CN105008759B - Crystallite lattice damping material and the repeatable method for absorbing energy - Google Patents
Crystallite lattice damping material and the repeatable method for absorbing energy Download PDFInfo
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- CN105008759B CN105008759B CN201480014452.3A CN201480014452A CN105008759B CN 105008759 B CN105008759 B CN 105008759B CN 201480014452 A CN201480014452 A CN 201480014452A CN 105008759 B CN105008759 B CN 105008759B
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- lattice
- crystallite lattice
- crystallite
- hollow tube
- damping
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
- B32B2307/304—Insulating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/51—Elastic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/54—Yield strength; Tensile strength
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/546—Flexural strength; Flexion stiffness
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/56—Damping, energy absorption
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- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
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- B32B2471/00—Floor coverings
- B32B2471/02—Carpets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2553/00—Packaging equipment or accessories not otherwise provided for
- B32B2553/02—Shock absorbing
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- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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- B32B2605/12—Ships
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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Abstract
The present invention describes a kind of crystallite lattice damping material and the repeatable method for absorbing energy.The crystallite lattice damping material is the porous material formed by the three-dimensional internet network of hollow tube.The material can work to provide high-damping, particularly sound, vibration or shock damping by using the energy absorbing mechanism of hollow tube buckling, this may be repeated by micro- crystal lattice framework.
Description
Government rights
The present invention is passed through under the U.S. government from readiness command of septic yanks and about No. W91CRB-10-0305
What governmental support was completed.Government enjoys certain right in the present invention.
Cross reference to related applications
This is entitled " the Micro-Lattice Damping Material and submitted on January 17th, 2013
The non-provisional hair of the U.S. Provisional Application 61/753,848 of Method for Repeatable Energy Absorption "
Bright patent application.
Background of invention
(1) technical field
The present invention relates to crystallite lattice, relate more specifically to crystallite lattice damping material and the repeatable method for absorbing energy.
(2) background technology
The present invention relates to the materials that can be used for damping (for example, acoustic damping and shock damping).Acoustic damping or net make an uproar are logical
Sound-absorbing is crossed more undisturbedly to manufacture the components such as machinery so as to which the sound shadow of these components is rung the process minimized.Sound-absorbing tradition
It is upper to be completed using porous material, such as open celled foam, fibrous material, woollen blanket and cloth.These porous materials are by interconnecting
The oscillation (air drag) of air molecule in hole absorbs acoustic energy.This mechanism is fundamentally different from the buckling used in the present invention
Mechanism, and damping is made to become frequency (absorbing at low frequencies weak) and the majorant of material thickness.In addition, close the hole
(for example, passing through paint) can reduce the effect of these conventional sound-absorbing materials.
Alternately, vibration damping is completed commonly using viscoelastic polymer.These materials are poly- by under stress
The reason of conjunction object chain, which slides, absorbs energy, this is viscous flow.The effect of viscoelastic polymer is highly dependent on temperature, therefore, glues
High-damping coefficient is only presented in elastomeric polymer in smaller temperature range (See Figure).Such consequence is property in extreme temperatures
It can poor or using the offer poorer performance in wide temperature window polymeric blends.
Therefore, repeat to absorb the damping material of big energy that there is lasting for providing high-damping coefficient and having the ability
Demand.
Invention content
The present invention relates to a kind of crystallite lattice, relate more specifically to a kind of crystallite lattice damping material and repeat absorb energy
Method.The present invention can work to provide by using the energy absorbing mechanism (such as providing by crystallite lattice) of hollow tube buckling
High-damping, particularly sound, vibration or shock damping.
The damping material is the crystallite lattice formed by the three-dimensional internet network of hollow tube.
In one aspect, the hollow tube is formed by material, and with wall thickness and diameter, the wall thickness and diameter
Ratio is less than 3 εy, wherein εyExpression forms the yield strain material property of the material of hollow tube.
On the other hand, a diameter of 10 μm~10cm of the hollow tube.
On the other hand, the hollow tube is by selecting the material in the group that free metal, ceramics and polymer form to be formed.
On the other hand, restraint layer is attached with the crystallite lattice, and the crystallite lattice can be connect with the object being damped.
On the other hand, the damped coefficient (tan δ) of the crystallite lattice is more than 0.05.
On the other hand, the density of the crystallite lattice is less than 0.1g/cm3。
On the other hand, the crystallite lattice be partially compressed between two kinds of materials so that the crystallite lattice be preloaded with should
Become.As non-limiting examples, the crystallite lattice are pre-loaded into 3%~50% strain.
On the other hand, the density of the crystallite lattice is 10mg/cm3Below.
On the other hand, the crystallite lattice adapt to the temperature more than 300 DEG C, the temperature less than -100 DEG C or more than
The temperature range of 200 DEG C of spans provides damping.
On the other hand, the crystallite lattice are pasted to one or more panels.
On the other hand, the present invention relates to a kind of method damped by repeatable energy absorption, including
Following steps：Load is received in the crystallite lattice of the network with interconnection hollow tube, and (load leads to hollow tube and/or described
The elastic buckling of the node of pipe infall)；It is loaded with removing, crystallite lattice is caused to depressurize, thus after removal loads, it is described micro-
Lattice restores its original-shape.
