Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
  • G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
  • G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
  • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
  • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
  • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
  • G02F1/1675—Constructional details
  • G02F2001/1678—Constructional details characterised by the composition or particle type

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to the preparation of composite pigment particles that can be used to form an electrophoretic fluid, and the resulting display fluid.
• An electrophoretic dis lay is a non-emissive device based on the
• An EPD typically comprises a pair of spaced-apart plate-like electrodes. At least one of the electrode plates, typically on the viewing side, is transparent. An electrophoretic fluid composed of a dielectric solvent with charged pigment particles dispersed therein is enclosed between the two electrode plates.
• An electrophoretic fluid may have one type of charged pigment particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture of a contrasting color.
• the pigment particles migrate by attraction to the plate of polarity opposite that of the pigment particles.
• the color showing at the transparent plate may be either the color of the solvent or the color of the pigment particles. Reversal of plate polarity will cause the particles to migrate back to the opposite plate, thereby reversing the color.
• an el ectrophoretic fluid may have two types of pigment particles of contrasting colors and carrying opposite charges, and the two types of pigment particles are dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture.
• the two types of pigment particles when a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the two types of pigment particles would move to the opposite ends (top or bottom) in a display cell. Thus one of the colors of the two types of the pigment particles would be seen at the viewing side of the display cell.
• pigment particles of additional colors are added to an electrophoretic fluid for forming a highlight or multicolor display device.
• the fluid contained within the individual display cells of the displ ay is undoubtedly one of the most crucial parts of the device.
• the composition of the fluid determines, to a large extent, the lifetime, contrast ratio, switching rate and Instability of the device.
• the charged pigment particles remain separate and do not
• Figures la and lb show the composite pigment particles of the present invention.
• Figure 2 shows reaction steps of a process suitable for the preparation of the composite pigment particles of the present invention.
• Figures 3 and 4 demonstrate the possibility of tuning the charge polarity and charge level with a co-monomer in the method of synthesis of the composite pigment particles.
• the present invention is directed to a display fluid comprising charged composite pigment particles dispersed in a solvent, wherein each of said composite pigment particles comprises at least a core pigment particle, a shell coated over the core pigment particle and steric stabilizer molecules on the surface of the composite pigment particles.
• the density of the composite pigment particles substantial!)' matches to that of the solvent.
• the difference between the density of the composite pigment particles and the density of the solvent is less than 2 g/cm 3 .
• the core pigment particle is an inorganic pigment particle and the core pigment particles may be surface treated or surface untreated.
• the shell may also be formed from an organic material, and in that case, the organic content of the composite pigment particles may be at least 20% by weight, preferably 20% to 70% by weight and more preferably 20% to 40% or 30% to 50%, by weight.
• the core pigment particle may be an organic pigment particle.
• the core pigment particle may also be surface treated or surface untreated.
• the polymer content of the composite pigment particles with an organic core particle may be at least 20%, preferably 30% to 70% by weight and more preferably 40% to 60%, or 30% to 50% by weight.
• the shell may be completely incompatible or relatively
• the surface of the shell may comprise functional groups to enable charge generation or interaction with a charge control agent.
• the steric stabilizer molecules may be formed from polyacryiate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polysiioxane or a mixture thereof.
• the fluid may further comprise a second type of charged pigment particles.
• the second type of charged pigment particles is composite pigment particles comprising at least a core pigment particle, a shell coated over the core pigment particle and steric stabilizer molecules on the surface of the composite pigment particles.
• the two types of composite pigment particles in the fluid are of contrasting colors.
• the fluid may comprise more than two types of pigment particles and each type has a color different from the colors of other types.
• the solvent in which the composite pigment particles are dispersed may be a hydrocarbon solvent or a mixture of a hydrocarbon solvent and another solvent, such as a halogenated solvent or a silicone oil type solvent.
• the composite pigment particles may be prepared by dispersion polymerization or living radical polymerization.
• a composite pigment particle for an e!ectrophoretic display comprises at least a core pigment particle, a shell coated over the core pigment particle and steric stabilizer molecules on the surface of the composite pigment particle, wherein the shell is formed from a monomer and a co-monomer,
• a further aspect of the invention is directed to a method for tuning the charge level of a composite pigment particle, which method comprises adding a co-monomer to a composition comprising a monomer for forming a shell of the composite pigment particle.
• the first aspect of the presen t invention is directed to the composite pigment particles, as shown in Figures la and lb.
• the composite pigment particles (10) may have one or more core pigment particles (11).
