Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
  • H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
  • H04W28/06—Optimizing the usage of the radio link, e.g. header compression, information sizing, discarding information
  • H04W28/065—Optimizing the usage of the radio link, e.g. header compression, information sizing, discarding information using assembly or disassembly of packets
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
  • H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
  • H04L69/32—Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
  • H04L69/322—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
  • H04L69/323—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the physical layer [OSI layer 1]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
  • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
  • H04L27/2613—Structure of the reference signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
  • H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
  • H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
  • H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A) or DMT

Definitions

• the present application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to systems, methods, and devices for the aggregation of PPDUs within a single wireless packet.
• communications networks are used to exchange messages among several interacting spatially-separated devices.
• Networks may be classified according to geographic scope, which could be, for example, a metropolitan area, a local area, or a personal area. Such networks would be designated respectively as a wide area network (WAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), or personal area network (PAN).
• WAN wide area network
• MAN metropolitan area network
• LAN local area network
• WLAN wireless local area network
• PAN personal area network
• Networks also differ according to the switching/routing technique used to interconnect the various network nodes and devices (e.g., circuit switching vs. packet switching), the type of physical media employed for transmission (e.g., wired vs. wireless), and the set of communication protocols used (e.g., Internet protocol suite, SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking), Ethernet, etc.).
• SONET Synchronous Optical Networking
• Wireless networks are often preferred when the network elements are mobile and thus have dynamic connectivity needs, or if the network architecture is formed in an ad hoc, rather than fixed, topology.
• Wireless networks employ intangible physical media in an unguided propagation mode using electromagnetic waves in the radio, microwave, infra-red, optical, etc. frequency bands. Wireless networks advantageously facilitate user mobility and rapid field deployment when compared to fixed wired networks.
• multiple wireless networks may exist in the same building, in nearby buildings, and/or in the same outdoor area.
• the prevalence of multiple wireless networks may cause interference, reduced throughput (e.g., because each wireless network is operating in the same area and/or spectrum), and/or prevent certain devices from communicating.
• improved systems, methods, and devices for communicating when wireless networks are densely populated is desired.
• One aspect disclosed is a method of or apparatus for transmitting a physical layer packet to a plurality of wireless devices.
• Another aspect is a computer readable storage medium storing instructions that perform the method.
• the method includes generating a physical layer packet to include a plurality of payloads, wherein at least one of the payloads comprises first data addressed to a first device and second data addressed to a second device, and wherein each payload is preceded by at least a signal field in the physical layer packet; and transmitting the physical layer packet.
• Some aspects of the method also include generating the physical layer packet to separate the payloads in the physical layer packet by one or more of a short training field, a long training field, and a signal field.
• Some aspects of the method include generating the physical layer packet to indicate a transmission schedule associated with the plurality of payloads. Some aspects of the method include indicating the transmission schedule in a duration field of a signal field preceding the plurality of payloads.
• the method also includes generating the packet to include a signal field preceding a first payload of the plurality of payloads to indicate whether the first payload is transmitted using one of single user transmission, multi-user multiple input multiple output transmission (MU-MIMO) transmission or orthogonal frequency- division multiple access (OFDMA) transmission.
• the method also includes generating the first payload to include a sub band comprising third data and fourth data, wherein third data and fourth data are addressed to different devices; and transmitting the first payload using OFDMA.
• the transmission of third data and fourth data are separated in time within the sub-band by a signature.
• the method also includes ordering the transmission of third data and fourth data based on an modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of a destination device for third data and an modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for a destination device of fourth data.
• MCS modulation and coding scheme
• Another aspect disclosed is a method or apparatus for receiving a high efficiency physical data packet from a wireless network.
• Another aspect is a computer readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed cause a processor to perform the method.
• the method includes receiving a physical layer packet from a wireless network, decoding the packet to identify a first signal field, decoding the first signal field to identify a first payload from the packet, the first payload comprising first data addressed to a first device and second data addressed to a second device, decoding the packet to identify a second signal field; and decoding the second signal field to identify a second payload, the second payload comprising third data addressed to at least one of the first device, the second device, or a third device.
• the method also includes identifying a signature that separates the first and second payloads in the physical layer packet, wherein the signature is one or more of a short training field, a long training field, and a signal field.
• the method also includes decoding the physical layer packet to determine a transmission schedule associated with the first and second payloads.
• the method also includes decoding a duration field in a corresponding signal field to determine the transmission schedule for a payload.
• the method also includes decoding a signal field preceding a payload to determine whether the payload is received via single user transmission, multi-user multiple input multiple output transmission (MU-MIMO) transmission or orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) transmission.
• MU-MIMO multi-user multiple input multiple output transmission
• OFDMA orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
• the first payload is received via OFDMA, and wherein a sub-band of the OFDMA payload comprises third data and fourth data, wherein third data and fourth data are addressed to different devices.
• the method includes decoding data in the sub- band based on a group identifier.
• the method also includes decoding a signal field preceding the payload to determine an indication of a number of frequency sub-bands in the payload that comprise data transmitted to the at least two different devices.
• FIG. 1 shows an exemplary wireless communication system in which aspects of the present disclosure may be employed.
• FIG. 2A shows a wireless communication system in which multiple wireless communication networks are present.
• FIG. 2B shows another wireless communication system in which multiple wireless communication networks are present.
• FIG. 3 shows frequency multiplexing techniques that may be employed within the wireless communication systems of FIGS. 1 and 2B.
• FIG. 4 shows a functional block diagram of an exemplary wireless device that may be employed within the wireless communication systems of FIGS. 1, 2B, and 3.
• FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary structure of a physical layer packet which may be used in a high efficiency WiFi implementation.
• FIG 5B shows a portion of high efficiency packet.
• FIG. 5C shows another implementation of a high efficiency packet.
• FIG. 5D shows an exemplary implementation of a high efficiency packet.
• FIG. 5E shows an exemplary implementation of a high efficiency payload and a high efficiency signal field.
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process for transmitting a high efficiency packet on a wireless network.
• FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a process for receiving a high efficiency packet on a wireless network.
• WLAN wireless local area networks
• a WLAN may be used to interconnect nearby devices together, employing widely used networking protocols.
• the various aspects described herein may apply to any communication standard, such as a wireless protocol.
• wireless signals may be transmitted according to a high-efficiency 802.11 protocol using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), direct- sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communications, a combination of OFDM and DSSS communications, or other schemes.
• OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
• DSSS direct- sequence spread spectrum
• Implementations of the high-efficiency 802.1 1 protocol may be used for Internet access, sensors, metering, smart grid networks, or other wireless applications.
• aspects of certain devices implementing the high-efficiency 802.1 1 protocol using the techniques disclosed herein may include allowing for increased peer-to-peer services (e.g., Miracast, WiFi Direct Services, Social WiFi, etc.) in the same area, supporting increased per-user minimum throughput requirements, supporting more users, providing improved outdoor coverage and robustness, and/or consuming less power than devices implementing other wireless protocols.
• peer-to-peer services e.g., Miracast, WiFi Direct Services, Social WiFi, etc.
• a WLAN includes various devices which are the components that access the wireless network.
• access points access points
• STAs stations
• an AP may serve as a hub or base station for the WLAN and an STA serves as a user of the WLAN.
• an STA may be a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, etc.
• PDA personal digital assistant
• an STA connects to an AP via a WiFi (e.g., IEEE 802.1 1 protocol) compliant wireless link to obtain general connectivity to the Internet or to other wide area networks.
• WiFi e.g., IEEE 802.1 1 protocol
• an STA may also be used as an AP.
• An access point may also comprise, be implemented as, or known as a NodeB, Radio Network Controller (“RNC”), eNodeB, Base Station Controller (“BSC”), Base Transceiver Station (“BTS”), Base Station (“BS”), Transceiver Function (“TF”), Radio Router, Radio Transceiver, or some other terminology.
• RNC Radio Network Controller
• BSC Base Station Controller
• BTS Base Transceiver Station
• BS Base Station
• Transceiver Function TF
• Radio Router Radio Transceiver
• a station “STA” may also comprise, be implemented as, or known as an access terminal ("AT”), a subscriber station, a subscriber unit, a mobile station, a remote station, a remote terminal, a user terminal, a user agent, a user device, user equipment, or some other terminology.
• an access terminal may comprise a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol ("SIP”) phone, a wireless local loop (“WLL”) station, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or some other suitable processing device connected to a wireless modem.
• SIP Session Initiation Protocol
• WLL wireless local loop
• PDA personal digital assistant
• a phone e.g., a cellular phone or smartphone
• a computer e.g., a laptop
• a portable communication device e.g., a headset
• a portable computing device e.g., a personal data assistant
• an entertainment device e.g., a music or video device, or a satellite radio
• gaming device or system e.g., a gaming console, a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless medium.
• certain of the devices described herein may implement a high- efficiency 802.1 1 standard, for example.
• Such devices whether used as an STA or AP or other device, may be used for smart metering or in a smart grid network.
• Such devices may provide sensor applications or be used in home automation.
• the devices may instead or in addition be used in a healthcare context, for example for personal healthcare. They may also be used for surveillance, to enable extended-range Internet connectivity (e.g. for use with hotspots), or to implement machine-to-machine communications.
• FIG. 1 shows an exemplary wireless communication system 100 in which aspects of the present disclosure may be employed.
• the wireless communication system 100 may operate pursuant to a wireless standard, for example a high-efficiency 802.11 standard.
• the wireless communication system 100 may include an AP 104, which communicates with STAs 106a-d.
• a variety of processes and methods may be used for transmissions in the wireless communication system 100 between the AP 104 and the STAs 106 a-d.
• signals may be sent and received between the AP 104 and the STAs 106 in accordance with OFDM/OFDMA techniques. If this is the case, the wireless communication system 100 may be referred to as an OFDM/OFDMA system.
• signals may be sent and received between the AP 104 and the STAs 106 a-d in accordance with code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques. If this is the case, the wireless communication system 100 may be referred to as a CDMA system.
• CDMA code division multiple access
• a communication link that facilitates transmission from the AP 104 to one or more of the STAs 106 may be referred to as a downlink (DL) 108, and a communication link that facilitates transmission from one or more of the STAs 106 to the AP 104 may be referred to as an uplink (UL) 1 10.
• DL downlink
• UL uplink
• a downlink 108 may be referred to as a forward link or a forward channel
• an uplink 110 may be referred to as a reverse link or a reverse channel.
• the AP 104 may act as a base station and provide wireless communication coverage in a basic service area (BSA) 102.
• BSA basic service area
• the AP 104 along with the STAs 106 associated with the AP 104 and that use the AP 104 for communication may be referred to as a basic service set (BSS).
• BSS basic service set
• the wireless communication system 100 may not have a central AP 104, but rather may function as a peer-to-peer network between the STAs 106. Accordingly, the functions of the AP 104 described herein may alternatively be performed by one or more of the STAs 106.
• a STA 106 may be required to associate with the AP 104 in order to send communications to and/or receive communications from the AP 104.
• information for associating is included in a broadcast by the AP 104.
• the STA 106 may, for example, perform a broad coverage search over a coverage region.
• a search may also be performed by the STA 106 by sweeping a coverage region in a lighthouse fashion, for example.
• the STA 106 may transmit a reference signal, such as an association probe or request, to the AP 104.
• the AP 104 may use backhaul services, for example, to communicate with a larger network, such as the Internet or a public switched telephone network (PSTN).
• a larger network such as the Internet or a public switched telephone network (PSTN).
• PSTN public switched telephone network
• the AP 104 includes an AP high-efficiency wireless component (HEWC) 154.
• the AP HEWC 154 may perform some or all of the operations described herein to enable communications between the AP 104 and the STAs 106 using the high- efficiency 802.1 1 protocol.
• the functionality of the AP HEWC 154 is described in greater detail below with respect to at least FIGS. 2B, 3, and 4.