On the other hand, the present invention relates to constrained layer damping device, including being formed by the three-dimensional internet network of hollow tube
Crystallite lattice, the crystallite lattice and the object that is damped attach；And restraint layer, it is attached with the crystallite lattice so that described
Crystallite lattice are sandwiched between the object being damped and the restraint layer.
On the other hand, the present invention relates to a kind of amplitude selectivity damping material, draw including needing threshold stress
Send out the crystallite lattice of buckling and associated energy absorption.
On the other hand, the present invention relates to a kind of anisotropy damping materials, and anisotropy is provided including being formed as
The crystallite lattice of damping characteristic.
On the other hand, the damping material includes the crystallite lattice formed by the three-dimensional internet network of hollow tube and two
Material layer, the crystallite lattice are partially compressed between these two layers there so that the crystallite lattice are preloaded with strain.
Finally, the method the invention also includes being formed and using damping material as described herein.
Description of the drawings
Pass through the detailed description of the various aspects of the present invention referring to the following drawings, objects, features and advantages of the present invention
It will be evident that wherein：
Figure 1A is the schematic diagram of damper mechanism according to the principles of the present invention, describes hollow tube that is reversible and absorbing energy
Buckling；
Figure 1B is to show the compression of crystallite grid material be made of hollow tube array and the stress and strain of deenergized period
Chart illustrates energy absorption of the hollow tube in its buckling；
Fig. 2A is the diagram of crystallite lattice damping material；
Fig. 2 B are the diagrams of crystallite lattice damping material；
Fig. 3 is the diagram for the forming method for describing crystallite grid material；
Fig. 4 A are the diagrams of the crystallite lattice sample before compression；
Fig. 4 B are the diagrams of crystallite lattice sample, the sample of description compression 10%；
Fig. 4 C are the diagrams of crystallite lattice sample, the sample of description compression 50%；
Fig. 4 D are the schematic diagrames for describing the crystallite lattice sample after compressive load removes, and illustrate that the crystallite lattice restore it about
98.6% elemental height and restore its original-shape；
Fig. 4 E are optical imagery of the structure cell of crystallite lattice in unsupported or uncompressed state；
Fig. 4 F are the optical imagerys of structure cell, and description adapts to the structure cell of compression strain by the buckling on its node；
Fig. 4 G are scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the node before compression test；
Fig. 4 H are the SEM images of the node after the compression cycle of six 50% strains；
Fig. 5 A are to show the figure of stress-strain diagram that the regulation rate of displacement in 10 μm/second measures in micro- lattice compression
Table；
Fig. 5 B are to show rigidity and intensity how as recurring number starts to reduce then stable chart；
Fig. 5 C are the density and larger structure cell (L for showing to have 1mg/cc：4mm, D：500 μm, t：Before sample 120nm)
The chart of the stress-strain diagram of two compression cycles；
Fig. 5 D are to show 43mg/cc (L；1050 μm, D：150 μm, t：The ess-strain of the compression of sample 1400nm) is bent
The chart of line；
Fig. 5 E are the influences for showing the draw ratio t/D of wall thickness (t) and diameter (D) to Ni-7%P crystallite lattice compression behaviors
Chart；
Fig. 6 is to show that the compression DMA in frequency=1Hz and amplitude=5 μm tests Midst density=14mg/cm3" primary "
The damped coefficients (tan δ) of Ni-7%P crystallite lattice and strain are to the chart of normal force (preloading)；
Fig. 7 is to show to test Midst density=12mg/cm in the compression DMA of frequency=1Hz and three various amplitude3Precompressed
The damped coefficient of contracting Ni-7%P crystallite lattice is to the chart of strain；
Fig. 8 is the density~20mg/ shown in the shearing DMA experiments of frequency=1Hz and two different precompressed shrinkage strains
cm3Ni-7%P crystallite lattice damped coefficient and modulus of shearing to the chart of amplitude；
Fig. 9 be show density in the shearing DMA experiments of the different precompressed shrinkage strains of two various amplitudes and two~
20mg/cm3Ni-7%P crystallite lattice damped coefficient to the chart of frequency；
Figure 10 is to show chart of the crystallite lattice compared to the sound-absorbing of sound-absorbing foam；
Figure 11 is the diagram that description may realize amplitude selectivity damping by crystallite grid material, this is because threshold stress
It is necessary for causing buckling and associated energy absorption；
Figure 12 A are the diagrams of constrained layer damping in accordance with the principles of the present invention setting, which depict it is static when damping setting；
Figure 12 B are the diagrams when object that description is damped is hit, which deform material and cut in the intermediate layer
Become.
Specific embodiment
The present invention relates to a kind of crystallite lattice, relate more specifically to a kind of crystallite lattice damping material and repeat absorb energy
Method.Description presented below can be such that those of ordinary skill in the art complete and using the present invention, and be incorporated into specifically should
With in environment.It is various remodeling and different application in variety of applications it will become apparent to those skilled in the art that
Generic principles defined herein can be applied to extensive embodiment.Therefore, the present invention is not intended to limit the implementation in proposition
Mode, and it is to fit to the widest range consistent with principle disclosed herein and new feature.
