WO2015006582A1 - Procédé et système pour un courant de bobine d'induction continu dans des convertisseurs abaisseurs de tension en courant alternatif - Google Patents

Procédé et système pour un courant de bobine d'induction continu dans des convertisseurs abaisseurs de tension en courant alternatif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015006582A1
WO2015006582A1 PCT/US2014/046188 US2014046188W WO2015006582A1 WO 2015006582 A1 WO2015006582 A1 WO 2015006582A1 US 2014046188 W US2014046188 W US 2014046188W WO 2015006582 A1 WO2015006582 A1 WO 2015006582A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
current
buck
inductor
switch
freewheel
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/046188
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English (en)
Inventor
Jack JMAEV
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Jmaev Jack
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Publication date
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Publication of WO2015006582A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015006582A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
    • H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
    • H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
    • H02M5/22—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M5/275—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M5/293—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only

Definitions

  • Leah was not satisfied with the teachings of Mason et al. and advanced the art by providing a more continuous flow of power which did not require this extended ON state. According to Leah, it is possible to sense not only the polarity of the input voltage to an AC Buck Converter but also the polarity of current flowing to the load driven by said AC Buck converter. Based on this information, Leah taught us that the switching of the main switch and the switching of the commutation switch did not need to occur in a bidirectional manner.
  • Leah taught us that, again based on the polarity of the input voltage and the polarity of the current flowing to the load, either the main switch or the commutation switch could be enabled in one direction and then enabled in both directions so as to ensure fully commutative pulse width modulation control.
  • switch sequencing occurred by first changing the state one switch in a pair of switches (for example the commutation switches) followed by a change of the state of a both switches in a second pair of switches (for example the main switch) then followed by a change of the state of the remaining switch in the first pair of switches. This resulted in two distinct intervals of time between switch state transitions.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram that depicts an AC buck converter that uses three time intervals for switch sequencing
  • Figs. 1A and IB are, respectively, a pictorial diagram and a timing diagram that depicts the operation of one illustrative example method and apparatus when current is flowing in a positive direction through a buck inductor;
  • Figs. 1C and ID are, respectively, a pictorial diagram and a timing diagram that depicts the operation of one illustrative example method and apparatus when current is flowing in a negative direction through a buck inductor;
  • Fig. 2 is a pictorial diagram that depicts the operation of four control signals controlling four switches in an AC buck converter
  • Figs. 3 and 4 are pictorial diagrams that depict simulation results demonstrating loss of commutation
  • Fig. 5A is a timing diagram that further clarifies current reversals during the termination of a freewheel cycle
  • Fig. 5B is a timing diagram that further clarifies current reversals during the termination of a buck cycle
  • Fig. 6 shows one example method for preventing catastrophic failure by preventing current reversals during the termination of a buck cycle or the termination of a freewheel cycle based on sensing the level of current while in an extended state
  • Fig. 7 shows one alternative example method for preventing current reversals during the termination of a buck cycle or the termination of a freewheel cycle by predicting when current flow in an output inductor is not within a low current window
  • Fig. 8 is a flow diagram that depicts one example method for ensuring continuous current flow in an output inductor included in an AC buck converter
  • Fig. 9 is a flow diagram that depicts one alternative example method for ensuring continuous current flow in an output inductor
  • Fig. 10 is a flow diagram that depicts a hybrid method for ensuring continuous current flow in an output inductor
  • Fig. 11 is a block diagram that depicts one example embodiment of a controller that ensures continuous conduction in an output inductor.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram that depicts an AC buck converter that uses three time intervals for switch sequencing.
  • the present method and apparatus are described in the context of an AC buck converter that uses three time intervals for switch sequencing it is also directly applicable in an AC buck converter that that uses two time intervals for switch sequencing as described by Leah.
  • the text and figures of which are incorporated into this disclosure in their entirety, there exists potential for catastrophic failure during switching of transistors in Fig.l when the current flowing through the inductor 360 transitions from positive to negative polarity. A similar failure can be experienced when the current flowing through the inductor 360 transitions from negative to positive polarity.
  • Fig. 1 shows one example embodiment of an AC but converter that uses three intervals of time in sequencing of switches that are included in a buck switch and a freewheel switch.
  • semiconductor devices are used for bi-directional switching of current in both the buck switch position 300 and the freewheel position 305.
  • the buck switch 300 comprises two semiconductor switches, for example two MOSFETs.
  • a first MOSFET 310 is disposed so as to receive the input AC waveform 320 at its drain terminal.
  • the source of this first MOSFET 310 is electrically connected to a source terminal of a second
  • MOSFET 315 that is also included in the buck switch 300.
