WO2015063153A1 - Système de contrôle de fret - Google Patents

Système de contrôle de fret Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015063153A1
WO2015063153A1 PCT/EP2014/073219 EP2014073219W WO2015063153A1 WO 2015063153 A1 WO2015063153 A1 WO 2015063153A1 EP 2014073219 W EP2014073219 W EP 2014073219W WO 2015063153 A1 WO2015063153 A1 WO 2015063153A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
statistics
material statistics
freight
unit
cargo
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Application number
PCT/EP2014/073219
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Konstantinos Tigkos
Markus Firsching
Ulf Hassler
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V.
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Publication of WO2015063153A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015063153A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/20—Detecting prohibited goods, e.g. weapons, explosives, hazardous substances, contraband or smuggled objects
    • G01V5/22—Active interrogation, i.e. by irradiating objects or goods using external radiation sources, e.g. using gamma rays or cosmic rays

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present invention relate to a cargo control system, i. a system for controlling a cargo declaration, in particular with regard to a plausibility of conformity with the goods actually carried. Further embodiments relate to a method for controlling cargo. Some embodiments relate to a method and an apparatus for the automated comparison of container contents with shipping documents.
  • the freight control system presented herein potentially addresses one or more of the following: security, X-ray, cargo inspection, cargo security, cargo scanning, content signature.
  • a 2D projection offers limited verification options, as the cargo can be obstructed by other goods or shielded by highly absorbent materials. This can happen accidentally or intentionally to hide contraband or threats.
  • a so-called “single energy projection” gives no information about the nature of the material (organic, inorganic, etc.), which may lead to further confusion in the characterization of a container, because of these shortcomings, the need for a large number remains Manually checking containers.
  • “Dual Energy” X-ray scans can help with the review by allowing the categorization of materials by effective atomic number (Z eff ).
  • Dual energy scans rely on the attenuation of X-rays as a function of the energy and atomic number of the material. Dual Energy Scans are described by V.L. Novikov, et al. in the article "Dual Energy Method of Material Recognition in High Energy Introscopy Systems", Proc. 16th International Workshop on Charged Particle Linear Acelerators, Ukraine, 1999. Dual energy scans use two different spectra or an energy-sensitive detector. The thus obtained information about the attenuation spectrum of the object makes it possible to calculate back the effective atomic number and the projected density. An extension of the dual energy principle to a multi-energy scan with more than two different spectra and / or more than two energy channels of an energy-sensitive detector for better differentiation is also conceivable.
  • the aforementioned freight evaluation methods require a manual or visual inspection of the transmission image generated by the scanning process by the security personnel in order to evaluate the contents of a container and to decide whether a container is a security threat. This also requires that the security personnel is trained accordingly.
  • the possibilities of automatic freight inspection systems are rather limited.
  • Nuclear materials can also be identified by gamma-ray scanning.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a concept for the automated checking of freight containers or other freight units which, on the one hand, takes into account the limitations of transmission techniques which are already in use during freight checks or which can be installed with reasonable effort, and on the other hand reduces the effort for manual or visual inspection of the radiographic images by security personnel.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a freight control system that includes a first material statistics estimator for estimating a nominal material statistic for a freight unit.
  • the first material statistics estimator in turn comprises a calculation unit which is configured to convert material specifications and corresponding quantities of a freight declaration for the freight unit into the nominal material statistics.
  • the freight control system further includes a second material statistics estimator for estimating actual material statistics for the freight unit.
  • the second material statistics estimator comprises an image processing unit for analyzing radiation image data of the freight unit, which are provided by a radiographic examination, and for converting the radiographic image data into the actual material statistics.
  • the freight control system further includes a material statistics comparator for comparing the nominal material statistics and the actual material statistics.
  • the method comprises estimating nominal material statistics for a freight unit based on material information and corresponding quantities of a cargo declaration for the freight unit.