In the following discussion, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide the more thorough understanding to the present invention.However, this
Field technology personnel are readily apparent that the present invention can implement to be not necessarily limited to these details.In other cases, in order to prevent
The fuzzy present invention, well known structure and equipment are shown in block diagram form rather than are shown specifically.
Reader will note that submitted simultaneously with this specification and all papers open to the public together with this specification and
Document, and the content of all these papers and document is all incorporated herein by reference.All spies disclosed in the present specification
Sign can be provided the alternative features of identical, equivalent or similar purpose (including any appended claims, abstract and attached drawing)
It is substituted, unless expressly stated otherwise,.Therefore, unless expressly stated otherwise, each disclosed feature is only that a large family is equal
An or example of similar features.
In addition, such as 35U.S.C.Section 112, specified in Paragraph 6, do not clearly indicated that in claim
Any element of " means " that perform predetermined function or " step " that performs concrete function is understood not to " means " or " step
Suddenly clause ".Specifically, " step " and " action " is used to be not intended to start 35U.S.C.112 in the claims herein,
The regulation of Paragraph 6.
If note that use, label left, right, front and rear, top, bottom, forward direction, reversely, only go out clockwise and anticlockwise
It is used in convenient purpose, is not intended to imply any specific fixed-direction.On the contrary, they are the differences for reflecting object
Relative position and/or direction between part.
Before describing the present invention in detail, brief introduction provides the substantially understanding to the present invention to reader first.Then, this is provided
The detail of invention is to provide the understanding to specific aspect.
(1) brief introduction
The present invention relates to crystallite lattice, relate more specifically to crystallite lattice damping material and the repeatable energy that absorbs (by reversible
Deformation) method.The example that can be used as the appropriate crystallite lattice of the damping material according to the present invention describes to carry within 13rd in August in 2012
The U.S. of entitled " the Ultra-light Micro-Lattices and a Method for Forming the Same " that hands over
It in the non-provisional patent application of state 13/584,108, is incorporated herein by reference, as illustrated completely herein.Using this micro-
Lattice structure, the present invention can work by using the energy absorbing mechanism (as provided by crystallite lattice) of hollow tube buckling
To provide high-damping, particularly sound, vibration or shock damping.
Described below is that the structure of example crystallite lattice damping material and these materials absorb energy in repeated loading
Method.Briefly, the present invention needs the three-dimensional lattice structure with the interconnection hollow tube of high-damping or loss coefficient.One solely
Special aspect is the energy absorption of the elastic buckling of the node by hollow tube and/or pipe intersection, is fundamentally different from
Conventional damper mechanism, and available for sound, vibration and shock damping.Importantly, crystallite lattice are in the one small of other materials weight
Damping effectiveness is also achieved in the case of part.For example, acoustic measurement has been proven that the crystallite lattice sound absorption properties similar to foam
Can, but its weight is 1/5th of foam.Therefore, in one aspect, the invention allows to design to have to gather with viscoplasticity
The advantages of closing the similar metal of damping characteristic of object or ceramic microcrystalline grid material, while keeping metal or ceramics, such as temperature is not
Sensibility (compared to only 20 DEG C~30 DEG C ranges of viscoelastic material), environmental stability, high specific stiffness and intensity.
The material can be used as shock absorber, more considerably thinner than conventional shock absorber lighter.In addition, for example, its can be used as subtract
Shake device is used in automobile inhibit sound and provide surge protection.On the other hand, especially by relatively low weight, compared with
Low temperature dependency and multi-functional characteristic (for example, vibration damping and heating/cooling simultaneously), can be used as constrained layer damping device to press down
The vibrations of aircraft or gyroplane fuselage processed.On the other hand, can be used as high temperature damper, can realize close to usually as
The internal combustion engine in source and the acoustics of turbogenerator and vibration damping.In space using upper, using the recoverable of lattice
Deformability and as the vibration that can dispose or shock damping device.On the other hand, crystallite lattice can be used as Spacecraft Launch mistake
The cushion pad of frangible payload in journey, alternatively, on the other hand, can be used as submerged applications (such as ship and
Submarine) shock absorber.Accordingly, it will be understood that the unique property of crystallite lattice makes it can be used in various damping applications.
(2) detail
As described above, the present invention relates to crystallite lattice damping materials and relevant damper mechanism.As shown in FIG. 1A and 1B, institute
State the energy absorption that damper mechanism is based upon the elastic buckling of hollow tube.Particularly, Figure 1A describes the resistance of hollow tube 100
Buddhist nun's mechanism, it is illustrated that apply to the power 102 of hollow tube 100, and show hollow tube buckling that is reversible and absorbing energy.In order to
It further understands, Figure 1B is the chart for illustrating energy absorption of the hollow tube 100 in its buckling.
Although Figure 1A shows single hollow tube 100, as shown in Figure 2 A and 2B, it should be understood that the present invention includes forming crystallite lattice
The three-dimensional lattice structure of the interconnection hollow tube of damping material 200.Particularly, Fig. 2A and Fig. 2 B show crystallite lattice damping material 200
Two examples.Any appropriate technology can be used to be formed for the crystallite lattice damping material shown in Fig. 2A and Fig. 2 B, the technology
Non-limiting examples describe in U. S. application 13/584,108.As described above, the crystallite lattice 200 have high-damping or damage
Coefficient is lost, and available for sound, vibration and shock damping.
