WO2015003611A1 - Alimentation ca et/ou cc adaptative - Google Patents

Alimentation ca et/ou cc adaptative Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015003611A1
WO2015003611A1 PCT/CN2014/081820 CN2014081820W WO2015003611A1 WO 2015003611 A1 WO2015003611 A1 WO 2015003611A1 CN 2014081820 W CN2014081820 W CN 2014081820W WO 2015003611 A1 WO2015003611 A1 WO 2015003611A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power supply
adaptive
power
voltage
input
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2014/081820
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Siew Chong Tan
Shu Yuen HUI
Chi Kwan Lee
Felix Fulih Wu
Original Assignee
The University Of Hong Kong
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The University Of Hong Kong filed Critical The University Of Hong Kong
Priority to EP14822394.4A priority Critical patent/EP3020111A4/fr
Priority to CN201480039158.8A priority patent/CN105474496A/zh
Publication of WO2015003611A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015003611A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J11/00—Circuit arrangements for providing service supply to auxiliaries of stations in which electric power is generated, distributed or converted
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1807—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1807—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators
    • H02J3/1814—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using series compensators wherein al least one reactive element is actively controlled by a bridge converter, e.g. unified power flow controllers [UPFC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1892—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks the arrangements being an integral part of the load, e.g. a motor, or of its control circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00022—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using wireless data transmission
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/10—Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/30—Reactive power compensation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/70—Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/22—Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS] or power factor or reactive power compensating or correcting units
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
    • Y04S40/126—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wireless data transmission

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to power-generation circuitry for use in power systems with or without renewable energy sources, which may, on occasion, vary in availability.
  • a power-generation company may produce electrical energy to supply load centers in a centralized and unidirectional manner.
  • basic "load-following" control methodology comprises an arrangement in which power generation follows energy demand.
  • a balance among power generation and power demand e.g., "load”
  • load a balance among power generation and power demand
  • renewable energy sources may be installed in a distributed manner, in which actual locations of solar and/or wind generating capacity is unknown to a power company.
  • a power company may not be capable of precisely determining total power generation, especially in view of geographically varying wind speed, cloud cover, and so forth. While power-generation and load may be mitigated by temporary energy-storage facilities, such as water reservoirs for storage of potential energy and/or chemical energy storage facilities, such as batteries, these solutions may be problematic. Chemical storage, for example, may be cost prohibitive. In another example, water reservoirs for potential energy storage may be subject to geographical limitations. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 a shows a simplified control schematic of series reactive power compensator for output voltage support in transmission according to embodiments.
  • FIG. 1 b shows a simplified control schematic of series-reactive power compensator as a central dimming system based on a power inverter circuit according to embodiments.
  • FIG. 1 c shows a simplified control schematic of series reactive power compensator as an electric spring according to embodiments.
  • FIG. 2 shows a single-phase version of an electric spring based on a half-bridge power inverter and a low-pass inductor-capacitive filter and an Undeland snubber circuit according to embodiments.
  • FIG. 3a shows a schematic of a single-phase power system according to embodiments.
  • FIG. 3b shows a schematic of a single-phase power system including use of an electric spring circuit according to embodiments.
  • FIG. 4 shows a single-phase electric spring for a three-phase system according to embodiments.
  • FIG. 5 shows a three-phase electric spring according to embodiments.
  • FIG. 6 shows an adaptive power supply for a single-phase system according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 shows an adaptive power supply for a three-phase system according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 8 shows an electric spring installed on a high voltage side of a step-down transformer according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 9 shows another adaptive power supply according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 10 shows an adaptive DC power supply according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 shows an adaptive DC power supply set up with a standard power outlet according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 shows adaptive AC and/or DC power supplies forming part of the power supply infrastructure according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 13 shows a DC bus power supply according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 14 shows a setup of the future power supplies according to an embodiment.
  • FIG. 15 shows an accessible mechanism for changing input voltage reference by external bodies such as the power companies and authorities according to an embodiment.
  • the terms, "and,” “and/or,” and “or” as used herein may include a variety of meanings that will, again, depend at least in part upon the context in which these terms are used. Typically, “and/or” as well as “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B, or C, here used in the exclusive sense, as well as A, B and C.
