inhibiting the conversion with a non-selective esterase inhibitor but not inhibiting the conversion using selective inhibitors. Such esterases are expected to be distributed throughout the human body.
• HIF Human Intestinal Fluid
• human liver S9 fraction and human whole blood have been used to examine the pharmacokinetic properties of the prodrugs of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine as well as the formation rate and formation extent of the (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine in different bodily compartments.
• the formation rate of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine from different prodrugs of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine differs markedly in all tested assays, as shown in Table 1.
• yl)ethanamine wherein Rl is , may be used to achieve differing rates of conversion (i.e., slow or rapid) to (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine to ascertain a suitable PK profile.
• Rl rates of conversion
• varying Rl to produce different prodrugs results in different pharmacokinetic profiles of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine.
• this Example illustrates that there is no expected loss in oral exposure when a prodrug is converted to free base.
• DPPIV dipeptidyl peptidase IV
• Human Intestinal Fluid HIF
• human liver S9 fraction and human whole blood have been used to examine the pharmacokinetic properties of prodrugs of (S)- l - phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine as well as the formation rate and formation extent of the (S)- l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine in different bodily compartments.
• Caco-2 cells have been used to evaluate the permeability and absorption potential of the prodrugs of (5)- l -phenyl-2- (pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine.
• (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine projects to have good oral bioavailability (>75%) in man, but a higher than acceptable Cmax when given as an intravenous bolus (relative to its safety profile as a 1-hr infusion).
• PBPK physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models
• the PBPK models were validated using a set of known prodrugs for which human PK data was available (see Malmborg J & Ploeger BA, J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods (2013) May-Jun 67(3) 203-13, which is incorporated herein by reference). Rate constants used in the model were based on in vitro stability studies (i.e. human intestinal fluid, human blood, etc.) conducted with both prodrugs and (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine (example values shown in Tables 1 and 2).
• Table 3 shows key pharmacokinetic predictions for Example 5 - one of the DPPIV cleaved prodrugs.
• Cmax exposure of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2- yl)ethanamine is predicted to increase by >2x when a given oral dose form is crushed and illicitly delivered as a bolus i.v. administration.
• (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine released from an oral administered prodrug has a PK profile similar to a 1-hr infusion of (S)-l- phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine with no Cmax doubling when given as a bolus i.v..
• a DPPIV inhibitor can be used to stop conversion in case of purposeful or inadvertent misuse - an added safety feature embedded within the DPPIV prodrug design.
• Compound 1 is (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine.
• Table 3 all doses are selected to contain equivalent amounts of Compound 1 [(S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2- yl)ethanamine free base], i.e. each dose contains the same amount of Compound 1 within it and potentially available for release in the form of free base (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2- yl)ethanamine.
• modeled Cmax concentrations of free base Compound 1 may be compared directly across different administrations of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine and prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine,as shown within Table 3.
• (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine dihydrochloride and vehicle were administered once per day via oral gavage (water). Formulations were prepared twice, once weekly. Dosing formulations were stored and refrigerated (2-8°C) in amber glass containers until required for dosing. A range of concentrations of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine dihydrochloride in vehicle were prepared in order to keep the dose volume for all doses (1 mL/kg). Individual doses were based on the most recent body weights of dogs used in the study.
• a prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine as fumarate salt (example 5) and vehicle were administered once per day for 14 days via oral gavage at approximately the same time each day ( ⁇ 1 hour), (vehicle is 0.3 M gluconic acid pH 3.0).
• a range of concentrations of prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine as fumarate salt in vehicle were prepared (for example 3, 10 and 30 mg/mL of prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine) in order to keep the dose volume for all doses (2 mL/kg).
• the dosing formulations were warmed to room temperature by stirring for at least 30 minutes prior to dosing and continuously throughout the administration procedure. Individual doses were based on the most recent body weights of dogs used in the study.
• Table 4 Compound 1 is (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine.
• Table 4 illustrates the highest blood levels in which seizures do not occur (No Observed Effect Limit, NOEL), and the lowest blood levels in which seizures occur (Lowest Observed Effect Limit, LOEL), following administration of Compound 1 dihydrochloride and following administration of a fumarate salt prodrug of Compound 1.
• NOEL No Observed Effect Limit
• LOEL Low Observed Effect Limit
• the free base (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine is generated directly from Compound 1, administered as the dihydrochloride salt.
• the free base (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2- yl)ethanamine is generated via in vivo conversion from a prodrug of Compound 1, administered as the fumarate salt.
• the NOEL for seizures was higher when the prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2- (pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine as fumarate salt was administered compared to when (S)-l-phenyl-2- (pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine as dihydrochloride salt was administered. [000232] Table 4
• Example 5 This example illustrates that increasing doses of prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2- (pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine, Example 5, produces less than proportional increases in the concentration of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine in human intestinal fluid, as illustrated in Figure la and Figure lb.
• prodrugs of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine, wherein Rl is are primarily cleaved by DPPIV. There is the potential for endogenous and / or exogenous modulation of DPPIV to impact the conversion of the prodrug to (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine.
• the mobile phases used consisted of A: 0.03% TFA in H20 (v/v) and B: 0.03% TFA in acetonitrile (v/v).
• the conversion rate from prodrug to (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine was determined by fitting the measured prodrug and (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine concentrations versus time.
• Blood samples were collected using 50ul neutral Sarstedt Minivette POCT capillary tubes. The blood was then transferred to pre-chilled tubes containing ice cold sodium citrate, shaken 5-10 times by hand and frozen in dry ice within 10 seconds of collection. Whole blood samples were shipped frozen on dry ice to Covance Laboratories Inc. for analysis. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine and (S)-l- phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine. All analytical work was conducted by Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin using an LC/MS/MS analytical method developed and validated by that laboratory.
• Table 5 illustrates toxicokinetic parameters following administering therapeutic and supra-therapeutic doses of prodrug of (S)-l-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethanamine to rats. [000238] Table 5

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