• the core particle(s) (11) is/are coated with a shell (12).
• the core pigment particles may be of any colors (e.g., black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow or the like).
• the composite pigment particles may be closely density matched to a solvent in which they are dispersed, especially in a hydrocarbon solvent.
• the core particles may be formed from an inorganic material, such as TiO?, BaS0 4 . ZnO, metal oxides, manganese ferrite black spinel, copper chromite black spinel, carbon black or zinc sulfide pigment particles.
• an inorganic material such as TiO?, BaS0 4 . ZnO, metal oxides, manganese ferrite black spinel, copper chromite black spinel, carbon black or zinc sulfide pigment particles.
• the inorganic core particles may be optionally surface treated.
• the surface treatment would improve compatibility of the core pigment particles to the monomer in a reaction medium or chemical bonding with the monomer, in forming the shel l of the composite pigment particles.
• the surface treatment may be carried out with an organic silane having functional groups, such as acrylate, vinyl, -N3 ⁇ 4, -NCO, -OH or the like. These functional groups may undergo chemical reaction with the monomers.
• the core particles can also be surface treated with an inorganic material, such as silica, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide or the like or a combination thereof.
• an inorganic material such as silica, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide or the like or a combination thereof.
• Sodium silicate or tetraethoxysilane may be used as a common precursor for silica coating.
• the structure of the coating may be porous to reduce density.
• An organic shell may be formed from an organic polymer, such as poiyaerylate, polyurethane, polyurea, polyethylene, polyester, polysiloxane or the like.
• a poiyaerylate shell may be formed from monomer, such as styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl. acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydoxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethyiaminoethyi methacrylate or the like.
• a polyurethane sheli may be formed from monomer or oligomer, such as multifunctional isocyanate or thioisocyanate, primary alcohol or the like.
• a polyurea shell may be formed from monomer containing reactive groups, such as amine/isocyanate, amine/thioisocyanate or the like.
• the "organic content" of the resulting composite pigment particles from inorganic core particles would be at least 20% by weight, preferably 20% to 70%o by weight and more preferably 20%o to 40% by weight.
• the term "organic content” is determined by the total weight of the shel l (12) and the steric stabilizers (13) divided by the total weight of the core pigment particles (1 1 ), the shell (12) and the steric stabilizers (13).
• the density of the shell is preferably low, lower than 2g/cm 3 and more preferably
• the shell thickness may be controlled, based on the density of the shell material and the desired final particle density.
• the shell material is either completely incompatible or relatively incompatible with the display fluid in which the composite pigment particles are dispersed. Relatively
• incompatible means that no more than 5%, preferably no more than 1%, of the shell material is miscible with the display fluid.
• a polymeric shell material may have polar functionality on its main chain or a side chain.
• polar functionality may include -COOH, -OH, -N3 ⁇ 4, -O-R, -NH-R and the like (wherein R is an aikyl or aryl group).
• Each of the side chains in this case, preferably has less than 6 carbon atoms.
• the main chain or the side chain may contain an aromatic moiety.
• the core pigment particle(s) and the shel l should behave as one single unit. This may be achieved by cross-linking or an encapsulation technique, as described below.
• the steric stabilizer (13) in Figure 1 is usually formed of high molecular weight polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polysiloxane or a mixture thereof.
• the steric stabilizers should be compatible with the solvent in which the composite pigment particles are dispersed to facilitate dispersion of the composite pigment particles in the solvent.
• the surface of the shell may optionally hav e functional groups that would enable charge generation or interaction with a charge control agent.
• the core particles may be formed from an organic material, such as CI pigment PR 254, PR122, PR149, PG36, PG58, PG7, PY138, PY150, PY20, PY83, PB15 or the like, which are commonly used organic pigment materials described in the color index handbook "New Pigment Application Technology" (CMC)
• the composite pigment particles formed from the organic core particles are usually colored, such as red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow or the like.
• the surface of the organic core particles may be treated or untreated.
• the surface treatment would improve compatibility of the core pigment particles to the monomer in a reaction medium or chemical bonding with the monomer, in forming the shell of the composite color particles.
• the pre-treated functional molecules can be either chemically bonded or physical ly absorbed onto the pigment particle surface.
• the functional molecules may be a dispersant, surfactant or the like.
• the shell for organic core particles is usually formed from an organic shell material, as described above.
• the stabilizers for the composite pigment particles prepared from organic core particles may also be prepared as described below.
