WO2014168662A2

WO2014168662A2 - Microlattice damping material and method for repeatable energy absorption

Info

Publication number: WO2014168662A2
Application number: PCT/US2014/011715
Authority: WO
Inventors: Tobias A. Schaedler; Alan J. Jacobsen; William Carter; Christopher P. Henry; Chia-Ming "Gavin" CHANG; Geoffrey P. Mcknight; Andrew P. NOWAK
Original assignee: Hrl Laboratories, Llc
Priority date: 2013-01-17
Filing date: 2014-01-15
Publication date: 2014-10-16
Also published as: WO2014168662A3; WO2014168662A4; CN105008759A; CN105008759B; EP2946127A2; EP2946127A4

Abstract

Described is a micro-lattice damping material and a method for repeatable energy absorption. The micro-lattice damping material is a cel lular material formed of a ihree-dim.ensio.aal interconnected network of hollow tubes. This material is operable to provide high damping, specifically acoustic, vibration or shock damping, by utilizing the energy absorption mechanism of hollow mbe buckling, which is rendered repeatable by the micro-lattice architecture.

Description

[0001 ] IC OLATTICE DAMPING MATERIAL AND METHOD FOR REPEAT ABLE ENERGY ABSORPTION

[0002] GOVERNM ENT RIGHTS

[0003] This invention was made with government support under U.S.

Government Contract Number W91 CRB- 10-0305 from US Army Readiness Command, The government lias certain rights in the invention.

[0004] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0005] This is a Non-Pro visio al Utility Patent Application of U.S.

Provisional Application No. 61/753,848, filed, on January 17, 2013, entitled, "Micro-Lattice Damping Material and Method for Repeatabie Energy Absorption."

[0006] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0007] (1) Field of Invention

[0008] The present invention relates to a micro-lattice and, more particularly, to a micro-lattice damping material and a method for repeatabie energy absorption.

[0009] (2) Description of Related Art

[00010] The present invention is directed to a material that. can. be used for damping, such as acoustic damping and vibration damping. Acoustic damping or quieting is a process by which components, such as machinery, is made quieter through acoustic absorptio to minimize the acoustic impacts of such components. Acoustic absorption is traditionally accomplished using porous materials, such as open-cell foams, fibrous materials, carpets and draperies. Such porous materials absorb acoustic energy by oscillation of the air molecules in the interconnec ted pores (air friction). This mechanism is fundamentally different from the buckling mechanism used in the present invention and causes the damping to be a strong function of frequency (small absorption at low frequencies) and material thickness. Furthermore, closing the pores (e.g., by painting) reduces the effectiveness of such traditional acoustic absorption materials.

[0001 1] Alternatively, vibration damping is often accomplished using

viscoeiastic polymers. These materials absorb energy by polymer chains sliding under stress, which is responsible for the viscous flow. The efficacy of viscoeiastic polymers is strongly dependent on temperature and, therefore, viscoeiastic polymers exhibit high damping coefficient only in a small temperature range (see figure below ). The consequence of this is either poor performance at temperature extremes or the use of blends of polymers which provides less performance across a broader temperature window.

[00012] Thus, a continuing need exists for a damping material, that, provides for a high damping coefficient with an ability to repeatedly absorb a large amount of energy,

[000 I 3] SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[00014] The present invention relates to a micro-lattice and., more particularly, to micro-lattice damping material and a method tor repeatable energy absorption. The present invention is operable to provide high damping, specifically acoustic, vibration or shock damping, by utilizing the energy absorption mechanism of hollow tube buckling (as provided for by the micro-lattice).

[00015] The damping material is a micro-lattice formed of a three-dimensional interconnected network of hollow tubes. [00016] in one aspect, the hollow tubes are formed of a material and have a wail thickness and a diameter, such thai a wall ihickaess to diameter ratio is less than 3£_y, where £_v denotes a yield strain material property of the material forming the hollow tubes,

[00017] In yet another aspect, the hollow tube diameter is between 10 μη and 10 era.

[00018] n another aspect, the hollow tubes are formed of a material selected from a group consisting of metal, ceramic, and a polymer.

[00019] hi yet another aspect, a constraining layer is attached with the micro- lattice, with the micro-lattice being eonneetable with an object to be dampened,

[00020] In another aspect, the micro-lattice includes a damping coefficient (tan6) that is greater than 0.05.

[0002.1 ] In yet another aspect, the micro-lattice has a density smaller tha 0.1 e/enr .

[00022] in another aspect, the micro-lattice is partially compressed between two materials such that the micro-lattice is pre-loaded with strain. As a non-Hmiting example, the micro-lattice is preloaded to strains between 3% and 50%.

[00023] in another aspect, the micro-lattice has a density of 10 rag/cm or less.

