WO2014187053A1 - 一种防止冰雪灾害的输电导线 - Google Patents

一种防止冰雪灾害的输电导线 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014187053A1
WO2014187053A1 PCT/CN2013/084075 CN2013084075W WO2014187053A1 WO 2014187053 A1 WO2014187053 A1 WO 2014187053A1 CN 2013084075 W CN2013084075 W CN 2013084075W WO 2014187053 A1 WO2014187053 A1 WO 2014187053A1
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Prior art keywords
transmission line
power transmission
temperature
heat
ice
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PCT/CN2013/084075
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
谢迎军
张大华
于振
黄娜
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China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
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China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
State Grid Corp of China SGCC
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Publication of WO2014187053A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014187053A1/zh
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/17Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
    • H01B7/28Protection against damage caused by moisture, corrosion, chemical attack or weather
    • H01B7/2806Protection against damage caused by corrosion
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B5/00Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
    • H01B5/002Auxiliary arrangements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/17Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
    • H01B7/29Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame
    • H01B7/292Protection against damage caused by extremes of temperature or by flame using material resistant to heat

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of disaster prevention and mitigation, and particularly relates to a power transmission line for preventing ice and snow disasters. Background technique
  • External force tapping method which is called “ad hoc" method in foreign countries, that is, it is processed by the operator on site, and the processing method is ever-changing. External force tapping is simple and easy, but it can only de-ice a small part of the ice-covered line. It is slow, heavy and uneconomical, so it is only used in emergency situations where there is no other more effective method.
  • this technology mainly uses the double-split wire line itself, after the auto-transformer is boosted to form a loop in the double-split wire and generate current or change the operation mode of the power grid to adjust the power flow distribution of the power grid to increase the icing line.
  • the current, the wire heats up to melt the ice.
  • the ice melting effect of this technology is better, but the limitation of the circuit design, supporting facilities construction or grid operation mode adjustment is relatively large, and the scope of use is narrow.
  • this method is to install a snow block, balance hammer and other devices on the wire, so that ice and snow are not easy to coalesce on the wire and fall off by itself. Although it does not require basic input and the operation price is low, the efficiency of this method Low, limited by natural conditions and limited to certain types of ice, this method cannot be guaranteed to be reliable.
  • the above methods are basically methods of elimination after the formation of ice and snow disasters, and often losses have been caused, both in terms of losses and countermeasures, the cost is relatively large.
  • the formation process of ice and snow disasters is "not a cold day", and the accumulation of disasters is not abrupt.
  • the conditions for disasters are very narrow. If you start from the prevention link, in the process of ice and snow disaster formation, "anti-micro-duration", then, snow and ice prevention effect and cost It will be very different. Summary of the invention
  • the present invention provides a power transmission line for preventing snow and ice disasters, which increases the heat conduction layer and the heat insulation support layer around the surface of the conductor, thereby changing the heat loss of the power transmission line and the heat conduction and convection heat exchange around the power transmission line.
  • the process is artificially caused to overflow the "diffuse dam", thereby changing the temperature distribution of the transmission line, the insulation layer and the support layer, the thin layer of the transmission line to the ambient air, and the air environment layer around the transmission line. Therefore, it blocks the passages caused by ice storms such as rain and snow, and plays a role in preventing and controlling the transmission line ice and snow disaster.
  • a power transmission line for preventing snow and ice disasters, wherein the power transmission line is provided with a conductor, an insulation layer and a support layer in order from the inside to the outside, and the support layer comprises rubber.
  • the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation layer have a temperature difference of about 5 °C.
  • the wire heat balance satisfies the national standard insulation layer.
  • HOkV The following power transmission and distribution conductors, the surrounding transmission conductors are tightly wrapped around a layer of soft, insulating polymer material, and a layer of corrosion-resistant, flexible and insulating support layer rubber is placed outside the insulation layer.
  • the transmission line of HOkV and above power grid is placed in the middle of the single wire layer of the wire, and the outer wire serves as the supporting layer.
  • insulation layer and support layer in one, using insulation coating, etc., to produce the same function of ice disaster prevention Governance of transmission lines.
  • the power transmission line is a power line in a power distribution network for each voltage level.
  • the line loss energy lost by the transmission line is radiated to the atmosphere in the form of heat exchange and heat radiation; the heat exchange includes thermal motion due to internal atoms and free electron microscopic particles.
  • Q is the heat transfer rate
  • S is the heat transfer area
  • X is the temperature field position variable
  • is the thermal conductivity
  • t is the temperature field temperature
  • the thermal conductivity ⁇ is the material per unit thickness under stable heat transfer conditions, both sides
  • the unit temperature difference is the unit of heat transferred per unit area in watts per meter.