The damping material can be formed by metal or ceramic microcrystalline grid material (or any other suitable material), the metal
Or ceramic microcrystalline grid material have the damping characteristic similar to viscoelastic polymer, while keep metal or ceramics the advantages of, such as
Temperature-insensitive, environmental stability, high specific stiffness and intensity.For example, W metal -7%P crystallite lattice damping materials have shown that damage
Coefficient tan δ=0.2 is consumed, it is 10 times higher than usual foam nickel.Such material by by Ni-7%P shallow layers chemical plating to poly-
Close on object crystallite grid template and is formed (as described in U. S. application 13/584,108 in figure 3 described in).
As shown in figure 3, the example of crystallite lattice damping material 200 is manufactured with self- propagating photopolymer guide technology, by
This makes suitable liquid photoreactive monomer 300 be exposed to the parallel UV light 302 across pattern mask 304, generates the three of interconnection
Tie up photopolymer lattice 306.The non-limiting examples of suitable liquid photoreactive monomer 300 are thiol-ene resins.
In this approach, can be made by changing the angle of 304 pattern of mask and incident light with 0.1~>In the range of 10mm
Structure cell large-scale different frameworks.As non-limiting examples, the framework can generate the lattice member of 1mm~4mm
The wall thickness t and 60 ° of tiltangleθ of length L, 100 μm~500 μm of lattice member's diameter D, 100nm~500nm, are similar to
In the crystallite lattice of Fig. 2A and Fig. 2 B descriptions.
It should be noted that polymer lattice 306 is open type stephanoporate template.After polymer lattice 306 is generated, in polymer
Deposition film (for example, conformal nickel-phosphor film) on lattice 306.
When coating (that is, deposition) lattice 306 (that is, template) with material membrane, any suitable deposition technique can be used
The template is coated, the non-limiting examples of deposition technique include electroless 308, electrophoretic deposition, chemical vapor deposition, physics gas
Mutually deposition, atomic layer deposition, liquid deposition or sol-gel deposition.For nickel coating, the effect of electroless is good, and electrophoresis
Deposition is good for the effect of multicomponent alloy (for example, steel).Chemical and physical vapor deposition is respectively for diamond
It is good with the effect of titanium nitride, and atomic layer deposition is good for the effect of silica.Above-mentioned deposition technique also can be as needed
It is used together with ceramic material.
Thereafter, it is (by chemical etching or mildly micro- without destroying enough that 310 are then then etched to the polymer
Any other suitable etching technique of lattice).Etchant is necessary for selective relative to template and coating material, that is, mould
Plate etch-rate needs the etch-rate for being substantially faster than coating.For the nickel coating in mercaptan-alkene template, sodium hydroxide solution is
A kind of desired etchant.Organic solution, plasma etching, thermal cracking or other etchants are to have for other materials combination
Profit.It is freeze-dried the frangible crystallite lattice for being deformed when being removed from solution by capillary force.
In an example, the reaction of self-catalysis plated with electroless nickel can be deposited in complicated shape and endoporus with controlled
The film of thickness, without apparent mass transfer and limit.By controlling the reaction time, the wall thickness of 100nm can be obtained, is kept simultaneously
Uniform conformal coating.Three-dimensional deposition nano-level thin-membrane is substantially converted into basis of formation by the crystallite grid material 200 of gained
Structural element is the macroscopic material (as shown in Figure 1) of hollow tube.It should be noted that any conjunction can be deposited on polymer lattice 306
Suitable material, non-limiting examples include nickel, zinc, chromium, tin, copper, gold and silver, platinum, rhodium, aluminium, ceramics (including diamond, eka-gold
Hard rock carbon, aluminium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride), polymer
(including Parylene) or combination thereof or alloy, including multiple layers of different materials.
In one non-limiting example, transmission electron microscope (TEM) discloses the electroless nickel plating film of deposition original sample
It is nanocrystalline with~7nm grain sizes.It is 7% by weight that energy dispersion X-ray spectrum, which confirms that the composition of deposit is,
Phosphorus and 93% nickel.It does not anneal after being deposited due to film, remains mistake of the phosphorus in face-centered cubic (fcc) nickel lattice is crystallized
Saturated solid solution, wherein there is no Ni3P is precipitated.7nm grain sizes cause electroless nickel plating film compared to conventional nanometer or micron
Crystal nickel is harder and more crisp.The hardness of 6GPa and the modulus of 210GPa are measured by nano impress and hollow tube compression.
Crystallite lattice with these extra-low densities show unique mechanical behavior.It is shown for the compression test of crystallite lattice
Restore from the strain more than 50%.