[00024] in yet another aspect, the micro-lattice is adapted to provide for

damping at temperatures greater than 300 degrees Celsius, temperatnr lower than negative 100 degrees Celsius, or over a temperature range exceeding 200 degrees Celsius.

[00025] In another aspect, the micro-lattice is attached to one or more face sheets,

[00026] In yet another aspect, the invention is directed to a method for

damping through repeatahle energy absorption, comprising acts of receiving a load in a micro-lattice having a network of interconnected hollow tubes (the load causing elastic buckling of the hollow tubes and/or nodes where the tube intersect); and removing the load, resulting in the micro-lattice decompressing, whereby upon removing the load, the micro- lattice recovers its original shape. [00027] In another aspect, the invention is directed to a constrained layer

damper, comprising a micro-lattice formed of a three-dimensional interconnected network of hollow tubes, the micro-lattice attached with an object to be dampened; and a constraining layer attached with the micro- lattice such that the micro- lattice is sandwiched between the object to be dampened and the constraining layer

[00028] In another aspect, the invention is directed to an amplitude selective damping material, comprising a micro-lattice that requires a threshold stress to trigger buckling and concomitant energy absorption.

[00029] In another aspect, the invention is directed to an anisotropic damping material, comprising a micro-lattice formed to provide anisotropic damping properties. [00030] In yet another aspect, the damping material includes a micro-lattice formed of a three-dimensional interconnected network- of hollow tubes and two layers of material,, with the micro-lattice being partially compressed between the two layers such that the micro-lattice is pre-loaded with strain. [00031 ] Finally, the present invention also includes methods tor forming and using the damping materials described herein.

[00032] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00033] The objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed descriptions of the various aspects of the invention in conjunction with reference to the following drawings, where;

[00034] FIG. LA is a schematic illustration of a damping .mechanism according to the principles of the present invention, depicting hollow tube buckling that is reversible and absorbs energy;

[00035] FIG. IB is a chart showing the stress and strain during compression and release of roicrolattiee material consisting of an array of hollow tubes, illustrating energy absorption of the hollow tubes as the buckle;

[00036] FIG. 2 A is an illustration of a micro-lattice damping material;

[00037] FIG. 2B is an illustration of a micro- lattice dampin material;

[00038] FIG. 3 is an illustration depicting a method for forming a^■micro-lattice material; [00039] FIG. 4A. is an illustration of a micro-iattice sample prior to

compression; [00040] FIG. 4B is an illustration of the micro-lattice sample, depicting the sample at -10% compression;

[00041] FIG, 4C is an illustration of the micro-lattice sample, depicting the sample at 50% compression;

[00042] FIG. 4D is an illustration depicting the micro-lattice sample after the compression load is removed, illustrating that the micro-lattice recovers approximately 98.6% of its original height and resumes its original shape; [00043] FIG. 4E is an optical image of a unit cell of the micro-lattice, in an unloaded or uncompressed condition;

[00044] FIG, 4F is an optical image of the unit cell, depicting the unit ceil as accommodating compressive strain by buckling at its node;

[00045] FIG. 4G is a scanning electron microscopy (SE. ) image of a node before compression testing;

[00046] FIG. 4H is an SEM image of the node after six compression cycles at 50% strain;

[00047] FIG. 5A is a graph illustrating a stress-strain curve measured in

compression of a microlatiice at a prescribed displacement rate of IGpm/sec; [00048] FIG. SB is a graph of illustrating how stifrhess and strength initially diminish with cycle number and then stabilize;

[00049] FIG , 5C is a graph illustrating stress-strain curves of the first two

compression cycles of a sample with a density of 1 mg/ec and larger unit cells (L; 4 mm, D: 500 μιη, t: i 20 am);

[00050] FIG, 5D is a graph illustrating stress-strain corves of the compression of a sample with 43mg cc (L; 1050 pm, D: 150 μηι, t; 1400 ran);

[00051] FIG. 5E is a graph illustrating an effect of the aspect ratio t/D of wall thickness (t) over diameter (D) on Ni-7%P micro- lattice compression behavior; [00052] FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the dampin coefficient (tan 5) and strain vs. normal force (preload) of a "virgin" Ni-7%P micro-lattice with a density- 1 ntg cnr^> in a compression DMA test at frequency⁵⁵1 Hz and amplitude™5pm; [00053] FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the damping coefficient vs. strain of a pre-compressed Ni-7%P micro-lattice with a density-! 2mg/cm^'> in a compression DMA test at frequency-! Hz and three different amplitudes;

[00054] FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the damping coefficient and shear

modulus vs. amplitude of a Ni-7%P micro-lattice with a density

~20mg/cnr^> in a shear DMA test at frequency^™ 1 llz and two differeot pre- compression strains;