  • the thermal conductivity ⁇ characterizes the thermal conductivity of the material. The larger the thermal conductivity, the better the value and the substance. Composition, structure, density, temperature and pressure are related.
  • t ⁇ nt 2 is the solid wall temperature and the fluid temperature, respectively, in degrees Celsius;
  • S is the heat transfer area, the unit is square meters, a is the convective heat transfer coefficient, the unit is watts/square meter ⁇ degree Celsius; and a represents convection
  • the heat transfer capacity the value is equal to the heat transferred per unit area when the temperature between the fluid and the wall is different.
  • the shape and position of the heat transfer surface, the heat transfer coefficient, heat capacity, density and viscosity of the fluid The coefficient, the laminar or turbulent state of the fluid, and the state of motion of the fluid's free or forced motion.
  • the radiant energy Q of the object is calculated by:
  • [epsilon] is the emissivity of the object, the object is the surface area of [alpha], [sigma] is the Stefan - Boltzmann constant, which is 5.67 ⁇ 10- 8 w / m 2 ⁇ 4 Kelvin, and 1 ⁇ are object temperature And ambient temperature.
  • the invention has the beneficial effects that: the power transmission wire provided by the invention increases the heat conduction layer and the heat insulation support layer around the surface of the conductor, thereby changing the heat loss of the power transmission line and the heat conduction and convection heat exchange process around the power transmission line. Artificially caused the overflow of the "diffuse dam", thereby changing the temperature field distribution of the transmission line, the insulation layer and the support layer, the thin layer of the transmission line and the surrounding ambient air, and the air environment layer around the transmission line. Thereby blocking the channels caused by rainstorms, snow shovel and other ice disasters caused by transmission lines, and playing a role in preventing and controlling the transmission line ice and snow disaster.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of a power transmission line for preventing ice and snow disasters in an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of a transmission line for preventing ice and snow disasters in the embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structural change of a transmission line for preventing ice and snow disasters in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a power transmission line for preventing snow and ice disasters.
  • the power transmission line is provided with a conductor, an insulation layer and a support layer in order from the inside to the outside, and the support layer comprises rubber.
  • the material and thickness of the insulation layer and the insulation support layer are adjusted to construct a suitable "diffuse heat dam", thereby blocking the formation process of the transmission line ice coating. Since the heat in the transmission line "diffuse dam" is slowly released (heat potential) through the surface, a small amount of ice coating on the transmission line disappears or falls off due to melting.
  • the ice disaster is formed in a very narrow interval of o°c, without relying on external energy input, control or intervention, using only the transmission wire loss heat, by slightly changing the transmission line and the surrounding temperature field, slightly shifting the transmission line upwards
  • the isotherm of its surface is thus staggered from the temperature of the ambient freezing rain, so that under the freezing rain conditions (about o°c), there is no ice on the surface of the transmission line; when the temperature is further lowered, the external environment has no freezing rain formation condition. (dry or cold), no ice on the surface of the transmission line.
  • the ambient temperature is around 0 °C
  • the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation layer have a temperature difference of about 5 °C.
  • the wire heat balance meets the national standard insulation layer.
  • HOkV The following power transmission and distribution conductors, the surrounding transmission conductors are tightly wrapped around a layer of soft, insulating polymer material, and a layer of corrosion-resistant, flexible and insulating support layer rubber is placed outside the insulation layer.
  • the insulation layer and the support layer are combined into one, and the thermal insulation coating is used to produce the ice fault prevention transmission wire with the same function.
  • the transmission line of HOkV and above power grid is placed in the middle of the single wire layer of the wire, and the outer wire serves as the supporting layer, as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the power transmission line is a power line in a power distribution network for each voltage level.
  • the line loss energy lost by the transmission line is radiated to the atmosphere in the form of heat exchange and heat radiation; the heat exchange includes thermal motion due to internal atoms and free electron microscopic particles.
  • the temperature field is the temperature distribution of each point in space at a certain moment.
  • the temperature distribution of the object is space sitting.
  • t is temperature
  • x, y, z are spatial coordinates
  • is time
  • the surface composed of the same temperature at the same time in the temperature field is an isothermal surface.
  • Characteristics of the isothermal surface 1 The isothermal surface cannot intersect; 2 There is no heat transfer along the isothermal surface. There is no heat transfer along the isothermal surface, and there is heat transfer in any direction that intersects the isothermal surface due to temperature changes. The temperature varies with distance to the maximum along the vertical direction from the isothermal surface.
  • the temperatures of the isothermal surfaces X and X + ⁇ are t( X , T ) and t(x + ⁇ , ⁇ ), respectively, and the average temperature change rate between the two isothermal surfaces is:
  • the temperature gradient is a vector whose direction is perpendicular to the isothermal surface and is positive in the direction of temperature increase.
