WO2015003230A1 - Method for catalyzing the combustion of carbon-containing solid fuels - Google Patents
Method for catalyzing the combustion of carbon-containing solid fuels Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015003230A1 WO2015003230A1 PCT/BG2014/000013 BG2014000013W WO2015003230A1 WO 2015003230 A1 WO2015003230 A1 WO 2015003230A1 BG 2014000013 W BG2014000013 W BG 2014000013W WO 2015003230 A1 WO2015003230 A1 WO 2015003230A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- metals
- salts
- oxides
- metalloids
- carbon
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 29
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 28
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 title claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N francium atom Chemical compound [Fr] KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N polonium atom Chemical compound [Po] HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium atom Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004424 carbon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000015 iron(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000357 manganese(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004058 oil shale Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005504 petroleum refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
- C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
- C10L9/12—Oxidation means, e.g. oxygen-generating compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L5/00—Solid fuels
- C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
- C10L5/04—Raw material of mineral origin to be used; Pretreatment thereof
Definitions
- the invention is based on the use of chemical methods for ameliorating the combustion of solid carbon-containing fuels.
- the aim is to reduce the unburned residue after the combustion process and to increase the efficiency of the combustion installations.
- This method focuses on reducing the unburned residue (carbon) in the use of solid carbon-containing raw materials.
- the main reason for this is that generally the loss of power capacity due to unburned carbon is greater than as a result of unburned carbon monoxide.
- the method for catalyzing the combustion of carbon-containing solid fuels consists in the addition of salts of transition metals, weak metals or metalloids or combination thereof to carbon-containing fuel, wherein processes proceed in the combustion chamber, leading to their decomposition to oxides.
- the metal oxides formed react with the unburned carbon by oxidizing it. After their reduction the metals fall into the lower part of the combustion chamber where they are oxidized again by the air, creating centres of high temperature.
- metals listed are significantly heavier than carbon and their oxides and after the reduction they fall into the lower part of the combustion chamber wherein they are oxidized again by the air, forming centres of high temperature, which facilitated the combustion of the unburned carbon particles falling with them.
- the main reason for the use of metal salts rather than metal oxides as an additive to carbon-containing fuels is that when they are wet, they adhere on (impregnate) easier the fuel particles . This makes it possible all the above reactions to proceed on the contact surface of the fuel and to contribute to its maximum combustion.
- salts of the transition metals are used: scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), lanthanides, hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), actinides, as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
- salts of the following weak metals are added: aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), indium (In), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), thallium (TI), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), polonium (Po), as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
- salts of the metalloids are added: boron (B), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), tellurium (Te), as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
- combinations are also added of two or more salts of the above transition metals, weak metals and metalloids, as well as their oxides and combinations of two or more of their oxides.
- salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the alkaline earth metals are used: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), radium (Ra) and salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the alkaline metals: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium ( ), rubidium (Ru), francium (Fr), as well as combinations of salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the said alkaline and alkaline earth metals.
- Be beryllium
- Mg magnesium
- Ca calcium
- Ba barium
- Ra radium
- salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the alkaline metals lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium ( ), rubidium (Ru), francium (Fr), as well as combinations of salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the said alkaline and alkaline earth metals.
- the size of the particles in the catalyst mixture should be smaller or at most similar to the size of the particles of the carbon-containing fuel.
- the aim is the desired effect to be obtained with minimal addition of catalyst.
- Carbon-containing fuels include, but not only, fossil fuels (coal, oil shale, etc.), biomass (wood, grain stalks, wood processing waste, etc.), petrocoke, oil paste and other carbon-containing residues from petroleum refining.
- the combustion of carbon-containing fuels includes power boilers for steam and electricity, boilers for heating power stations, waste incinerators, gasifiers and other combustion installations.
- the catalyst used is a mixture of MnS0 4 , Fe 2 0 3 and AI 2 S0 4 .
- catalyst without promoter is dosed in proportion 0.5%, 1% and 2% relative to the main fuel (coal).
- 5 and 6 promoter is added to the catalyst (a mixture of Na 2 C0 3 and Ca(OH) 2 ). Its amount is 10% relative to the catalyst.