[00055] FIG. is a graph illustrating the dampin coefficient vs. frequency of a i~7%P micro-lattice with a density --20mg/crrr in a shear DMA test ai two different amplitudes and two different pre-compression strains; [00056] FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating acoustic absorption of micro-lattice compared to acoustic foam; [00057] FIG. Π is an illustration depicting that amplitude selective damping is possible with micro-lattice materials because a threshold stress is necessary to trigger buckling and concomitant -energy absorption;

[00058] FIG. 12A is an illustration of a constrained-layer damping setup

according to the principles of the present invention, depicting the damping setup at rest; and

[00059] FIG. 128 is an illustration depicting the object to be dampened, as being struck, which causes the .materials to deform and shear in the middle layer.

[00060] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0006.1 ] The present, invention relates to a micro-lattice and, more particularly, to a micro-lattice damping material and a method for repeatable energy absorption. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and to incorporate it in the context of particular appl ications. Various modifications, as well as a variety of uses in different applications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to a wide range of embodiments. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments presented, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[00062] in the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without necessaril being limited to these specific details, in other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.

[00063] The reader's attention is directed to all papers and documents which are filed concurrently with this specification and which are open to public inspection with this specification, and the contents of ail. such papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference. All the features disclosed in this specification, (including any accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only one example of a generic series of equi va ent or similar features.

[00064] Furthermore, any element i a claim that does not explicitly state

"means for" performing a specified function, or "step for" performing a specific function, is not to be interpreted as a "means" or "step" clause as specified in 35 IXS.C. Section 1 12, Paragraph 6. In particular, the use of

"step of or "act of i the claims herein is not intended to invoke the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 1 12, Paragraph 6.

[00065] Please note, if used, the labels left, right, front, back, top, bottom, forward, reverse, clockwise and counter clockwise have been used for convenience purposes only and are not intended to imply any particular fixed direction. Instead, they are used to reflect relative locations and/or directions between various portions of an object, [00066] Before describing the invention in detail, first an introduction provides the reader with a general ^'understanding of the present inven tion. Next, specific details of the present invention are provided to give an understandi ng of the specific aspects.

[00067] (1) Introduction

[00068] The present invention relates to a micro-lattice and, more particularly, to a micro-lattice damping material and a method for repeatable energy absorption (through reversible deformation). An example of a suitable micro-lattice that can be used as a damping material in accordance with the present invention was described in U.S. Non-Provisional Utility Application No. 13/584,108, filed on August 13, 2012, entitled, "Ultralight Micro-Lattices and a Method for Forming the Same", which is incorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth herein. Using such a micro-lattice structure, the present invention is operable to provide high damping, specifically acoustic, vibration or shock damping, by utilizing the energy absorption mechanism of hollow tube buckling (as provided for by the micro- lattice) ,

[00069] Descri bed below is the str ucture of example micro- lattice damping materials and the method by which these materials absorb energy on cyclic loading. Briefly, the invention entails a three-dimensional lattice structure of interconnected hollow tubes that has a high damping or loss coefficien A unique aspect is the energy absorption by elastic buckling of the hollow tubes and/or nodes where the tubes intersect, which is fundamentally different fiom conventional damping mechanisms and can be used for acoustic, vibration and shock damping. Importantly, the micro-lattice allows for dampening efficacy at a fraction of the weight of other materials. For example, acoustic measurements have demonstrated acoustic absorption performance of micro-lattices similar to foam, but with one-fifth of the weight of foam. Thus, in one aspect, this invention enables the design of metallic or ceramic micro- lattice materials with damping properties similar to viscoelastic polymers while retaining the advantages of metals or ceramics, for example temperature insensitivity (compared with only 20-30 Celsius range for viscoelastic materials), environmental stability, high specific stiffness and strength. [00070] The material can he utilized as an acoustic absorber that is

dramatically thinner and lighter than traditional acoustic absorbers.

Additi nally,, it can be utilized in, for example, automobiles as a vibration dampener to dampen sound and provide for impact protection, in another aspect, it can be used as a constrained layer damper to dampen vibrations of panels in a plane or rotorcraft fuselage, particularly with lower weight, less temperature dependence and multifunctional properties (e.g., simultaneous vibration damping and heating/cooling), in yet another aspect, it ca be used as a high temperature damper that enables acoustic and vibration damping close to combustion and turbine engines, which are ofte the source. I space applications, it can be used as a dep!oyable vibration or shock damper, utilizing the recoverable deformation ability of the lattice. In another aspect, the micro-lattice can be employed as a cushion for fragile paySoads during spacecraft launch or, in yet another aspect, it can be used as an acoustic absorber for underwater applications, such as on ships and submarines. Thus, as can be appreciated, the unique properties of the micro-lattice allow it to be utilized in a variety of damping applications.

