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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
  • A61K31/341—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide not condensed with another ring, e.g. ranitidine, furosemide, bufetolol, muscarine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/12—Antidiarrhoeals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• Diarrhea is a common condition characterized by increased frequency or fluidity of bowel movements. Diarrhea may cause dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities that may require hospitalization to replace lost fluids and electrolytes until the symptoms subside. Persistent, uncontrolled diarrhea can cause such severe malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances and dehydration that it may ultimately result in death. Acute diarrhea is usually treated with fluid and electrolyte
• Acute diarrhea complications may cause severe illness, especially in high-risk groups, for example patients with underlying immunosuppression or advanced age.
• Antidiarrheal treatment is also required in patients with chronic diarrhea.
• Empiric therapies routinely used for chronic diarrhea include: stool-modifying agents (such as psyllium and fiber), anticholinergic agents, opiates, antibiotics, and probiotics.
• Chronic diarrhea may be a symptom of a chronic disease, for example
• IBS irritable bowel syndrome
• H1 and H2 receptor antagonists are two classes of antihistamines.
• Newer H1 receptor antagonists such as cetirizine, are referred to as second-generation H1 receptor antagonists, and are more selective for peripheral H1 receptors than first-generation H1 receptor antagonist, which antagonize both the central and peripheral nervous system H1 receptors as well as cholinergic receptors.
• the selectivity significantly reduces the occurrence of adverse drug reactions, such as sedation, while still providing effective relief of allergic conditions.
• H2 receptor antagonists are used primarily to treat symptoms of acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease. H2 receptor antagonists reduce the production of stomach acid. Often diarrhea is listed as a major side effect of H2 receptor antagonists.
• Diphenhydramine a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist, together with either cimetidine or ranitidine, H2 receptor antagonists, have been studied for the treatment of acute allergic reactions.
• H1 receptor antagonists a first-generation H1 receptor antagonist, together with either cimetidine or ranitidine, H2 receptor antagonists.
• the present invention is a method of treating diarrhea in a patient, comprising administering an H1 receptor antagonist and an H2 receptor antagonist to the patient.
• the H1 receptor antagonist comprises cetirizine and the H2 receptor antagonist comprises famotidine.
• the present invention is a method of treating diarrhea in a patient, comprising administering an H1 receptor antagonist and an H2 receptor antagonist to the patient.
• the H2 receptor antagonist is not ranitidine.
• the present invention is a method of treating diarrhea in a patient, comprising administering an H1 receptor antagonist and an H2 receptor antagonist to the patient.
• the present invention is a method of treating diarrhea in a patient, comprising administering an H1 receptor antagonist and an H2 receptor antagonist to the patient.
• the patient does not have mastocytic enterocolitis.
• the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treating diarrhea, comprising an H1 receptor antagonist, and an H2 receptor antagonist.
• the H2 receptor antagonist is not ranitidine
• the pharmaceutical composition is an oral dosage form.
• the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treating diarrhea, comprising an H1 receptor antagonist, and an H2 receptor antagonist.
• the H1 receptor antagonist is not diphenhydramine.
• the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treating diarrhea in a patient, comprising an H1 receptor antagonist, and an H2 receptor antagonist. Preferalby, the patient does not have mastocytic enterocolitis.
• the present invention is use of an H1 receptor antagonist and an H2 receptor antagonist for the preparation of a medicament for treating a patient having diarrhea.
• chronic diarrhea is ongoing diarrhea for more than 4 weeks.
• unit dosage form means a single pre-measured dose
• FIG. 1 illustrates participants and responses by treatment group of an IBS-D study.
• the present invention makes use of the discovery that administering an H1 receptor antagonist and an H2 receptor antagonist to a patient, results in a significant reduction or cessation of diarrhea. Applicant discovered that the combination of an H1 receptor antagonist and an H2 receptor antagonist
• a positive responder is identified as having a 50% or more reduction in the number of stools per day or a change in stool formation from liquid to solid. No adverse reactions or events were reported.
• a control group was treated with fiber (Metamucyl®) and an anticholinergic (Bentyl®); positive responders in the control group were less than 25%.
• a third drug 200 mg/10 mL of cromolyn sodium (a mast cell mediator release inhibitor) was given 4 times daily for 4 to 6 weeks. The patients were followed for resolution, improvement, or persistence of symptoms. The patients who did not have mastocytic enterocolitis were not given these drugs.
• 22 (67%) of the 33 study patients showed cessation of diarrhea or significant reduction in diarrhea (defined as greater than or equal to 50% reduction in stool frequency or as greater than or equal to 50% improvement in stool consistency).