• the "polymer content" of the composite pigment particles prepared from organic core particles may be at least 20% by weight, preferably 30% to 70% by weight and more preferably 40% to 60% or 30% to 50%, by weight.
• the term "polymer content” is determined by the total weight of the shell (12) and the steric stabilizers (13) divided by the total weight of the core pigment particles (11), the shell (12) and the steric stabilizers (13).
• the second aspect of the present invention is directed to the preparation of the composite pigment parti cles of the present invention, which may involve a variety of techniques.
• they may be formed by dispersion polymerization.
• monomer is polymerized around core pigment particles in the presence of a steric stabilizer polymer soluble in the reaction medium.
• the solvent selected as the reaction medium must be a good solvent for both the monomer and the steric stabilizer polymer, but a non-solvent for the polymer shell being formed.
• monomer methylmethacrylate is soluble; but after polymerization, the resulting polymethylmethacrylate is not soluble.
• the polymer shell formed from the monomer must be completely incompatible or relatively incompatible with the solvent in which the composite pigment particles are dispersed.
• Monomers suitable for forming the shell may be those described above, such as styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyi acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrroiidone, 2-hydoxyethyl acrylate, 2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate or the like.
• the steric stabilizer polymer may be a reactive and poiymerizable macromonomer which adsorbs, becomes incorporated or is chemically bonded, onto the surface of the polymer shell being formed.
• the macromonomer as a steric stabilizer determines the particle size and colloidal stability of the system.
• the macromonomer may be an acrylate -terminated or vinyl-terminated macromolecule, which are suitable because the acrylate or vinyl group can co-polymerize with the monomer in the reaction medium.
• the macromonomer preferably has a long tail, R, which may stabilize the composite pigment particles in a hydrocarbon solvent.
• acrylate terminated polysiloxane (Gelest, MCR-M1 1 , MCR-M 17, CR-M22 , as shown below:
• the substituent R may be a polyethylene chain, n is 1 -60 and m is 1-500.
• the synthesis of these compounds may be found in Dongri Chao et al., Polymer Journal, Vol. 23, no.9, 1045 (1991) and Koichi Ito et al, Macromoiecules, 1991 , 24, 2348.
• PE macromonomers as shown below:
• n in this case, is 30-100.
• the synthesis of this type of macromonomers may be found in Seigou Kawaguehi et al, Designed Monomers and Polymers, 2000, 3, 263.
• the composite pigment particles may be prepared by living radical dispersion polymerization, as shown in Figure 2.
• the living radical dispersion polymerization technique is similar to the dispersion polymerization described above by starting the process with pigment particles (21) and monomer dispersed in a reaction medium.
• the monomers used in the process to form the shell (22) may include styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyi acrylate, n-buty! methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyi methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-hydoxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and the like.
• the living ends may be created by adding an agent such as TEMPO (2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-l -piperidinyloxy), a RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) reagent or the like, in the reaction medium.
• a second monomer is added to the reaction medium to cause the living ends (24) to react with the second monomer to form the steric stabilizers (23).
• the second monomer may be lauryl acrylate, lauryi methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acr late, 2- ethyihexyl methacrylate, hex)'!
• the composite pigment particles may be formed by coating core pigment particles by non-aqueous emulsion poly-condensation.
• the shell of the composite pigment particles may be a polyurethane or polyurea material.
• the steric stab lizers may be non-polar long chain hydrocarbon molecules. Polyurethane and polyurea usually are not compatible to a non-polar hydrocarbon solvent and their hardness and elastic property can be tuned through the monomer composition.
• This synthesis method is similar to emulsion or dispersion polymerization, except that polycondensation occurs, inside micelles, with polyurethane monomer and the inorganic core pigment particles.
• the polyurethane or polyurea coating system may be considered as an oi!-in-oil emulsion, which contains two incompatible solvents, one of which is a non-polar organic solvent and the other is a polar organic solvent.
• the system may also be referred to as nonaqueous emulsion polycondensation, in which the non-polar solvent is the continuous phase and the polar solvent is the non-continuous phase.
• the monomer and the inorganic pigment particles are in the non-continuous phase.
• Suitable non-polar solvents may include the solvents in the Isopar ⁇ series, cyclohexane, tetradecane, hexane or the like.
• the polar solvents may include acetonitrile, DMF and the like.
• An emulsifier or dispersant is critical for this triphasic organic system.