[00071] (2) Specific Details

[00072] As noted above, the present invention is directed to a micro-lattice damping material and the associated damping mechanism. The damping mechanism is based on energy absorption by elastic buckling of hol lo tubes as illustrated in FiGs. I A and IB, Specifically, FIG. i A depicts a hollow tube 100 of a damping mechanism, illustrating a force 102 being applied to the hollow tube 100 and demonstrating hollow tube buckling that is reversible and absorbs energy. For further understanding, FIG. I B is a chart illustrating energy absorption of the hollow tube 100 as it buckles.

00073] Although FIG. 1 A illustrates a single hollow tube 100, as shown m

FIGs. 2A and 2B, it is to be understood that the invention includes a three- dimensional lattice structure of interconnected hollow tubes that form the micro-lattice damping material 200. Specifically, FIGs. 2A and 2B illustrate two examples of the micro-lattice damping material 200. The micro-lattice damping material illustrated in FIGs. 2A and 2B can be formed using any suitable technique, a non-limiting example of which was described in U.S. Application No. 13/584,1.08. As noted above, this micro-lattice 200 has a high damping or loss coefficient and can be used for acoustic, vibration and shock damping.

[00074] The damping material can be formed of metallic or ceramic micro- lattice materials (or any other suitable material) with damping properties similar to viseoelastic polymers while retaining the advantages of metals or ceramics, such as temperature insensitivity, environmental stability, high specific stiffness and strength. For example, a metallic Ni-7%P micro-lattice damping material has been demonstrated with a loss coefficient tan δ ^~ 0.2, which is ten times higher than conventional nickel foams. Such a material was formed by eleetroless nickel plating a thin coating of Ni-7%P onto polymer micro-lattice templates (as described in U.S. Application No. 13/584,108 and depicted in FIG. 3).

00075] As shown in FIG, 3, an example of a micro-lattice damping material

200 was fabricated using a self-propagating photopolymer waveguide technique, whereby a suitable liquid photomonomer 300 is exposed to coilmiated UV light 302 through a patterned mask 304, producing an interconnected three-dimensional photopolymer lattice 306, A non- limiting example of a suitable liquid photomonomer 300 is a thiol-ene resin. [00076] With this method, a wide array of different architectures with u it, cells in the 0. 1 to >10 mm range can be made by altering the mask 304 pattern and the angle of the incident light. As a non-limitin example,

architectures can be generated with 1 - 4 mm lattice member length L, 100-500 μηι lattice member diameter Z), 100 - 500 rim wall thickness t, and 60° inclination angle Θ, similar to the micro-lattices depicted in FlGs,

2A and 2B.

[00077] it should be noted that the polymer lattice 306 is an. open cellular

template. After the polymer lattice 306 is generated,, films (e.g., confornial nickel-phosphorous thin films) were deposited on the polymer lattices 306.

[00078] In coating (i.e. , depositing) the lattice 306 (i.e., template) with a film of material, the template is coated using any suitable deposition technique, non-limiting examples of which include electroless-platmg 308,

electrophoretic deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, solution deposition or sol-gel deposition. For Nickel coatings, eieciroless plating works well, while electrophoretic deposition works well for niulticomponent alloys e.g. steel. Chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition work well for diamond and titanium nitride, respectively, while atomic layer deposition, works well for silica. The deposition techniques described above can also be employed with ceramic materials as desired. [00079] Thereafter, the polymer is subsequently etched out 3 10 (via chemical etching or any other suitable etching technique that is gentle enough not to destroy the micro-lattice). The etchant has to be selective with respeci to the template and the coating material, i.e. , the etching rate of the template needs to be substantially faster than that of die coating. For nickel coatings on ihioi-ene templates, sodium hydroxide solution is a desired etchant. For other material combinations, organic solvents, plasma etching, thermal pyrolysis or other etchants are favored. Freeze drying is used for fragile micro-lattices that are deformed by capillary forces on removal from solution. [00080] In one example, the auto-catalytic eiectroless nickel plating reaction enables deposition of thin films with controlled thickness on comple shapes and inside pores without noticeable mass transport limitations. By controlling reaction time, a.ll thickness of 500 nm can be achieved while maintaining a uniform coriformal coating. The resulting micro- lattice material 200 essentially translates the deposited nano-scale thin film in three dimensions to form a macroscopic material where the base structural elements are hollow tubes (as shown in FIG. 1 ). it should be noted that any suitable material can be deposited on the polymer lattice 306, non-limiting examples of which include nickel, zinc, chrome, tin, copper, gold silver, platinum, rhodium, aluminum, a ceramic, including, diamond, diamond like carbon, alumina, zirconia, tin oxide, zinc oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, a polymer including paxylene or combinations or alloys thereof, including multi-layers of different materials.

