WO2014139584A1 - Outil de puits - Google Patents

Outil de puits Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014139584A1
WO2014139584A1 PCT/EP2013/055406 EP2013055406W WO2014139584A1 WO 2014139584 A1 WO2014139584 A1 WO 2014139584A1 EP 2013055406 W EP2013055406 W EP 2013055406W WO 2014139584 A1 WO2014139584 A1 WO 2014139584A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
well
tool
pulse generator
inductor
pipe
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2013/055406
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Sergey Ivanovich Krivosheev
Evgeni Lvovich Svechnikov
Georgy Petrovich ZHABKO
Andrey Aleksandrovich Belov
Yuri Eduardovich ADAMIAN
Original Assignee
Fmc Kongsberg Subsea As
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fmc Kongsberg Subsea As filed Critical Fmc Kongsberg Subsea As
Priority to PCT/EP2013/055406 priority Critical patent/WO2014139584A1/fr
Publication of WO2014139584A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014139584A1/fr

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/005—Monitoring or checking of cementation quality or level
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V1/44—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging using generators and receivers in the same well

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a well tool for determining the presence or absence of cement in an annular area between two concentric pipes in a hydrocarbon well.
  • Cavities are often filled with a material for insulation or other purposes.
  • this can for example be a tank with double walls where the cavity between the walls is filled with cement or other hardening material.
  • it can be a special purpose building, for example a power station having walls where the cavity is filled with cement.
  • a typical hydrocarbon well construction consists of a number of coaxial pipes called casing strings that are successively installed in the well as the drilling progresses.
  • the first pipe (conductor pipe) is set in the well by being bonded to the surrounding formation with cement that is pumped down the pipe and allowed to flow up in the space between the conductor pipe and the surrounding ground.
  • a second casing normally called surface casing is installed in the well and again the casing is set by filling the annular space between the pipe and the borehole resp. conductor pipe with cement.
  • the surface casing carries a wellhead and is the principal load-carrying structure for the equipment mounted on top of the wellhead. It serves both the purpose of being a foundation for external loads, such as production equipment (Christmas tree) and for borehole support against the formation.
  • a well will be subjected to various loads during its lifetime.
  • a BOP and riser is attached to the Christmas tree, the riser extending to the surface.
  • the movements of the riser and the use of drilling equipment can set up cyclic loads in the wellhead and the surface casing string (See Fig. 1). This may induce fatigue in the casing string.
  • the main purpose of the invention is therefore to find he level of the cement from which the length of the column can be determined.
  • One method for non-destructive logging of layers of different materials comprises the creation of a magnetic pulse within a pipe to cause the pipe to act as an acoustic transmitter.
  • a magnetic pulse within a pipe to cause the pipe to act as an acoustic transmitter.
  • the transmitter is located such that the acoustic waves only have to traverse one pipe wall, e.g. the conductor pipe. If the device is to be located in a fully completed well there is the challenge to create a signal that is both strong enough to penetrate through several different casing pipes and to be able to distinguish between the reflected signals from the various casings.
  • the invention relates to a well tool for determining the presence or absence of cement in an annular area between two concentric pipes in a hydrocarbon well, as set forth in the appended independent claim 1.
  • Advantageous embodiments have been set forth in the dependent claims.
  • Fig. 1 is a simplified sketch of a completed well supported by the seabed
  • Fig. 2 is a partial illustration of the well of fig. 1 , showing the instrument located in the production tubing;
  • Fig. 3 is an illustration of a well tool according to the invention
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of an induction coil with its associated circuitry
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic view of an induction coil and accompanying field lines
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic view of an induction coil according to the present invention
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a reflected signal from one pulse
  • Fig. 8 illustrates a simulation of reflected signals from several pulses fired at different heights in a well
  • FIG. 1 there is shown an illustrative embodiment of a completed hydrocarbon well 1.
  • the well is completed with a wellhead 2, production tubing 3, a first intermediate casing 4, a second intermediate casing 5, surface casing 6 and conductor casing 7.
  • the annulus between the surface casing 6 and the conductor 7 is shown filled with cement 8.
  • Cement is normally provided between the drilled hole and the conductor casing, and between the conductor casing and the surface casing.
  • annular space between the conductor and the surface casing should ideally be filled with cement all the way to the wellhead.
