WO2015009691A1 - Procédés et systèmes de réduction de la propagation de microbes - Google Patents

Procédés et systèmes de réduction de la propagation de microbes Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2015009691A1
WO2015009691A1 PCT/US2014/046643 US2014046643W WO2015009691A1 WO 2015009691 A1 WO2015009691 A1 WO 2015009691A1 US 2014046643 W US2014046643 W US 2014046643W WO 2015009691 A1 WO2015009691 A1 WO 2015009691A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
additive
toilet
microbial
reservoir
agent
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/046643
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Steven J. Laken
Carlo Giovanni Traverso
Richard L. Miller
Original Assignee
Pavoda, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pavoda, Inc. filed Critical Pavoda, Inc.
Publication of WO2015009691A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015009691A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03D—WATER-CLOSETS OR URINALS WITH FLUSHING DEVICES; FLUSHING VALVES THEREFOR
    • E03D9/00—Sanitary or other accessories for lavatories ; Devices for cleaning or disinfecting the toilet room or the toilet bowl; Devices for eliminating smells
    • E03D9/02—Devices adding a disinfecting, deodorising, or cleaning agent to the water while flushing
    • E03D9/03—Devices adding a disinfecting, deodorising, or cleaning agent to the water while flushing consisting of a separate container with an outlet through which the agent is introduced into the flushing water, e.g. by suction ; Devices for agents in direct contact with flushing water
    • E03D9/031—Devices connected to or dispensing into the flushing pipe
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03D—WATER-CLOSETS OR URINALS WITH FLUSHING DEVICES; FLUSHING VALVES THEREFOR
    • E03D9/00—Sanitary or other accessories for lavatories ; Devices for cleaning or disinfecting the toilet room or the toilet bowl; Devices for eliminating smells
    • E03D9/02—Devices adding a disinfecting, deodorising, or cleaning agent to the water while flushing
    • E03D2009/028—Devices adding a disinfecting, deodorising, or cleaning agent to the water while flushing using a liquid substance