  • the drain of this second MOSFET 315 comprises the output of the buck switch 300 and is connected to the buck inductor 360 and the freewheel switch 305.
  • buck control is accomplished by MOSFET gate drivers 320, 325. It should be appreciated that these gate drivers comprise "high-side" drivers and, in other example embodiments, we include high-voltage isolation between the buck switch 300 and a control circuit 335.
  • control circuit 335 operates relative (337) to the common terminal 340. Power for the control circuit 335 is derived from the input AC waveform directed (335) to the control circuit.
  • This example embodiment also includes a buck inductor 360, the output of which is directed to an output terminal 365.
  • This example method and embodiment further comprises a synchronous freewheel switch 305 comprising a third MOSFET 370 and a fourth
  • MOSFET 375 Third and fourth gate drivers 380 and 385 are also "high-side" drivers that are included in this example method and embodiment of the present art buck down- converter 390. In other alternative embodiments the "high- side” drivers are electrically isolated from the control circuit 335. It should be appreciated that even though this example embodiment is based on MOSFETs, any suitable switching mechanism may be used and the claims appended hereto are not intended to be limited to any particular type of switching mechanism.
  • Figs. 1A and IB are, respectively, a pictorial diagram and a timing diagram that depicts the operation of one illustrative example method and apparatus when current is flowing in a positive direction through a buck inductor.
  • a current will be considered positive when it is flowing into a component, for example the buck inductor 1500.
  • the synchronous freewheel comprises two synchronous freewheel switches identified as the positive freewheel "PF" 1520 and the negative freewheel "NF" 1525.
  • the freewheel switches comprise MOSFET devices disposed in a manner in which the drain of the negative freewheel MOSFET switch 1525 is electrically common to the buck inductor 1500 and buck switch.
  • the positive freewheel MOSFET switch 1520 is disposed in a manner such that its drain terminal is connected to the common terminal of the apparatus.
  • the MOSFETs 1520, 1525 forming the freewheel switch are dispose in a manner such that there source terminals are electrically common.
  • This illustrative method and apparatus further comprise gate driving circuit 1530 and 1535 which enable control of the gate terminals of their respective MOSFETs.
  • the buck switch comprises two switching devices 1540 and 1545.
  • the buck switch comprises a positive buck switch “PB” 1540 and a negative buck switch “NB” 1545.
  • Each buck switch is controlled by a gate drive circuit, depicted in the figure as 1550 and 1555. It should be appreciated that the scope of the claims appended hereto are not intended to be limited in scope to the use of MOSFET switches.
  • an additional step includes sensing the direction of current flow in the buck inductor 1500
  • this illustrative apparatus further includes a current sensor 1560 which provides current sensing 1565 for the controller 1570.
  • the structure of the buck switch in this alternative example method is analogous to the structure of the synchronous freewheel switch described above.
  • the buck switch comprises the positive buck switch 1540 and a negative buck switch 1545 and each of these switches is disposed in parallel with an associated diode 1615 and 1620.
  • the positive buck diode 1620 is disposed with its cathode electrically common with the negative buck switch 1545 and is back-to-back with the negative buck diode 1615 wherein the negative buck diode 1615 is disposed in a manner such that its cathode is electrically common with the positive buck switch 1540.
  • the positive buck switch 1540 and the negative buck switch 1545 are depicted in the figure as
  • any suitable switch may be utilized, however positive and negative buck diodes (1620, 1615) must then be supplied in addition to the switches into switching devices do not include parasitic diodes analogous to that found in MOSFETs. As noted numerous times throughout this specification MOSFETs are a preferred device because of the parasitic diode is included in their structure.
  • FIG IB timing diagram depicts the sequence of switching the synchronous freewheel switches and the buck switches in the case where current is flowing into the buck inductor 1500 from the source 1580 or from the load 1585. In this figure, four control signals are depicted.
  • switching from the freewheel state to the buck state occurs in a particular manner based upon the direction of current flowing through the buck inductor 1500.
  • This current is flowing 1510 through the synchronous freewheel switches, the current must flow through the buck inductor 1500 because the buck switches are both turned off.
  • Transitioning to the buck state in this situation comprises a first step of disengaging 1605 the negative freewheel switch 1525.
  • the negative freewheel switch 1525 is disengaged 1605, it should be appreciated that current 1510 continues to flow through the buck inductor 1500 and is maintained by the negative freewheel diode 1610 which is disposed across the negative freewheel switch 1525 having its cathode electrically common with the buck switch and the inductor. Once the negative freewheel is disabled, it is now safe to engage 1630 the positive buck switch 1540.