• the STAs 106 may include a STA HEWC 156.
• the STA HEWC 156 may perform some or all of the operations described herein to enable communications between the STAs 106 and the AP 104 using the high-frequency 802.11 protocol.
• the functionality of the STA HEWC 156 is described in greater detail below with respect to at least FIGS. 2B, 3, and 4.
• FIG. 2A shows a wireless communication system 200 in which multiple wireless communication networks are present.
• BSAs 202A, 202B, and 202C may be physically located near each other.
• the APs 204A-C and/or STAs 206A-H may each communicate using the same spectrum.
• a device in the BSA 202C e.g., the AP 204C
• devices outside the BSA 202C e.g., APs 204A-B or STAs 206A-F
• wireless networks that use a regular 802.1 1 protocol (e.g., 802.1 1a, 802.11b, 802.1 lg, 802.11 ⁇ , etc.) operate under a carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) mechanism for medium access.
• CSMA carrier sense multiple access
• devices sense the medium and only transmit when the medium is sensed to be idle.
• the APs 204A-C and/or STAs 206A-H are operating according to the CSMA mechanism and a device in the BSA 202C (e.g., the AP 204C) is transmitting data, then the APs 204A-B and/or STAs 206A-F outside of the BSA 202C may not transmit over the medium even though they are part of a different BSA.
• FIG. 2A illustrates such a situation.
• AP 204C is transmitting over the medium.
• the transmission is sensed by STA 206G, which is in the same BSA 202C as the AP 204C, and by STA 206A, which is in a different BSA than the AP 204C. While the transmission may be addressed to the STA 206G and/or only STAs in the BSA 202C, STA 206A nonetheless may not be able to transmit or receive communications (e.g., to or from the AP 204A) until the AP 204C (and any other device) is no longer transmitting on the medium.
• STAs 206D-F in the BSA 202B and/or STAs 206B-C in the BSA 202A may apply to STAs 206D-F in the BSA 202B and/or STAs 206B-C in the BSA 202A as well (e.g., if the transmission by the AP 204C is stronger such that the other STAs can sense the transmission on the medium).
• each apartment unit may include an access point and associated stations.
• each apartment unit may include multiple access points, as a resident may own a wireless router, a video game console with wireless media center capabilities, a television with wireless media center capabilities, a cell phone that can act like a personal hot-spot, and/or the like. Correcting the inefficiencies of the CSMA mechanism may then be vital to avoid latency and throughput issues and overall user dissatisfaction.
• Such latency and throughput issues may not even be confined to residential areas. For example, multiple access points may be located in airports, subway stations, and/or other densely-populated public spaces. Currently, WiFi access may be offered in these public spaces, but for a fee. If the inefficiencies created by the CSMA mechanism are not corrected, then operators of the wireless networks may lose customers as the fees and lower quality of service begin to outweigh any benefits.
• the high-efficiency 802.1 1 protocol described herein may allow for devices to operate under a modified mechanism that minimizes these inefficiencies and increases network throughput. Such a mechanism is described below with respect to FIGS. 2B, 3, and 4. Additional aspects of the high-efficiency 802.11 protocol are described below with respect to FIGS. 5-7.
• FIG. 2B shows a wireless communication system 250 in which multiple wireless communication networks are present.
• the wireless communication system 250 may operate pursuant to the high- efficiency 802.1 1 standard discussed herein.
• the wireless communication system 250 may include an AP 254A, an AP 254B, and an AP 254C.
• the AP 254A may communicate with STAs 256A-C
• the AP 254B may communicate with STAs 256D-F
• the AP 254C may communicate with STAs 256G-H.
• a variety of processes and methods may be used for transmissions in the wireless communication system 250 between the APs 254A-C and the STAs 256A-H.
• signals may be sent and received between the APs 254A-C and the STAs 256A-H in accordance with OFDM/OFDMA techniques or CDMA techniques.
• the AP 254A may act as a base station and provide wireless communication coverage in a BSA 252A.
• the AP 254B may act as a base station and provide wireless communication coverage in a BSA 252B.
• the AP 254C may act as a base station and provide wireless communication coverage in a BSA 252C. It should be noted that each BSA 252A, 252B, and/or 252C may not have a central AP 254A, 254B, or 254C, but rather may allow for peer-to-peer communications between one or more of the STAs 256A-H. Accordingly, the functions of the AP 254A-C described herein may alternatively be performed by one or more of the STAs 256A-H.
• the APs 254A-C and/or STAs 256A-H include a high-efficiency wireless component.
• the high-efficiency wireless component may enable communications between the APs and STAs using the high-efficiency 802.1 1 protocol.
• the high-efficiency wireless component may enable the APs 254A-C and/or STAs 256A-H to use a modified mechanism that minimizes the inefficiencies of the CSMA mechanism (e.g., enables concurrent communications over the medium in situations in which interference would not occur).
• the high-efficiency wireless component is described in greater detail below with respect to FIG. 4.
• the BSAs 252A-C are physically located near each other.
• the communication may be sensed by other devices in BSAs 252B-C. However, the communication may only interfere with certain devices, such as STA 256F and/or STA 256G. Under CSMA, AP 254B would not be allowed to communicate with STA 256E even though such communication would not interfere with the communication between AP 254A and STA 256B.
• the high-efficiency 802.11 protocol operates under a modified mechanism that differentiates between devices that can communicate concurrently and devices that cannot communicate concurrently. Such classification of devices may be performed by the high-efficiency wireless component in the APs 254A- C and/or the STAs 256A-H.
• the determination of whether a device can communicate concurrently with other devices is based on a location of the device.
• a STA that is located near an edge of the BSA may be in a state or condition such that the STA cannot communicate concurrently with other devices.
• STAs 206A, 206F, and 206G may be devices that are in a state or condition in which they cannot communicate concurrently with other devices.
• a STA that is located near the center of the BSA may be in a station or condition such that the STA can communicate with other devices. As illustrated in FIG.