Definitions

  • Methods and apparatuses of the invention relate to reduction of a spread of microbes, in particular from a toilet into the environment.
  • Treatment for patients with Clostridium difficile consists of administration of antibiotics, fluids, and quarantine. Before entering a patient's room, the hospital staff is expected to gown, wear gloves and then discard these items before exiting the room. Cleaning staff should use EPA
  • a need also exists for devices and methods to control, mitigate, and/or reduce exposure to and/or spread of microbes.
  • Methods and apparatuses of the invention relate to reduction of spread of microbes, in particular from a toilet into the environment.
  • the present invention demonstrates that bacteria, spores and other microbes released into the environment can be significantly reduced or eliminated by addition of an additive that is anti-microbial and/or anti-aerosol prior to and/or during flushing. It also has been surprisingly found that compositions and formulations of the present invention provide effective anti-microbial and/or anti-aerosol properties.
  • a method of reducing a spread of microbes comprises providing a pressurized water supply to a toilet bowl; providing an externally accessible reservoir containing an anti-microbial additive; providing a conduit comprising a first end in fluid communication with the pressurized water supply and a second end in fluid communication with the externally accessible reservoir; and administering the anti-microbial additive into the toilet bowl, through the conduit, wherein the spread of microbes into an environment proximal to the toilet is reduced.
  • a method of introducing an additive into a toilet comprises providing a pressurized water supply to a toilet bowl; providing externally accessible reservoir containing an anti-microbial additive; providing a conduit comprising a first end in fluid communication with the pressurized water supply and a second end in fluid communication with the externally accessible reservoir; and administering the anti-microbial additive to the water at the level of the water supply when the toilet is flushed; wherein microbes are killed prior to the flush.
  • a method of reducing an odor in a toilet comprises providing a pressurized water supply to a toilet bowl; providing an externally accessible reservoir containing an additive; providing a conduit comprising a first end in fluid communication with the pressurized water supply and a second end in fluid communication with the externally accessible reservoir; and administering the additive to the water at the level of the water supply when the toilet is flushed; wherein the additive reduces the odor.
  • an apparatus for reducing a spread of microbes from a toilet comprises an externally-accessible reservoir and a conduit comprising a first end for disposal in fluid communication with a pressurized water supply and a second end for disposal in fluid communication with the externally accessible reservoir; wherein the reservoir is configured to contain an effective amount of an anti-microbial additive to be added to the toilet, through the conduit.
  • an apparatus for reducing a spread of microbes from a toilet comprises a tube that replaces an existing non-pressurized vacuum breaker tube disposed downstream from a toilet flush valve, wherein the tube comprises a conduit or additive reservoir for introducing an additive, and wherein the additive mixes with the water when the water vacuum breaker tube fills with water.
  • the tube comprises a venturi tube, basket or an external conduit, wherein the external conduit comprises a first end in fluid communication with the tube and a second end in fluid communication with an externally accessible reservoir.
  • the tube comprises a venturi tube.
  • the tube comprises a basket.
  • the tube comprises an external conduit, wherein the external conduit comprises a first end in fluid communication with the tube and a second end in fluid communication with an externally accessible reservoir.
  • the tube replaces a portion of the vacuum breaker tube.
  • the tube is on a tankless toilet.
  • an apparatus for reducing a spread of microbes from a toilet comprises a housing; an externally accessible reservoir disposed within the housing; a conduit comprising a first end for disposal in fluid communication with a pressurized water supply and a second end for disposal in fluid communication with the externally accessible reservoir; a check valve connector at the first end of the conduit; and a valve connection between the reservoir and the second end of the conduit; wherein the reservoir is configured to contain an effective amount of anti-microbial additive to be added to the toilet, through the conduit.
  • a method of reducing a spread of microbes from a toilet comprises providing a venturi water supply to a toilet bowl; providing a housing; providing an externally accessible reservoir disposed within the housing and containing an antimicrobial additive; providing a conduit comprising a first end in fluid communication with a venturi water supply and a second end in fluid communication with the externally accessible reservoir; and administering the anti-microbial additive into the venturi through the conduit, wherein the spread of microbes into an environment proximal to the toilet is reduced.
  • the administering comprises delivering the additive into the pressurized water as it is supplied to the toilet bowl during a flush cycle.
  • delivering can include releasing a dose of the additive from a refillable reservoir into the pressurized water.
  • the refillable reservoir may contain a plurality of doses of the additive, and can be spring-loaded.
  • the additive comprises one or more of: osmotic pressure agents, phenolics, alcohols, halogens, oxidizing agents, surfactants, heavy metals, aldehydes, gaseous agents, enzymes and antimicrobials.
  • suitable phenolics comprise one or more of Lysol, triclosan, orthocresol, metacresol, paracresol, ortho-penylphenol, and hexachlorophene.
  • exemplary alcohols comprise one or more of isopropanol, ethanol and methanol.
  • Exemplary halogens comprise one or more of iodine, iodophor, chlorine, bleach, sodium hypochlorite, and calcium hypochlorite.
  • the additive is dry powder of calcium hypochlorite.
  • Exemplary oxidizing agents comprise one or more of peroxide, permanganate, ozone and peracetic acid.
  • Exemplary surfactants comprise one or more of sodium stearate, 4-(5 -Dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetrimonium bromide, and Triton X-100.
  • Exemplary heavy metal ions comprise one or more of silver, gold and copper.
  • Exemplary aldehydes comprise one or more of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and formalin.
  • Exemplary gaseous agents comprise one or more of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and beta-propiolactone.
  • Exemplary enzymes comprise one or more of lysozyme and prionzyme.
  • Exemplary antimicrobials comprise one or more of antibacterials, antifungals, and antivirals.
  • Exemplary antiaerosols comprise anything that reduces aerosol formation and increases surface tension. These include, for example, reducing temperatures, adding oils and other surfactants, or removing or eliminating soaps and detergents.
  • the additive is provided in solid form at about 20-100 g per unit dose.
  • the additive can further include a binding agent such as, for example, one or more of a dissolvable powder, gel and polymer.
  • a binding agent such as, for example, one or more of a dissolvable powder, gel and polymer.
  • the additive When introduced into water, the additive at least partially dissolves in the water and is present at about 1 to 10%, about 1 to 5%, about 1 to 3%, or about 1% by weight in the water. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the additive remains in the toilet bowl after the flushing.
  • microbes whose spread can be reduced include one or more of bacteria, bacterial spores, and viruses.
  • spread of Clostridium difficile spores can be effectively reduced.
  • Aerosolized microbes may be reduced in the toilet and/or in the environment around the toilet.
  • aerosolized microbes can be reduced in the toilet bowl, in the environment on or above the toilet seat or, in the case of urinals, above the basin, or outside the bowl in the vicinity of the toilet.
  • aerosolized microbes are reduced in the toilet.
  • aerosolized microbes are reduced in the environment around the toilet.
  • aerosolized spores are reduced in the toilet.
  • aerosolized spores are reduced in the environment around the toilet, in addition, for example, one or more of an oil, sheet, powder, foam, spray and gel can be supplied into the water in the toilet bowl to reduce spread of aerosolized microbes.
  • the toilet bowl contains an inoculum and the method further comprises reducing infectivity of said inoculum.
  • the method further comprises reducing pressure in the pressurized water line, thereby reducing aerosolization.
  • probiotic bacteria can also be added into the water in the toilet bowl, providing health benefits.
  • Other aspects and embodiments of the present invention comprise methods and apparatuses for modifying toilet water and reducing spread of microbes.