  • the heat transfer rate (heat flow rate) is the amount of heat per unit time passing through the heat transfer area, expressed in Q, in watts (W), or joules per second (J/s).
  • Q is the heat transfer rate
  • S is the heat transfer area
  • X is the temperature field position variable
  • is the thermal conductivity
  • t is the temperature field temperature
  • the thermal conductivity ⁇ is the unit thickness (1 m) under stable heat transfer conditions.
  • the thermal conductivity ⁇ characterizes the physical properties of the thermal conductivity of the material. The larger the thermal conductivity, the better the thermal conductivity is related to the composition, structure, density, temperature and pressure of the material.
  • the heat transfer caused by the relative displacement of the particles during the movement is called convective heat transfer.
  • the heat exchange process between the fluid and the solid wall in direct contact with both the convection generated by the displacement of the fluid and the thermal conduction between the fluid molecules is a common result of heat conduction and convection.
  • t ⁇ nt 2 is the solid wall temperature and fluid temperature, respectively, in degrees Celsius rc );
  • S is the heat transfer area, the unit is square meters (m 2 ), a is the convective heat transfer coefficient, the unit is watts / square meter ⁇ Celsius (w/m 2 * °C ); and a represents the convective heat transfer capacity, the value is equal to the temperature difference between the fluid and the wall surface per unit time C, the heat transferred per unit area, and the shape of the heat exchange surface
  • the radiant energy Q of the object is calculated by:
  • [epsilon] is the emissivity of the object, the object is the surface area of [alpha], [sigma] is the Stefan - Boltzmann constant, which is 5.67 ⁇ 10- 8 w / m2 Kelvin 4 (w / m2 - K4) , 1 ⁇ and 1 ⁇ are the object temperature and the ambient temperature, respectively, and the temperature is the Kelvin temperature.
  • heat transfer power Q and temperature difference A t are the key and goals of the problem.
  • the convective heat exchange and radiant heat exchange processes cannot be artificially controlled, that is, the variables cannot be passed.
  • the regulation changes the distribution of the energy temperature (temperature field) of the transmission line and its surroundings.
  • the conduction heat exchange process of the transmission wire can change the average (equivalent) ⁇ of the transmission wire by changing the material of the insulation and supporting materials, and adjust the heating loss and the wrapping manner and thickness of the support layer to regulate the transmission wire loss heat.
  • the conduction speed makes the internal energy of the transmission wire have high internal energy, and there is always a "hot potential" between the surface of the transmission wire. It can be used as the reverse process (or feedback process) of the transmission wire to cover ice, effectively preventing and delaying ice and snow. Condensation in the transmission line.
  • the thermal conductivity of the aluminum wire of the transmission line material is about 237 w/mk
  • the thermal conductivity of asbestos is about 0.15 w/mk.
  • ultra-fine glass wool with a heat transfer coefficient of 0.008 w/ Mk, light weight, low thermal conductivity, good elasticity, non-toxic, non-polluting, high temperature resistance (can be used for 600-105CTC for a long time), high pressure resistance, tensile strength and high bending strength. Through testing, it is possible to manufacture a transmission line insulation and insulation support layer that meets the requirements.
  • LGJ500/35 is used as an example to estimate the following:
  • Maximum use temperature of the conductor According to the Design Code for Overhead Transmission Lines of 110kV-750kV (GB 50545 - 2010), the maximum operating temperature of the conductor is 70 °C.
  • the internal temperature and surface temperature difference of the wire is controlled at 5 °C, according to formula (6), assuming ultra-fine glass wool insulation material with a heat transfer coefficient of 0.008 w/mk is used.
  • the insulation layer of millimeters maintains a temperature difference of approximately 5 °C inside and outside the wire, that is, there is a "heat potential".
  • the wire temperature is 70 ° C
  • the ambient temperature is 40 ° C
  • the wire thermal radiation power P ft 0.9
  • plan the transmission capacity determine the temperature difference between the inside and the surface of the transmission line (for example, 5 ° C), and calculate and test the insulation insulation, insulation support material, weaving, wrapping method, etc. according to the design specifications of the transmission line, thereby reducing
  • the comprehensive thermal conductivity of the transmission line adjusts the thickness of the insulating insulation layer and the insulating support layer so that the conducted heat exchange satisfies the target requirement of maintaining the temperature difference, and thereby manufactures a transmission line that satisfies the demand.