[00081] In one non- imiting example, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the as-deposited eiectroless nickel thin films are nano- crystalline, with -7 nra grain sizes. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed that the composition of the deposit is ?% phosphorous and 93% nickel by weight. Since the films were not annealed after deposition, they remained as a supersaturated solid solution of phosphorous in crystalline face-centered cubic (fee) nickel lattice with no Ni*P precipitates present. The 7 am grain size renders electroless nickel thin films harder and more brittle than typical nano- and micro-crystalline nickel. A hardness of 6 GPa and modulus of 210 G Pa were .measured by nano-indentation and hollow tube compressions.

[00082] Micro-lattices with these extreme low densities exhibit unique

mechanical behavior. Compression experiments on micro-lattices show recovery from strains exceeding 50%.

[00083] FIGs. 4A through 4D provide images of a micro-lattice sample 400 with 14 mg/cc (L: 1050 μ^ηι, D: 150 pm, t: 500 ran) during compression testing while FIG. 5A conveys the corresponding stress-strain curve measured at a prescribed displacement rate of 1 Ομηι sec. In these experiments, the sample was not attached to face sheets or the

compression platens at the bottom or the top. FIG, 4A depicts the micro- lattice sample 400 prior to compression. As shown in FIG, 4B, upon first compression, the lattice exhibits a compressive modulus of 529 kPa, with deviations from linear elastic behavior starting at a stress of l OkPa. The stress decreases slightly after the peak associated with buckling and node fracture events, and a broad plateau is subsequently formed in the stress- strain curve as buckling and localized node fracture events spread through the lattice. FIG. 4C shows the micro-lattice at 50% compression. Upon unloading, the stress drops rapidly but does not approach zero until the platen is close to its original position. After removing the load, the micro- lattice recovers to 98.6% of its original height and resumes its original shape (as shown in FIG. 4D), For further illustration, FIGs. 4E through 4H provide images of the micro-lattice sample through its compression and recovery. More specifically, FIG. 4E is an optical image of a unit cell of the micro-lattice, in an unloaded or uncompressed condition. FIG. 4F is an optical image of the unit ceil, depicting how the unit cell accommodates compressive strain by buckling at the nodes, FIG. 4G is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a node before testing, while FIG. 4H is an SEM image of the node after six compression cycles at 50% strain.

[00084] interestingly, the stress-strain behavior corresponding to the i^si cycle is never repeated during subsequent testing. Rather, during a second compression, the peak stress is absent and the 'pseudo-hardening^* behavior changes, but the stress level achieved at 50% strain is only 10% lower than that after the first cycle. Consecutive compression cycles exhibit stress-strain curves nearly identical to the second compression.

[00085] As shown in FIG. SB, stiffness and strength diminish with cycle

number, but are almost constant after the third cycle (as shown in FIG, SB). The micro-lattice shows significant hysteresis during compression experiments, allowing a measurement of the energy absorption, which is estimated to be 2.2 mi for the first cycle. After three cycles a nearly constant energy loss coefficient of -0.4 is calculated by dividing the absorbed energy by the total energy required for compression (as shown in FIG. SB).

[00086] FIG. 5C shows the stress-strain curves of the first two compression cycles of a sample with a density of ng/cc and larger unit cells (L: 4 mm, D: 500 μηι, t; 120 nm) illustrating similar behavior of different micro- lattices in the ultra-low density regime. Increasing the density and wail thickness will eventually lead to compression behavior more typical for metallic cellular materials. FIG . 5.D shows the compression of a sample with 43mg/cc (L; 1050 pin, D; I SO pm, t; 1400 nm): notice that strain recovery upon unloading from 50% strain is essentially absent. [00087] Optical examination of the ultra-light micro-lattices during deformation suggests that deformation, mitiaies by Brazier buckling at the nodes (as shown in FIGs. 4E and 4F). A closer inspection of the micro- Lattices by SEM shows thai cracks and wrinkles are introduced primarily at the nodes during 50% compression (as shown in FIGs. 4G and 4H).

This damage is responsible for the 1 -2% residual strain observed after the first compression cycle, and the drop in the yield strength and modulus during subsequent compression cycles . Once stable relief cracks form at the nodes, the bulk micro-lattice material can undergo large compressive strains withooi enduring further fracture or plastic deformation in the solid nickel-phosphorous materia!, thus exhibiting the reversible compressive behavior shown in FIGs. 4A through 5D. It is clear that the extremely small aspect, ratio of the hollow tube wall thickness to tube diameter plays a key role in the nearly full deformation recoverabiliiy, by allowing truss members to undergo large rotations about remnant nodal ligaments without accumulation of significant plasticity. Increasing this aspect ratio leads to excessi ve .fracture and loss of the recoverable deformation behavior (as shown in FIG. 5D). The quasi -static compression testing shows recoverable deformation from strains exceeding 50% and large energy absorption embodied by the hysteresis m the stress-strain curves.