- promoter enhances the catalytic effect, while maintaining the relationship between the catalyst and the decrease of the unburned part.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Method for catalyzing combustion processes, using a variety of carbon- containing raw materials by adding compounds of transition metals, weak metals or metalloids, promoted with compounds of alkaline and alkaline earth metals.
Description
METHOD FOR CATALYZING THE COMBUSTION OF
CARBON-CONTAINING SOLID FUELS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Combustion of carbon-containing substances in combustion installations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the use of solid carbon-containing raw materials as fuels, the process providing the main quantity of energy is:
Cs + ½02 «— » CO9 + Qi [1 ]
CO + ¾02 <—► CO9 + Q.2 [2]
In the combustion there is always a residue of unburned carbon and carbon monoxide. The incomplete combustion of fuel and intermediate products is one of the important factors determining the coefficient of efficiency of the combustion installations.
The methods known for the optimization of combustion processes are based on the addition of various chemical compounds for ameliorating the combustion of carbon monoxide (equation [2]) in the area of the flame or in flue gases in order to obtain a higher energy yield and hence a higher coefficient of efficiency in the combustion installation.
TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is based on the use of chemical methods for ameliorating the combustion of solid carbon-containing fuels. The aim is to reduce the unburned residue after the combustion process and to increase the efficiency of the combustion installations.
This method focuses on reducing the unburned residue (carbon) in the use of solid carbon-containing raw materials. The main reason for this is that
generally the loss of power capacity due to unburned carbon is greater than as a result of unburned carbon monoxide.
One of the reasons for the incomplete combustion of carbon is that it is impossible for the ignition temperature to reach some of the particles of the fuel fed into the combustion chamber.
The method for catalyzing the combustion of carbon-containing solid fuels, according to the invention, consists in the addition of salts of transition metals, weak metals or metalloids or combination thereof to carbon-containing fuel, wherein processes proceed in the combustion chamber, leading to their decomposition to oxides. The metal oxides formed react with the unburned carbon by oxidizing it. After their reduction the metals fall into the lower part of the combustion chamber where they are oxidized again by the air, creating centres of high temperature.
Upon the addition of salts of transition metals, weak metals or metalloids or combination thereof to carbon-containing fuel in the combustion chamber processes occur, leading to their decomposition to oxides, for example: nC03 → MnO + C02 [3]
FeC03 → FeO + C02 [4]
2CuS04 + C→ 2CuO + 2S02 + C02 [5]
CuS04 + CO→ CuO + S02 + C02 [63
The resulting metal oxides react with the unburned carbon by oxidizing it:
FeO + C <— Fe + CO + Qi [7]
FeO + CO <—► Fe + C02 + Q2 [8]
All metals listed are significantly heavier than carbon and their oxides and after the reduction they fall into the lower part of the combustion chamber wherein they are oxidized again by the air, forming centres of high temperature, which facilitated the combustion of the unburned carbon particles falling with them.
The main reason for the use of metal salts rather than metal oxides as an additive to carbon-containing fuels is that when they are wet, they adhere on (impregnate) easier the fuel particles . This makes it possible all the above reactions to proceed on the contact surface of the fuel and to contribute to its maximum combustion.
For implementing the method according to the present invention salts of the transition metals are used: scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), lanthanides, hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), actinides, as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
For implementing the method according to the present invention salts of the following weak metals are added: aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), indium (In), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), thallium (TI), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), polonium (Po), as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
For implementing the method according to the present invention salts of the metalloids are added: boron (B), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), tellurium (Te), as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
According to the invention, combinations are also added of two or more salts of the above transition metals, weak metals and metalloids, as well as their oxides and combinations of two or more of their oxides.
In experiments carried out with various combinations of the above mentioned metal salts with the addition of salts of alkaline and alkaline earth metals, better results are observed than without them. This is probably due to the fact that the salts and the oxides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals have lower melting points in comparison with the others. Therefore they act as an adhesive between the particles of the fuel and the salts of the transition metals, weak metals or metalloids in the combustion zone, where the water is already evaporated. This prolongs the retention time of all additives to the fuel particles in the chamber and results in more complete combustion of carbon. In this way the alkaline and alkaline earth metals act as promoters.