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Abstract

一种防止冰雪灾害的输电导线,输电导线从内向外依次设置导体、保温层和支持层,该支持层包括橡胶。通过环绕导体表面增加保温层和支持层,改变了输电导线损耗热与周围环境的热传递过程,从而改变了输电导线与周围环境的温度场分布,阻止和延缓冰雪在输电导线的凝结,起到防止冰雪灾害的作用。

Description

一种防止冰雪灾害的输电导线
技术领域
本发明属于防灾减灾技术领域, 具体涉及一种防止冰雪灾害的输电导线。 背景技术
雨雪、 冰冻并常常伴随的大风灾害是电网面临的主要灾害之一, 此类灾害往往同时引起 输电线路舞动, 从而造成输电线路杆塔倒塔、 线路跳闸、 线路螺栓松动脱落、 跳线脱落、 断 线断股、 连接金具损坏、 塔材受损、 覆冰闪络等严重损情况, 其直接后果就是容易引发因电 网解列、 电网大面积停电、 局部电网孤网运行、 电力铁路停电等次生灾害, 给社会经济和民 生造成极大的困难, 此类灾害在我国、 俄罗斯、 加拿大、 美国、 日本、 英国、 芬兰、 冰岛等 都会经常大面积发生, 可以说冰雪灾害是世界许多国家面临的共同问题。
目前电力行业应对冰雪灾害的主要方法有:
①外力敲打法, 国外称之为 " ad hoc"法, 即由操作者在现场处理, 处理方法千变万化。 外力敲打虽简便易行, 但只能为很少的一部分覆冰线路除冰, 速度慢、 工作量大且不经济, 所以只在没有其它更有效方法的紧急情况下使用。
②大电流融冰法, 包括过电流融冰、 短路电流融冰、 直流电流融冰等, 此类方法效率较 高, 但一般需要有额外设备的事先准备, 成本很高, 耗能巨大, 操作复杂, 对系统安全有较 大的影响, 而且也容易发生局部过热而引起电网设备损坏。 特别地, 受限于系统短路容量、 融冰电源等, 对 500kV及以上系统, 短路融冰几乎不可能实现。
③带负荷融冰法, 这种技术主要是利用双分裂导线线路本身, 通过自耦变压器升压后在 双分裂导线形成回路并产生电流或改变电网运行方式从而调整电网潮流分布增大结冰线路电 流, 导线发热从而实现融冰。 这种技术的融冰效果较好, 但不论是线路设计、 配套设施建设 或电网运行方式调整局限性都比较大, 使用范围较窄。
④被动除冰法, 此类方法是在导线上安装阻雪环、 平衡锤等装置, 使冰雪不易在导线上 聚结而自行脱落, 虽然不需基本投入且运作价格低廉, 但这种方法效率低, 受自然条件制约 且局限于一定类型的冰, 因此这种方法不能保证可靠。
⑤激光融冰法, 一般有两种情况, 第一种是利用激光的高能量融冰除冰, 第二种是利用 激光的脉冲、 应力波产生冲击, 从而达到融冰的目的。 此类方法, 一方面大功率激光源难以 得到, 另一方面功率激光器对陶瓷、 金属等物体的损害也较大, 在实际工作中很少应用。
⑥化学除冰法, 此类方法包括憎冰涂料、 吸热涂料、喷洒除冰液等方法, 在飞机、汽车、 火车的防冰、 防雪上, 已经有试点应用。 但输电线路的除冰作业范围太大, 同时考虑到对环 境的影响和对铁塔的腐蚀作用, 难以在电力系统中应用。
⑦新型高压架空导线 (AERO-Z)法(云南昭通), 这种导线截面呈星 Z 形排列, 比绞合 电缆更结实、 紧凑, AE O-Z 导线平滑的表面可大大减少雪和霜的积聚。 由于造价很高, 仅 靠平滑表面减少冰雪积聚, 随着导线老化, 作用减弱, 推广有限。
⑧其他还有机器人铲雪装置法、 电磁力除冰法、 电脉冲除冰法等, 大多还处于探索性研 究阶段。
以上方法基本都是在冰雪灾害形成之后的消除方法, 往往损失已经造成, 不论从损失方 面还是应对措施方面看, 代价都比较巨大。 其实, 冰雪灾害形成过程"非一日之寒", 灾害累 积也非突变, 灾害存在条件非常狭窄, 如果从预防环节着手, 在冰雪灾害形成过程中 "防微 杜渐", 那么, 冰雪防止效果和付出代价就会大不一样。 发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术的不足, 本发明提供一种防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 通过环绕导 体表面增加保温层与保温支持层, 从而改变输电线损耗热与输电线周围环境的热传导和对流 热交换过程, 人为造成可溢出 "漫热坝", 从而改变输电导线、 保温层及支持层、 输电导线与 周围环境空气接触薄层、 输电线路周围空气环境层的温度场分布。 从而阻断雨凇、 雪凇等造 成输电线路冰灾形成的通道, 起到防治输电导线冰雪灾害的作用。
为了实现上述发明目的, 本发明采取如下技术方案:
提供一种防治冰雪灾害的输电导线, 所述输电导线从内向外依次设置导体、 保温层和支 持层, 所述支持层包括橡胶。
在环境温度在 0°C附近时, 保温层内外表面有 5 °C左右温度差, 在高温时, 导线热平衡满 足国家标准的保温层。
HOkV 以下电网输配电导线, 环绕输电导线紧密环绕一层柔软、 绝缘高分子材料组成的 保温层, 在保温层外设置一层耐腐蚀、 柔韧、 绝缘的支持层橡胶。
HOkV及以上电网的输电导线, 为克服强电场介质损耗、 电晕、 局部放电对支撑材料的 影响, 把保温层置于导线单线层中间, 外层导线兼作支撑层。
采用保温层和支持层合二为一、 采用保温涂层等情况, 从而生产制造相同功能的冰灾防 治输电导线。
所述输电导线为用于各电压等级的输配电网中的电力线。
电能在所述输电导线的传输过程中, 被输电导线损耗掉的线路损耗能量以热交换和热辐 射的形式散发到大气环境中; 所述热交换包括由于内部原子和自由电子微观粒子的热运动引 起的传导热交换, 以及输电导线与环境空气之间以及空气内部发生相对位移所引起的对流热 交换。
所述传导热交换中, 根据傅立叶热传导定律, 传导热量流失热功率遵循如下规律: dQ = -AdS— ( 1 )
dx
其中, Q为传热速率, S为导热面积, X为温度场位置变量, λ为导热系数, t为温度场温度 所述导热系数 λ为在稳定传热条件下, 单位厚度的材料, 两侧表面单位温度差在单位时间 内通过单位面积所传递的热量, 其单位为瓦特 /米 ·度; 且导热系 λ表征材料导热性能的物性 参数, 越大, 导热性能越好, 其值与物质的组成、 结构、 密度、 温度及压强有关。
所述对流热交换中, 根据牛顿冷却定律, 流体换热功率 Q由下式计算:
Q = aS(ti - t2) (2)
其中, t^nt2分别为固体壁温度和流体温度, 单位均为摄氏度; S为导热面积, 单位为平 方米, a为对流换热系数, 单位为瓦特 /平方米 ·摄氏度; 且 a代表对流换热能力的大小, 其值 等于单位时间内流体和壁面间温度相差 C时, 每单位面积所传递的热量, 与换热面的形状 和位置, 流体的热传导系数、 热容、 密度和粘滞系数, 流体的层流或湍流状态, 以及流体自 由运动或强制运动的运动状态相关。
所述热辐射中, 物体的辐射能量 Q由下式计算:
Q = εΑσ(Τ!4 - Τ2 4) (3 )
其中, ε为物体的发射率, Α为物体的表面积, σ为斯特藩-波尔兹曼常数, 其值为 5.67 Χ 10—8瓦特 /米 2 ·开尔文 4, 1和^分别为物体温度和环境温度。
与现有技术相比, 本发明的有益效果在于: 本发明提供的输电导线通过环绕导体表面增 加保温层与保温支持层, 从而改变输电线损耗热与输电线周围环境的热传导和对流热交换过 程, 人为造成可溢出 "漫热坝", 从而改变输电导线、 保温层及支持层、 输电导线与周围环境 空气接触薄层、 输电线路周围空气环境层的温度场分布。 从而阻断雨凇、 雪凇等造成输电线 路冰灾形成的通道, 起到防治输电导线冰雪灾害的作用。 附图说明
图 1 是本发明实施例中防治冰雪灾害的输电导线的结构截面示意图;
图 2 是本发明实施例中防治冰雪灾害的输电导线作结构变换 I的结构截面示意图; 图 3 是本发明实施例中防治冰雪灾害的输电导线作结构变换 II的结构截面示意图。 具体实 式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。
如图 1, 本发明提供一种防治冰雪灾害的输电导线, 输电导线从内向外依次设置导体、 保温层和支持层, 所述支持层包括橡胶。 根据不同的气候条件和理论输电导线损耗热, 调整 保温层和保温支持层的材料与厚度, 从而构造合适的 "漫热坝", 从而阻断输电导线覆冰形成 过程。 由于输电导线 "漫热坝" 内热量通过表面缓慢释放(热势), 从而使在输电导线的少量 覆冰因融化消失或脱落。
利用冰灾形成于 o°c上下一个非常狭窄的区间的客观事实, 不依靠外部能量输入、 控制 或干预, 仅利用输电导线损耗热, 通过改变输电导线及周围环境温度场, 向上稍微平移输电 导线及其表面的等温线, 从而与环境冻雨形成温度错开, 而使在冻雨条件下 (o°c左右), 在 输电导线表面不结冰;在温度进一步降低时,外部环境已不具备冻雨形成条件 (干冷或降雪), 在输电导线表面不结冰。 在环境温度在 0°C附近时, 保温层内外表面有 5 °C左右温度差, 在高 温时, 导线热平衡满足国家标准的保温层。
HOkV 以下电网输配电导线, 环绕输电导线紧密环绕一层柔软、 绝缘高分子材料组成的 保温层, 在保温层外设置一层耐腐蚀、 柔韧、 绝缘的支持层橡胶。