  • Figure 1 An illustrative embodiment showing an externally accessible reservoir in fluid communication with a pressurized water supply according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 2 An illustrative embodiment showing a fluid communication between the externally accessible reservoir and a venturi design according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 3 An illustrative embodiment showing a reservoir in fluid connection with a conduit according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 4 An illustrative embodiment showing a reservoir with a check valve in fluid connection with a conduit according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 5 Illustrative embodiments showing (A) a vacuum breaker tube containing an additive reservoir according to an embodiment of the invention, and (B) an additive reservoir according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 6 Illustrative embodiments showing (A) a vacuum breaker tube with an additive reservoir according to an embodiment of the invention, and (B) an additive reservoir according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 7 Illustrative embodiments showing (A) a vacuum breaker tube with an additive reservoir and conduit according to an embodiment of the invention, and (B) an additive reservoir and conduit according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 8 A graphical representation showing flow rate during a flush using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 9 A graphical representation showing significant spore reduction with bleach additive relative to colonies with no bleach additive.
  • Figure 10 A graphical representation showing non-significant spore reduction with bleach additive relative to colonies with no bleach additive.
  • Figure 11. A graphical representation showing significant spore reduction in a first and second water control flush.
  • Figure 12. A graphical representation showing significant spore reduction with 400 mL bleach additive relative to water control using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 13 A graphical representation showing non-significant spore reduction with 100 mL bleach additive relative to control using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 14 A graphical representation showing non-significant spore reduction with 100 mL starch additive relative to control using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 15 A graphical representation showing non- significant spore reduction with 400 mL starch additive relative to control using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 16 A graphical representation showing modification of aerosol distribution at>25 ⁇ as a function of chemicals used using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 17 A graphical representation showing modification of aerosol distribution detected between 0.3-0.5 ⁇ as a function of chemicals used using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 18 A graphical representation showing modification of aerosol distribution detected between 0.5-1 ⁇ as a function of chemicals used using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 19 A graphical representation showing modification of aerosol distribution detected between 1.0-5 ⁇ as a function of chemicals used using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 20 A graphical representation showing modification of aerosol distribution detected between 5.0-10 ⁇ as a function of chemicals used using an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 21 A graphical representation showing the effect of aerosol collection time and spore concentration on bacterial germination.
  • Figure 22 A graphical representation showing significant spore reduction with 1 : 10 dilution of bleach additive relative to control.
  • Figure 23 A graphical representation showing significant spore reduction with 1 :2 dilution of bleach additive relative to control.
  • Figure 24 A graphical representation showing significant spore reduction with 1 : 10 dilution of hydrogen peroxide additive relative to control.
  • Figure 25 A graphical representation showing non-significant spore reduction with 1 :2 dilution of hydrogen peroxide additive relative to control.
  • Figure 26 A graphical representation showing significant spore reduction with 1 : 10 dilution of canola oil additive relative to control.
  • Figure 27 Shows significant spore reduction with 1 :2 dilution of canola oil additive relative to control.
  • Figure 28 A graphical representation showing non-significant spore reduction with 1 : 10 dilution of olive oil additive relative to control.
  • Figure 29 A graphical representation showing non-significant spore reduction with 1 :2 dilution of olive oil additive relative to control.
  • Figure 30 A graphical representation showing significant spore reduction with adding bleach directly to the toilet bowl before the flush relative to control.
  • Figure 31 A graphical representation showing spore germination and colony formation at 0 cm height with spores added to the bowl relative to control without spores.
  • Figure 32 A graphical representation showing spore germination and colony formation at 5 cm height with spores added to the bowl relative to control without spores.
  • Figure 33 A graphical representation showing spore germination and colony formation at 10 cm height with spores added to the bowl relative to control without spores.
  • Figure 34 A graphical representation showing spore germination and colony formation at 20 cm height with spores added to the bowl relative to control without spores.
  • Figure 35 A graphical representation showing spore germination and colony formation at 30 cm height with spores added to the bowl relative to control without spores.
  • Figure 36 A graphical representation showing spore germination and colony formation at all heights (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm) with spores added to the bowl relative to control without spores.
  • Microorganisms are microscopic organisms that include, for example, bacteria, spores, fungi, archaea, protists, plants (e.g., green algae), viruses, prions, parasites, and animals such as amoeba, plankton.
  • microbes may be harmful and lead to illness and disease in plants, animals or humans.
  • undesired microbial growth may also occur in consumer products, such as food contamination.
  • Toilets in commercial or public settings such as, for example, hospitals, nursing homes, long term care settings and public restrooms present a more significant health risk than household toilets.
  • commercial toilets are connected to pressurized water supply ⁇ e.g., about 50-80 pounds per square inch (PSI) where water flows under pressure from the supply piping into the fixture.
  • PSI pounds per square inch
  • the pressurized flush produces a more powerful, cleansing flush than residential toilets which generally relies on gravity from water stored in a tank to flush.
  • the pressurized flush also produces a larger and stronger aerosol that travels higher and longer than residential toilets.
  • health problems such as Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are even more likely to arise when the toilet is flushed after acute episodes of diarrhea or vomiting.
  • CDI Clostridium difficile infection
  • Clostridium difficile infection is a major burden to health care facilities, with increasing rates since 2002.
  • C. difficile is the most serious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and can lead to pseudomembranous colitis, a severe inflammation of the colon, often resulting from eradication of the normal gut flora by antibiotics.
  • Clostridium difficile infection can range in severity from asymptomatic to severe and life-threatening, especially among the elderly. People are most often nosocomially infected in hospitals, nursing homes, or other medical institutions, and CDI in the community, outpatient setting is also increasing. The rate of C. difficile acquisition is estimated to be 13% in patients with hospital stays of up to two weeks, and 50% in those with hospital stays longer than four weeks. With the recognition and emergence of virulent strains associated with Clostridium difficile infection outbreaks, such as ribotype 027/NAP1, it has become increasingly important to control and reduce C. difficile spread and transmission.
  • C. difficile often form spores which are resistant to most routine cleaning methods such as disinfectants used on surfaces. Spores of these bacteria can remain viable outside of the human body for months or years, and this means the patients in a medical facility are often exposed to situations where they end up accidentally ingesting spores. Extremely rigorous infection protocols are required to decrease or eliminate this risk.
  • ASTM E 2414-05 Standard Test Method for Quantitative Sporicidal Three Step Method (TSM) to Determine Efficacy of Liquids, Liquid Sprays, and Vapor or Gases on Contaminated Carrier Surfaces, or 4.
  • ASTM E 2197-02 Standard Quantitative Carrier Test Method to Evaluate the Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal, and Sporicidal Potencies of Liquid Chemical Germicides.
  • Some aspects of the present invention provide a method for treating water used in flushing a toilet.
  • Additives such as chemicals and detergents may be used to pre-treat or treat a toilet to control spread of microbes such as, for example, bacteria, bacterial spores and/or viruses.
  • the methods and apparatuses described herein are useful in hospitals, nursing homes, long term care settings, public restrooms, and areas where people are immunocompromised, where people share toilets, and/or where there is a potential source of contamination from aerosolized water containing microbes.
  • the methods and apparatuses described herein allow for treatment of the water in the toilet either passively (e.g., treatment of the intake water with some additive) or through the passive treatment of the water.
  • mechanical methods can also be used to sanitize or sterilize toilet water, such as ionizing radiation (e.g., x-rays, gamma rays, and/or electron beams), nonionizing radiation (e.g., U.V. light), boiling water, high pressures, excess heat or cold, and/or burning.
  • ionizing radiation e.g., x-rays, gamma rays, and/or electron beams
  • nonionizing radiation e.g., U.V. light
  • boiling water high pressures, excess heat or cold, and/or burning.
  • one or more additive is provided to decontaminate, disinfect and/or sterilize toilet water, thereby reducing or preventing spread of microbes (e.g., bacteria, virus, mold, fungi and any other microbes) including spores.