• STAs 206B, 206C, 206D, 206E, and 206H may be devices that are in a state or condition in which they can communicate concurrently with other devices. Note that the classification of devices is not permanent. Devices may transition between being in a state or condition such that they can communicate concurrently and being in a state or condition such that they cannot communicate concurrently (e.g., devices may change states or conditions when in motion, when associating with a new AP, when disassociating, etc.).
• devices may be configured to behave differently based on whether they are ones that are or are not in a state or condition to communicate concurrently with other devices. For example, devices that are in a state or condition such that they can communicate concurrently may communicate within the same spectrum. However, devices that are in a state or condition such that they cannot communicate concurrently may employ certain techniques, such as spatial multiplexing or frequency domain multiplexing, in order to communicate over the medium.
• the controlling of the behavior of the devices may be performed by the high-efficiency wireless component in the APs 254A-C and/or the STAs 256A-H.
• devices that are in a state or condition such that they cannot communicate concurrently use spatial multiplexing techniques to communicate over the medium. For example, power and/or other information may be embedded within the preamble of a packet transmitted by another device.
• a device in a state or condition such that the device cannot communicate concurrently may analyze the preamble when the packet is sensed on the medium and decide whether or not to transmit based on a set of rules.
• FIG. 3 shows frequency multiplexing techniques that may be employed within the wireless communication systems 100 of FIG. 1 and 250 of FIG. 2B.
• an AP 304A, 304B, 304C, and 304D may be present within a wireless communication system 300.
• Each of the APs 304A, 304B, 304C, and 304D may be associated with a different BSA and include the high-efficiency wireless component described herein.
• the bandwidth of the communication medium may be 80MHz.
• each of the APs 304A, 304B, 304C, and 304D and the STAs associated with each respective AP attempt to communicate using the entire bandwidth, which can reduce throughput.
• the bandwidth may be divided into four 20MHz segments 308, 310, 312, and 314 (e.g., channels), as illustrated in FIG. 3.
• the AP 304A may be associated with segment 308, the AP 304B may be associated with segment 310, the AP 304C may be associated with segment 312, and the AP 304D may be associated with segment 314.
• each AP 304A-D and the STAs when one or more of the APs 304A-D and the STAs that are in a state or condition such that the STAs can communicate concurrently with other devices (e.g., STAs near the center of the BSA) and are communicating with each other, then each AP 304A-D and each of these STAs may communicate using a portion of or the entire 80MHz medium. Because the APs and STAs do not interfere with each other, they may effectively share a common portion of available bandwidth.
• AP 304A and its STAs communicate using 20MHz segment 308
• AP 304B and its STAs communicate using 20MHz segment 310
• AP 304C and its STAs communicate using 20MHz segment 312
• AP 304D and its STAs communicate using 20MHz segment 314. Because the segments 308, 310, 312, and 314 represent different portions of the communication medium, a first transmission using a first segment may not interfere with a second transmission using a second segment.
• APs and/or STAs that include the high-efficiency wireless component may be able to communicate concurrently with other APs and STAs without interference using the partitioned bandwidth scheme shown in FIG. 3. Accordingly, the throughput of the wireless communication system 300 may be increased when compared to a communications system that includes the same devices but does not partition the wireless medium into multiple bandwidth segments.
• APs and/or STAs that use the high-efficiency wireless component may experience reduced latency and increased network throughput even as the number of active wireless devices increases, thereby improving user experience.
• FIG. 4 shows an exemplary functional block diagram of a wireless device 402 that may be employed within the wireless communication systems 100, 250, and/or 300 of FIGS. 1, 2B, and 3.
• the wireless device 402 is an example of a device that may be configured to implement the various methods described herein.
• the wireless device 402 may comprise the AP 104, one of the STAs 106, one of the APs 254a-c, one of the STAs 256a-h, and/or one of the APs 304a-d.
• the wireless device 402 may include a processor 404 which controls operation of the wireless device 402.
• the processor 404 may also be referred to as a central processing unit (CPU).
• Memory 406 which may include both read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM), may provide instructions and data to the processor 404.
• a portion of the memory 406 may also include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM).
• the processor 404 typically performs logical and arithmetic operations based on program instructions stored within the memory 406.
• the instructions in the memory 406 may be executable to implement the methods described herein.
• the processor 404 may comprise or be a component of a processing system implemented with one or more processors.
• the one or more processors may be implemented with any combination of general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate array (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), controllers, state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware components, dedicated hardware finite state machines, or any other suitable entities that can perform calculations or other manipulations of information.
• the processing system may also include machine-readable media for storing software.
• Software shall be construed broadly to mean any type of instructions, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Instructions may include code (e.g., in source code format, binary code format, executable code format, or any other suitable format of code). The instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the processing system to perform the various functions described herein.
• the wireless device 402 may also include a housing 408 that may include a transmitter 410 and/or a receiver 412 to allow transmission and reception of data between the wireless device 402 and a remote location.
• the transmitter 410 and receiver 412 may be combined into a transceiver 414.
• An antenna 416 may be attached to the housing 408 and electrically coupled to the transceiver 414.
• the wireless device 402 may also include (not shown) multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, multiple transceivers, and/or multiple antennas.
• the wireless device 402 may also include a signal detector 418 that may be used in an effort to detect and quantify the level of signals received by the transceiver 414.
• the signal detector 418 may detect such signals as total energy, energy per subcarrier per symbol, power spectral density and other signals.
• the wireless device 402 may also include a digital signal processor (DSP) 420 for use in processing signals.
• DSP digital signal processor
• the DSP 420 may be configured to generate a packet for transmission.
• the packet may comprise a physical layer data unit (PPDU).
• PPDU physical layer data unit
• the wireless device 402 may further comprise a user interface 422 in some aspects.
• the user interface 422 may comprise a keypad, a microphone, a speaker, and/or a display.
• the user interface 422 may include any element or component that conveys information to a user of the wireless device 402 and/or receives input from the user.
• the wireless devices 402 may further comprise a high-efficiency wireless component 424 in some aspects.