  • the term “one or more” as used herein may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in the singular or may be used to describe some combination of features, structures, or characteristics.
  • Embodiments may comprise various demand-side power management methods.
  • Literature review for the period of 2005 to 2012 shows that demand-side (e.g., load) management (or sometimes known as demand response) [1 ],[2] can be broadly summarized as:
  • a power company may employ direct load control to shed power loads to avoid power system collapse.
  • centralized control strategies may not be effective for use with future power grids that may comprise relatively decentralized and intermittently available renewable energy sources providing electrical energy at an input side of a distribution network.
  • on-off control of electric loads such as water heaters and air-conditioners has been proposed, such approaches may be overly intrusive and result in considerable inconvenience to consumers.
  • Recent work based on wide-area measurements for real-time tracking of node voltage levels, for example, for use by a data center for central and regional control of a distribution area has been examined.
  • Such real-time tracking of node voltage levels is usually based on information and communications technology (ITC), such as wireless communications, satellite synchronization and internet/intranet control.
  • ITC information and communications technology
  • this approach may be effective under normal operating conditions, but may be more difficult to implement if the wireless communications systems are disabled in weather emergencies or during unfavorable atmospheric conditions (such as strong solar storms).
  • use of the Internet infrastructure may also be undesirable due to hacking of servers involved in reporting node voltage levels, for example.
  • Electric springs may comprise circuitry for power-electronics-based power controllers that adopt an "input-voltage control" for regulating supply voltage of a power system.
  • demand it meant to refer to an electronic load and use of the term demand throughout should be construed in a manner consistent with such an understanding.
  • control is meant to refer to at least partially control and/or being able to at least partially regulate. Again, use of the term control throughout should be construed in a manner consistent with such an understanding.
  • the term 'based on,' such as a description that X is 'based on Y or X may be 'based on' Y, is meant to indicate that X is or may be based at least partially on Y; however, there may be other factors or considerations as well that may not necessarily have been expressly articulated. Again, use of the term 'based on' throughout should be construed in a manner consistent with such an understanding.
  • FIG. 1 a shows a simplified control schematic of series reactive power compensator for output voltage support in transmission (v 0 regulated)
  • FIG. 1 b shows a simplified control schematic of series-reactive power compensator as a central dimming system (v 0 regulated) based on a power inverter circuit.
  • FIGs. 1 and 2 directions of active power (e.g. , electric current) flow are highlighted.
  • an output port (Vo) is referred to an output direction of power flow.
  • FIG. 1 c shows a simplified control schematic of series reactive power compensator as an electric spring (v s regulated).
  • an electric spring adopts an input-voltage control, in which an input port (v s ) refers to an input port of active power flow.
  • an input power port may refer to a power main (e.g. , busbar).
  • an electric spring comprises a switched-mode power inverter, a low-pass filter, and an input-voltage control for regulating an input AC voltage (usually a node voltage of a local AC main).
  • an input AC voltage usually a node voltage of a local AC main.
  • FIG. 2 A single-phase version of an electric spring based on a half-bridge power inverter and a low-pass inductor-capacitive filter and an Undeland snubber circuit is shown in FIG. 2.
  • a circuit such as the circuit of FIG. 2 may be capable of accommodating both active and reactive power, therefore giving the circuits an ability to contribute, at least theoretically, to voltage and frequency stability in a power system.
  • half-bridge, full-bridge, and multi-level power inverters may be to form one or more electric spring circuits.
  • electric springs can allow the load demand to follow intermittent power generation [14] and also to enable a reduction in energy storage requirements in a power system [15].
  • electric springs can be distributed over a power grid to provide distributed stability support for a power grid.
  • use of one or more electric springs lies in a "demand side.”
  • electric springs can be associated with non-critical loads, which may be characterized as electric loads capable of tolerating a certain variation of supply voltages.
  • Electric springs may be embedded into electric appliances such as electric water heaters and/or refrigerators to form smart loads that may be adaptive to a fluctuating power supply.
  • a modified concept of an electric spring on a "power supply side” and extend and incorporate an electric spring concept to form a "Smart Power Supply.”
  • a modified smart power supply may employ an "input-voltage and/or output voltage” control.
  • electric springs may be considered as being associated with a power supply, as opposed to being associated with an electric load, for example.