  • the buck switch and freewheel switch elements are controlled in a symmetrical manner relative to the transition to the buck state from the freewheel state.
  • current flowing 1505 from the buck switch must be maintained in order to prevent discontinuous current flow through the buck inductor 1500.
  • the negative buck switch 1545 is turned off 1645. Even though the negative buck switch 1545 is turned off, the diode 1615 disposed across the negative buck switch 1545 continues to allow current to flow from the source 1580 into the buck inductor 1500.
  • the positive freewheel switch 1520 is then turned on 1650.
  • Figs. 1C and ID are, respectively, a pictorial diagram and a timing diagram that depicts the operation of one illustrative example method and apparatus when current is flowing in a negative direction through a buck inductor.
  • study of the timing diagram depicts the sequence for controlling the positive buck switch 1540, the negative buck switch 1545, the positive freewheel switch 1520 and the negative freewheel switch 1525.
  • Fig. ID For the sake of comprehension, it is best to examine the state of current flow during a freewheeling state depicted in the figure at point 1700. At this point, both of the freewheel switches are enabled and both of the buck switches are disabled.
  • freewheel current 1513 is flowing out of the inductor 1500 and down through the synchronous freewheel switches comprising the negative freewheel switch 1525 and the positive freewheel switch 1520.
  • transitioning from the freewheel state to the buck state comprises a first step of disabling 1705 the positive freewheel switch 1540.
  • the freewheeling current 1513 is maintained because the negative freewheel switch 1525 is still turned on and current flow is maintained by the positive freewheel diode 1611 disposed across the positive freewheel switch 1520.
  • the negative buck switch 1545 is enabled 1710. This now allows current 1507 to start flowing from the buck inductor 1500 back to the source 1580.
  • turning on the negative buck switch 1545 allows the current to bypass the diode 1615 disposed across the negative buck switch and continue to be directed to the source 1580 by means of the diode 1620 disposed across the positive buck switch 1540. Once this current path is established, then the negative freewheel switch 1525 is disabled 1715. In an additional step, once both the positive and negative freewheel switches are disabled, the positive buck switch 1540 is then enabled 1720.
  • transitioning to the freewheel state comprises a first step of disabling 1725 the positive buck switch 1540. This allows negative current 1507 to continue back to the source 1580 until the negative freewheel switch 1525 is enabled 1730.
  • the negative freewheel switch 1525 allows current 1513 flowing from the inductor 1500 to pass through the freewheel switch and as should be appreciated to current 1530 is also carried by the diode 1611 disposed across the positive freewheel switch 1520.
  • the negative buck switch 1545 is disabled 1735. Once both buck switches are off, the positive freewheel switch 1520 is then enabled 1740.
  • the controller 1570 determines the direction of current flow by means of the current sensor 1560 disposed so as to enable determination of the direction of current flow in the buck inductor 1500.
  • controller 1570 embodies the methods described herein for controlling the buck switches and the freewheel switches in a manner as described herein based upon the direction of current flowing in the buck inductor 1500. It should be appreciated that the sequence described is best followed as rapidly in succession as allowed by the turn on and turn off delays associated with the positive and negative buck switches and positive and negative freewheel switches. Furthermore, in one illustrative alternative method and apparatus, determination of direction of current flow is accomplished as soon as practical relative to the transition from a buck state to a freewheel state and relative to the transition from a freewheel state to the buck state.
  • the direction of current flow may change from positive to negative or negative to positive during a buck state or during a freewheel state. Accordingly, even though a particular sequence for controlling the individual buck switches and individual freewheel switches is utilized when entering either a buck state or a freewheel state, an alternative sequence for controlling the individual buck switches and individual freewheel switches is utilized in the event that the direction of current flow changes during the interval of time within a particular buck state or a particular freewheel state.
  • Fig. 2 is a pictorial diagram that depicts the operation of four control signals controlling four switches in an AC buck converter. Again referring to Fig. 1, there are generally four control signals that control the operation of one of two different buck switches 310 and 315 and two different synchronous freewheel switches 370 and 375. In normal operation, the positive buck signal 20 is substantially enabled to enable positive current to an inductor 360.
  • a buck cycle is that portion of a pulse width modulation cycle where the positive buck signal 20 is active. Notice that in Fig. 2 a rising slope of the current waveform 30 is distinctly coincident with the rising edge of the buck signal 20. It is more correct to appreciate that the rising edge of the buck signal 20 enables the positive buck switch 310 and this then enables current to the inductor 360.