  • microbes e.g., bacteria, virus, mold, fungi and any other microbes
  • sterilization describes a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life and is carried out by physical or chemical methods.
  • Steam under pressure, dry heat, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, and liquid chemicals are exemplary sterilizing agents used, for example, in health-care facilities.
  • chemicals When chemicals are used to destroy all forms of microbiologic life, they can be called chemical sterilants.
  • These same germicides used for shorter exposure periods also can be part of the disinfection process (i.e., high-level disinfection).
  • Disinfection describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
  • objects usually are disinfected by liquid chemicals or wet pasteurization.
  • Each of the various factors that affect the efficacy of disinfection can nullify or limit the efficacy of the process.
  • Factors that affect the efficacy of both disinfection and sterilization include, for example, prior cleaning of the object; organic and inorganic load present; type and level of microbial contamination; concentration of and exposure time to the germicide; physical nature of the object (e.g., crevices, hinges, and lumens); presence of bio films; temperature and pH of the disinfection process; and in some cases, relative humidity of the sterilization process (e.g., ethylene oxide).
  • disinfection is not sporicidal. A few disinfectants (chemical sterilants) will kill spores with prolonged exposure times (e.g., 3-12 hours).
  • these same disinfectants will kill all microorganisms except large numbers of bacterial spores; they are called high-level disinfectants.
  • Low-level disinfectants can kill most vegetative bacteria, some fungi, and some viruses in a practical period of time ( ⁇ 10 minutes).
  • a germicide is an agent that can kill microorganisms, particularly pathogenic organisms ("germs").
  • the term germicide encompasses both antiseptics and disinfectants.
  • Antiseptics are germicides applied to living tissue and skin; disinfectants are antimicrobials applied only to inanimate objects. In general, antiseptics are used only on the skin and not for surface disinfection, and disinfectants are not used for skin antisepsis because they can injure skin and other tissues.
  • Virucide, fungicide, bactericide, sporicide, and tuberculocide can kill the type of microorganism identified by the prefix.
  • a bactericide is an agent that kills bacteria.
  • Additives suitable for methods and apparatuses of the present invention comprise one or more of: osmotic pressure agents, phenolics, alcohols, halogens, oxidizing agents, surfactants, heavy metal ions, aldehydes, gaseous agents, enzymes and/or antimicrobials.
  • osmotic pressure agents phenolics, alcohols, halogens, oxidizing agents, surfactants, heavy metal ions, aldehydes, gaseous agents, enzymes and/or antimicrobials.
  • the anti-microbial additive comprises at least one osmotic pressure agent, phenolic, alcohol, halogen, oxidizing agent, surfactant, heavy metal ion, aldehyde, gaseous agent, enzyme, probiotic, sporulation agent, vaccine, bacteriophage, oil, paper, or salt.
  • the anti-microbial additive comprises at least one phenolic, alcohol, halogen, oxidizing agent, surfactant, heavy metal ion, aldehyde, gaseous agent, enzyme, probiotic, sporulation agent, vaccine, bacteriophage, oil, or salt.
  • the anti-microbial additive comprises at least one phenolic, alcohol, halogen, oxidizing agent, surfactant, heavy metal ion, aldehyde, gaseous agent, enzyme, probiotic, sporulation agent, vaccine, bacteriophage, or salt. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive comprises at least one phenolic, alcohol, halogen, oxidizing agent, surfactant, heavy metal ion, aldehyde, gaseous agent, enzyme, sporulation agent, bacteriophage, or salt. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive comprises at least one phenolic, alcohol, halogen, oxidizing agent, heavy metal ion, aldehyde, or salt.
  • the antimicrobial additive comprises a phenolic. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive comprises an alcohol. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive comprises a halogen. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive comprises an oxidizing agent. In some embodiments,
  • the anti-microbial additive comprises a heavy metal ion. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive comprises an aldehyde. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive comprises a salt.
  • the phenolic is selected from the group consisting of Lysol, triclosan, orthocresol, ortho-penylphenol, and hexachlorophene. In some embodiments, the phenolic is selected from the group consisting of triclosan, orthocresol, metacresol, paracresol, ortho- phenylphenol, and hexachlorophene. In some embodiments, the phenolic is triclosan or
  • the phenolic is triclosan. In some embodiments, the phenolic is hexachlorophene. In some embodiments, the phenolic is triclosan. In some embodiments,
  • the phenolic is Lysol.
  • the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of isopropanol, ethanol and methanol. In some embodiments, the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of isopropanol, ethanol and methanol. In some embodiments, the alcohol is ethanol.
  • the halogen is selected from the group consisting of iodine, iodophor, a bromide, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypobromite, and calcium hypochlorite.
  • the bromide is methyl bromide.
  • the calcium hypochlorite is dry powder of calcium hypochlorite.
  • the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, peroxide, ozone, permanganate and peracetic acid. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is peroxide, permanganate, or peracetic acid. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is oxygen or ozone. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is oxygen. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is ozone. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is peracetic acid. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is peroxide. In some embodiments, the peroxide is hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is permanganate. In some embodiments, the permanganate is potassium permanganate.
  • the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium stearate, 4-(5 -dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetrimonium bromide, and Triton X-100. In some embodiments, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of 4-(5-dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetrimonium bromide, and Triton X-100.
  • the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium stearate, 4-(5-dodecyl) benzenesulfonate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. In some embodiments, the surfactant is
  • cetrimonium bromide or Triton X-100 In some embodiments, the surfactant is cetrimonium bromide. In some embodiments, the surfactant is Triton X-100.
  • the heavy metal ion comprises silver, gold or copper. In some embodiments, the heavy metal ion comprises silver or copper. In some embodiments, the heavy metal ion comprises silver. In some embodiments, the heavy metal ion comprises copper. In some embodiments, the additive is silver nitrate. In some embodiments, the additive is copper nitrate.
  • the aldehyde is selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and formalin. In some embodiments, the aldehyde is glutaraldehyde or formalin. In some embodiments, the aldehyde is glutaraldehyde. In some embodiments, the aldehyde is formalin.
  • the gaseous agent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and beta-propiolactone. In some embodiments, the gaseous agent is selected from the group consisting of vaporized hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and beta-propiolactone. In some embodiments, the gaseous agent is vaporized hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. In some embodiments, the gaseous agent is vaporized hydrogen peroxide or ethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the gaseous agent is propylene oxide. In some embodiments, the gaseous agent is beta-propiolactone. In some embodiments, the gaseous agent is vaporized hydrogen peroxide.
  • the enzyme is lysozyme or prionzyme. In some embodiments, the enzyme is lysozyme. In some embodiments, the enzyme is prionzyme.
  • the oil is selected from the group consisting of vegetable, canola or olive oil. In some embodiments, the oil is olive oil or canola oil. In some embodiments, the oil is canola oil.
  • aerosolized microbes are reduced. In some embodiments, the spread of aerosolized microbes is reduced. In some embodiments, spores are killed. [0090] In some embodiments, the microbe is selected from the group consisting of a bacteria, bacterial spore, fungus, virus, protozoa and helminth. In some embodiments, the microbe comprises bacteria. In some embodiments, the microbe is a bacterial spore. In some embodiments, the bacterial spore comprises Bacillus or Clostridium. In some embodiments, the bacterial spore comprises Bacillus. In some embodiments, the bacterial spore comprises Clostridium.
  • the bacterial spore comprises Clostridium difficile.
  • the microbe is a virus.
  • the virus comprises norovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A, B or C, herpes simplex virus 1 or 2, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus or coronavirus or the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
  • the bacteria selected from the group comprises, Campylobacter jejuni, Cholera sp., Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli (0157:H7, ETEC, EPEC), Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica (serotype Typhi) aka S. typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella schottmuelleri (formerly S. Paratyphi B), Salmonella hirschfeldii (formerly S. Paratyphi C), Salmonella cholerasuis (aka S.