  • Embodiments may involve power system infrastructures for AC and/or DC power supplies that may incorporate an electric spring to form one and more adaptive power supplies.
  • One or more implementations may be described in the form of an AC power supply. Subsequently, an adaptive DC power supply based on one or more similar principles is described.
  • FIG. 3a shows a schematic of a single-phase power system. It should be noted, however, that while a symbol of a transformer used in FIG. 3a may indicate a single-phase system, in an embodiment, a multi-phase power system, such as a three-phase power system, for example, may be employed. For simplicity, a single-phase system is used for illustrative purposes only, and claimed subject matter is not limited in this regard.
  • terminal "L" may refer to "live" terminal and N may refer to a neutral terminal.
  • a standard AC mains, live-to-neutral voltage which may be referred to as a phase voltage, may typically be in a range of 220.0 V-240.0 V for approximately 50.0 Hz power systems and 100.0 V to 110.0 V for approximately 60 Hz power systems.
  • power companies may regulate AC main voltage within a tight tolerance of a certain percentage (e.g. +/- 6% of a nominal AC main voltage in Hong Kong).
  • a tolerance for a standard AC main is labeled as X% in FIG. 3.
  • an embodiment may include use of an electric spring circuit, which may be based at least in part on an AC-to-AC power inverter, for an AC voltage output, and may be used to form an adaptive AC power supply.
  • the "live" terminal of an adaptive AC power supply is termed
  • an electric spring may comprise a half-bridge power inverter circuit shown in FIG. 4.
  • a full-bridge power inverter or other type of power inverter such as a multilevel power inverter, for example, may be used.
  • An output voltage of a power inverter may be a sinusoidal pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal, which may be filtered using a low-pass filter to generate a controllable sinusoidal voltage as an electric spring voltage.
  • PWM pulse-width-modulated
  • a power inverter of an electric spring may accommodate reactive and/or real power.
  • DC link capacitors of a power inverter may provide storage energy that may provide reactive power compensation for regulating node voltage at an AC main, for example.
  • the vector of current flowing into a load of an adaptive power supply may be at least approximately perpendicular to a voltage vector of an electric spring.
  • An example of control methodology of an electric spring for voltage regulation using pure reactive power control may be described in [13]-[16].
  • a DC power source such as a battery
  • a current vector of a load in an adaptive power supply may not be approximately perpendicular to a voltage vector of an electric spring. Operating modes of such electric spring with both real and reactive power control have been reported by the inventors in [17].
  • a single-phase electric spring such as shown in FIG. 4 may be used for one or more phases.
  • a single-phase electric spring may be used for each phase of a three-phase system, for example.
  • An embodiment of a three-phase electric spring circuit is shown in FIG. 5.
  • a three phase power inverter with DC link capacitors and/or active DC voltage source (such as a battery), and a low-pass filter (comprising an inductor and capacitor) form a basic unit of a three-phase electric spring circuit.
  • filtered electric spring voltages may be coupled to three secondary windings with terminal X2, Y2, and Z2.
  • Output terminals XX, YY and ZZ may thus form three-phase line voltage output terminals of a three-phase adaptive power supply.
  • Both star-connected loads and delta-connected loads may be connected to a three-phase adaptive power supply, such as, for example, as shown in FIG. 5.
  • a three-phase transformer may also be replaced by three single-phase transformers, for example, provided that connections of a three single-phase transformers are equivalent or at least similar to those shown in FIG. 5.
  • An adaptive power supply based, at least in part, on an electric spring concept is not limited to low-voltage distribution power networks, for example, and may, at least in principle, be applied to medium-voltage and high-voltage power networks.
  • multilevel power inverters for use at higher voltages (e.g., higher voltage ratings) may replace at least portions of a two-level power inverter shown in FIG. 5, for example.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an adaptive power supply for a single-phase system, according to an embodiment.
  • the electric spring and input and output control loops are implemented on a low-voltage side of a distribution line.
  • a similar principle may be applied to a three-phase power system as shown in FIG. 7. If preferred, an electric spring may be installed on a high voltage side of a step-down transformer as shown in FIG. 8.
  • Embodiments differ from previous concepts of electric springs reported in [13]-[16] in at least three ways.