  • the annular spaces between the other casings are normally only filled partway up from the bottom with cement, the amount determined by the formation characteristics. It should be noted that there may be used more than these casings for the foundation of the well, depending on the seabed properties etc.
  • the top end of the production tubing is connected to a tubing hanger that in turn is anchored in the well head or Christmas tree (depending on type of completion) while its lower end is fastened in the first casing with a production packer, as is well known in the art.
  • Fig. 3 there is shown a sketch of the well tool 10.
  • the tool 10 comprises a tool housing 1 1 , and a pulse generator 14 for generating an electromagnetic pulse, which due to the magnetic properties of the pipe will cause the pipe to oscillate.
  • the well tool 10 is intended to be used in a well pipe.
  • the tool 10 comprises a housing 1 1 , and a pulse generator 14 which is provided within the housing 1 1.
  • the pulse generator 14 comprises an inductor Ls and a power supply device HV, c, which, in use, supplies electrical power to the inductor Ls.
  • the well pipe may be made, at least partly, of a magnetic material.
  • the inductor may comprise a metallic core, the metallic core may e.g. be a cylinder.
  • the cross sectional gap area Agap of an annular gap between an outside of the inductor Ls and an inner surface of the well pipe is substantially equal to an inner cross sectional area Ainner of the inductor Ls.
  • substantially equal may, e.g. mean that the ratio between the cross sectional gap area Agap and the inner cross sectional area Ainner is in the range 0.7 to 1.3. More
  • the area ratio may be in the range 0.9 to 1.1 , and even more advantageously, the area ratio may be in the range 0.95 to 1.05.
  • the cross sectional gap area Agap is equal to the inner cross sectional area Ainner.
  • the well tool 10 may advantageously comprise a centralizing device which is configured to positioning the well tool 10 in a central position within the well pipe.
  • the inductor may advantageously have an inductance in the range of 10 * 10 "6 H to 40* 10 ⁇ 6 H.
  • the power supply device may advantageously comprise a capacitor, c, connected to the inductor, Ls, wherein the capacitor, c, is configured to discharge its energy over the inductor.
  • the power supply device may comprise a switch, s, connected between the inductor Ls and the capacitor c.
  • the well tool 10 is provided for determining or measuring the presence or absence of cement in an annular area between two concentric pipes in a hydrocarbon well.
  • the well tool comprises a tool housing 1 1 , a pulse generator 14 provided within the tool housing 1 for generating a magnetic field, where the pulse generator 14 comprises an inductor, Ls, and a power supply device, HV, c, for supplying electrical power to the inductor Ls and thereby providing that an electromagnetic pulse is generated, in such a way that the electromagnetic pulse provides physical vibrations in the pipe being closest to the pulse generator 14.
  • the pulse generator 14 comprises an inductor, Ls, and a power supply device, HV, c, for supplying electrical power to the inductor Ls and thereby providing that an electromagnetic pulse is generated, in such a way that the electromagnetic pulse provides physical vibrations in the pipe being closest to the pulse generator 14.
  • the well tool further comprises at least one signal recorder 16 provided within the tool housing 1 1 for recording reflected acoustic signals from the well.
  • a first distance, HI between the signal recorder 16 and the pulse generator 14 is substantially equal to a second distance, H2, between the pulse generator 14 and the annular area.
  • substantially equal may, e.g. mean that the ratio between the first distance HI and the second distance H2 is in the range 0.7 to 1.3. More advantageously, the distance ratio may be in the range 0.9 to 1.1 , and even more advantageously, the distance ratio may be in the range 0.95 to 1.05. Particularly advantageously, the first distance HI and the second distance H2 are equal.
  • the well tool 10 may comprise a centralizing device which is configured to positioning the tool 10 in a central position within the well pipe.
  • the second distance H2 may advantageously be measured in a radial direction in relation to the well from the center axis of the inductor Ls and the center of the annular area.
  • the well tool 10 may advantageously be provided in the innermost pipe of the well.
  • the pulse generator 14 may e.g. be located at a distance between 10 and 20 cm from the signal recorder 16.
  • the well tool 10 may comprise an ultrasonic absorber 15 located between the pulse generator 14 and the signal recorder 16.
  • the signal recorder may be located above the pulse generator.
  • a second signal recorder may also be arranged, and in particular, it may be located in close proximity to the first signal recorder.