  • enterica Campylobacter fetus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Shigella dysenteriae (serogroup A, 12 serotype), Shigella flexneri (serogroup B, 6 serotype), Shigella boydii (serogroup C, 23 serotype), Shigella sonnei (serogroup D, 1 serotype), Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriacea.
  • the microbe is selected from a protozoa.
  • the protozoa is selected from Acanthamoeba, Balantidium coli, Brachiola algerae, Brachiola connori, Brachiola vesicularum, Chilomastix mesnili, Cryptosporidium canis, Cryptosporidium felis, Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora sp., Cyclospora
  • Encephalitozoon hellem Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeva heartamanni, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia lamblia, Iodamoeba butschilii, Micro sporidium africanum, Micro sporidium ceylonensis, Naegleria fowleri, Nosema ocularum, Nosema species, Pleistophora sp., Retortamonas intestinalis, Sarcocystis hominis, Sarcocystis suihominis, Septata intestinalis, Strongyloides fulleborni,
  • the microbe is a helminth.
  • the helminth is selected from Angiostrongylus costaricensis, Ancylostoma brazilense, Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma ceylanicm, Ancylostoma duodenal, Ascaris lumbricoides, Capillaria phillippinensis, Clonorchis sinensis, Dicrocoelium dendriticum,
  • Diphyllobothrium cordatum Diphyllobothrium dalliae, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum,
  • Diphyllobothrium lanceolatum Diphyllobothrium latum, Diphyllobothrium pacificum
  • Diphyllobothrium ursi Diphyllobothrium yonagensis, Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinostoma hortense, Echinostoma ilocanum, Echinostoma macrorchis, Echinostoma perfoliatum, Echinostoma revolutum, Enterobias vermicularis, Euparagonimus cenopiosus,
  • the microbe is a fungus.
  • the fungus is selected from Candida sp. Aspergillus sp.
  • Cryptococcus sp. Pneumocystis sp., and Stachybotrys chartarum.
  • Exemplary Cryptococcus sp. include C. neoformans and C. gattii.
  • Exemplary Pneumocystis sp. include P.jurovecii.
  • the anti-microbial additive is selected from the group consisting of an anti-bacterial, anti-bacterial spore, anti-fungal, anti- protozoa, anti-helminth and anti-viral additive. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive is an anti-bacterial or anti-viral additive. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive is an anti-bacterial additive. In some embodiments,
  • the anti-microbial additive is an anti-bacterial spore additive. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive is an anti-fungal additive. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive is an anti-protozoa additive. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive is an antihelminthic additive. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive is an anti-viral additive.
  • antimicrobial agents are poisonous to microorganisms and, therefore, destroy microorganisms with which they are contacted.
  • antimicrobial agent examples include hypochlorites (bleaches), phenol and compounds thereof, arsenene, and organic and inorganic salts of heavy metals such as silver, copper or tin.
  • Other antimicrobial agents comprise antibiotic type compounds. Antibiotics disrupt the biochemistry within microorganisms, for example by selectively diluting solutions to destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms.
  • Another antimicrobial method involves the use of materials such as quaternary ammonium compounds that act as lytic (bursting) agents for the microbial cells.
  • the anti-microbial additive comprises an anti-aerosol. In some embodiments, the anti-microbial additive is activated by contact with water.
  • administering comprises delivering the anti-microbial additive into water as it is supplied to the toilet bowl during a flush cycle.
  • delivering further comprises releasing an effective anti-microbial dose of the additive from a refillable reservoir into the pressurized water.
  • the refillable reservoir contains a plurality of effective anti-microbal doses of the additive.
  • calcium hypochlorite can be used as an effective additive against bacteria, algae, slime, fungi and other harmful or objectionable microorganisms.
  • calcium hypochlorite can be provided in dry powder form into the toilet water, which can at least partially dissolve in water and form a solution of about 1 to 10%, about 1 to 5%, about 1 to 3%), or about 1% by weight.
  • Calcium hypochlorite granules, tablets, or solutions can also be used for, e.g., continuous chlorination and disinfection.
  • calcium hypochlorite may be more advantageous than other hypochlorites.
  • Calcium hypochlorite is commercially available and inexpensive. Once entering the environment, calcium hypochlorite is decomposed (by water with evolution of chlorine gas and heat) more readily than other hypochlorites, and thus, causes less environmental problems over time.
  • the additive may be solid, liquid, gel, or in concentrated form.
  • the additive may be packaged in unit dose, and multiple doses can be included in a single system. In some
  • the additive can be provided in solid form at about 20-100 g ⁇ e.g., calcium
  • hypochlorite granulates or powder) per unit dose per unit dose.
  • an effective amount of anti-microbial additive is administered. In some embodiments, an effective anti-microbial dose of the anti-microbial additive is administered. In some embodiments, the effective anti-microbial additive is delivered at about 20-100 g per unit dose. In some embodiments, the effective anti-microbial additive is delivered at about 40-100 g per unit dose. In some embodiments, the effective anti-microbial additive is delivered at about 80 g per unit dose. [0099] In some embodiments, the effective anti-microbial additive is delivered at about 10% of the toilet bowl volume. In some embodiments, the additive is delivered from about 1 :2 to about 1 :20 dilution.
  • the additive is delivered from about 1 :2 to about 1 : 15 dilution. In some embodiments, the additive is delivered from about 1 :5 to about 1 : 15 dilution. In some embodiments, the additive is delivered from about 1 :5 to about 1 : 10 dilution. In some embodiments, the additive is delivered at about 1 :2 dilution. In some embodiments, the additive is delivered at about 1 :5 dilution. In some embodiments, the additive is delivered at about 1 : 10 dilution.
  • the additive can further comprise a binding agent such as one or more of a dissolvable powder, gel and polymer.
  • the additive may also comprise at least one non-ionic, anionic, cationic and/or amphoteric surfactant.
  • the additive When introduced into water, the additive can at least partially dissolve in the water and can be present at about 1 to 10%>, about 1 to 5%>, about 1 to 3%>, or about 1%> by weight in the water.
  • the additive at least partially dissolves in water.
  • the additive at least partially dissolves in water and is present at about 1 to 10%>, about 1 to 5%>, about 1 to 3%>, or about 1%> by weight in the water. In some embodiments, the additive at least partially dissolves in water and is present at about 1 to 10% by weight in the water. In some embodiments, the additive at least partially dissolves in water and is present at about 1 to 5% by weight in the water. In some embodiments, the additive at least partially dissolves in water and is present at about 1 to 3% by weight in the water. In some embodiments, the additive at least partially dissolves in water and is present at about 1% by weight in the water.
  • the anti-microbial additive is effective for a plurality of days following administration thereof.
  • the additive can be administered before, during or after the flush to control spread of microbes. In some embodiments, the additive is administered prior to flushing. In some embodiments, the additive is administered prior to flushing.
  • the additive is administered during flushing. In some embodiments, the additive is administered after flushing. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to supply the additive prior to and/or simultaneously with flushing, e.g., to disinfect or decontaminate microbe-containing water, in particular aerosolized water from fecal matter in the toilet.
  • microbes whose spread can be reduced comprise one or more of bacteria, bacterial spores, and viruses.
  • the various additives and/or mechanical means described herein are useful in killing spores from the genera Bacillus or Clostridium, and/or killing live or vegetative bacteria. For example, spread of Clostridium difficile spores can be effectively reduced.
  • the methods further comprise further comprise addition of at least one germinating agent.
  • germinating agents are discussed, for example, in Cadnum, J. et al, "A Sensitive and Selective Culture Medium for Detection of Environmental Clostridium difficile without the Requirement for Anaerobic Culture Conditions," J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014,
  • the germinating agent thioglycollic acid, a bile salt, or a bile acid.
  • the methods of the present invention are also useful against viruses (e.g., norovirus) and antibiotic resistant bacteria such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, carbapenem-resistant viruses.
  • Agents that increase efficacy of the anti-microbial additive may also be added.
  • acids may be added along with hypochlorites to enhance activity of the hypochlorite.
  • at least one agent that increases efficacy of the anti-microbial is added.
  • the agent comprises an acid.
  • the agent is added during flushing.
  • the agent comprises an acid and the anti-microbial comprises a hypochlorite.
  • Addition of paper, paper products, foams, sprays, and/or gels can be provided to a toilet, for example, after the addition of stool or feces, to form barriers on the surface of the toilet water before flushing.