  • An electric spring circuit may be incorporated into a power supply side (as part of a power supply infrastructure) regardless of the type of loads. In previous reports, electric springs can be independent circuits external to power supplies and/or embedded in electric appliances.
  • An adaptive power supply may employ both input-voltage and input-frequency control (for regulating a standard AC main voltage and reducing frequency instability in a traditional sense of electric springs reported in [13]-[16]).
  • An output-voltage control (for limiting maximum and minimum voltage values of an adaptive AC main voltage and allowing an output AC voltage to vary within maximum and minimum voltage levels according to input-voltage and input frequency control) as illustrated in FIG. 3b.
  • Use of an active DC power source such as a battery, may enable both voltage and frequency control loops to be included in an adaptive power supply system as shown in FIG. 9.
  • Control block 1 may perform an adaptive voltage regulation function based on an input-frequency control.
  • Control block 2 may perform an adaptive voltage regulation function based on an input-voltage control.
  • Control block 3 may perform a reactive-power compensation function based, at least in part, on input power displacement angle control.
  • Control block 4 may perform an overcurrent protection function based, at least in part, on output current detection.
  • control block 1 may comprise a circuit or other means of implementing a method to detect a frequency, f s , of an input voltage V s .
  • a detected frequency may be compared against a desired frequency fs(preset) for an input voltage.
  • the difference of these two frequencies E fs is scaled by a factor K f and then passed through a limiter and input into the summer Sum.
  • a circuit or method to detect the RMS value of an input voltage e.g., Vs, rm s is adopted.
  • the detected RMS voltage is compared against a pre-set and/or a desired RMS voltage Vs, rm s(preset)-
  • the difference of these two voltages Evs.rms may be scaled by a factor K v and passed through a limiter and input into a summer labeled "Sum.”
  • a signal from control block 1 and control block 2 may be added with a desired reference value of an output voltage V 0 ( P reset) to provide an adaptive output voltage reference value of Vo( P reset ) ⁇ AV.
  • the output of Sum may be passed through a limiter, for example, which may set one or more limits of an output voltage reference point
  • Values of V max and V min can be set and/or may be programmable.
  • the control blocks 1 and 2 may perform a function of automatic load shedding or load boosting, for example.
  • fs(preset) which may indicate, for example, that a power bus (e.g., a busbar) is under-loaded
  • an output voltage reference is adaptively adjusted to a higher value such that a regulated output voltage at Ladapt is higher.
  • a higher L ac iapt may result in a larger power drawn from a main.
  • an output voltage reference may be adaptively adjusted to a higher value such that a regulated output voltage at Ladapt is higher, and vice versa.
  • phase angle displacement + ⁇ By detecting, for example, a displacement angle between an input voltage V S (LF) and an input current I S (LF), reactive power compensation may be performed at control block 3.
  • an input voltage V s and an input current l s may be passed through a low pass filter to retain their fundamental frequency components, e.g., V S (LF) and I S (LF)- Signals may be passed through a phase angle detection circuit/method to obtain phase angle displacement + ⁇ .
  • a positive angle for + ⁇ may signify that input current is leading an input voltage, which may be equivalent, or at least similar to behavior exhibited by a capacitive circuit.
  • a negative angle (- ⁇ ) may indicate, for example, that an input current may be lagging an input voltage, for example, which may exhibit behavior similar to that of an inductive circuit.
  • ⁇ may subsequently be compared against a desired displacement angle e( pr eset), of which a difference E e may be passed through a compensator and/or a limiter before being fed into a phase delay circuit to alter a sinusoidal signal 5 ⁇ 2 ⁇ into
  • e CO m will be a negative value, which should result in the electric spring generating a voltage that creates inductive power to compensate for a capacitive effect of a load.
  • e CO m may be a positive value, which should result in the electric spring generating a voltage that creates capacitive power to compensate for an inductive effect of a load.
  • a sinusoidal signal varying at 5 ⁇ 2 ⁇ corresponds an oscillating frequency of an input voltage V s and it is obtained through a frequency synchronization circuit using V S (LF)-
  • An output of a phase delay circuit comprising a signal may be modulated with an output from Sum/Limiter comprising, for example, a signal
  • Sum/Limiter comprising, for example, a signal
  • V 0re f which may be used for real-time control of an adaptive output voltage V 0 at L ac iapt-
  • V 0 may be compared against V 0r ef, of which their difference may be compensated and limited before passing into a gate pattern generator for controlling one or more switching actions of an electric spring.