如图 2, 采用保温层和支持层合二为一、 采用保温涂层等情况, 从而生产制造相同功能 的冰灾防治输电导线。
HOkV及以上电网的输电导线, 为克服强电场介质损耗、 电晕、 局部放电对支撑材料的 影响, 把保温层置于导线单线层中间, 外层导线兼作支撑层, 如图 3。
所述输电导线为用于各电压等级的输配电网中的电力线。
电能在所述输电导线的传输过程中, 被输电导线损耗掉的线路损耗能量以热交换和热辐 射的形式散发到大气环境中; 所述热交换包括由于内部原子和自由电子微观粒子的热运动引 起的传导热交换, 以及输电导线与环境空气之间以及空气内部发生相对位移所引起的对流热 交换。
温度场 (temperature field)是空间中各点在某一瞬间的温度分布,物体的温度分布是空间坐 标和时间的函数, 即
t = f(x,y, z,x)
其中: t为温度; x, y, z为空间坐标; τ为时间。
在温度场中同一时刻相同温度各点组成的面为等温面。
等温面的特点: ①等温面不能相交; ②沿等温面无热量传递。 沿等温面将无热量传递, 而沿和等温面相交的任何方向, 因温度发生变化则有热量的传递。 温度随距离的变化程度以 沿与等温面的垂直方向为最大。
等温面 X及 X + Δχ的温度分别为 t(X, T)及 t(x + Δχ, τ),则两等温面之间的平均温度变化率为:
t(x + Δχ, τ) - t(x, τ)
― Δχ
温度梯度为: gradt =
Figure imgf000007_0001
温度梯度是向量, 其方向垂直于等温面, 并以温度增加的方向为正。
在温度空间中, 传热速率 (热流量) 为单位时间通过传热面积的热量, 用 Q表示, 单位 瓦特 (W), 即焦耳 /秒 (J/s)。
传导热交换中, 根据傅立叶热传导定律, 传导热量流失热功率遵循如下规律:
dQ = -AdS— ( 1 )
dx
其中, Q为传热速率, S为导热面积, X为温度场位置变量, λ为导热系数, t为温度场温度 所述导热系数 λ为在稳定传热条件下, 单位厚度(1米)的材料, 两侧表面单位温度差(1 度 (Κ, °0) 在单位时间 (1 秒) 内通过单位面积 (1 平方米) 所传递的热量, 其单位为瓦 特 /米*度(w/m.k); 且导热系 λ表征材料导热性能的物性参数, 越大, 导热性能越好, 其值 与物质的组成、 结构、 密度、 温度及压强有关。
在这里, 不影响判断并可通过试验得到精确结果, 理论上可以粗略地认为: 导线热传导 散热速度与输电导线平均导热系数和温度差成正比和保温层成反比。即: Q = - s^ Δχ,亦即: dx = — λ ds 。
dQ
由于流体在运动过程中质点发生相对位移而引起的热量转移, 称为对流换热。 流体和固 体壁面直接接触时彼此之间的换热过程, 既包括流体位移时所产生的对流, 也包括流体分子 间的导热作用, 是导热和对流作用的共同结果。
对流热交换中, 根据牛顿冷却定律, 流体换热功率 Q由下式计算: Q = aS(ti - t2) (2)
其中, t^nt2分别为固体壁温度和流体温度, 单位均为摄氏度 rc ); S 为导热面积, 单 位为平方米(m2), a为对流换热系数, 单位为瓦特 /平方米 ·摄氏度(w/m2 * °C ); 且 a代表对 流换热能力的大小, 其值等于单位时间内流体和壁面间温度相差 C时, 每单位面积所传递 的热量, 与换热面的形状和位置, 流体的热传导系数、 热容、 密度和粘滞系数, 流体的层流 或湍流状态, 以及流体自由运动或强制运动的运动状态相关。
所述热辐射中, 物体的辐射能量 Q由下式计算:
Q = εΑσ(Τ!4 - Τ2 4) (3 )
其中, ε为物体的发射率, Α为物体的表面积, σ为斯特藩-波尔兹曼常数, 其值为 5.67 Χ 10—8瓦特 /米 2 ·开尔文 4 (w/m2 - K4), 1\和1^分别为物体温度和环境温度, 温度为开尔文温 度。
通过以上分析, 可得出以下结论:
在输电导线热交换的应用场景中, 在诸多因素中, 热量传递功率 Q和温度差 A t是问题 的关键和目标。
通过以上分析知道环境温度、 天气状况、 风速、 导线表面积等受限于环境和具体应用都 是不可控因素, 因此, 对流热交换、 辐射热交换过程无法人为控制, 也就是说不能通过对一 些变量的调控改变输电导线及其周围的能量温度 (温度场) 的分布。 但输电导线的传导热交 换过程是可以通过改变保温及支持材料的材质从而改变输电导线的平均(等效) ΐ, 并通过改 变保温及支持层的包裹方式、 厚度等, 从而调控输电导线损耗发热的传导速度, 使输电导线 内部有较高的内能, 并和输电导线表层之间始终有 "热势"存在, 可以作为输电导线覆冰的 逆过程 (或反馈过程), 有效阻止和延缓冰雪在输电导线的凝结。