• the high-efficiency wireless component 424 may include a classifier unit 428 and a transmit control unit 430.
• the high- efficiency wireless component 424 may enable APs and/or STAs to use a modified mechanism that minimizes the inefficiencies of the CSMA mechanism (e.g., enables concurrent communications over the medium in situations in which interference would not occur).
• the modified mechanism may be implemented by the classifier unit 428 and the transmit control unit 430.
• the classifier unit 428 determines which devices are in a state or condition such that they can communicate concurrently with other devices and which devices are in a state or condition such that they cannot communicate concurrently with other devices.
• the transmit control unit 430 controls the behavior of devices. For example, the transmit control unit 430 may allow certain devices to transmit concurrently on the same medium and allow other devices to transmit using a spatial multiplexing or frequency domain multiplexing technique. The transmit control unit 430 may control the behavior of devices based on the determinations made by the classifier unit 428.
• the various components of the wireless device 402 may be coupled together by a bus system 426.
• the bus system 426 may include a data bus, for example, as well as a power bus, a control signal bus, and a status signal bus in addition to the data bus.
• a data bus for example, as well as a power bus, a control signal bus, and a status signal bus in addition to the data bus.
• Those of skill in the art will appreciate the components of the wireless device 402 may be coupled together or accept or provide inputs to each other using some other mechanism.
• processor 404 may be used to implement not only the functionality described above with respect to the processor 404, but also to implement the functionality described above with respect to the signal detector 418 and/or the DSP 420. Further, each of the components illustrated in FIG. 4 may be implemented using a plurality of separate elements.
• the wireless device 402 may comprise an AP 104, a STA 106, an AP 254, a STA 256, and/or an AP 304, and may be used to transmit and/or receive communications. That is, either AP 104, STA 106, AP 254, STA 256, or AP 304 may serve as transmitter or receiver devices. Certain aspects contemplate signal detector 418 being used by software running on memory 406 and processor 404 to detect the presence of a transmitter or receiver.
• FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary structure of a physical layer packet which may be used in a high efficiency WiFi implementation.
• the high efficiency packet 500a may be used, for example, to transmit multiple payloads to different destination devices. For example, a first, second, and third payload may be transmitted to a first, second, and third device respectively.
• the high efficiency packet 500a includes a legacy preamble 502a, high efficiency (he) indication 504a, a legacy payload 506a, a high efficiency signal field 508a, an optional long training field and/or short training field 509a, a high efficiency payload field 510a, an optional long training field and/or short training field 51 1a, a high efficiency signal field 512a, and a high efficiency payload field 514a.
• the high efficiency indication field 504a may indicate that the packet 500a includes one or more of the he-signal field 508a, the he payload 510a, the he-signal field 512a and the he payload field 514a.
• the high efficiency packet 500a may provide for the aggregation of multiple messages destined for different wireless devices into one physical layer wireless packet.
• the high efficiency packet 500a contains he payload 510a and he payload 514a.
• the number of high efficiency payload fields in various aspects of high efficiency packet 500a may vary from that illustrated.
• high efficiency packet 500a may contain only one high efficiency payload in some aspects.
• the high efficiency packet 500a may contain 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 high efficiency payloads for example.
• a communications system utilizing packet 500a may provide for reduced overhead and increased throughput in a wireless network when compared to a communications system that sends each of the multiple messages or payloads individually. For example, by transmitting packet 500a, which may include a plurality of messages such as he payload 510c and he payload 514c, at least some of which are addressed to different devices, overhead associated with transmitting the preamble 502a of the packet 500a may be amortized over the multiple messages. Additionally, by transmitting one longer packet instead of multiple smaller packets, such as one for each message included in packet 500a, a transmitting device may need to only contend for the wireless medium once before sending the packet 500a.
• the transmitting device may be required to contend for the media for each separate wireless message. In some circumstances, one or more of those additional transmissions may result in a packet collision. As a result, the transmitting device may be required to perform additional carrier sense medium access collision resolution processes before attempting to retransmit the message.
• the CDMA process may include a back-off procedure, resulting in additional potential lost bandwidth on the wireless medium.
• the additional overhead associated with transmission of the multiple messages may be reduced by transmitting the multiple messages within one packet 500a.
• FIG 5B shows a portion 520 of high efficiency packet 500a.
• portion 520 shows one implementation of a portion of legacy preamble 502a and high efficiency indication 504a.
• Packet portion 520 illustrates that a legacy preamble 502a may include a short training field 522, long training field 524, and legacy signal field 526.
• the legacy preamble signal field 526 may include a duration indication (not shown).
• the duration indication of the legacy preamble signal field 526 may indicate the duration of the entire high efficiency packet. For example, in the example of high efficiency packet 500a of FIG. 5A, the duration would include all illustrated fields up to and including the he payload 514a.
• the he indication field 504a follows the legacy preamble signal field 526.
• the he indication field 504a may include three symbols 505a-c. In some aspects, these symbols may be modulated using Q-BPSK rotation to provide an indication of a high efficiency payload that follows the he indication 504a.
• one or more features of the he indication field 504a may be included in the he signal fields 508a-c, and/or 512a-c, some of which are described below.
• Aspects providing a legacy preamble 502a as part of a high efficiency packet may enable legacy devices to continue to properly defer to packets including the legacy preamble 502a. These legacy devices may rely on use of the legacy signal field to determine when to defer. For example, this may be particularly useful in some wireless networks, such as 802.1 lac networks that utilize a mixed mode preamble.
• FIG. 5C shows another implementation of a high efficiency packet 500b.
• the he indication field 504a is not present.
• high efficiency packet 500b may be distinguished from legacy packets based on one or more fields of the legacy preamble 502b.
• one or more fields of a legacy signal field such as legacy signal field 526, discussed with respect to FIG. 5B above, may distinguish a high efficiency packet from a legacy packet.
• a reserved state or field of a two symbol VHT-SIG-A field may be used to differentiate between a high efficiency packet and a legacy packet.