[00088] The effect, of the aspect ratio t/D (hollow tube wall thickness

diameter) is further illustrated in FIG. SB, which leads to the innovation that an aspect ratio t/D on the order of or smaller than the yield strain of the material is desired to enable the pseudo super-elastic behavior that is linked to elastic buckling of the hollow tubes. As a non-limiting example the hollow tubes have a wall thickness and a diameter, such that wall. thickness to diameter ratio is less than 3 y (i.e., 3 multiplied by y), where y denotes the yield strain material property of the material forming the hollow tubes. For i-7%P micro-lattices, for example, t/D must he on the order of or smaller than 0.01 for reversible deformation (buckling) and high damping, and the yield strain of the Ni-7%P has been determined to be 0.012 by measuring the yield strength as 2500 MPa and the Young' modulus as 21.0 GPa. For a different material, for example copper, the yield strain is different. In the ease of copper it is 0,0034 and, therefore, the hollow tube aspec t ratio t/D must be on the order of or smaller than 0.0034 to enable reversible deformation and high damping. The mechanics of the reversible buckling and how different materials perform was described in further detail by Kevin J. aloney, Christopher S. Roper, Alan J, Jacobsen, William B, Carter, Lorenzo Valdevit et ai, in "Mrcroiattices as architected thin films: Analysis of mechanical properties and high strain elastic recovery," APL Mater, 1 , 022106 (2013); doi: 1 ..1063/1.481.8168, which is incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.

[00089] Although similar stress-strain curves as presented in FIG. 5 A are

typical for foams of viscoelastic polymer and carbon nanotube forests, they are unprecedented for metal-based materials. This mechanical behavior is especially surprising considering the relatively brittle nature of the constituent material.

[00090] However, the micro-lattices exhibit completely different bulk

properties: the cellular architecture effectively transforms the brittle t^'hm- fi!m property into a ductile and super-elastic lattice behavior by enabling sufficient freedom for deformation and tolerance to local strains, such as forming relief cracks that are stable during repeated compression cycles, while still maintaining the structure to remain coherent. Hence, cellular material architecture can fundamentally change the material properties and generate functional ductility and functional, siipereiasticity at the bulk scale. [00091] For further illustration,. FIG. 6 through 9 illustrate results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) on a sample micro-lattice (such as that illustrated in FIG. 2A). More specifically, FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the damping coefficient (tan δ) and strain vs. normal three (pre-load) of a ''virgin" Ni-7%P micro-lattice with a density^ 14nig/cnv in a compression DMA test at frequency™ 1 Hz and am Htude-S^im. Alternatively, FIG, 7 is a graph illustrating the damping coefficient vs. strain of a pre- compressed. Ni-7%P micro-lattice with a density⁵ 12mg/cnv^> in a

compressio DMA test at frequency™ 1 Ez and three different amplitudes. Further, FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the damping coefficient and shear modulus vs. amplitude of a i-7%P micro-lattice with a density

-20mg/em ^' in a shear DMA test at frequency⁵³1 Hz and two different pre- compression strains. Finally, FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the damping coefficient vs. frequency of a i-7%P micro-lattice with a density ~20mg/cm^'> in a shear DM A test at two different amplitudes and two different pre-compression strains.

[00092] DMA measured a damping coefficient (tan §) of up to 0.22 for nickel micro-lattices (e.g., node-to-node spacing- 1 mm, diameter-] 50μ^ηι, truss angle^:::60°, wall thickness^:::0.3-0.5pm) in compression and shear. For reference, a typical nickel foam with a relative density between 3 and 4% (density between 0.24 - 0.32 g/cc) has a loss coefficient o -0.01-0.02.

[00093] As noted above, the micro-lattice also allows tor acoustic damping.

To demonstrate the acoustic abilities of the micro-lattice, acoustic absorption oieasurements were performed in a Briiel 8c Kjger acoustic test tube, with the .results depicted in FIG. 10. While micro-lattice materials are fairly transparent to sound waves due to their large and periodic porosity, they can absorb sound well when it is coupled into the structure with a face sheet. Preloading the micro-lattice by compressing the microlattice structure to strains between 3% and 50% increases the absorption coefficient due to increased damping performance as observed in the DMA tests.

[00094] As shown in FIG. 10, the sound absorption performance of mic.ro- lattices 1 00 with a density of 8 mg/ce (having a face sheet and pre-loaded

(e.g., partially compressed between two other materials or layers)} is comparable to acoustic foam 1 02 of the same thickness with a density of 3Smg/cc across the frequency range measured. For example, the damping material can include the micro-lattice and two other materials or layers (such as the object to be dampened and the constraining layer (as shown in

FIG. 12), or two constraining layers that sandwich the micro-lattice therebetween).