  • barrier-forming materials can be provided together with the additive described herein, or be provided separately ⁇ e.g., via a dispenser by user/operator). The barriers can then be flushed down the toilet while remaining on top of the fecal matter or water.
  • At least one oil, sheet, foam, spray or gel is supplied into the toilet bowl water, wherein spread of aerosolized microbes is reduced.
  • Various markers such as dyes ⁇ e.g., fluorescent dyes) can also be included to make the water more visible, and/or to aid with monitoring of cleaning/sanitizing process.
  • at least one anti-odor agent, starch or dye is administered.
  • at least one anti-odor agent is administered.
  • at least one dye is administered.
  • the dye indicates the presence of the additive in the toilet bowl.
  • the dye indicates an effective concentration of the additive.
  • the toilet is selected from the group consisting of a tanked toilet, tankless toilet or urinal.
  • the toilet bowl contains an inoculum and the method further comprises reducing infectivity of said inoculum.
  • the first end of the conduit is in fluid communication with the water supply and the second end is in fluid communication with the reservoir.
  • the water supply comprises a venturi tube.
  • a check valve is disposed at the first end of the conduit. In some embodiments, the check valve is disposed within the second end of the conduit.
  • the additive can be added in one or more places in the flushometer, piping, or in the toilet bowl.
  • the additive can be provided through an externally- accessible conduit located on and removable in fluid communication with a pressurized water line for supplying pressurized water to the toilet bowl.
  • the pressurized water supply can be a vacuum breaker tube, flushometer, valve or water inlet.
  • the pressurized water supply can be a vacuum breaker tube, flushometer, or water inlet.
  • the reservoir comprises a cartridge.
  • the reservoir comprises a refillable or disposable cartridge.
  • a refillable cartridge can be used to release a dose of the additive to the pressurized water supply.
  • the refillable reservoir or cartridge may contain a plurality of doses of the additive, and can be spring loaded to reload a new dose of additive after prior use.
  • the cartridge can be attached or retrofit to the pressurized water supply, such that the additive can be provided into the pressurized water as water is supplied to the toilet bowl during a flush cycle.
  • the cartridge can be disposable.
  • a refillable cartridge is provided.
  • the refillable cartridge contains an effective anti-microbial dose of the additive.
  • the refillable cartridge contains a plurality of effective anti-microbial doses of the additive.
  • the cartridge is disposable. In some embodiments, the disposable cartridge contains an effective anti-microbial dose of the additive. In some embodiments, the disposable cartridge contains a plurality of effective anti-microbial doses of the additive. In some embodiments, the cartridge is spring-loaded.
  • the conduit is disposed in fluid communication with a venturi tube. In some embodiments, the conduit is mounted downstream from the pressurized water supply. In some embodiments, the conduit is mounted in fluid communication with a vacuum breaker tube. In some embodiments, a mixing valve is disposed in the conduit.
  • the apparatus replaces the vacuum breaker tube.
  • the vacuum breaker tube is not pressurized and can be removed from the toilet without turning off the water supply.
  • the apparatus comprises a tube that replaces an existing non- pressurized water redirection tube after a toilet flush valve.
  • the tube may comprise a conduit, a receptacle, or reservoir for introducing chemicals, wherein the chemicals mix with the water when the water redirection tube fills with water.
  • the tube comprises a venturi tube, basket or an external conduit.
  • the tube replaces a portion of the redirection tube.
  • the tube is on a tankless toilet.
  • the apparatus comprises a plurality of reservoirs. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises a plurality of reservoirs.
  • the apparatus further comprises a mixing valve disposed downstream from the reservoirs.
  • the water pressure alone during flushing may be sufficient to mix the additive with the water.
  • flushing dynamics in the toilet remain about constant.
  • flushing dynamics comprise volume and pressure of water.
  • the apparatus further comprises a second externally-accessible reservoir for disposal in fluid communication with the conduit. In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a second externally-accessible reservoir for disposal in fluid
  • the apparatus further comprises a second externally-accessible reservoir for disposal in fluid communication with the pressurized water supply.
  • the apparatus further comprises a mixing apparatus disposed in fluid communication with the first and second reservoirs.
  • the mixing apparatus comprises a valve.
  • the mixing apparatus comprises a titrating mechanism.
  • concentration of the anti-microbial additive is titrated to the pressure of the water supply. In some embodiments, concentration is not dependent on changes in volume or pressure from the water supply.
  • a receptacle housing (101) the additive reservoir (102) may contain a window to enable viewing of the amount of additive or a weighing mechanism to measure weight of the additive in the receptacle housing (101).
  • the additive reservoir (102) may be mounted above, below or at the same height of the toilet.
  • the additive may be disposed in a bottle or bag, e.g., a collapsible bag.
  • the reservoir may comprise, e.g., a bottle, bag, or cartridge.
  • a conduit (103) comprising a first end in fluid communication with the water supply and a second end attached to and in fluid communication with the additive reservoir (102) routes the additive into the venturi device (105) through the venturi principle.
  • the venturi principle draws solids, liquids and/or gases into the venturi device (105).
  • a valve (104) is used to flush the toilet (106).
  • This embodiment shows an automatic flush system, however it will be appreciated that mechanical flushing mechanisms can also be incorporated.
  • FIG 2 shows an illustrative embodiment of the venturi configuration.
  • the water supply entry (201) may be connected to the plumbing supply or, in a preferred embodiment, is supplied after the flush valve.
  • the water supply entry is connected to a water entry tube (202), in which the pressure is higher than that in the conical divergent tube (207), but the water speed is lower than that in the conical divergent tube (207).
  • Water flow is constricted (203), resulting in changes in pressure and water speed.
  • a cylindrical throat (204) provides for constriction of water thereby changing pressure.
  • a connector (205) between the throat (204) and the conduit (210) allows gas, liquids and/or gels to be pulled into the water supply (201).
  • Figure 3 is an illustrative embodiment showing an additive reservoir (301) containing the additive (302) and a cross section of the connection (303) between the additive reservoir (301) and the conduit (304).
  • the connection can be any type of connection that prevents gas, liquid, and/or gel from leaking from the additive reservoir, and may be made of, for example, puncturable material, gaskets, flappers, one way valves, etc.
  • the connection opens a one way valve when the reservoir is fully seated on the connection, allowing the additive to be drawn into the conduit.
  • Figure 4 is an illustrative embodiment showing a cross-section of an additive reservoir (401) and a cross section of a one way valve connection (402) between the additive reservoir (401) and the conduit.
  • a check valve (403) provides for inflow of air into the additive reservoir (401).
  • the connection can be any type of connection that prevents gas, liquid, and/or gel from leaking from the additive reservoir, and may be made of, for example, puncturable material, gaskets, flappers, one way valves, etc.
  • the mixing apparatus comprises some, or all of the additive(s) mixing in the toilet flush valve, the vacuum breaker tube, or the clean water supply line.
  • the additive comprises one anti-microbial. In some embodiments, the additive comprises a plurality of anti-microbials.
  • the mixing apparatus comprises some, or all of the chemical mixing in the vacuum breaker tube.
  • the chemical mixing occurs downstream or distal to the flush valve but prior to the bowl of the toilet. This ensures that mixing takes place before the chemicals reach the effluent in the toilet.
  • the entire tube downstream or distal to the flush valve mechanism and before the toilet is replaced. In some embodiments, this entire tube contains the apparatus. In some embodiments, the tube contains a portion of the apparatus that interfaces with a chemical supply container.
  • the apparatus replaces the entire vacuum breaker tube. This is a relatively easy replacement as there is no water in the vacuum breaker tube, the vacuum breaker tube is easily removed by unscrewing of two nuts connecting the vacuum breaker tube to the flush valve at one end and the toilet bowl at the other, and the vacuum breaker tube is intended to be cut to accommodate variable lengths of plumbing configurations between the supply line located in the wall and the rim of the toilet.
  • the water device In tanked toilets, the water device is fitted between the water supply line located on the wall and the toilet tank.
  • the additive can be introduced prior to the tank and the additive supply conduit can sit on the ground, above the tank, or attach to the side of the tank.
  • FIG. 5A and Figure 5B One exemplary embodiment is shown in Figure 5A and Figure 5B.
  • the vacuum breaker tube (501) directs water from the valve (503) into the toilet (504). Inside the vacuum breaker tube (501) there is an additive reservoir (502).