• this two symbol VHT-SIG-A field may be included in one or more of the he signal fields 508a-c, and/or 512a/c, some of which are described below.
• FIG. 5D shows an exemplary implementation of a high efficiency packet.
• the high efficiency packet 500c includes a legacy portion of a preamble 502c, a high efficiency indication 504c, a legacy data field 506c, a high efficiency signal field 508c, a high efficiency payload field 510c, a high efficiency signal field 512c, and a high efficiency payload field 514c.
• the high efficiency payload field 510c may be modulated using multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) to one or more receiving devices while the high efficiency payload field 514c may be modulated using OFDMA to one or more receiving devices.
• MU-MIMO multi-user MIMO
• packet 500c does not show packet 500c including short and/or long training fields, for example, before signal field 508c or signal field 512c.
• one or more long and/or short training fields are included between at least legacy data 506c and signal field 508c, and/or he payload 510c, and signal field 512c.
• FIG. 5D shows the high efficiency payload field 514c modulated using three sub-bands, 515a-c.
• a first sub-band 515a modulates data for a single device ("Device 1") for the duration of the high efficiency payload field 514c.
• sub-band 515c also modulates data for a single device ("Device 3") for the duration of the high efficiency payload field 514c.
• Sub-band 515b modulates data for two different devices ("Device 2A" and "Device 2B"). Data for multiple devices may be transmitted within a single sub-band, as shown in FIG. 5D, by overloading a group identifier for two devices.
• device 2A and device 2B may have the same position within a GID signaled by he signal field 512c.
• a sub-band allocation field of the high efficiency signal field 512c may indicate a number of destination devices for data modulated within each of sub-bands 515a-c.
• the data of the multiple devices may be delineated or separated by one or more symbol signatures 516.
• the signature(s) 516 may enable a receiving device to identify when data for a particular device begins within a particular sub-channel.
• a signature delineating or separating the data of two different devices within a sub-band, such as signature 516 may include a signal field, a short training field and/or a long training field.
• the signal field may indicate one or more of a modulation coding scheme (MCS), Coding, a number of spatial streams (Nss), or Space Time Block Coding (STBC) for data following the signal field in the packet.
• the signature 516 may include a particular sequence of bit values that have been preassigned to indicate a transition from data destined for a first device or group of devices to data destined for a second device or group of devices.
• FIG. 5E shows an exemplary implementation of a high efficiency payload 560 and at least a portion of a preceding signal field 508.
• the high efficiency signal field portion 508 includes a transmission type indication 552, a payload end indication 554, a frequency sub band allocation field 556, and a last payload indication 558.
• high efficiency signal fields 508a-c and 512a-c, shown in FIGs. 5A, 5C, and 5D may conform to the format of high efficiency signal field 508 shown in FIG. 5E or at least include one or more of the fields described with respect to FIG. 5E.
• the transmission type indication 552 indicates whether the payload field 560 is modulated using single user MIMO, multi-user MIMO, or orthogonal frequency- division multiple access (OFDMA).
• the modulation type indication may comprise one bit.
• an Nsts field in the high efficiency signal field 508 (not shown) is interpreted as providing a number of spatial streams for each user within an assigned sub-band.
• the bit if the bit is set, it may indicate that an Nsts field in the high efficiency header field 508 (again, not shown) is interpreted as providing the number of spatial streams for each device across the entire bandwidth.
• a transmission type indication field 552 may not be provided in high efficiency signal field 508.
• a modulation type of payload 560 may be indicated using other unused state information of any field in a high efficiency signal field 508.
• the payload end indication field 554 indicates a length or duration of high efficiency payload 560.
• the duration of a payload may be fixed, and therefore, payload end indication 554 may not be included in high efficiency signal field 508.
• the frequency sub-band allocation field 556 may indicate how frequency sub-bands of an OFDMA payload field 560 are allocated for data destined for different devices.
• the frequency sub-band allocation field 556 may represent the number of subbands used to transmit data for multiple devices.
• a frequency sub-band allocation field 556 of zero in one aspect may indicate that each frequency sub-band of an OFDMA payload field 560 is used exclusively for data destined for a single device.
• a frequency sub-band allocation field 556 with a value of one (1) may indicate that payload 560 includes data for at least two users within a first sub-band of the transmitted data.
• a frequency sub-band allocation field with a value of two (2) may indicate that data 560 is transmitted such that there are at least two users within a first and second sub-band of the transmitted data.
• a frequency sub-band allocation field with a value of three (3) may indicate that data 560 is transmitted such that there are at least two users within a first, second, and third sub-band of the transmitted data.
• a frequency sub-band allocation field with a value of four (4) may indicate that data 560 is transmitted such that there are at least two users within a first, second, third and fourth sub-band of the transmitted data.
• a frequency sub-band allocation field 556 with a value of seven (7) indicates he payload field 560 is transmitted using SU-MIMO or MU-MIMO.
• the frequency sub-band allocation field 556 is one, two, or three bits long.
• the frequency sub-band allocation field 556 may also include the functions of the transmission type indication field 552, discussed above. In these aspects, the transmission type indication field 552 may not be included in the high efficiency signal field 508.
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process for transmitting a high efficiency packet on a wireless network.
• the packet transmitted by process 600 below may include a plurality of payloads, with at least some of the payloads including data addressed to different devices. Therefore, data destined for multiple different devices may be transmitted using a single packet. This contrasts with current solutions that require the transmission of separate packets for each set of data destined for a unique device (at least when the data is unicast).
• some of the data in a transmitted packet may be addressed to a first device (but not, in at least some aspects, to a second device) and some of the data in the transmitted packet may be addressed to at least the second device (but not, in at least some aspects, to the first device).
• the access point may be able to transmit a single packet that includes separate data for each of the three different stations.
• the method 600 discussed below may provide for reduced communications network overhead.
• network overhead associated with packet header information for the packet transmitted below may be amortized over the larger amount of data transmitted for both the first and second, (and potentially third) devices. This compares favorably to a solution that would require two or three separate packet headers to be transmitted, one for each packet transmitted to each of the first, second, and third devices.