  • a load current l 0 may be sensed and compared against a value of an maximum allowable current l 0 (iim) through a comparator, for example.
  • a comparator may, in response, trigger a output high signal to reset the flip-flop, thereby turning off the Gate Pattern Generator. A reset may restart an electric spring.
  • an adaptive AC main may exhibit an output voltage that may be regulated to within a wider tolerance with a maximum value (+n% of a nominal value) and a minimum value (-m% of a nominal value).
  • Standard AC mains may be regulated by a power company to fulfill commitments to maintain a well regulated power supply within a tight tolerance.
  • output voltage may be regulated within a wider voltage to vary load power consumptions for loads for which power is being supplied.
  • Adaptive power supply may be based on electric spring technology that is now part of a power supply infrastructure.
  • Variable and/or constant power loads may be connected to an adaptive power supply provided that loads can accommodate a varying voltage within maximum and minimum voltage levels of an adaptive power supply.
  • an intermittent nature of renewable power generation can be matched by a load demand variation through embodiments of an adaptive power supply. This may permit power generation to be balanced by a load demand. If such power balance is achieved, a voltage of a standard power supply may be regulated to a nominal value.
  • voltage of an adaptive power supply may be reduced dynamically so as to reduce power consumption of electric loads, except those of constant power type. If power generation is less than load demand, such that a voltage of an adaptive power supply reaches its minimum value, some load power may come from an energy storage (such as battery) of an adaptive power supply through a power inverter of an electric spring.
  • load demand such that a voltage of an adaptive power supply reaches its minimum value
  • some load power may come from an energy storage (such as battery) of an adaptive power supply through a power inverter of an electric spring.
  • AC mains voltage e.g., voltage of a standard power supply
  • voltage of an adaptive power supply may vary in such a way that total power consumption of a load using an adaptive power supply may change in order to achieve a power balance between power supplied and power loading.
  • the adaptive power supply may increase voltage in such way that total power consumption may increase to balance, or at least to reduce the imbalance of, the power generation.
  • a maximum value of a voltage level of an adaptive power supply is reached, extra power generation may be shunted into the battery for storage. In this manner, a balance between the power generation and load demand can still be maintained.
  • Embodiments of an adaptive AC power supply can be extended to an adaptive DC power supply as shown in FIG. 10 for DC electric loads. Similar to the AC counterpart, the DC voltage output has a maximum and a minimum level that can be set or programmed. For example, for a nominal DC voltage of approximately 48.0 V, the maximum level may be n% higher and a minimum level may be m% lower than approximately 48.0 V. A DC voltage variation may be controlled in such a way that the DC load power consumption will balance, or reduce the imbalance of, the power generation and load demand.
  • Adaptive DC power supply can be set up with a standard power outlet as shown in FIG. 11.
  • Embodiments such as adaptive AC and/or DC power supplies can form part of the power supply infrastructure as shown in FIG.12.
  • AC and DC power sources may accommodate the intermittent nature of future power grids with high penetration of dynamically changing renewable energy sources.
  • Embodiments offer an adaptive power supply infrastructure that may satisfy a control paradigm in which load demand follows power generation - which may be desirable for future smart grid.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a single-phase example of the standard and adaptive power supplies based at least in part on particular embodiments.
  • An electric spring circuit with real power compensation typically requires installation of a DC energy storage system, such as a battery storage system.
  • a battery storage system may be optionally replaced by the DC bus power supply, as shown in FIG. 13.
  • FIG.14 illustrates one embodiment of this invention about the setup of the future power supplies. It shows that the adaptive ac power supply can be derived from the standard ac mains supply. It also demonstrates that the adaptive high-voltage dc power supply and low-voltage power supply can also be derived from the same standard ac mains supply.
  • an accessible mechanism is provided so that the power companies or authorities can control the reference mains voltage in the control loops of the electric springs so as to provide a new mechanism to controlling the mains voltage levels in different parts of the power grids.
  • This voltage control enables the power companies to control the mains voltage in different parts of the power grids for various purposes. An example is to vary the voltage level in order to reduce unnecessary current flows in the distribution network in order to reduce the conduction losses.