Fig. 4 A to Fig. 4 D provide the 400 (L of crystallite lattice sample of 14mg/cc during compression verification：1050 μm, D：150 μm,
t：Image 500nm), while Fig. 5 A disclose the corresponding stress-strain song measured under the regulation rate of displacement of 10 μm/second
Line.In these trials, sample does not attach to panel or compression pressing plate at the bottom or top.Fig. 4 A describe micro- before compressing
Lattice sample 400.As shown in Figure 4 B, after the first second compression, which shows the compression modulus of 529kPa, with originating in
The linear elasticity behavior of 10kPa stress has deviation.Stress with after buckling and the relevant peak value of node cleavage event slightly have under
Drop then as buckling and the node cleavage event of localization are by lattice diffusion, is formed wide flat in load-deformation curve
Platform.Fig. 4 C show the crystallite lattice under 50% compression.After removal load, stress declines rapidly, but keeps off 0, until pressure
Plate is close to the position of original.After unloading, crystallite lattice are restored to the 98.6% of its original height, and restore its original-shape
(as shown in Figure 4 D).In order to further illustrate Fig. 4 E to Fig. 4 H provide crystallite lattice sample and are compressed to the image of recovery from it.More
Specifically, Fig. 4 E are optical imagery of the structure cell of crystallite lattice under non-loaded or uncompressed state.Fig. 4 F are the optical pictures of structure cell
Picture, how which depict structure cells by the buckling at node adapts to compression strain.Fig. 4 G are the scanning of the node before testing
Electron microscope (SEM) image, and Fig. 4 H are the SEM images of the node after the compression cycle of six 50% strains.
It is interesting that it is never repeated in subsequent test corresponding to the stress-strain behavior of the 1st cycle.On the contrary,
During two compressions, there is no peak stress, and " puppet hardening " behavior change, but the stress level reached when 50% strains is only
Low 10% than after first circulation.Continuous compression cycle shows the load-deformation curve almost the same with the second compression.
As shown in Figure 5 B, rigidity and intensity are reduced, but almost unchanged (such as Fig. 5 B institutes after third cycle with recurring number
Show).In compression test, crystallite lattice show significant lag, allow to measure energy absorption, first circulation is estimated
For 2.2mJ.After three cycles, by the way that the gross energy needed for the energy of absorption divided by compression is calculated nearly constant energy
Loss coefficient is~0.4.
Fig. 5 C show density and larger structure cell (L with 1mg/cc：4mm, D：500 μm, t：Before sample 120nm)
The load-deformation curve of two compression cycles, shows the similar behavior of the different crystallite lattice in extremely-low density mechanism.Increase
Encryption degree and wall thickness can be eventually led to for the more typical compression behavior of metal polyporous material.Fig. 5 D show 43mg/cc's
Sample (L：1050 μm, D：150 μm, t：The compression of sample 1400nm)：Pay attention to extensive from the strain after 50% strain removal load
It is substantially absent from again.
Deformation is shown in the optical check of the super slight lattice during deformation by the Brazier bucklings at node to cause
(as shown in Fig. 4 E and 4F).Crackle and fold are main when 50% compresses is shown to further check of crystallite lattice by SEM
It is introduced at node.This damage be after the first compression cycle 1%~2% overstrain observed and then compression follow
The reason of yield strength and elasticity modulus reduce in ring.Once stable alleviation crack is formed at node, then block crystallite lattice
Material can be subjected to larger compression strain without bearing further fracture or plastic deformation in solid nickel-phosphate material, so as to
Show the reversible compression behavior shown in Fig. 4 A to Fig. 5 D.It is obvious that the minimum length of hollow pipe thickness and pipe diameter
Diameter ratio carries out larger rotation without accumulating significant plasticity, almost complete by the way that trussmember is made to surround remaining node ligament
It plays a key effect in the deformation restorability in portion.Increasing this draw ratio causes excessively to be broken the damage with recoverable deformational behavior
It loses (as shown in Figure 5 D).Quasistatic compression experiment show from more than 50% strain recoverable deformation and by stress-should
The large energy that lag in varied curve embodies absorbs.
The influence of draw ratio t/D (hollow pipe thickness/diameter) further illustrates which results in following leather in Fig. 5 E
Newly：Approximate or less than material yield strain draw ratio t/D is to realize the pseudo- super-elasticity row being connected with the elastic buckling of hollow tube
It is desirable.As non-limiting examples, hollow tube has following wall thickness and diameter so that the ratio of wall thickness and diameter
Less than 3 εy(that is, 3 are multiplied by εy), wherein εyExpression forms the yield strain material property of the material of hollow tube.It is micro- for Ni-7%P
Lattice, for example, for reversible deformation (buckling) and high-damping, t/D must be approximate or less than 0.01, and strong by measuring surrender
To spend for 2500MPa and Young's modulus be 210GPa, it has been determined that the yield strain of Ni-7%P is 0.012.For different materials
(such as copper), yield strain are different.In the case of copper, yield strain is 0.0034, therefore hollow tube draw ratio t/D must
Must be approximate or realize reversible deformation and high-damping less than 0.0034.How the mechanism and different materials of reversible buckling carry out
It is recorded in Kevin J.Maloney, Christopher S.Roper, Alan J.Jacobsen, William in more detail
B.Carter,Lorenzo Valdevit et al.,in“Microlattices as architected thin films:
Analysis of mechanical properties and high strain elastic recovery,”APL
Mater,1,022106(2013)；doi:10.1063/1.4818168, it is incorporated herein by reference, as explained completely herein
It states.