• the placebo effect could account for up to about 1 1 of the patients with a positive outcome and the third drug could account for up to 8 of the patients with a positive outcome.
• the time frame of the follow-up was not provided. Furthermore, no statistical analysis or further studies were described.
• the present invention includes treating diarrhea by administering an H1
• the present invention also includes unit dosage forms, multi-dosage forms, and kits, including an H1 receptor antagonist and an H2 receptor antagonist.
• the H1 receptor antagonist includes cetirizine and the H2 receptor antagonist includes famotidine.
• Diarrhea may be acute or chronic. Diarrhea may also be further classified:
• Secretory diarrhea diarrhea which occurs when the intestine does not complete absorption of water from luminal contents and electrolyte absorption is impaired, often caused by bacterial toxins, surgically reduced absorptive area of the intestines, microscopic colitis and luminal secretagogues such as laxatives and bile acids.
• Osmotic diarrhea diarrhea which results from intestinal malabsorption of ingested non-electrolytes.
• Inflammatory diarrhea diarrhea which may be characterized by blood and pus in the stool and possibly an elevated fecal calprotectin level, and inflammation exhibited on intestinal biopsy, caused by, for example, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
• IBS-diarrhea predominate chronic diarrhea associated with abdominal pain.
• IBS-D IBS-diarrhea predominate
• a patient In order to have IBS, a patient must have experienced onset of symptoms 6 months prior to diagnosis and must have recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least three days per month in the last three months associated with two or more of the following: improvement with defecation; onset associated with a change in frequency of stool; onset associated with a change in form of stool.
• IBS-D chronic diarrhea associated with abdominal pain.
• IBS-C constipation
• IBS-M mixed
• Chronic diarrhea chronic diarrhea in a patient who does not meet the criteria for IBS, and for which no other cause can be determined. This type of diarrhea may also be referred to as chronic idiopathic diarrhea.
• alabsorbtive diarrhea diarrhea caused by an enteropathy such as celiac disease (celiac sprue) and giardiasis, which is characterized by excess gas, steatorrhea, and/or weight loss.
• enteropathy such as celiac disease (celiac sprue) and giardiasis, which is characterized by excess gas, steatorrhea, and/or weight loss.
• Drug induced diarrhea diarrhea caused by a drug or treatment for an unrelated disease state, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, antibiotic therapy, anti-ulcer therapy, and herbal therapies.
• Food intolerance diarrhea diarrhea which is associated with dietary intake, such as lactose, sugar substitutes or other food substances.
• IBS associated diarrhea a chronic diarrhea
• IBS-diarrhea predominate a chronic diarrhea
• IBS-D IBS-diarrhea predominate
• the patient does not have mastocytic enterocolitis.
• H1 receptor antagonists block H1 histamine receptors; first-generation H1 receptor antagonists block histamine receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as cholinergic receptors, while second-generation H1 receptor antagonists are selective for H1 histamine receptors in the peripheral nervous system.
• First-generation H1 receptor antagonists include brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, dexbrompheniramine, dexchlorpheniramine, pheniramine, triprolidine, carbinoxamine, clemastine, diphenhydramine, pyrilamine, promethazine, hydroxyzine, azatadine, cyproheptadine, and phenindamine.
• Second-generation H1 receptor antagonists include ketotifen, rupatadine, mizolastine, acrivastine, ebastine, bilastine, bepotastine, terfenadine, quifenadine, azelastined, cetirizine, levocetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine and loratadine.
• the H1 receptor antagonist is a second-generation H1 receptor antagonist, more preferably the H1 receptor antagonist is cetirizine or levocetirizine, with cetirizine being particularly preferred. Mixtures and combination of H1 receptor antagonists may also be used.
• the H1 receptor antagonists may be used in an amount of from 0.1 to 10 times the amount typically used for the treatment of allergies, for example in an amount of 0.1 to 600 mg per dose, 0.5 to 500 mg per dose, 1.0 to 50 or 60 mg per dose, including 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 mg per dose.
• the H1 receptor antagonist is administered 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times per day.
• the H1 receptor antagonist may be administered as an injectable formulation, for example intravenously, intraparenterally or intramuscularly;
• transdermal ⁇ via a transdermal patch; or, preferably, orally, as a powder, table or capsule, an oral solution or suspension, or sublingual or buccal tablets.
• Alternative forms of administration include rectal suppositories, inhaled, epidural, subcutaneous, nasal spray, transmucosal, and intradermal formulations.
• H2 receptor antagonists block H2 histamine receptors.