  • the method further comprises providing radiographic image data of the freight unit, analyzing the radiographic image data by image processing methods, and estimating an actual material statistic for the freight unit based on a result of analyzing the radiographic image data of the freight unit.
  • the method also includes determining a difference between the nominal material statistics and the actual material statistics.
  • Embodiments of the present invention are based on the fact that even with relatively simple radiation techniques an automatic plausibility check can be carried out from the conclusions about the accuracy and completeness of a declaration (eg freight documents, cargo documents, loading list, etc.), in particular on a match of the information in the cargo declaration with the goods actually contained in the freight unit. On the basis of this plausibility check, it may then be decided whether the cargo declaration is likely to coincide with the actual content of the freight unit or whether it is likely that the cargo unit contains goods or additional goods other than those specified in the cargo declaration.
  • a declaration eg freight documents, cargo documents, loading list, etc.
  • the nominal material statistics on the basis of the information contained in the freighter declaration and the actual material statistics based on an evaluation of a radiographic inspection of the freight unit, it is possible to transfer the information of the freighter declaration and a result of the radiographic examination into a uniform parameter space.
  • this uniform parameter space it is possible to specify the quantities of the various materials which according to the cargo declaration should be included in the freight unit.
  • the estimated actual material statistics indicates the quantities of materials that would need to be included in the freight unit according to the result of the radiographic inspection.
  • the different materials may optionally be combined to form material groups.
  • Some exemplary embodiments are based on the exploitation of ordinal number signatures for representing the material statistics, which are calculated on the one hand from a digital content description (loading list or freighter clarification) and on the other hand from the (X-ray) radiographic data.
  • the utilization of signatures, which are calculated on the one hand from a digital content description and on the other hand from a multi-energy x-ray scan, is likewise possible according to exemplary embodiments.
  • the goal is to automatically check the contents of freight containers to detect undeclared materials, or to assist security personnel in this task. Since the position of the cargo within the container is not known, it is suggested that this comparison be made on material statistics derived from the ordinal signatures.
  • the said cargo control system can also be understood as a cargo declaration control system, depending on the perspective from which and with what use. intention to use the proposed system.
  • the method of cargo control can be considered as a method for checking the plausibility of the result of a radiographic inspection with regard to the content of the freight unit.
  • the method may be considered as a method of controlling a plausibility of a cargo declaration for compliance with goods contained in a cargo unit described by the cargo declaration. Exemplary embodiments thus make it possible to make a statement about the probability of the conformity of the cargo declaration with the goods actually contained in the freight unit.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a checking system or cargo control system according to exemplary embodiments
  • FIG. 2 shows a further schematic block diagram of a checking system or freight control system according to further exemplary embodiments
  • FIG. Fig. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an a priori data processing system which is part of embodiments of the proposed cargo control system
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic block diagram of an image processing system which is part of embodiments of the proposed cargo control system
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic block diagram of the image processing system and the second material statistics estimator, respectively, which is part of alternative embodiments of the proposed cargo control system; 6 is a schematic block diagram of a material signature comparison system or material statistics comparator according to at least some embodiments;
  • 7 is a schematic representation of a dual energy image of a simulated freight container with three material blocks; 8 shows a graphical representation of a material distribution or material statistics for the simulated two-energy data;
  • FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of a screen display for graphically assisting a user in a scenario in which a material contained in the freight unit is not listed at all in the freighter declaration;
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of a screen display for graphic support of a user for a scenario in which a material contained in the freight unit is only partially listed in the freighter declaration;
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a screen display for the graphic support of a user for a scenario in which the freighter clarification lists a material which could not be detected in the freight unit due to the fluoroscopy of the freight unit and subsequent image processing.
  • CN Combined Nomenclature
  • CN Combined Nomenclature
  • a system with advanced computing capabilities could benefit from such information to further enhance cargo verification through a (semi-) automatic comparison between the projection data (radiographic data) and the information from the content descriptions and databases.