  • a freewheel cycle is the period of time where the negative freewheel signal 50 is active.
  • positive current flow 377 is supported by the fact that even though negative freewheel switch 50 is disabled positive current flow supported by the body diode 371 included in the negative freewheel switch 370. Since the positive freewheel signal 40 remains asserted beyond the assertion of positive buck signal 20 continuous current flow is supported in the inductor 360. However if there is a reversal of current flow in this window of vulnerability catastrophic results occur as previously described.
  • Figs. 3 and 4 are pictorial diagrams that depict simulation results
  • Fig. 3 shows loss of commutation where discontinuity in current flow in an inductor occurs at the end of a freewheel cycle at point 120 and at the end of a buck cycle point 130. At the end of the freewheel cycle, current is positive and diminishing (from a positive level) when it crosses the zero-line at point 120. Prior to that point, the negative freewheel signal is turned off and the positive buck signal has not yet been enabled.
  • Fig. 5A is a timing diagram that further clarifies current reversals during the termination of a freewheel cycle. As already described, the sequence of controlling the negative freewheel switch 50, the positive buck switch 20, the positive freewheel switch
  • the current flowing in the inductor 360 is positive during a freewheel cycle and is diminishing toward zero (depicted by segment 150).
  • a decision is made that the current is in fact positive and the positive current switch sequence is selected. Accordingly, the first transition is the falling edge of the negative freewheel signal 50.
  • a window of vulnerability 33 begins. As the current (segment 150) continues to diminishing toward zero it may in fact cross the zero line 105 during the window of vulnerability 33.
  • Fig. 5B is a timing diagram that further clarifies current reversals during the termination of a buck cycle.
  • the current is negative just prior to the termination of a buck cycle (depicted by segment 165). It should be appreciated that because the current is negative a different termination sequence is selected. In this alternative termination sequence, as already described above for the case of negative current, it is the negative buck signal 60 that is disabled resulting in the beginning of a window of vulnerability 33. Began, and as the current is negative and is diminishing toward zero it may in fact cross the zero line 105 during the window of vulnerability 33.
  • Fig. 6 shows one example method for preventing catastrophic failure by preventing current reversals during the termination of a buck cycle or the termination of a freewheel cycle based on sensing the level of current while in an extended state.
  • a zero-line 105 indicates the reversal in polarity of current flow of an inductor 360 included in an output filter of an AC buck converter.
  • a "low-current window" 140 is established.
  • a buck cycle 150 terminates within a low current window 140 the buck cycle 150 is extended 35 until the level of current flowing in the inductor is outside of the low current window 140.
  • Such extension of the buck cycle is accomplished by a merely extending the buck cycle using the buck control signal 20 and adjusting the timing all of the other control signals i.e. negative freewheel 50 positive freewheel 40 negative buck 60 according to the teachings of the incorporated reference.
  • a freewheel cycle 160 terminates within the low current window 140 the freewheel cycle is extended until the current flowing in the inductor is outside of the low current window 140. Again, this can be accomplished by manipulating the negative freewheel signal so as to extend the freewheel cycle until the current flowing in the inductor is outside of the low current window 140.
  • Fig. 7 shows one alternative example method for preventing current reversals during the termination of a buck cycle or the termination of a freewheel cycle by predicting when current flow in an output inductor is not within a low current window.
  • a "low-current window" 140 is also established.
  • the buck cycle 150 when a buck cycle 150 terminates within a low current window 140 the buck cycle 150 is also extended 35.
  • the buck cycle continues to be extended for an amount of time consistent with a projection as to how long the current in the output inductor 360 will require to be at a level outside of the low current window.
  • Such extension of the buck cycle is accomplished by a merely extending the buck cycle using the buck control signal 20 and adjusting the timing all of the other control signals (i.e.
  • Fig. 8 is a flow diagram that depicts one example method for ensuring continuous current flow in an output inductor included in an AC buck converter.
  • ensuring continuous current flow in the output inductor is accomplished by a method that comprises establishing a low current window relative to a zero line representing the polarity of current flow in the output inductor (step
  • step 205 the level of current flow in the inductor is detected.
  • step 210 a buck cycle is extended 215.
  • the buck cycle is extended until the level of current is no longer within the low current window (step 220). At that point the buck cycle is terminated (step 225).
  • Fig. 9 is a flow diagram that depicts one alternative example method for ensuring continuous current flow in an output inductor.
  • a freewheel cycle is extended (step 235).
  • the freewheel cycle continues to be extended so long as the level of current flowing in the inductor is within the low current window (step 240). Once the level of current is outside of the low current window then the freewheel cycle is terminated (step 245).