For implementing the method according to the invention when using promoters to the additives, salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the alkaline earth
metals are used: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), radium (Ra) and salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the alkaline metals: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium ( ), rubidium (Ru), francium (Fr), as well as combinations of salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the said alkaline and alkaline earth metals.
The use of promoters allows in addition to the salts of the transition metals, weak metals and metalloids, their oxides to be also used. Thereby adverse side effects on the equipment will be avoided, resulting from the formation of halides when using such salts. In this case reactions 3 to 6 are skipped and only the reduction reactions proceed:
MexOy + (y-x)C→ xMeO + (y-x)CO + Q3 [9]
MeO + C <— > Me + CO + Q4 [10] and oxidation to metal oxides:
Me + 02 <— > 2MeO + Q5 [1 1]
Here the heats of reactions 9 and 10 are with sign plus and minus depending on the metal oxide used.
The size of the particles in the catalyst mixture should be smaller or at most similar to the size of the particles of the carbon-containing fuel. The aim is the desired effect to be obtained with minimal addition of catalyst.
Carbon-containing fuels include, but not only, fossil fuels (coal, oil shale, etc.), biomass (wood, grain stalks, wood processing waste, etc.), petrocoke, oil paste and other carbon-containing residues from petroleum refining.
The combustion of carbon-containing fuels includes power boilers for steam and electricity, boilers for heating power stations, waste incinerators, gasifiers and other combustion installations.
EMBODIMENTS
In the Tables attached below the summarized results are shown from tests in two power boilers with different carbon content in the solid residue - ash and slag. The catalyst used is a mixture of MnS04, Fe203 and AI2S04. In both Tables
in experiments 1 , 2 and 3 catalyst without promoter is dosed in proportion 0.5%, 1% and 2% relative to the main fuel (coal). In experiments 4, 5 and 6 promoter is added to the catalyst (a mixture of Na2C03 and Ca(OH)2). Its amount is 10% relative to the catalyst.
In Table 1 , where the amount of carbon in the solid waste is higher, certain correlation is observed between the dose of the catalyst and the decrease of the unburned portion. More serious is the decrease at dosages 0.5% and 1 %. This means that at higher doses of catalyst its distribution on the surface of the fuel particles is uneven and it does not bring the required effect. In this case a dose higher than 2% is not necessary. Of course the concrete ratio will depend on the compounds used and the ratio thereof.
The addition of promoter enhances the catalytic effect, while maintaining the relationship between the catalyst and the decrease of the unburned part.
In Table 2 the same relationships are observed, but on a smaller scale, as the boiler itself operates with smaller loss of carbon in the ash and slag.
Claims
1 . A method for catalyzing the combustion of carbon-containing solid fuel characterized in that to the carbon-containing fuel salts of transition metals, weak metals or metalloids are added or combination thereof and in the combustion chamber processes proceed, leading to their decomposition to oxides, the obtained metal oxides react with the unburned carbon by oxidizing it. After their reduction the metals fall into the lower part of the combustion chamber where they are oxidized again by the air, creating centres of high temperature, which facilitated the combustion of the unburned carbon particles falling with them.
2. A method according to claim 1 characterized in that salts, oxides and/or hydroxides are added of transition metals, weak metals or metalloids or combination thereof as promoters.
3. A method according to claims 1 and 2 characterized in that when promoters are used, besides salts of transition metals, weak metals or metalloids their oxides are also used, wherein the reactions of reduction and oxidation of the metal oxides proceed only.
4 A method according to claims 1 , 2 and 3 characterized in that salts of the transition metals are added: scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), lanthanides, hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), actinides, as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
5. A method according to claims 1 , 2 and 3 characterized in that salts of the weak metals are added: aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), indium (In), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), thallium (TI), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), polonium (Po), as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
6. A method according to claims 1 , 2 and 3 characterized in that salts of the metalloids are added: boron (B), silicon (Si), arsenic (As), tellurium (Te), as well as combinations of two or more salts of these metals.
7. A method according to claims 1 , 2 and 3 characterized in that combinations of two or more salts are added of the transition metals, weak metals or metalloids, specified in claims 4, 5 and 6.