材料及工艺情况, 输电线材料铝制导线的导热系数大约为 237 w/m.k, 石棉的导热系数大 约为 0.15 w/m.k, 当前, 有一种新型的超细玻璃棉的热传导系数可达 0.008 w/m.k, 具有重量 轻、导热系数低、弹性好、无毒、无污染、耐高温(可在 600-105CTC长期使用)、抗压、抗拉、 抗弯曲强度高的特点。 通过试验可以制造符合要求的输电导线保温和保温支持层。
以下以 LGJ500/35为例估算分析如下:
前提说明: 由于钢芯导线电阻大于铝材导线, 再加上集肤效应, 钢芯界面大小不影响以 下分析结论, 故不考虑钢芯截面。
计算参数作如下选择:
单位输电导线电阻(1米):输电导线电阻理论计算比较复杂,包括交流电阻和直流电阻, 涉及温度、 绞入系数、 铝线根数、 单线直径、 涡流、 磁滞、 集肤效应等, 这里, 理论电阻具 有指导意义, 实际电阻可通过试验精确得到, 不失分析一般性, 输电导线电阻按标准 《铝及 铝合金拉制圆线材》 (GB/T 3195-2008 ) 规定, 铝线电阻率取 0.028 Ω · mm2/m, 由于导线截 面为 S截 = 500mm2, 则单位长度(1米)导线的电阻为 r = p X丄 = 0.028/500 = 0.000056欧 姆 (Ω )。
单位导线表面积: 忽略保温层和保温支持层厚度, 单位导线表面积 5 = πά χ 1 =
Figure imgf000009_0001
导线最高使用温度: 按照 《110kV-750kV架空输电线路设计规范》 (GB 50545 - 2010), 导线最高使用温度取 70 °C。
载流量: 按照《110kV-750kV架空输电线路设计规范》(GB 50545 - 2010)规定计算载流 量 (最高使用温度 70°C ), LGJ500/35的计算载流量大约为 670安培 (A)。
按照《110kV - 750kV架空输电线路设计规范》(GB 50545 - 2010)规定,其他参数如下: 高温时环境温度为 40°C, 日照强度 1000 (w/m2)。 导线表面辐射系数为 0.9, 导线吸热系数为 0.9 ο
由此计算线路损耗功率为 Ρ耗 = I2r = 6702 X 0.000056 - 25 (W)。 低温时 (零度左右), 忽略热辐射, 假设把导线内部温度和表面温度差控制在 5 °C, 根据 公式(6), 假设选用热传导系数为 0.008 w/m.k的超细玻璃棉保温材料, 则可以计算出保温层 则厚度为 dx = -0.008 X 79 X 10- 3 x 5 ÷ (—25) = 0.13 x 10- 3米 =0.13 毫米, 也就是说, 只 要在输电导线表面或内层增加 0.13毫米的保温层, 即可使导线内部和表面保持有大约 5 °C的 温差, 也即有 "热势"存在。 (实际情况和温度场理论计算表明, 若按铝导线导热系数, 由于 热容太小和热传导系数太大, 导线温度还略低于环境温度, 不具备 "热势"), 从而阻止或延 缓 (根据天气条件和结冰速率) 冰灾的发生。
高温时, 按极端情况考虑, 导线温度 70°C, 环境温度 40 °C, 则导线热辐射功率 Pft=0.9
X 79 X 10-3 X 5.67 X [ ( 343/100) 4- ( 313/100) 4]=17.1 (W); 导线热传导功率 P传 =4 X ( 70-40)
=120 (W); 按导线面积的 1/2接受阳光照射, 其功率 Pp日 = 0.5 X 79 X 10-3 X 1000= 39.5 (W); 线路损耗功率 P耗 = /2r=25 ( W)。 显然, P传 +/¾ > Pp日 +P耗。 导线的散热功率大于热量产生 的功率, 也就是说, 在 70°C以下, 导线的热量产生功率和热量散失功率就可达到平衡, 即导 线最高温度不会突破 70°C。 经过改造的输电导线在高温时可以满足国家标准。 进一步计算表明: 当前主要规格的钢芯铝绞线(1米长度)的损耗热功率在 20瓦特(W) 左右, 都能满足本发明的要求。
根据具体气候条件、 规划输电容量, 确定输电导线内部和表面的温度差(例如 5°C ), 并 根据输电线路设计规范, 计算和试验绝缘保温、 绝缘支撑材料、 编织、 包裹方式等, 从而降 低输电导线的综合导热系数, 调整绝缘保温层、 绝缘支撑层的厚度, 使得传导热交换满足保 持温度差的目标要求, 并以此制造满足需求的输电导线。