• process 600 may be performed by an access point or a station. In some aspects, process 600 may be performed by the wireless device 402. For example, one or more of processor 404, transmitter 410, and receiver 412 of device 402 may be configured by instructions stored in the memory 406 to perform the blocks of process 600 described below.
• a physical layer packet is generated. Block 602 may be performed, in some aspects, by the processor 404.
• the physical layer packet is generated to include a plurality of payloads. Each of the plurality of payloads may include data and addressing information for the data. The addressing information indicates one or more destination devices for the data.
• a payload as discussed with reference to FIG. 6 may be equivalent to a PLCP protocol data unit (PPDU). In some of these aspects, a payload may be equivalent to a multi-STA PPDU.
• PPDU PLCP protocol data unit
• At least one of the payloads includes first and second data.
• the at least one payload also includes addressing information indicating that the first and second data are addressed to different destination devices.
• the packet is generated such that the plurality of payloads are separated in the physical packet by one or more of a short training field, a long training field, and/or a signal field.
• each payload is preceded in the physical layer packet by a signal field.
• the signal field for each payload indicates a number of frequency sub-bands within the payload that include data transmitted to at least two different devices.
• the signal field(s) may substantially conform with the signal field format 508 shown in FIG. 5E.
• the packet may be generated to include frequency sub-band allocation field(s) 556 in one or more signal fields included in the packet.
• a signal field for a payload includes a transmission mode indication for the payload.
• the mode indication may indicate whether the data in the payload is transmitted using MU-MIMO, single user transmission, or OFDMA transmission.
• the signal field for a payload may indicate the duration for the payload. For example, it may indicate the total time required to transmit all the data included in the payload.
• the signal field may indicate a transmission schedule for the payload.
• the transmission schedule may indicate which devices will receive data during which portion of the payload.
• the transmission schedule may enable devices receiving the payload to selectively ignore portions of the packet not destined for them. This may reduce processing overhead associated with reception of the packet in some aspects.
• the signal field may indicate whether its corresponding payload included in the packet immediately following the signal field is the last payload in the packet.
• signal fields included in the packet may substantially conform in some aspects to the format of signal field 508, shown in FIG. 5E.
• the physical layer packet is generated to include a high efficiency indication.
• the high efficiency indication indicates whether high efficiency payloads, such as he payload 510c and/or he payload 514c of FIG. 5D, are present in the packet.
• the high efficiency indication indicates whether the packet includes at least first data and second data, where first and second data are addressed to different destination devices.
• the high efficiency indication is included in the legacy preamble.
• a legacy signal field included in the legacy preamble may comprise a high efficiency indication.
• the legacy signal field 526 shown in FIG. 5B may provide a high efficiency indication.
• the high efficiency indication is included in a first high efficiency signal field.
• the first high efficiency signal field may be of a different format than any high efficiency signal fields that follow in the packet.
• the first high efficiency signal field may comprise three symbols, while subsequent high efficiency signal fields contain greater than three symbols.
• the high efficiency signal field is modulated using Q-BPSK rotation.
• the first high efficiency signal field is of a similar format to subsequent high efficiency signal fields.
• the first high efficiency signal field may be substantially in conformance with the high efficiency signal fields 508a, 508b, and 508c shown in FIGs. 5A, 5C, and 5D respectively.
• first data and second data may both be transmitted using MU-MIMO.
• first and second data may be transmitted using OFDMA.
• First data and second data may be separated in the packet by a signature field, such as signature field 516, discussed above with respect to FIG. 5D.
• the packet may be further generated to include a second payload including third and fourth data.
• Third and fourth data may be transmitted using either the same or a different modulation scheme than first and second data. For example, if first data and second data are transmitted using MU-MIMO, third and fourth data may be transmitted using either MU-MIMO, or OFDMA for example.
• third and fourth data are addressed to different devices.
• third and fourth data are separated within the packet by a signature, such as signature field 516.
• the signature may include one or more of a short training field, a long training field, and/or a special sequence of bits indicating the signature.
• the first and second devices may have the same group identifier
• a duration of transmission of first and second data may be fixed or variable. If the duration is fixed, a duration field may not be associated with the payload carrying first and second data in the generated packet. Similarly, the duration of third and fourth data may also be fixed or variable.
• the packet is generated such that data within a payload is ordered based on an MCS of a destination of either third data and/or fourth data. For example, in some aspects, data for a destination with a lower MCS is included in the packet before data for a destination with a higher MCS value.
• the packet is generated to include a payload that includes data transmitted only to a single device.
• the packet is generated to include a legacy preamble and a legacy payload.
• legacy preamble 502a may be included in the packet in some aspects.
• the legacy payload may comprise a legacy data portion.
• the legacy payload may be formatted as legacy data field 506a in some aspects.
• the legacy preamble comprises a VHT-SIG-A field
• the VHT-SIG-A field the VHT-SIG-A field
• the SIG-A field comprises the high efficiency indication.
• the high efficiency indication may be signaled by a reserved state of a two symbol VHT-SIG-A field.
• the physical layer packet is transmitted.
• the physical layer packet comprises a legacy preamble and/or the legacy data portion, and/or the high efficiency indication, and/or a signal field, all of which are discussed above.
• the transmitted physical layer packet may incorporate one or more of the aspects discussed above with respect to FIGs. 5A-5E.
• block 604 may be performed by the transmitter 410 or the processor 404.
• FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a process for receiving a high efficiency packet on a wireless network.
• the received high efficiency packet may include a plurality of payloads, with at least some of the payloads including data addressed to different devices. Therefore, part of receiving the high efficiency packet may include scanning the packet to identify data that is addressed to the receiving device, while selectively discarding data not addressed to the receiving device. This contrasts with current solutions that typically address the entirety of a packet to a particular device (or devices in the case of multicast/broadcast). With these current solutions, an entire packet may be either discarded or received.
• some of the data may be addressed to a first device (but not, in at least some aspects, to a second device) and some of the data may be addressed to at least the second device (but not, in at least some aspects, to the first device).