• the molecular structure of the emulsifier or dispersant may contain one part soluble in the non-polar solvent, and another part anchoring to the polar phase. This will stabilize the micelles/droplets containing the monomer and the inorganic pigment particles and serving as a micro-reactor for particle formation through polvcondensation.
• Suitable emuisifiers or dispersants may include di-block co-polymers, such as poly (isoprene)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene-b-poly(ethene-alt-propene) (Kraton) or the like.
• a co-emuisifier may be added to form chemical bonding with the particles.
• amine terminated hydrocarbon molecules can react with the particles during polvcondensation and bond to surface as robust steric stabilizers.
• Suitable co-emuisifiers may include surfonamine (B-60, B-100 or B-200) as shown below:
• the process may continue growing polyacr late steric stabilizers after the polvcondensation reaction in the microreactor is completed.
• the shell is formed from polyurethane while the steric stabilizers may be polyacrylate chains.
• the composite pigment particles are stable in the non-polar solvent (i.e., display fluid) with the polyacrylate stabilizers.
• Some materials that can initiate acrylate polymerization include isocyanatoethyl acrylate, isocyanatostyrene or the like.
• Monomers for the steric stabilizer may be a mixture of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and other acrylate that are compatible to the non-polar solvent, such as lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, n-octadecyl acrylate, n-octadecyl methacrylate or the like.
• a co-monomer may be added in the reaction medium.
• the co-monomer may either directly charge the composite pigment particles or have interaction with a charge control agent in the display fluid to bring a desired charge polarity and charge density to the composite pigment particles.
• Suitable co-monomers may include vinylbenzyl-aminoethylamino-propyl- trimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, vinyl phosphoric acid, 2-acry[amino-2-methy[propane sulfonic acid, 2-(dimethyiammo)ethyi methacrylate, N-[3-(dimethylarnino)propyl]methacrylarnide and the like.
• a co-monomer in the context of the present invention, is a monomer different from a monomer already in a composition for forming the shell of composite pigment particles.
• the charge polarity or intensity of the composite pigment particles may be tuned to a desired level.
• a yellow pigment (Clariant Hostaperm H4G-EDS) prepared from a standard synthesis method (methyl methacrylate used as the monomer for forming the shell and PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) acrylate used as the stabilizer polymer) shows a positive zeta potential.
• a fluorinated co-monomer e.g., 2-perfluorobutyl ethyl acrylate
• the zeta potential of the yellow pigment may be brought to be in the negative range (see Figure 3).
• a blue pigment (Clariant Hostaperm B2G-EDS) produced from a standard s nthesis method (methyl methacrylate used as the monomer for forming the shell and PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) acrylate used as stabilizer polymer) shows a very low positive charge level. But when a co-monomer, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, is added in the synthesis of the shell, the charge level of the blue pigment increases as the amount of the co-monomer added increases (see Figure 4).
• the charge polarity of a pigment material may be changed from negative to positive or vice versa by the addition of a co-monomer in the reaction medium for forming the shell.
• the charge level of a pigment material may also be tuned by this method.
• the co-monomers that can introduce a negative charge may include, but are not limited to, fluorinated acrylate or fluorinated methacrylate.
• Specific examples include 2- perfluorobutyiethyl acrylate, 2,2,2 trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 2,2,3,3 tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, 1,1,1 ,3 ,3 ,3-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate, 1,1,1 ,3 ,3 ,3-hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate, 2,2,3 ,3-pentafluoropropyl acrylate, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl acrylate,
• the co-monomers that can introduce a positive charge may include, but are not limited to, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, N-[3-(dimetbylamino)propyl]- methacrylamide.
• the functional groups on these positive charge generating co-monomers include, but are not limited to, -NHR, -NR 2 , -NH-, -NH? or the like (wherein R is up to 4 carbon atoms).
• the main monomers for forming the shell are listed above in this application.
• they may be styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl acrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, vinyl pyridine, n-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2- hydoxyetbyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyi methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate or the like.
• the main monomer may be acrylate, methacrylaye or styrene with hydrocarbon side chains.
• Suitable monomer-comonomer pair are methylmethacrylate and 2- (dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, methylmethacrylate and 2-perfluorobutylethyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and 2,2,2 trifluoroethyl methacrylate, and the like.
• monomer plus co-monomer can be in between 0.1 % to 50% based on desired charge intensity of particles, preferably in between 1% to 10%.
• the quantities of the reagents used e.g., the inorganic core pigment particles, the shell materials and the materi al for forming the steric stabilizers
• the quantities of the reagents used may be adjusted and controlled to achieve the desired organic content in the resulting composite pigment particles.