  • the proposed system enables automatic or semi-automatic checking of the container contents and can in principle be used for all types of freight containers having an electronic content description. Depending on the tolerance requirements and specifications as well as the calibration of the components used, such a system could offer better operator assistance (through visual feedback) or even automatic inspection.
  • the basic function of this system is the comparison of the signatures, which are created on the one hand from a-priori data (loading lists, shipping documents, etc.) and on the other hand with those obtained from the projection data (2D) or tomographic reconstruction (3D) (see Fig. 1). These signatures could, for example, be represented as a quantitative distribution of the effective atomic number (material signature) and compared with one another.
  • the proposed system allows an automated evaluation of these scans by comparison with the electronic shipping documents (electronic content description) and reduces the number of containers to be checked manually. This will open only those that contain suspicious cargo and that can not be adequately checked with 2D transmission projection.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of a cargo control system 100 in accordance with at least some embodiments. 1 shows, in particular, an overview of the main components of the proposed system 100. It should be noted that, despite the illustration in FIG. 1, not all of the components shown must be present in the proposed system.
  • the X-ray scanner 20 may be provided as an external unit.
  • the verification system 100 according to FIG. 1 comprises the X-ray scanner 20, which generates X-ray radiations 22 of freight units.
  • the X-ray radiations can be present as radiographic image data.
  • image data or transmission bids are not limited to two-dimensional, projected data, but may, for example, also contain multi-dimensional volume data, such as provided by a computer tomograph.
  • the x-ray transmissions 22 are provided to an image processing system 120 configured to estimate an effective atomic number Z eff (atomic number) for a plurality of pixels (eg, pixels or voxels) within the x-ray transmission data 22.
  • Z eff atomic number
  • a statistical evaluation of these estimated effective atomic numbers gives an X-ray material signature 129, which indicates the Z efr distribution to mass within the X-rayed freight unit.
  • the (effective) ordinal numbers can also be combined into suitable contiguous intervals, thus the X-ray material signature 129 can be understood, for example, as a histogram with respect to the mass per ordinal number or ordinal number interval.
  • the verification system 100 further includes an a priori data processing system 110 that is configured to read in a digital content description 10 (eg, a cargo declaration or shipping documents). Based on the digital content description 10, the a-priori data processing system 110 can estimate, based on the type and quantity of goods contained therein, an a-priori material signature 19 representing the nominal mass distribution within the freight unit indicating that the resultant from the digital content description he Z distribution.
  • the a priori material distribution can also be understood, for example, as a histogram with regard to the mass per ordinal number or ordinal number interval.
  • the verification system 100 also includes a material signature comparison system 160 that receives and compares the X-ray material signature 129 and the a-priori material signature 1 19.
  • the material signature comparison system 160 may cause an output to a user if the X-ray material signature 129 at an ordinal number differs by more than a tolerance from the a-priori material signature 19, meaning that either more than one of a corresponding material in the freight unit shall be included in the declaration of freight or less than that specified in the consignment note.
  • the user who may be a customs officer, for example, may then consider a closer inspection of the freight unit.
  • This A closer inspection may be a manual or visual inspection of the X-ray radiation 22 by the customs officer, and / or an opening of the freight unit itself, followed by manual checking of the contents.
  • the material signature comparison system 160 may also be configured to issue an alert to the user if the total deviation between all of the order numbers between the X-ray material signature 129 and the a-priori material signature 1 19 is too great.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic block diagram of a freight control system 200 according to at least one further exemplary embodiment.
  • the freight control system 200 includes a first material statistic estimator 210 for estimating a nominal material statistic 219 for a freight unit 1.
  • the first material statistic estimator 210 in turn comprises a computation unit 212 configured to translate material specifications and corresponding tonnage of a freighter declaration 10 for the freight unit 1 into the nominal material statistic 219 ,
  • the freight unit 1 and the freighter declaration 10 are connected to one another via a relationship 11, so that in the normal case the information in the freighter declaration 10 should match the actual content of the freight unit 1.