  • This accessible mechanism for changing input voltage reference by external bodies such as the power companies and authorities is illustrated in FIG.15.
  • the voltage references provided by the external bodies can be transmitted through a wired or a wireless mechanism.
  • a load setting control mechanism with output signal is provided so that electricity consumers can use it for the automatic control on the amount of power used in their smart electrical appliances or smart load.
  • This mechanism which can be optionally adopted in the adaptive supplies for directly changing the load power, is illustrated in FIG.15.
  • the control mechanism detects the input frequency and voltage level and determines if the power grid is overloaded or underloaded. It provides an output signal R se t, which contains information on the level of loading available in the power grids.
  • Future smart electrical appliances can be designed to adjust its power consumption based on the information provided by R se t-
  • the load setting control may be integrated with the adaptive power supply with earth to form a four-pin power socket outlet, as shown in FIG. 13. Such an integration is extendable to all adaptive power supplies.
  • Control Block 1 performs the adaptive voltage regulation function based on the input-frequency control.
  • Control Block 2 performs the adaptive voltage regulation function based on the input-voltage level control.
  • Control Block 3 performs the reactive-power compensation function based on input power displacement angle control.
  • Control Block 4 performs the over current protection function based on output current detection.
  • Control Block 1 a circuit or method to detect the frequency f s of the input voltage V s is adopted.
  • the detected frequency is compared against the reference frequency f Sref for the input voltage.
  • the difference of these two frequencies E fs is scaled by a factor K f and then passed through a limiter and input into the summer Sum.
  • the reference frequency f Sref is typically the internally pre-set desired frequency fs(preset), which is the default frequency of the power grid .
  • An override function is included so that in case the power authority would like to alter the frequency of the transmitted power, it can be done by feeding a "True" signal and the new desired frequency reference f S ( ex t) to the override block, which will then adopt f Sre f as fs(ext).
  • Control Block 2 a circuit or method to detect the RMS value of the input voltage, e.g., Vs, rm s is adopted.
  • the detected RMS voltage is compared against the reference RMS voltage Vs, re f-
  • the difference of these two voltages Evs.rms is scaled by a factor K v then passed through a limiter and input into the summer Sum.
  • the reference RMS voltage Vs, ref is typically the internally pre-set desired RMS voltage V S (preset), which is the default frequency of the power grid .
  • An override function is included so that in case the power authority would like to alter the voltage of the transmitted power, it can be done by feeding a "True" signal and the new desired RMS voltage reference V S ( ex t) to the override block, which will then adopt V Sre f as Vs(ext).
  • both the frequency error E fs and the RMS voltage error Evs.rms are respectively scaled by the factors K y and K x and then passed through limiters and input into a summer.
  • the output is a signal + ⁇ , of which a positive value corresponds to a surplus of grid power generation and a negative value corresponds to a shortfall of grid power generation. + ⁇ is fed into a quantizer which converts it into an output signal Rset of discrete values (e.g. in the range of -2,-1 ,0, 1 ,2) that have implicit meaning to the smart appliances connected to the supply.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une alimentation adaptative permettant de gérer des cas où trop de puissance est générée pour une demande en charge et des cas où trop peu de puissance est générée pour une demande en charge.
PCT/CN2014/081820 2013-07-09 2014-07-08 Alimentation ca et/ou cc adaptative WO2015003611A1 (fr)

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CN105048453B (zh) * 2015-07-14 2017-06-09 东南大学 一种电力弹簧拓扑及其控制方法
CN107017615A (zh) * 2017-05-23 2017-08-04 华中科技大学 一种基于一致性的直流电弹簧分布式控制方法及系统
CN107591837A (zh) * 2017-09-06 2018-01-16 南京理工大学 一种基于下垂控制的电力弹簧参与微电网稳定控制的方法
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CN109066727B (zh) * 2018-08-10 2021-04-06 东南大学 基于重复控制与状态反馈的电力弹簧电压控制方法
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CN105048453B (zh) * 2015-07-14 2017-06-09 东南大学 一种电力弹簧拓扑及其控制方法
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CN110867891B (zh) * 2019-11-12 2023-06-13 湖南大学 一种多功能并网逆变器的拓扑结构及控制方法

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