5] FIG. 1 1 illustrates the concept of an amplitude sensiti ve damper based on micro-lattices that require a threshold stress to trigger buckling and energy absorption. For example, the micro-lattice damping material can. be used to build an acoustic switch or limiier or a vibration damper that only reacts to large vibrations or shocks/impacts while providing high stiffness and strength under normal operating conditions. In this aspect, the non-linear elastic behavior of the micro-lattice is used. Under low excitation pressure, the material acts linearly and passes most of the acoustic (or vibration) energy. At higher amplitudes the material begins to damp more significantly and shows larger absorption. Thus, the micro- lattice damping material enables amplitude specific damping due to the underlying buckling mechanism that requires a threshold stress to occur. Alternatively, conventional damping materials react to any amplitude.

[00096] This aspect could also be used to provide variable absorption as a function of the ambien t pressure, increased bias pressure on the structure will change the absorption, properties. Thus, the micro-lattice can be used as a damping material in the walls or components of aircraft or submarines that experience variable bias pressure on structures.

[00097] As mentioned earlier, the micro-lattice architecture can be optimized to maximum energy absorption. The cellular architecture can also be tuned to design the appropriate buckling strength depending on the application and loading conditions. For example, the compression and shear properties (modulus and strength) are h hl dependent on the lattice member angle. Therefore, for the same material (Ni-P) and density, the lattice member angle can be changed to either increase or decrease the buckling strength. Changing the lattice member angle can be

accomplished during the initial formation process by, for example, altering the angle of the collimated UV light as shown, in FIG. 3. [00098] FlGs. S.2A and 128 shows a constrained layer damper according to the principles of the present invention that can be applied for use in cars, planes, or any other structure that ca benefit from damping. Traditional constrained-layer damping is a mechanical engineering technique for suppression of vibration and typically includes a viscoelastic material that is sandwiched between two sheets of stiff .materials that lack sufficient damping by themselves. Instead of a viscoelastic layer and as shown in FIGs 12A and 2B, the viscoelastic layer is replaced ^'with a micro-lattice damping material 1200. Higher stiffness of the micro-lattice damping material 1200 fas compared to viscoelastic materials) result in higher energy absorption. In this example, the micro-lattice layer 1200 is sandwiched between the object to be dampened 1202 and a constraining layer 1204. As noted above, the object to be dampened 1.202 is any suitable object that can benefit f om damping, such as the exterior of an automobile, the exosiructure of a plane, etc. Alternatively, the

constraining layer 1204 is any material or layer (e.g., face sheet) that holds the micro-lattice layer 1200 against the object to be dampened 1202. As a non-limiting example, the constraining layer 1204 is a thin sheet of a stiff arid strong material (e.g., plastic, metal, etc.) to force the micro-lattice layer 1200 to deform (i.e., shear). t should be understood that although the term micro-lattice "layer" is used, the invention is not intended to be limited to a 'layer" as the micro-lattice can be formed in any suitable shape, such as a block, layer, post, etc. Further, the micro-lattice can be attached with or positioned between one or more face sheet (e.g., constraining layers).

[00099] A different architectare than measured in the DMA experiment may be desired for a constrained layer damper, specifically a structure thai undergoes buckling in shear. The micro-lattice material can potentially provide several advantages to existing viscoeiastic polymer based treatments. First, damping can be achieved across a broad temperature range including space and cryogenele environments (e.g. , less tha 100 degrees Celsius, etc.) which are currently limited to surface area friction techniques, such as particle damping.

[000100] Second, viscoeiastic materials with high loss factors are typically very soft. I order to increase the energy absorption of these materials in a panel damping application, a mechanical leverage component such as a spacer block; is placed between the panel and the viscoeiastic material. T is spacer block adds significant volume and mass to the damping treatment. By increasing the modulus of the micro-lattice using the aforementioned architectural parameters, this leverage component may be reduced or eliminated, thereby decreasing the mass and volume of treatments.

[0001 1] A a summary, the use of a micro-lattice damping material provide several advantages over existing damping materials. Several advantages are provided below. 102] Micro-lattice damping materials can be fabricated from metallic materials and exhibit high damping while retainin metallic properties including electric and thermal conductivity, environmental, stability, hig temperature capability (e.g., greater than 300 degrees Celsius), high stillness. For example, nickel micro-lattices have demonstrated a loss coefficient (tan For reference, a typical nickel foam with density between 3 and 4% has a loss coefficient of -0,01 -0,02. [000103] As another advantage over the prior art, micro- lattice damping

materials can be fabricated from ceramic materials (e.g., oxides, S13N4, SiC, diamond) and can be designed to exhibit high damping while also exhibi ting properties of the constituent ceramic, including oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, ultra-high temperature capability, i ezoe !ectrieity .