  • the additive reservoir (502) allows for solid additive to be added and get trapped in the additive reservoir. When the toilet is flushed, the water passes through the holes (513) in the additive reservoir (512) mixing with additive contained in the additive reservoir.
  • FIG. 6A and Figure 6B Another exemplary embodiment is shown in Figure 6A and Figure 6B.
  • the vacuum breaker tube (601) directs water from the valve (603) into the toilet (604).
  • the flushing of the toilet (604) results in revolution of the additive reservoir (602). Each revolution results in the introduction of a new supply of additive into the vacuum breaker tube (601).
  • the additive reservoir (612) contains one, or a plurality doses of additive contained in each of the cylinders (613).
  • the flushing of the toilet revolves the cylinders (613) into the vacuum breaker tube (601) which replenishes the supply of additive into the toilet (604).
  • FIG. 7A and Figure 7B Another exemplary embodiment is shown in Figure 7A and Figure 7B.
  • the vacuum breaker tube (701) directs water from the valve (705) into the toilet (706). Inside the vacuum breaker tube (701) there is a valve (704) that opens when the toilet (706) is flushed.
  • the valve (704) is connected via conduit (702) to an additive reservoir (703).
  • the flushing of the toilet (706) results in the opening of the valve (714) via an interacting line (715) to the valve (705) mechanism.
  • the interacting line (715) opens a valve (714) allowing additive to flow from the additive reservoir (713) through the conduit (712) and into the vacuum breaker tube (701).
  • Water is supplied to a tank that pressurizes the water.
  • the water pressure is monitored with a pressure gauge and when the pressure reaches an acceptable pressure the toilet is flushed.
  • the toilet is flushed using a Sloan 111 Flushometer
  • Comparisons were made using a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for differences in location. Comparisons made were looking for mean differences using a two-sample, corrected test. Accepted differences were determined if the p-value was ⁇ 0.05. Some comparisons were made using a two-sample t-test in Excel.
  • the device means the device as shown in Figures 1-4.
  • the device relies on the venturi principle and draws chemicals into the toilet when it is flushed using the suction created by the water flowing through the flushometer and into the toilet.
  • Example 1 Flow rate and flush time measurements with the device shown in Figures 1-4 (see Figure 8 for results).
  • the water flow rate to the toilet during a flush cycle was measured over time both with and without the device (shown in Figures 1-4).
  • the volume of water that went through the supply line during the flush when the device (shown in Figures 1-4) was used was 2.46, 2.44 and 2.36 gallons.
  • the average volume of water that went through the supply line when the device (shown in Figures 1-4) was not used was 2.38 gallons, and the flow rate vs. time curves were identical. Therefore, the device did not alter the amount of water used during flushing or the flow rate vs. time profile, and therefore flushing performance is not affected when the device (shown in Figures 1-4) is attached..
  • Example 2 Device (shown in Figures 1-4) flushing with bleach.
  • Results Using two-sided Wilcoxon Ranks-Sum Tests were compared to each other. There was a significant reduction in colonies when comparing the first flush with blanks to the first flush with bleach. Bleach resulted in a significant reduction of viable spores aerosolized from the toilet. The second time the experiment was performed, the results were not significant. This may be due to residual chemicals in the toilets that reduced the numbers of spores ejected in the second no- chemical control flush.
  • Blank 2 is the second flush without bleach and with spores. This is compared to the next flush with bleach and spores added. The lack of difference here may be a reflection of residual bleach killing spores in the toilet and, thus, a reduction in the total number of spores ejected from the toilet during the flushing of the blank.
  • the device reduces the number of bacterial spores that grew on the plates after flushing. Residual chemicals may reside in the toilet that provides additional benefits even after the toilet has been cleaned.
  • Example 3 Device (shown in Figs. 1-4) flushing with bleach.
  • Example 4 Evaluation of chemicals versus particle sizes using the device ( Figures 1-4).
  • Chemicals consisted of 5% vinegar, 70% rubbing alcohol, bubble bath, calcium hypochlorite (30g weight to volume), canola oil, corn starch (150 g weight to volume), 1% hydrogen peroxide, 10% potassium permanganate, sodium chloride (150 g weight to volume), and 8.25% sodium hypochlorite. 100 mL of each solution was added during the flush and particles measured 20 seconds after the flush and each chemical was flushed 5 times except bubble bath which was only flushed three times.
  • Results demonstrate that addition of chemicals may increase the distribution or particles seen at some sizes, but decrease particles seen at other sizes. This is important as the size of most microorganisms and viruses are under 1.0 ⁇ . Modulation of particles in this size range may be an effective measure to reduce toilet aerosolization. However, chemicals such as canola oil increase particles in the 5-10 ⁇ range and this may result in aerosols containing an abundance of microorganisms in these particles.
  • Figure 16 is a violin plot of the aerosol distribution detected at > 25 ⁇ as a function of the chemicals used. Sodium hypochlorite creates the largest distribution of particles at this size and vinegar and salt the least.
  • Figure 17 is a violin plot of the aerosol distribution detected between 0.3-0.5 ⁇ as a function of the chemicals used. Vinegar creates the largest distribution of particles at this size and canola oil and extra virgin olive oil the least.
  • Figure 18 is a violin plot of the aerosol distribution detected between 0.5- ⁇ as a function of the chemicals used. Vinegar creates the largest number of particles at this size and canola oil the least.
  • Figure 19 is a violin plot of the aerosol distribution detected between 1.0 - 5 ⁇ as a function of the chemicals used. Canola oil creates the largest number of particles at this size and rubbing alcohol, starch and peroxide the least.
  • Figure 20 is a violin plot of the aerosol distribution detected between 5.0 - 10 ⁇ as a function of the chemicals used.
  • Canola oil creates the largest number of particles at this size and rubbing alcohol, starch and peroxide the least.
  • Example 5 Evaluation of particle sizes depends on location.
  • Results Table 8 represents the fold increase of aerosol sizes compared with no flushing. Results with statistically significant different results are indicated with an asterisk (*).
  • Example 6 Concentration and time dependence on viable spore recovery.
  • Figure 21 represents the number of colonies seen for three flushes.
  • the x20_min represents the plates sitting above the toilet inverted for 20 minutes after a flush
  • the x5_min represents the plates sitting above the toilet inverted for 5 minutes
  • the X10x_20min represents the first flush using 10 times as many spores.
  • p-value 0.544
  • Using ten times as many spores was statistically significant from 20 minutes and 5 minutes (Wilcoxon Rank- Sum Test, p-value ⁇ .00001).
  • Example 7 1 :2 and 1 : 10 dilutions of bleach, peroxide, canola oil and olive oil.
  • Example 8 Reduction in aerosolized spores with bleach.
  • Example 9 Spore ejection from toilets as a function of height.
  • Figure 36 represents a composite of all heights combined.
  • the left of each figure ( Figures 31A-36A) represents the control without spores added and the right ( Figures 31B-36B) the flush with spores.
  • Each spore flush was repeated five times and compared to the first flush of the day that did not contain spores.
  • Bacteria may be ejected from toilets and quantitatively measured. Bacterial spores may be found as far away as 30 cm from the rim of the toilet.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédés et des systèmes de réduction de la propagation de microbes, en particulier depuis les toilettes dans l'environnement. Dans un aspect, le procédé de réduction de la propagation des microbes comprend les étapes consistant à : apporter de l'eau sous pression dans la cuvette des toilettes ; prévoir un réservoir accessible à l'extérieur contenant un additif anti-microbien ; prévoir un conduit comprenant une première extrémité en communication fluidique avec l'eau sous pression et une seconde extrémité en communication fluidique avec le réservoir accessible à l'extérieur ; et administrer l'additif anti-microbien dans la cuvette des toilettes par le conduit ; la propagation des microbes dans l'environnement proche des toilettes étant ainsi réduite. Dans un autre aspect, le procédé comprend les étapes consistant à : apporter de l'eau sous pression dans la cuvette des toilettes ; prévoir un réservoir accessible à l'extérieur contenant un additif anti-microbien ; prévoir un conduit comprenant une première extrémité en communication fluidique avec l'eau sous pression et une seconde extrémité en communication fluidique avec le réservoir accessible à l'extérieur ; et administrer l'additif anti-microbien dans l'eau au moment où l'utilisateur appuie sur la chasse d'eau, les microbes étant éliminés avant que l'utilisateur n'appuie sur la chasse d'eau. L'invention concerne, dans d'autres aspects, des appareils permettant de réduire la propagation des microbes et d'introduire un additif dans les toilettes.
PCT/US2014/046643 2013-07-15 2014-07-15 Procédés et systèmes de réduction de la propagation de microbes WO2015009691A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201361846228P 2013-07-15 2013-07-15
US61/846,228 2013-07-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2015009691A1 true WO2015009691A1 (fr) 2015-01-22