  • the freight control system 200 includes a second material statistic estimator 224 for estimating an actual material statistic 229 for the freight unit 1.
  • the second material statistic estimator 224 includes an image processing unit 220 for analyzing transmission image data of the freight unit 1 provided by a radiographic examination 20 and translating the radiographic image data into the actual material statistics 229.
  • the freight control system 200 shown in FIG. 2 also includes a material statistics comparator 260 for comparing the nominal material statistics 219 and the actual material statistics 229. Based on this comparison, the material statistics comparator 260 may generate a comparison result that may provide a user with information with what probability the information in the declaration of freighter 10 agrees with the reality. The user can make a decision on the basis of this information as to whether a closer examination of the freight unit 1 is advisable.
  • the nominal material statistics 219 may be a material signature and / or ordinal number signature in embodiments.
  • the material statistics 219 can combine various types of material, such as metals, plastics, etc., into corresponding material groups. The same applies to the actual material statistics 229.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the a-priori data processing system according to further possible embodiments
  • Priority signature 219 is derived from description 10 of the container contents according to the shipping documents by a data processing system
  • This subsystem reads the electronic content description (cargo information reading module 214) which must be present for each container and extracts all necessary data to provide the Priori signature 219.
  • electronic description 10 of the container contents all loaded items are listed, for example, according to the Combined Nomenclature (CN).
  • CN Combined Nomenclature
  • additional information such as mass and packaging of the items, the dimension of the container and other transport information.
  • the information 216 extracted from the freighter clarification is transferred to the actual a-priori data processing system 212.
  • a similar database 218 also exists for the standardized packaging codes ("PC”) and their description.
  • PC packaging codes
  • the material signature is generated from the loading list.
  • the materials i. the chemical elements that make up the items kept in these databases.
  • the CN (Combined Nomenclature) database contains the descriptions of all the goods, including the materials that compose them, if they consist of a single material, but for more complex goods the description of the items does not always provide sufficient information about the nature and quantity of the items
  • the material signature to be generated requires the effective atomic number of the individual materials not found in the CN and PC, so that in these embodiments for practical implementation, the development of an additional database or extension of the existing database is over This includes, but is not necessarily limited to, the effective atomic numbers of the materials making up the object and the ratio or absolute proportion of the materials involved in terms of mass or volume.
  • FIG. 4 shows how the image processing system 220, in addition to the X-ray transmission data 22, also has radiographic image data 423 of an empty container and / or radiating image data 424 of a coarse segment container which identifies the empty space intended for the charge and masks irrelevant regions in the container Consider references as input data.
  • the second material statistics estimator 524 includes a freighter clarification interface 521 configured to evaluate at least a portion of the freighter declaration 10 that defines a loading means used for the freight unit 1. In this way, the freighter clarification interface 521 provides corresponding loading information.
  • the second material statistics estimator 524 is configured to account for the loading information in estimating the actual material statistics 229. This can be done, for example, in such a way that an influence of the charge agent used on the actual material signature 229 is compensated.
  • the information about the loading means can also provide information about the depth or width or "di- "of the scanned freight unit 1, ie the dimension of the freight unit 1 lying parallel to the direction of the radiation.
  • a loading means database 525 may be provided to find out more detailed information about the loading unit depending on the load information, e.g. the material or materials of the loading means and / or the geometry of the loading means.
  • a loading means may be a "carrying" means of grouping goods into a loading unit, eg pallet, container, container, etc.
  • a loading means may also generally be a "standard or special loading or transporting means", which may also be packaging , Wrapping or strapping a stack or block of filling units can restrict.
  • the loader database 525 may provide information to a computing unit 523 that may use the computing unit 523 to compensate for the material of the loader within the actual material statistics.
  • the empty loader radiation image data and a loader type identifier may be included in the load database 525 as a new record.