• the third aspect of the present invention is directed to a display fluid comprising the composite pigment particles of the present invention, which composite pigment particles are dispersed in a solvent.
• a preferred solvent has a low dielectric constant (preferably about 2 to 3), a high volume resistivity (preferably about 1015 ohm-cm or higher) and a low water solubility (preferably less than 10 parts per million).
• Suitable hydrocarbon solvents may include, but are not limited to, dodecane, tetradecane, the aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Isopar ⁇ series (Exxon, Houston, Tex) and the like.
• the solvent can also be a mixture of a hydrocarbon and a halogenated carbon or silicone oil base material.
• the present invention is applicable to a one-particle, two-particle or multiple particle eiectrophoretic display fluid system.
• a multiple particle system there may be more than two types of pigment particles and each type has a color which is different from the colors of other types.
• the present invention may be directed to a display fluid comprising only the composite pigment particles prepared according to the present invention which are dispersed in a hydrocarbon solvent.
• the composite pigment particles and the solvent have contrasting colors.
• the present invention may be directed to a display fluid comprising two types of pigment particles dispersed in an organic sol vent and at least one of the two types of the pigment particles is prepared according to the present invention.
• the two types of pigment particles carry opposite charge polarities and have contrasting colors.
• the two types of pigment particles may be black and white respective!)'.
• the black particles may be prepared according to the present invention, or the white particles may be prepared according to the present invention, or both black and white particles may be prepared according to the present invention.
• the composite pigment particles prepared according to the present invention when dispersed in an organic solvent, have many advantages.
• the density' of the composite pigment particles may be substantially matched to the organic solvent, thus improving performance of the display device.
• the di fference between the density of the composite pigment particies and the density of the solvent is less than 2 g/crtr , more preferably jess than 1 .5 g/crrr and most preferably jess than 1 g/cm .
• the other type of pigment particles may be prepared by any other methods.
• the particles may be polymer encapsulated pigment particles. Microencapsulation of the pigment particles may be accomplished chemically or
• microencapsulation processes include interfacial
• the composite pigment particles prepared by the previously known techniques may also exhibit a natural charge, or may be charged explicitly using a charge control agent, or may acquire a charge when suspended in the organic solvent.
• Suitable charge control agents are well known in the art; they may be polymeric or non-polymeric in nature, and may also be ionic or non-ionic, including ionic surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, metal soap, polybutene succimmide, maleic anhydride copolymers, vinylpyridine copolymers, vinylpyrrolidone copolymer, (meth)acrylic acid copolymers or N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acryiate copolymers), Aicolec LV30 (soy lecithin), Petrostep B100 (petroleum sulfonate) or B70 (barium sulfonate), Soisperse 17000 (active polymeric dispersant),
• ionic surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, metal soap, polybutene succimmide, maleic anhydride copolymers, vinylpyridine cop
• Solsperse 9000 active polymeric dispersant
• OLOA 1 1000 succinimide ashless dispersant
• OLOA 1200 polyisobutylene succinimides
• Unithox 750 ethoxylates
• Petronate L sodium sulfonate
• Disper BYK 101 2095, 185, 116, 9077 & 220 and ANTI-TERRA series.
• Step A Deposition of Vinylbenzylaminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane cm Black Pigment Particles
• Step B Preparation of Polymer Coating cm Pigment Particles through Dispersion Polymerization
• PVP K30 polyvinylpyrrolidone
• the solution was purged with nitrogen for 20 minutes and heated to 65°C.
• the pigment particles (4 g) prepared from Step A was dispersed in a mixture of 3.0g lauryl acrylate, 0.2g divirryibezene and 0.03g AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile) to form a uniform suspension.
• This suspension was added into the PVP solution at 65°C. With stimng, the polymerization reaction lasted about 12 hours. Then a mixture of 3.0g octadecyi acrylate and 0.03g AIBN was added into the above reaction flask and the reaction was continued for 12 hours.
• the solids produced were separated from the liquid through centrifugation and then washed with isopropanol and methylethylketone to remove PVP 30 and other chemicals that were not bonded on the pigment particles.
• the solids were dried at 50°C under vacuum to produce final composite black particles.
• the organic content of the particles produced was about 34% by weight, tested through TGA (thermal gravimetric analysis).

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• 2014
  • 2014-07-22 GB GB1602310.3A patent/GB2532636A/en not_active Withdrawn
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