Although it is for viscoelastic polymer foam and carbon nano tube bundle with Fig. 5 A similar load-deformation curves presented
Typically, but it is no precedent for metal group material.In view of the relatively brittle property of constituent material, this mechanical row
To allow very much people surprised.
However, the crystallite lattice show entirely different mass property：Porous framework, by realizing enough deformations certainly
By with the tolerance (for example being formed in the alleviation crack stablized during the compression cycle of repetition) to local train, while still make structure
It is maintained at and is consistent, frangible film characteristics are converted into ductility and hyperelastic lattice behavior.Therefore, porous material framework
Material property can fundamentally be changed and generate the extension of function on block scale and function super-elasticity.
In order to further illustrate Fig. 6 to Fig. 9 illustrates the dynamic mechanical analysis to sample crystallite lattice (as shown in Figure 2)
(DMA) result.More specifically, Fig. 6 is to show that the compression DMA in frequency=1Hz and amplitude=5 μm tests Midst density=14mg/
cm3" primary " Ni-7%P crystallite lattice damped coefficient (tan δ) and strain to the chart of normal force (preloading).As an alternative,
Fig. 7 is to show to test Midst density=12mg/cm in the compression DMA of frequency=1Hz and three various amplitude3Precommpression Ni-7%
The damped coefficient of P crystallite lattice is to the chart of strain.In addition, Fig. 8 is shown in frequency=1Hz and two different precompressed shrinkage strain
Shear density~20mg/cm in DMA experiments3Ni-7%P crystallite lattice damped coefficient and modulus of shearing to the chart of amplitude.
Finally, Fig. 9 is the density~20mg/ shown in the shearing DMA experiments of two various amplitudes and two different precompressed shrinkage strains
cm3Ni-7%P crystallite lattice damped coefficient to the chart of frequency.
DMA is measured in compression and shearing, and nickel crystallite lattice are (for example, node is to node spacing：1mm, diameter~150 μm, purlin
Frame angle=60 °, wall thickness=0.3 μm~0.5 μm) damped coefficient (tan δ) be at most 0.22.As reference, relative density exists
The loss coefficient of the typical froth nickel of (density of 0.24~0.32g/cc) is~0.01-0.02 between 3%~4%.
As described above, the crystallite lattice also achieve acoustic damping.In order to confirm the acoustic capability of crystallite lattice, in Br ü el＆Sound-absorbing measurement is carried out in acoustical testing pipe, result is shown in Fig. 10.Although crystallite grid material is larger and all due to its
The porosity of phase property and it is quite penetrating to sound wave, but when being connected to in the structure of panel, can be very good to inhale
Quiet down sound.As observed in DMA experiments, by the way that the strain of crystallite lattice structure compresses to 3%~5% is preloaded crystallite lattice
So that absorption coefficient raising, this is because damping capacity improves.
As shown in Figure 10, in the frequency range of measure, the crystallite lattice 1000 that density is 8mg/cc are (with panel and in advance
Carry (for example, being partially compressed at two between other materials or layer)) sound absorption qualities with have same thickness density be
The sound-absorbing foam 1002 of 38mg/cc is suitable.For example, damping material can include crystallite lattice and two other materials or layer (for example,
The object and restraint layer (as shown in figure 12) that are damped or two restraint layers that crystallite lattice are clipped in the middle).
Figure 11 is shown causes the resistance of the amplitude sensibility of the crystallite lattice of buckling and energy absorption based on threshold stress is needed
The design of Buddhist nun's device.For example, the crystallite lattice damping material can be used for construction only to have reaction to larger vibration or vibrations/impact simultaneously
The acoustics switch or limiter or vibration damper of high rigidity and intensity are provided in normal working conditions.In this respect, it uses
The non-linear elasticity of crystallite lattice.Under low Activate pressure, material, which linearly works and transmits most of sound, (or to shake
It is dynamic) energy.In higher amplitude, material starts significantly more to damp and show the absorption of bigger.Therefore, because need threshold value
The potential buckling mechanism that stress just occurs, the crystallite lattice damping material can realize that amplitude specificity damps.In addition, conventional resistance
Damping material has reaction for any amplitude.
It can be used for providing the variable absorption as environmental pressure function in this respect.Bias in structure, which increases to change, to be absorbed
Characteristic.Therefore, crystallite lattice can be used as the damping being subjected in structure in the aircraft of variable bias or the siding of submarine or component
Material.
As previously mentioned, micro- lattice structure can be optimized to maximize energy absorption.It also can be according to application and load bar
Part adjusts porous framework to design appropriate buckling strength.For example, compression and shear property (modulus and intensity) are highly dependent on
Lattice member angle.Therefore, for same material (Ni-P) and density, it is strong to improve or reduce buckling that lattice member angle can be changed
Degree.The change at lattice member angle can be completed in initial forming process, such as by changing the parallel UV shown in Fig. 3
The angle of light.