  • the loading database 525 can be kept up-to-date and also new developments in the area of the loading means taken into account.
  • the second material statistics estimator 524 may include a masking unit (not shown in FIG. 5) that is configured in conjunction with the image processing 220 to identify loading agent-related regions within the transmission image data 22 and to mask for the purposes of estimating the actual material statistics 229 ,
  • the masking unit may be integrated with the image processing 220.
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of the material signature comparison system 160.
  • the material identity comparison system 160 checks whether the items specified in the loading lists (freighter declaration 10) are plausible (plausibility output 164 of the material signature comparison system 160). If the check is not plausible.
  • the comparison system 160 provides a representation of the deviating objects as visual operator assistance 168. This may include both qualitative (Z eff ) and quantitative (mass) depreciation. be soft. Schematic examples of visual operator assistance are shown and described in Figs. 10-12.
  • Fig. 7 shows a dual energy image of a simulated container filled with three blocks of material (steel, cesium, plastic).
  • the plastic or plastic block vertical hatching
  • has a mass of 476kg and the effective atomic number is Z eff 5.
  • the radiograph in Fig. 7 also shows the structure of the loading means, here a conventional freight container.
  • the floor with the reinforcing struts, the side panels, the central reinforcing beam of the side walls and the container roof are clearly visible.
  • Fig. 8 shows a histogram of the material distribution generated from the processed simulation data compared to the actual values in the container. The largest deviation occurs in the steel block and amounts to 77 kg, which in this case corresponds to 12%.
  • FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a screen display of how the cargo control system may, in accordance with some embodiments, provide assistance to a user.
  • the screen display shows the radiographic image data 22 of the freight unit 1. If deviations between the nominal material statistics and the actual material statistics are ascertained, these are marked accordingly in the radiation image 22, which is illustrated by a frame in dotted line in FIG. 9 by way of example. In the example shown, the entire plastic block is not mentioned in the freighter explanation, although it is actually contained in the container.
  • the second material statistics estimator 224 based on the radiographic image (eg, Dual Energy), determines that approximately 492 kg of low Zeff material (eg, organic material, plastic or water) must be contained in the container at approximately the location indicated by the dotted rectangle.
  • the cargo declaration does not contain any information about such a quantity of material with low Z eff , so that there is a difference between the nominal material statistics 219 and the actual material statistics 229.
  • the screen display of FIG. 9 also shows a conspicuous warning sign and additional information for the user, namely the estimated mass and the estimated material or estimated atomic number Z eff (or ordinal number range) for the area in the transmission image indicated by the dotted rectangle. Other designs of the screen display are also conceivable.
  • Fig. 10 also schematically shows a screen display for a similar case to Fig. 9.
  • the freighter clarification actually contains an entry for a particular amount of low Z e material tf (eg plastic), which should be included in the freight unit 1.
  • the amount indicated in the cargo declaration differs from the amount that can be determined by the second material statistic estimator 224 on the basis of the radiographic image data 22. Therefore, the proposed cargo control system in this case concludes that the actual material statistics 129 contains approximately 14 kg of material with a lower Z eff than the nominal material statistic 1 19. Because of this deviation in the mass of materials of low atomic number Z eff between nominal material statistics and actual material statistics, the entire freight unit 1 is marked by the dotted rectangle.
  • Fig. 1 1 shows a screen display in the event that the freighter clarification lists a material that is not included in the freight unit according to the actual material statistics. This is indicated in the example of FIG. 1 1 below the container.
  • the freighter clarification could include information interpreted by the first material statistic estimator 110 as approximately 361 kg of aluminum.
  • the actual material statistics contain no evidence of such an amount of aluminum within the freight unit 1.
  • This difference between the nominal material statistics and the actual material statistics is shown in FIG. 11 below the actual radiographic image data 22.
  • Other arrangements of the information shown are of course also conceivable.
  • the presented system can significantly improve automatic container inspection and / or operator assistance.