• the apparatus performing method 700 below may be either a first device, second device, or third device. Therefore, the method below may selectively discard data not addressed to it, while, as discussed above, receiving and more completely processing that portion of the packet that is addressed to it.
• the method 700 discussed below may provide for reduced communications network overhead for example.
• network overhead associated with packet header information for the packet discussed below may be amortized over the larger amount of data transmitted for both the first and second devices. This compares favorably to a solution that would require two separate packet headers to be transmitted, one for each packet transmitted to each of the first and second devices.
• process 700 may be performed by an access point or a station. In some aspects, process 700 may be performed by the device 402 of FIG. 4.
• a physical layer packet is received from a wireless network.
• block 702 may be performed by the receiver 412 and/or the processor 404.
• the packet is decoded to identify a first field.
• the first field may be a high efficiency section of a legacy preamble.
• the first field may be a signal field.
• the first field is decoded to identify a first payload.
• the first payload includes first data addressed to at least a first device and second data addressed to at least a second device.
• the first device is different than the second device.
• first data and second data may be separated in the first payload by a signature.
• the signature may include a short and/or long training field, a signal field, and/or a predetermined sequence of bit values.
• the payload is scanned for the signature.
• the start of the signature may only occur before every Nth OFDM symbol. This may reduce overhead associated with scanning for the signature.
• first data and second data can be identified. For example, first data may precede the signature and second data may come after the signature in the packet.
• the signature may be similar to signature 516 discussed above in some aspects.
• one or more of blocks 704 and 706 may be performed in some aspects by the processor 404.
• the first field may include a transmission mode indication, indicating whether first data and/or second data are transmitted using a single user transmission mode, MU-MIMO, or OFDMA.
• the first field is a high efficiency signal field, such as he signal fields 508a and 512a of FIG. 5A, or fields 508b or 512b of FIG. 5C, or fields 508c or 512c of FIG. 5D.
• a payload as discussed with reference to FIG. 7 may be equivalent to a physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU).
• a payload may be equivalent to a multi-STA PPDU.
• the packet is decoded to identify a second field.
• the second field may be a signal field.
• the second field may be preceded by a second signature.
• the second signature may include one or more of a short or long training field, or a predetermined sequence of bit values.
• the second field may be identified by scanning the packet for the second signature. In some aspects, the start of the second signature may only occur before every Nth OFDM symbol. This may reduce overhead associated with scanning for the second signature. Note that if the first field, discussed above, is a signal field, it may also be preceded by a signature, similar to the second signature.
• the second field is decoded to identify a second payload in block 710.
• the packet may include a plurality of payloads that includes the first and second payloads, but may also include additional payloads.
• Each of the payloads may include data and addressing information for the data.
• one or more of blocks 708 and 710 may be performed in some aspects by the processor 404.
• At least two of the plurality of payloads in the packet received in process 700 may be received using different transmission modes. For example, a first payload may be received using SU-MIMO while a second payload may be received using OFDMA. Another payload of the plurality of payloads may be received via single user transmission. In some aspects, the received packet may be in a format as described by one or more of FIGS. 5A-E.
• a sub-band of the OFDMA transmission of the payload may include data destined for at least two different devices.
• the sub-band may include third data, destined for a third device, and fourth data, destined for a fourth device.
• the payloads are processed based on signal fields preceding the payloads in the packet.
• process 700 may determine an end of the physical layer packet based on a last payload indication in a signal field.
• the last payload indication field 558 may be utilized to determine an end of the physical layer packet in some aspects.
• Some aspects of process 700 include determining reception of the packet received in block 702 is complete when a last high efficiency payload indication (as may be indicated in field 558) is received, and reception of the payload corresponding to the indication has also been completed.
• the received packet is decoded to identify a transmission schedule for one or more of the payloads.
• the transmission schedule may be included in a signal field or a duration field preceding the scheduled payloads.
• receipt of each of the payloads included in the received physical packet may be based on a determined end to each of the payloads.
• the end of each payload may be determined, in some aspects, based on a payload end indication field, such as payload end indication field 554 shown in FIG. 5E. In some other aspects, the end of each payload may be determined based on a fixed payload duration.
• a payload of the plurality of payloads may be decoded based on the transmission mode indicated in a preceding signal field.
• one or more payloads may be received using OFDMA.
• a frequency sub-band of one or more of the OFDMA payloads may include data for at least two devices, for example, as shown in high efficiency payload 514c of FIG. 5D.
• block 704 may decode the data in the sub-band based on a group identifier of a device performing process 700.
• a frequency sub-band allocation field may be decoded from signal fields preceding the OFDMA payloads.
• the frequency sub-band allocation field in the received packet may function as described above with reference to FIG. 5E and frequency sub-band allocation field 556.
• a receiving device may determine how to decode data within OFDMA sub-bands of received payloads based on the frequency sub-band allocation field.
• determining encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like. Further, a "channel width” as used herein may encompass or may also be referred to as a bandwidth in certain aspects.
• a phrase referring to "at least one of a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members.
• "at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c.
• DSP digital signal processor
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• FPGA field programmable gate array signal
• PLD programmable logic device
• a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller or state machine.
• a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
• the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.
• Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
• a storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.
• such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD- ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
• any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.
• the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave
• the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium.
• Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.
• computer readable medium may comprise non-transitory computer readable medium (e.g., tangible media).
• computer readable medium may comprise transitory computer readable medium (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
• certain aspects may comprise a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein.
• a computer program product may comprise a computer readable medium having instructions stored (and/or encoded) thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein.
• the computer program product may include packaging material.
• the methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method.
• the method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims.
• the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.
• Software or instructions may also be transmitted over a transmission medium.
• the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave
• coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of transmission medium.
• modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and/or base station as applicable.
• a user terminal and/or base station can be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein.
• various methods described herein can be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and/or base station can obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device.
• storage means e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.
• CD compact disc
• floppy disk etc.
• any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device can be utilized.

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• 2014
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