8. A method according to claims 1 , 2 and 3 characterized in that an oxide or combination of two or more oxides of the transition metals, the weak metals and the metalloids, specified in claims 5, 6 and 7.
9. A method according to claims 1 , 2 and 3 characterized in that salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the alkaline earth metals are used: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), radium ( a) as promoters to the additives specified in claims 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
10. A method according to claims 1 , 2 and 3 characterized in that salts, oxides and/or hydroxides of the alkaline metals are used: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Ru), francium (Fr) as promoters to the additives specified in claims 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| BG111535 | 2013-07-12 | ||
| BG111535A BG66821B1 (en) | 2013-07-12 | 2013-07-12 | Method for catalyzing the combustion of carbon-containing solid fuels |
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| WO2015003230A1 true WO2015003230A1 (en) | 2015-01-15 |
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| PCT/BG2014/000013 WO2015003230A1 (en) | 2013-07-12 | 2014-03-25 | Method for catalyzing the combustion of carbon-containing solid fuels |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105219477A (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2016-01-06 | 内蒙古科技大学 | A kind of fluidized bed preparation method for material of area load rare earth oxide catalyst |
| CN105238489A (en) * | 2015-10-15 | 2016-01-13 | 阳开金 | Powdery coal-saving combustion improver and preparation method thereof |
| CN106190426A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-07 | 安徽昌信生物质能源有限公司 | A kind of auxiliary agent added in biomass fuel |
| CN106190403A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-07 | 安徽昌信生物质能源有限公司 | A kind of low-carbon environment-friendly biomass fuel and preparation method |
| CN106244280A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-21 | 安徽昌信生物质能源有限公司 | A kind of biomass fuel and preparation method |
| CN111548836A (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2020-08-18 | 朱彬苇 | Preparation method of autocatalytic high-calorific-value biomass granular fuel |
| CN114736725A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2022-07-12 | 西安近代化学研究所 | Boron-based solid fuel capable of regulating and controlling energy release and preparation method thereof |
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| CH202497A (en) * | 1936-02-18 | 1939-01-31 | Benjamin Toustou Jean | Process for improving solid fuels. |
| US20120311924A1 (en) * | 2001-01-10 | 2012-12-13 | Richardson Melvin A | Methods of improving combustion of solid fuels |
| WO2003080541A1 (en) * | 2002-03-22 | 2003-10-02 | Csir | Exothermic combustible products |
| US20070180760A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2007-08-09 | Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. | Crystalline nanocatalysts for improving combustion properties of fuels and fuel compositions incorporating such catalysts |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105238489A (en) * | 2015-10-15 | 2016-01-13 | 阳开金 | Powdery coal-saving combustion improver and preparation method thereof |
| CN105219477A (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2016-01-06 | 内蒙古科技大学 | A kind of fluidized bed preparation method for material of area load rare earth oxide catalyst |
| CN105219477B (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2018-02-16 | 内蒙古科技大学 | A kind of fluidized bed preparation method for material of area load rare earth oxide catalyst |
| CN106190426A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-07 | 安徽昌信生物质能源有限公司 | A kind of auxiliary agent added in biomass fuel |
| CN106190403A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-07 | 安徽昌信生物质能源有限公司 | A kind of low-carbon environment-friendly biomass fuel and preparation method |
| CN106244280A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-21 | 安徽昌信生物质能源有限公司 | A kind of biomass fuel and preparation method |
| CN111548836A (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2020-08-18 | 朱彬苇 | Preparation method of autocatalytic high-calorific-value biomass granular fuel |
| CN111548836B (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2021-06-04 | 上海积鼎信息科技有限公司 | Preparation method of autocatalytic high-calorific-value biomass granular fuel |
| CN114736725A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2022-07-12 | 西安近代化学研究所 | Boron-based solid fuel capable of regulating and controlling energy release and preparation method thereof |
| CN114736725B (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2023-07-18 | 西安近代化学研究所 | Boron-based solid fuel capable of regulating and controlling energy release and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BG111535A (en) | 2015-01-30 |
| BG66821B1 (en) | 2019-01-31 |
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