  • Some or all of the method steps may be performed by a hardware device (or using a Hardware apparatus), such as a microprocessor, a programmable computer or an electronic circuit. In some embodiments, some or more of the most important method steps may be performed by such an apparatus. Depending on particular implementation requirements, embodiments of the invention may be implemented in hardware or in software. The implementation may be performed using a digital storage medium, such as a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blu-ray Disc, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, an EEPROM or FLASH memory, a hard disk, or other magnetics Viewing or optical storage are carried on the electronically readable control signals are stored, which can cooperate with a programmable computer system or cooperate such that the respective method is performed.
  • a digital storage medium such as a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blu-ray Disc, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, an EEPROM or FLASH memory, a hard disk, or other
  • the digital storage medium can be computer readable.
  • some embodiments according to the invention include a data carrier having electronically readable control signals capable of interacting with a programmable computer system such that one of the methods described herein is performed.
  • embodiments of the present invention may be implemented as a computer program product having a program code, wherein the program code is operable to perform one of the methods when the computer program product runs on a computer.
  • the program code can also be stored, for example, on a machine-readable carrier.
  • Other embodiments include the computer program for performing any of the methods described herein, wherein the computer program is stored on a machine-readable medium.
  • an embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a computer program which has a program code for performing one of the methods described herein when the computer program runs on a computer.
  • a further embodiment of the inventive method is thus a data carrier (or a digital storage medium or a computer-readable medium) on which the computer program is recorded for carrying out one of the methods described herein.
  • a further embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a data stream or a sequence of signals, which represent the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein.
  • the data stream or the sequence of signals may be configured, for example, to be transferred via a data communication connection, for example via the Internet.
  • Another embodiment includes a processing device, such as a computer or a programmable logic device, that is configured or adapted to perform one of the methods described herein.
  • Another embodiment includes a computer on which the computer program is installed to perform one of the methods described herein.
  • Another embodiment according to the invention comprises a device or system adapted to transmit a computer program for performing at least one of the methods described herein to a receiver.
  • the transmission can be done for example electronically or optically.
  • the receiver may be, for example, a computer, a mobile device, a storage device or a similar device.
  • the device or system may include a file server for transmitting the computer program to the recipient.
  • a programmable logic device eg, a field programmable gate array, an FPGA
  • a field programmable gate array may include a Microprocessor cooperate to perform any of the methods described herein.
  • the methods are performed by any hardware device. This may be a universal hardware such as a computer processor (CPU) or hardware specific to the process, such as an ASIC.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de contrôle de fret (200) qui comprend un premier module d'évaluation de statistiques matérielles (210) servant à évaluer (219) une statistique matérielle nominale pour une unité de fret (1). Le premier module d'évaluation de statistiques matérielles comprend un module de calcul (212) qui est configuré pour convertir des indications de matériel et des indications de quantités correspondantes d'une déclaration de fret (10) concernant l'unité de fret (1) afin d'obtenir la statistique matérielle nominale (219). Un deuxième module d'évaluation de statistiques matérielles (224) sert à évaluer une statistique matérielle réelle (229) pour l'unité de fret (1). Le deuxième module d'évaluation de statistiques matérielles comprend un module de traitement d'images (220) servant à analyser des données d'images radiographiques (22) de l'unité de fret (1) obtenues par un contrôle radiographique (20) et pour convertir ces données afin d'obtenir la statistique matérielle réelle (129; 229). Un comparateur de statistiques matérielles (260) sert à comparer la statistique matérielle nominale (219) et la statistique matérielle réelle (229). L'invention concerne également un procédé correspondant qui permet de contrôler la plausibilité d'une déclaration de fret (10) en termes de concordance avec les marchandises contenues dans une unité de fret (1) décrite dans la déclaration de fret (10).
PCT/EP2014/073219 2013-10-30 2014-10-29 Système de contrôle de fret WO2015063153A1 (fr)

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