• H2 receptor antagonists include cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine, with famotidine being preferred. Mixtures and combinations of H2 receptor antagonists may also be used.
• the H2 receptor antagonists may be used in an amount of from 0.1 to 10 time the amount typically used for treatment dyspepsia, for example 1.0 to 8000 mg per dose, 2.0 to 1000 mg per dose, 5.0 to 800 mg per dose, including 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10, 15, 20, 21 , 22, 22.5, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 120, 140, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, and 700 mg per dose.
• the H2 receptor antagonist is administered 1 , 2, 3 or 4 times per day.
• the H2 receptor antagonist may be administered as an injectable formulation, for example intravenously, intraparenterally or intramuscularly; transdermal ⁇ , via a transdermal patch; or, preferably, orally, as a powder, table or capsule, an oral solution or suspension, or sublingual or buccal tablets.
• injectable formulation for example intravenously, intraparenterally or intramuscularly; transdermal ⁇ , via a transdermal patch; or, preferably, orally, as a powder, table or capsule, an oral solution or suspension, or sublingual or buccal tablets.
• Alternative forms of administration include rectal suppositories, inhaled, epidural, subcutaneous, nasal spray, transmucosal, and intradermal formulations.
• Treatment should be carried out for an amount of time to resolve any underlying cause in the case of acute diarrhea, for example 3 to 14 days, or 5 to 10 days.
• any underlying cause in the case of acute diarrhea for example 3 to 14 days, or 5 to 10 days.
• chronic diarrhea a 30 day trial is reasonable, and if the underlying cause of the diarrhea cannot be resolved, for example in the case of IBS-D, then treatment should be continued indefinitely.
• the H1 and H2 receptor antagonists are administered
• unit dosage forms include oral compositions, such as tablets (for example, sublingual or buccal tablets), capsules (for example, hard gelatin and soft gelatin capsules), transmucosal and sublingual patches and films, pre-measured powder packets and saches, flavored and/or sweetened aqueous solutions or suspensions. Because diarrhea is often associated with dehydration, flavored and/or sweetened aqueous solutions or suspension may be oral rehydration solutions, or solutions which also contain sodium and glucose or a glucose-containing saccharide, in amounts of 250 ml, 500 ml or 1 liter of fluid.
• oral compositions such as tablets (for example, sublingual or buccal tablets), capsules (for example, hard gelatin and soft gelatin capsules), transmucosal and sublingual patches and films, pre-measured powder packets and saches, flavored and/or sweetened aqueous solutions or suspensions. Because diarrhea is often associated with dehydration, flavored and/or sweetened aqueous solutions or suspension may be oral re
• a pre-measured powder packet containing the receptor antagonists, together with sodium (for example, as sodium chloride) and glucose or a glucose-containing saccharide, and optionally other excipients, flavorings and/or sweeteners, may be provided, which may be readily mixed with water prior to consumption.
• the oral unit dosage form is present as a once-per-day dosage.
• Examples of oral dosage forms include a tablet containing famotidine, in an amount of 5, 10, 15, 20, 22.5, 25, 30, 35 or 40 mg, as a core, and a coating of cetirizine, in an amount of 2.5, 5, 8.5, 10, 15, or 20 mg.
• Another example includes a capsule containing granules of famotidine and cetirizine in water-soluble matrix.
• both the famotidine and the cetirizine are present as a mixture in a matrix, either as a table or within a capsule.
• other H1 and/or H2 receptor antagonists may be used in place of, or in addition to, famotidine and/or cetirizine.
• unit dosage forms may also be provided, containing both H1 and H2 receptor antagonist.
• injectable formulation containing a sterile solution or suspension including formulation for administration intravenously,
• a unit dosage form for administration transdermal ⁇ , via a transdermal patch may be provided.
• Other unit dosage forms include rectal suppositories, inhaled, epidural, subcutaneous, nasal spray, and intradermal formulations. Excipients and adjuvants maybe also be included in any of the unit dosage forms, both oral and non-oral.
• Multi-dosage forms such as kits, containing 2 to 30, 3 to 25, or 5 to 14 unit dosage forms, for example 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 5, 20, 40, 50 or 60 unit dosage forms, may be provided.
• the multi-dosage forms contain sufficient unit dosage forms for administration over a period of 2 to 30, 3 to 25, or 7 to 14 days, for example 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 20 or 30 days.
• Kits may also be provided, which include oral rehydration solutions, or powders which may be hydrated to form oral rehydration solutions, or kits containing sodium and glucose or a glucose- containing saccharide, as well as other excipients, flavorings and/or sweeteners, together with unit dosage forms.