最后应当说明的是: 以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对其限制, 尽管参照 上述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明, 所属领域的普通技术人员应当理解: 依然可以对本 发明的具体实施方式进行修改或者等同替换, 而未脱离本发明精神和范围的任何修改或者等 同替换, 其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: 所述输电导线从内向外依次设置导体、 保温层和支持层, 所述支持层包括橡胶。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: 在环境温度在 0°C附 近时, 保温层内外表面有 5 °C左右温度差, 在高温时, 导线热平衡满足国家标准的保温层。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: l lOkV以下电网输配 电导线, 环绕输电导线紧密环绕一层柔软、 绝缘高分子材料组成的保温层, 在保温层外设置 一层耐腐蚀、 柔韧、 绝缘的支持层橡胶。
4. 根据权利要求 1所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: l lOkV及以上电网的 输电导线, 为克服强电场介质损耗、 电晕、 局部放电对支撑材料的影响, 把保温层置于导线 单线层中间, 外层导线兼作支撑层。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: 采用保温层和支持层 合二为一、 采用保温涂层等情况, 从而生产制造相同功能的冰灾防治输电导线。
6. 根据权利要求 1所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: 所述输电导线为用于 各电压等级的输配电网中的电力线。
7. 根据权利要求 6所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: 电能在所述输电导线 的传输过程中, 被输电导线损耗掉的线路损耗能量以热交换和热辐射的形式散发到大气环境 中; 所述热交换包括由于内部原子和自由电子微观粒子的热运动引起的传导热交换, 以及输 电导线与环境空气之间以及空气内部发生相对位移所引起的对流热交换。
8. 根据权利要求 7所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: 所述传导热交换中, 根据傅立叶热传导定律, 传导热量流失热功率遵循如下规律:
dQ = -AdS— ( 1 )
dx
其中, Q为传热速率, S为导热面积, X为温度场位置变量, λ为导热系数, t为温度场温度 所述导热系数 λ为在稳定传热条件下, 单位厚度的材料, 两侧表面单位温度差在单位时间 内通过单位面积所传递的热量, 其单位为瓦特 /米 ·度; 且导热系 λ表征材料导热性能的物性 参数, 越大, 导热性能越好, 其值与物质的组成、 结构、 密度、 温度及压强有关。
9. 根据权利要求 7所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: 所述对流热交换中, 根据牛顿冷却定律, 流体换热功率 Q由下式计算: Q = aS(ti - t2) (2)
其中, t^nt2分别为固体壁温度和流体温度, 单位均为摄氏度; S为导热面积, 单位为平 方米, a为对流换热系数, 单位为瓦特 /平方米 ·摄氏度; 且 a代表对流换热能力的大小, 其值 等于单位时间内流体和壁面间温度相差 C时, 每单位面积所传递的热量, 与换热面的形状 和位置, 流体的热传导系数、 热容、 密度和粘滞系数, 流体的层流或湍流状态, 以及流体自 由运动或强制运动的运动状态相关。
10. 根据权利要求 7所述的防止冰雪灾害的输电导线, 其特征在于: 所述热辐射中, 物体 的辐射能量 Q由下式计算:
Q = εΑσ(Τ!4 - Τ2 4) (3 )
其中, ε为物体的发射率, Α为物体的表面积, σ为斯特藩-波尔兹曼常数, 其值为 5.67 Χ 10—8瓦特 /米 2 ·开尔文 4, !^和^分别为物体温度和环境温度。
PCT/CN2013/084075 2013-05-23 2013-09-24 一种防止冰雪灾害的输电导线 Ceased WO2014187053A1 (zh)

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