Family

ID=52275913

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2014/046643 WO2015009691A1 (fr) 2013-07-15 2014-07-15 Procédés et systèmes de réduction de la propagation de microbes

Country Status (2)

Country Link
US (1) US20150013053A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2015009691A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105780893A (zh) * 2016-05-04 2016-07-20 青岛大学 一种快速灭活粪便中寄生虫卵的超声波马桶装置
DE102020112866A1 (de) 2020-05-12 2021-11-18 Boga GmbH Gesellschaft für moderne Gerätetechnik Anordnung und Verfahren zur Sanitation und/oder Desinfektion einer Toilette

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105918282A (zh) * 2016-04-12 2016-09-07 青岛大学 一种快速灭活粪便中寄生虫卵的高压脉冲电场马桶装置
JP7134741B2 (ja) * 2018-06-28 2022-09-12 株式会社Lixil 泡発生装置及び便器装置

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2397677A (en) * 1943-08-11 1946-04-02 E C Macglashan Liquid feeding device
US4183105A (en) * 1977-11-03 1980-01-15 Womack Leo K Self-cleaning toilet
US20090156755A1 (en) * 2007-12-17 2009-06-18 Wacker Chemie Ag Crosslinkable Silicone Coating Compositions
US20110257071A1 (en) * 2010-04-14 2011-10-20 Ecolab Usa Inc. Ferric hydroxycarboxylate as a builder

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US598103A (en) * 1898-02-01 Disinfecting apparatus
US1354244A (en) * 1918-04-25 1920-09-28 James W Cobb Disinfecting apparatus
US2772420A (en) * 1954-09-20 1956-12-04 George E Carter Mobile toilet
US2817091A (en) * 1957-05-22 1957-12-24 American Trailer Co Inc Mobile sanitary trailer
US3001210A (en) * 1958-05-12 1961-09-26 Charles C Diehl Deodorant supply mechanism for toilets and urinals
US3445865A (en) * 1966-05-02 1969-05-27 Joseph F Rumsey Jr Combined ashtray and deodorant container
US4262372A (en) * 1979-06-05 1981-04-21 Ryder Donald F Disinfection system for a pressurized flush toilet in a recreational vehicle or the like
US4319369A (en) * 1980-09-16 1982-03-16 Lippincott Sr Richard L Toilet additive dispenser
US4984306A (en) * 1989-04-17 1991-01-15 Sumerix Carl L Chemical injector assembly
US5611465A (en) * 1995-03-20 1997-03-18 Lee; Kuo-Chou Automatic toilet bowl cleaner
EP1055782A1 (fr) * 1999-05-27 2000-11-29 Cws International Ag Méthode et dispositif de dosage de produit de nettoyage ou de désinfectant dans des installations sanitaires
US6372701B2 (en) * 2000-04-20 2002-04-16 Colgate Palmolive Company Toilet bowl cleaning compositions containing a polymeric viscosity modifier
US20070017011A1 (en) * 2005-07-21 2007-01-25 Futch Stephen J Chemical administrator for treating wastewater from a water-consuming device in a self-contained bathroom system

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2397677A (en) * 1943-08-11 1946-04-02 E C Macglashan Liquid feeding device
US4183105A (en) * 1977-11-03 1980-01-15 Womack Leo K Self-cleaning toilet
US20090156755A1 (en) * 2007-12-17 2009-06-18 Wacker Chemie Ag Crosslinkable Silicone Coating Compositions
US20110257071A1 (en) * 2010-04-14 2011-10-20 Ecolab Usa Inc. Ferric hydroxycarboxylate as a builder

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105780893A (zh) * 2016-05-04 2016-07-20 青岛大学 一种快速灭活粪便中寄生虫卵的超声波马桶装置
DE102020112866A1 (de) 2020-05-12 2021-11-18 Boga GmbH Gesellschaft für moderne Gerätetechnik Anordnung und Verfahren zur Sanitation und/oder Desinfektion einer Toilette

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20150013053A1 (en) 2015-01-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Kataki et al. Concerns and strategies for wastewater treatment during COVID-19 pandemic to stop plausible transmission
Springthorpe et al. Chemical disinfection of human rotaviruses: efficacy of commercially-available products in suspension tests
De Benedictis et al. Inactivation of avian influenza viruses by chemical agents and physical conditions: a review
EP2424352B1 (fr) Procédés et composition de traitement d'un matériau
AU2015241297B2 (en) Stable compositions of uncomplexed iodine and methods of use
Kumar et al. RETRACTED: Dental unit waterlines: source of contamination and cross-infection
US20150013053A1 (en) Methods and systems for reducing spread of microbes
Roy et al. Role of disinfection and hand hygiene: a COVID-19 perspective
Omidbakhsh Evaluation of sporicidal activities of selected environmental surface disinfectants: carrier tests with the spores of Clostridium difficile and its surrogates
US20160330969A1 (en) Antimicrobial compositions and articles
WO2020146107A1 (fr) Système de distribution d'agent de blanchiment et procédé de désinfection de biofilm de toilettes
Coates Sporicidal activity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, peroxygen and glutaraldehyde disinfectants against Bacillus subtilis
US20230131185A1 (en) Anti-viral cleaning composition, method of making and use thereof
US20100292343A1 (en) Use of a dialkylketone peroxide as biocidal, sterilizing, antiseptic, disinfecting and anti-parasitic agent
Freier et al. Environmental Contamination and Persistence of Clostridioides difficile in Hospital Wastewater Systems
ZA200702709B (en) Hydrogen peroxide foam treatment
EP0965541B1 (fr) Système de traitement de déchets
Gupta et al. Disinfection by 1% sodium hypochlorite through cold fogging: an innovative appropriate technology against COVID-19 in public health
JP4669604B2 (ja) 排水口用除菌剤
Kojima et al. Decontamination and waste management.
AU2017269086B2 (en) System and method of cleaning an environment
BOONCHAN EFFICACY OF HYDROXYL RADICAL AEROSOLIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL SURFACE SANITATION AND HIGH-RISK AREA FUMIGATION
Heninger et al. Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis spores: Evaluation of various disinfectants
US20160128322A1 (en) Disinfectant Bleach Foam Formulation
WO2021009541A1 (fr) Toilettes à socle dotées d'un système de désinfection automatique

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 14826640

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 14826640

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1