  • Fig. 10 is a flow diagram that depicts a hybrid method for ensuring continuous current flow in an output inductor.
  • a low current window is also established (step 250). Again, the low current window is relative to a zero line that represents the polarity of current flow in the output inductor.
  • the level of current flow in the inductor is detected (step 255).
  • Fig. 11 is a block diagram that depicts one example embodiment of a controller that ensures continuous conduction in an output inductor.
  • a control circuit 335 (as depicted in Fig. 1) includes a pulse with modulation (PWM) controller 400.
  • PWM pulse with modulation
  • This example embodiment further includes a polarity detector 425 and a window comparator 415.
  • the PWM controller 400 receives a duty factor 440 and generates, according to send a duty factor, for control signals including a negative freewheel signal 50, a positive buck signal 20, a positive freewheel signal 40, and a negative buck signal 60.
  • the PWM controller 400 accepts a polarity signal 435, which is generated by the polarity detector 425.
  • the polarity detector determines polarity based on a current sense signal (I-sense) that is received from the current detector (1560 in Fig. 1A).
  • the I- sense signal is also provided to the window comparator 415.
  • the window comparator 415 provides an indication 430 when the value of the I-sense signal is within a positive and negative threshold wherein said thresholds straddle zero current.
  • the PWM controller 400 In normal operation, the PWM controller 400 generates timing sequences for the four switch control signals in accordance with the teachings and provided above, namely the descriptions of the apparatus and signal timings depicted in Figs. 1 A through ID. In this example embodiment, there is further included in a clock gate 405. So long as the output of the window comparator 415 remains inactive 411 the PWM controller 400 continues to generate a the control signals for negative freewheel 50, positive buck 20, positive freewheel 40, and negative buck 60.
  • the PWM controller 400 determines the proper sequencing of these switch control signals as the transitions from a buck state to a freewheel state and from a freewheel state to a buck state based on the polarity signal 435 received from the polarity detector 425.
  • the PWM controller 400 causes of the state of the low current indicator 430 to be sampled by a sampling device 418, which is included one alternative embodiment of the present apparatus.
  • the clock 410 is then gated off by the clock gate 405.
  • the PWM and controller 400 will then clear the sampling device once the low current indicator 430 is no longer active. This 3 enables the clock 410 to the PWM controller 400 and the sequencing of the negative freewheel signal 50, the positive buck signal 20, the positive freewheel signal 40 and the negative buck signal 60 is allowed to continue.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil pour assurer une circulation de courant continue dans une bobine d'induction de sortie par détermination en premier lieu du niveau de courant circulant dans une bobine d'induction de sortie et par détermination ensuite du fait que le niveau de courant est à l'intérieur d'une fenêtre de faible courant par rapport à une ligne zéro. La ligne zéro représente la polarité de la circulation de courant dans la bobine d'induction de sortie. Dans le cas où la circulation de courant dans la bobine d'induction est à l'intérieur de la fenêtre de faible courant, alors un cycle abaisseur de tension est prolongé jusqu'à ce que le niveau de courant circulant dans la bobine d'induction ne se trouve plus à l'intérieur de la fenêtre de faible courant.
PCT/US2014/046188 2013-07-11 2014-07-10 Procédé et système pour un courant de bobine d'induction continu dans des convertisseurs abaisseurs de tension en courant alternatif WO2015006582A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201361845288P 2013-07-11 2013-07-11
US61/845,288 2013-07-11
US201461944793P 2014-02-26 2014-02-26
US61/944,793 2014-02-26

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7786709B2 (en) * 2006-08-25 2010-08-31 Lawson Labs, Inc. Bi-polar bi-directional energy balancing power-conversion engine
WO2012018376A1 (fr) * 2010-07-27 2012-02-09 Jack Ivan Jmaev Procédé et appareil pour une gradation de l'intensité lumineuse par onde sinusoïdale synchrone de luminaires
US8395910B2 (en) * 2006-06-06 2013-03-12 Ideal Power Converters, Inc. Buck-boost power converter circuits, methods and systems

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8395910B2 (en) * 2006-06-06 2013-03-12 Ideal Power Converters, Inc. Buck-boost power converter circuits, methods and systems
US7786709B2 (en) * 2006-08-25 2010-08-31 Lawson Labs, Inc. Bi-polar bi-directional energy balancing power-conversion engine
WO2012018376A1 (fr) * 2010-07-27 2012-02-09 Jack Ivan Jmaev Procédé et appareil pour une gradation de l'intensité lumineuse par onde sinusoïdale synchrone de luminaires

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