Figure 12 A and 12B show constrained layer damping device in accordance with the principles of the present invention, can be applied to automobile, aircraft or can
It benefits from the other structures of damping.Conventional constrained layer damping is a kind of for inhibiting the mechanical engineering technology of vibration, and
Generally include the viscoelastic material being clipped between two panels rigid material (its own lacks enough dampings).As viscoelastic layer
It substitutes, and as described in Figure 12 A and Figure 12 B, the viscoelastic layer is replaced with crystallite lattice damping material 1200.Crystallite lattice damping material
1200 high rigidity leads to higher energy absorption (compared with viscoelastic material).In this example, crystallite compartment 1200 is wrapped
It is clipped between the object 1202 being damped and restraint layer 1204.As described above, the object 1202 being damped can be benefited from
The arbitrary objects of damping, for example, motor vehicle outer surface, the shell mechanism etc. of aircraft.In addition, restraint layer 1204 is to maintain crystallite lattice
Layer 1200 leans against any materials or layer (for example, panel) on the object 1202 being damped.As non-limiting examples, it is described about
Beam layer 1204 is the thin slice of hard and firm material (for example, plastics, metal etc.), crystallite lattice 1200 to be forced to deform (that is, cutting
Become).Although should be understood that using term crystallite lattice " layer ", due to crystallite lattice can with any suitable shape (e.g., block,
Layer, bar etc.) it is formed, the present invention is not intended to be limited to " layer ".In addition, the crystallite lattice can be with one or more panels (for example, about
Beam layer) it attaches or between one or more of panels.
The different frameworks measured in being tested with DMA may be desired for constrained layer damping device, particularly shear
The middle structure for carrying out buckling.The crystallite grid material can provide the existing processing based on viscoelastic polymer several potential excellent
Point.First, damping can be realized in very wide in range temperature range, including current limitations in surface region friction techniques (such as particle
Damping) space and low temperature environment (for example, less than 100 DEG C etc.).
Secondly, the viscoelastic material with high loss factor is generally very soft.It is hindered to increase these materials in panel
Energy absorption in Buddhist nun's application places mechanical lever component, such as spacer block between panel and viscoelastic material.This spacer block
Significant volume and quality are increased for impedance bundary.It, can by increase using the modulus of the crystallite lattice of foregoing structure parameter
This lever part is reduced or eliminated, so as to reduce the quality of processing and volume.
To sum up, the use of crystallite lattice damping material provide it is several be more than existing damping material the advantages of.It is presented below several
A advantage.
Crystallite lattice damping material can be manufactured by metal material, and showed high-damping and retained metallic character simultaneously, including conductance
Property and thermal conductance, environmental stability, high temperature capabilities (for example, more than 300 DEG C), high rigidity.For example, nickel crystallite lattice have shown that damage
Lose coefficient (tan δ)=0.2.As reference, the loss coefficient of typical froth nickel of the density between 3%~4% is~0.01-
0.02。
As another advantage more than the prior art, crystallite lattice damping material can by ceramic material (for example, oxide,
Si3N4, SiC, diamond) manufacture, and be designed to show high-damping, while also show that the characteristic of ingredient ceramics, including resistance to
Oxidisability, corrosion resistance, superhigh temperature ability and piezoelectricity.
In addition, it is damped with the conventional viscoelastic polymer of small temperature range being confined near its glass transition temperature
Device is compared, and metal or ceramic microcrystalline lattice damping material can be in big temperature ranges (for example, being -100 DEG C~500 for Ni-7%P
DEG C or in range more than 200 DEG C of spans etc.) work.
Crystallite lattice damping material provides multi-functional chance due to its open porous structure, for example, damping simultaneously
It is absorbed etc. with active cooling or heating, damping and energy storage, damping and impact/explosion energy.
In addition, crystallite lattice damping material is designed to provide anisotropy damping characteristic.Select the structure cell of non-cubic
(on Bravais lattice theory significance) generally results in anisotropy mechanical characteristic.For example, truss angle for 60 degree (such as at one
In aspect) tetragonal cell higher rigidity and intensity on than two shorter directions (0 degree) are generated in longer direction (90 degree).
This anisotropy also influences damping characteristic so that the damping effect higher on 90 degree of directions on than 0 degree direction.Phase can be passed through
Ground is answered, which to change configuration parameters, can increase anisotropy, for example, (70 degree) increase anisotropy of steeper angle.In one direction
With high-damping, the material with low resistance is useful in some applications in the other direction.This is for conventional solid
Body damping material (it is isotropic) is impossible.
Finally, crystallite lattice damping material is Ultralight.For example, density is 0.01g/cm3W metal -7%P crystallite lattice
Show loss coefficient tan δ=0.2, and viscoelastic polymer can reach the loss coefficient close to 1, but density is 1g/cm3, this
It is 100 times higher than crystallite lattice.
Claims (13)
1. a kind of damping material, including：
The crystallite lattice formed by the three-dimensional internet network of hollow tube；And
Wherein, the hollow tube is formed by material, and has wall thickness and diameter, and the ratio of the wall thickness and diameter is less than εy,
Wherein εyExpression forms the yield strain material property of the material of the hollow tube,
Wherein, the damping material further includes two kinds of materials, and the crystallite lattice are partially compressed between described two materials, make
Obtain the strain that the crystallite lattice are pre-loaded into 3%~50%.
2. damping material as described in claim 1, wherein, the hollow tube is by selecting free metal, ceramics and polymer to form
Group in material formed.
3. damping material as described in claim 1, further include the restraint layer for being pasted to the crystallite lattice, the crystallite lattice with
The object being damped attaches.