• Example 1 treatment of secretory diarrhea
• Patient #1 age 65, was hospitalized for more than one week for weight and fluid loss related to chronic diarrhea.
• the patient had from 20 to 40 stools per day and severe life threatening diarrhea.
• the patient was treated with 20 mg famotidine and 10 mg cetirizine, once per day. Symptoms subsided within 48 hours with a 95% decrease in the number of stools and the patient was discharged.
• the patient responded to treatment and now has 1 stool per day, occasionally two, but no diarrhea.
• Patient #2 age 62, had severe weight loss, greater than 30 pounds, related to the diarrhea, 10 to 20 stools per day, and was opiate and steroid dependant.
• the patient was treated with 20 mg famotidine and 0 mg cetirizine, once per day.
• Treatment was successful with an 85 to 90% reduction in the number of stools.
• the patient now has 1 to 2 stools per day for over 8 months on treatment.
• Patient #3 age 65, prior to treatment was homebound, had 4 to 5 stools per day, each episode lasting an hour or two.
• the patient was treated with 300 mg ranitidine and 10 mg cetirizine, once per day. Treatment was successful, with the patient reporting a 90% reduction in the number of stools.
• Patient #4 age 67, with moderate diarrhea and cramping, had 4 to 5 stools per day.
• the patient was treated with 20 mg famotidine and 10 mg cetirizine, once per day. Treatment was successful, with a 75% reduction in the number of stools, no cramping and no side effects.
• Example 3 chronic idiopathic diarrhea
• the patient was treated with 20 mg famotidine and 10 mg cetirizine, once per day. Treatment was successful, with a decrease in the number of stools by 70%, to 1 to 2, mostly 1 , per day and a repeat colonoscopy was cancelled because symptoms had resolved.
• deconditioned state from chemotherapeutic agents had 5 to 10 stools per day.
• the patient was treated with 20 mg famotidine and 10 mg cetirizine, once per day. Treatment was successful, with a decrease in the number of stools by 80%, to 1 to 2 per day and normal consistency, with no side effects.
• Example 5 inflammatory diarrhea - ulcerative colitis/Crohn's disease
• Patient #1 age 64, with Crohn's disease, had 12 to 15 stools per day and severe diarrhea.
• the patient was treated with 20 mg famotidine and 10 mg cetirizine, once per day. Treatment was not successful, with a decrease in the number of stools only by 5%. There were no side effects.
• Example 7 IBS-D Treatment Study
• the study population age was 18 to 80, with the patients having chronic unexplained diarrhea from an outpatient population of a clinic and outpatients from a medical center, who gave consent for treatment. Patients were excluded who had a history of systemic or cutaneous mastocytosis, definable etiology of diarrhea (other than IBS-D or chronic idiopathic diarrhea) such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or lactose intolerance, or who were pregnant. The study was initiated after IRB approval.
• One study arm received famotidine (20 mg per day) and cetirizine (10 mg per day), once per day.
• the second study arm received fiber (Metamucil®) and an anticholinergic (Bentyl®) once per day.
• Table 1 shows the results of the study.
• Tables 2 and 3 show the statistical analysis of the study results.
• Positive responders Appreciable decrease in # of stools per day
• Non-responders No appreciable decrease in # of stools per day
• Figure 1 illustrates participants and responses by treatment group.
• the bars on the left represent the patients who received famotidine and cetirizine, while the bars on the right represent the patients who received fiber and anticholinergic.
• 90% of the patients receiving famotidine and cetirizine responded to the treatment, while only 10% of those receiving fiber and anticholinergic responded to the treatment.
• Tables 4 and 5 show the percent decrease in number of stools per day, for the famotidine and cetirizine study arm, and the dicylcomine and psyllium study arm, respectively.
• the study population age was 21 to 70, with patients diagnosed with chronic diarrhea, who gave consent for treatment. Patients were excluded if there was a sensitivity or allergy to H1 receptor antagonists or H2 receptor antagonists, renal impairment or a history of renal failure, a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), a known active infection of the colon (such as Clostridium difficile, giardia, or Salmonella), biopsy proven microscopic colitis (collagenous or lymphocytic colitis), or an inability to discontinue other anti-diarrheal agents during the study. Patients were also excluded if they were pregnant or lactating women, or if the patient was taking atazanavir, itraconazole, or
• ketoconazole The study was initiated after IRB approval.
• the "active” group received famotidine (24 mg) and cetirizine (9 mg), once per day, with both drugs combined in the form of a single capsule.
• the "placebo” group received a capsule once per day, which contained no active ingredients.

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