[000104] Additionally, metallic or ceramic micro-lattice damping materials can operate in large temperature ranges (e.g. -100 degrees Celsius to 500 Celsius for Ni-7%P₃ or over ranges greater than 200 degrees Celsius, etc. ) in contrast to conventional visco-elastic polymer dampers that are limited to a small temperature range around their glass transition temperature. i 05] Micro- lattice damping materials offer multifunctional opportunities due to their open cellular structure, for example tor simultaneous damping and active cooling or heating, damping and energ storage, damping and impact blast energy absorption, and others.

[000106] Further, micro-lattice damping materials can be designed to provide anisotropic damping properties. Selecting a unit cell that is not cubic (in the sense of Bravais lattice theory) typically results in anisotropic mechanical properties. For example, a tetragonal unit cell wit a truss angle of 60 degrees (as in one aspect) results in higher stiffness and strength in the longer direction (90 degrees) as compared to the two shorter directions (0 degrees). This anisotropy also affects the damping properties resulting in a higher damping efficiency in the 90 degree direction than in the 0 degree direction. The anisotropy can be increased by changing architectural parameters accordingly, for example, a steeper angle (70 degrees) increases the anisotropy. A material with high damping m one direction and low damping in another direction can be useful for certain applications. This is not possible with conventional solid damping materials, which are isotropic . ] Finally, micro-lattice damping materials are ultra light- weight. For example, metallic Ni~7%P micro-lattices with a density of 0.0J /cm^J have been demonstrated with a loss coefficient tan δ - 0.2 while viscoeiastic polymers can achieve loss coefficients close to 1 but have a density around l«/cm^'\ lOOx higher than micro-lattices.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A damping material, comprising:

a micro-lattice formed of a three-dimensional interconnected network of hollow tubes; and

wherein die hollow tubes are formed of a material and have a wall thicknes and a diameter, such that a wall thickness to diameter ratio is less than 38_v, where _v denotes a yield strai material property of the material forming the hollow tubes,

2. The damping material as set forth in Claim 1 , wherein the hollow tubes are formed of a material selected from a group consisting of metal, ceramic, and a polymer.

3. The damping material as set forth i Claim .1 , further comprising a

constraining layer attached to ^'the micro- lattice, with the micro-lattice being attached with an object to be dampened.

4. The damping material as set forth in Claim 1 , wherein the micro-lattice includes a damping coefficient (tanS) that is greater than 0.05.

5. The damping material as set forth in Claim 1, wherein the micro-lattice has a density smaller than 0.1 g/cra\

6. The damping material as set forth in Claim ί , further comprising two materials, with the micro-lattice being partially compressed between the two materials such that the micro-lattice is pre-loaded with strain.

7. The damping material as set forth in Claim 6, wherein the micro- lattice is preloaded to strains between 3% and 50%.

S. The damping material as set forth in Claim L wherein the micro-lattice has a density of !O mg/cm or less.

9. The damping material as set forth in Claim 1, wherein the micro-lattice operable for damping at temperatures greater than 300 degrees Celsius, lower than negative 100 degrees Celsius, or over temperature range exceeding 200 degrees Celsius.

10. The damping material as set forth in Claim I _s wherein the micro-lattice is attached to one or more face sheets.

1 1. A method for damping through repeatab!e energy absorption., composing acts of:

receiving a load in a micro-lattice having a network of interconnected hollow tubes, the load causin elastic buckling of the hollow tubes and/or nodes where the tube intersect; and

removing the load, resulting in the micro-lattice decompressing, whereby upon removing the load, the micro-lattice recovers its original shape,

12. The method as set forth in Claim 12, wherein the hollow tubes have a diameter between lOum and 10cm and a wall thickness to diameter ratio smaller tha 3 C_v, where E_v denotes the yield strain of the material comprising the tube walls.

13. A constrained layer damper, comprising:

a micro-lattice formed of a three -dimensional interconnected network of hollow tubes, the micro-lattice attached with an object to be dampened; and a constraining layer attached with the micro-lattice such that the micro-lattice is sandwiched between the object to be dampened and the constraining layer.

14. An amplitude selective damping material, comprising:

a micro-lattice that requires a threshold stress to trigger buckling and concomitant energy absorption.

1 . An anisotropic damping material, comprising:

a micro-lattice formed to provide anisotropic damping properties.

16. A damping material, comprising:

a micro-lattice fornied of a three-dimensional interconnected network of hollow tubes;

two layers of material, with the micro-lattice being partially compressed between the two layers such thai the micro-lattice is preloaded with strain.