4. damping material as described in claim 1, wherein, the damped coefficient (tan δ) of the crystallite lattice is more than 0.05.
5. damping material as described in claim 1, wherein, the density of the crystallite lattice is less than 0.1g/cm3。
6. damping material as described in claim 1, wherein, the density of the crystallite lattice is 10mg/cm3Below.
7. damping material as described in claim 1, wherein, the crystallite lattice more than 300 DEG C temperature, less than -100 DEG C
Temperature or can work in the temperature range more than 200 DEG C of spans is damped.
8. damping material as described in claim 1, wherein, the crystallite lattice are pasted to one or more panels.
9. a kind of method damped by repeatable energy absorption, includes the following steps：
In the network with interconnection hollow tube and it is preloaded with reception load, the crystallite lattice in the crystallite lattice of 3%~50% strain
3%~50% strain is preloaded between two kinds of materials by being partially compressed, the load leads to the hollow tube
And/or the elastic buckling of the node of the pipe infall；With
Load is removed, crystallite lattice is caused to depressurize, so as to which after removal loads, the crystallite lattice restore its original-shape；
Wherein, the hollow tube has wall thickness and diameter so that the ratio of wall thickness and diameter is less than εy, wherein εyRepresent shape
Into the yield strain material property of the material of the hollow tube.
10. method as claimed in claim 9, wherein, a diameter of 10 μm~10cm of the hollow tube.
11. a kind of constrained layer damping device, including：
The crystallite lattice formed by the three-dimensional internet network of hollow tube, the crystallite lattice and the object being damped attach；And
Restraint layer is attached with the crystallite lattice so that the crystallite lattice are sandwiched in the object being damped and the constraint
Between layer, the crystallite lattice are pre-loaded into 3%~50% strain；
Wherein, the hollow tube has wall thickness and diameter so that the ratio of wall thickness and diameter is less than εy, wherein εyRepresent shape
Into the yield strain material property of the material of the hollow tube.
12. a kind of amplitude selectivity damping material, including：
Threshold stress is needed to cause the crystallite formed by the three-dimensional internet network of hollow tube of buckling and associated energy absorption
Lattice,
Wherein, the hollow tube has wall thickness and diameter so that the ratio of wall thickness and diameter is less than εy, wherein εyRepresent shape
Into the yield strain material property of the material of the hollow tube,
Wherein, the damping material further includes two kinds of materials, and the crystallite lattice are partially compressed between described two materials, make
Obtain the strain that the crystallite lattice are pre-loaded into 3%~50%.
13. a kind of anisotropy damping material, including：
Be formed as providing the crystallite lattice of anisotropy damping characteristic by the three-dimensional internet network of hollow tube,
Wherein, the hollow tube has wall thickness and diameter so that the ratio of wall thickness and diameter is less than εy, wherein εyRepresent shape
Into the yield strain material property of the material of the hollow tube,
Wherein, the damping material further includes two kinds of materials, and the crystallite lattice are partially compressed between described two materials, make
Obtain the strain that the crystallite lattice are pre-loaded into 3%~50%.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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| US201361753848P | 2013-01-17 | 2013-01-17 | |
| US61/753,848 | 2013-01-17 | ||
| PCT/US2014/011715 WO2014168662A2 (en) | 2013-01-17 | 2014-01-15 | Microlattice damping material and method for repeatable energy absorption |
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| Country | Link |
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| US9759286B1 (en) | 2016-11-30 | 2017-09-12 | Newtonoid Technologies, L.L.C. | Damping adhesive |
| TWI607032B (en) * | 2017-01-18 | 2017-12-01 | 美樺興業股份有限公司 | Three - dimensional porous structure of parylene |
| CN112497856B (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2023-03-03 | 中国人民解放军陆军勤务学院 | Multistage series connection column cell body impact load energy absorption structure |
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| US5472760A (en) * | 1993-06-25 | 1995-12-05 | W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | Vehicle insulation |
| ES2340159T3 (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2010-05-31 | Mondragon Soluciones, S.L.U. | TOP COVER FOR APPLIANCES AND MANUFACTURING PROCEDURE OF THE SAME. |
| KR101346873B1 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2014-01-02 | 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니 | Structured films having acoustical absorbance properties |
| EP1955899A1 (en) * | 2007-02-12 | 2008-08-13 | Rieter Technologies AG | Constrained layer damping for vehicle |
| US9415562B1 (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2016-08-16 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | Ultra-light micro-lattices and a method for forming the same |
| FI127245B (en) * | 2016-07-11 | 2018-02-15 | Forciot Oy | Force and / or pressure sensor |
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2014
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- 2014-01-15 CN CN201480014452.3A patent/CN105008759B/en active Active
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| Concepts for enhanced energy absorption using hollow micro-lattices;A.G.Evans et al;《International Journal of Impact Engineering》;20100411(第37期);全文 * |
| Microlattices as architected thin films: Analysis of mechanical properties and high;Kevin J. Maloney et al;《American Institute of Physics 》;20130813;第1页第1段至第12页最后一段，图1-19 * |
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| CN105008759A (en) | 2015-10-28 |
| EP2946127A2 (en) | 2015-11-25 |
| WO2014168662A4 (en) | 2015-02-12 |
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