  • a third signal recorder may also be arranged, and in particular, it may be located below the pulse generator, at the distance substantially equal to or equal to HI below the pulse generator.
  • the tool 10 may thus comprise signal recorder(s) 16, 17, 18 for recording signals representing the vibrations being reflected back from the pipes in the well. Since acoustic signals are investigated, a preferred signal recorder may be a hydrophone.
  • the tool 10 may be held in a central position by centralizers (not shown).
  • the pulse generator 14 and the signal recorder(s) 16, 17, 18 are provided within the housing 1 1.
  • the pulse generator 14 is housed within the tool 10 that may further comprise a power supply and charging device 22 and a data storage system 24.
  • the tool may comprise a cable head 26 for attaching the tool to a cable 30.
  • the cable 30 may provide communication between the tool and a surface equipment that may e.g. comprise a first control unit 32 for the control of the tool, and a second control unit 34 for receiving and processing data from the tool.
  • An sound absorber may be located between the pulse generator 14 and the signal recorder(s) and may be used to prevent acoustic pulses from the inductor to reach the signal recorder and create noise in the system.
  • the tool may be coupled to a tractor 20 or similar device for moving the tool in the well.
  • Fig. 3 there are shown three signal recorders. However, there may be only one located above or below the signal generator or there may be one located above and one located below. In a preferred embodiment there is only one signal recorder which preferably is located above the signal generator.
  • the distance between the pulse generator and the signal receiver in relation to the distance to the target may have significant effect.
  • the outward waves travels outwards to the D annulus and get reflected back as acoustic waves to the signal recorder.
  • the standard nominal diameter of a surface casing is 20 inches (50 cm) and a normal size for the conductor casing is 30 inches (75 cm). If we regard the center of the well as the datum, the signals will only have traveled 25 - 35 cm before they reach the surface casing resp. the conductor pipe.
  • the distance HI between the pulse generator 14 and the closest signal receiver 16 is indicated.
  • the distance H2 between the pulse generator 14 and the D annulus is indicated. More specifically, the distance H2 is indicating the horizontal distance between the center axis of the pulse generator 14 and the center of the D annulus.
  • the signal recorder should be located about 30 cm from the pulse generator when the D annulus is analyzed. But a small deviation from this is possible so between 20 and 40 cm will still enable a good separation of reflected signals.
  • the signal recorders both above and below the pulse generator they should both be the same distance (HI) from the pulse generator.
  • the pulse generator In the case of having two signal recorders located above the pulse generator (as shown in Fig. 3) they are preferably placed as close to each other as possible. Arrangements with several signal recorders enables recordings to be compared with each other and can be used to check for anomalies or to find (and eliminate) noise. Another possibility is as use as backup in case of failure.
  • the pulse generator 14 comprises a charging device, for example a high voltage power supply HV for charging an energy storage device, for example a capacitor C.
  • the capacitor C is connected to a series connection of a switching device S, at least one inductor L and a resistor device R.
  • the at least one inductor L is represented by a first inductor Ls and a second inductor Li.
  • the second inductor Li is shown only to illustrate self inductance, i.e. internal inductance in the pulse generator 14.
  • the switch is turned off.
  • the voltage Uo is applied by the high voltage power supply HV to the capacitor C for charging the capacitor.
  • the switch is turned on, and the capacitor C will discharge by supplying a current I through the inductor MS and the resistor R.
  • the current through the magnetic inductor MS generates the electromagnetic signal pulse which will result in mechanical action on the pipes in the well.
  • the inductor MS comprises a coil 42 with a number of turns, where the number of turns is
  • a supporting sleeve 43 (shown in fig. 6) may be arranged to support the coil 42 during use and also during production of the coil. When current passes through the inductor Ls it will produce a magnetic field as shown in the figure 5.
  • the requirements of the elements of the pulse generator 14 will depend on the desired parameters of the generated electromagnetic pulse and the characteristics of the system it is being used in.
  • Inductance results from the magnetic field forming around a current - carrying conductor. Electric current through the conductor creates a magnetic flux proportional to the current. A change in this current creates a corresponding change in magnetic flux which, in turn, by Faraday's law generates an electromotive force (EMF) in the conductor that opposes this change in current. Thus inductors oppose changes in current through them. Inductance is a measure of the amount of EMF generated per unit change in current. For example, an inductor with an inductance of 1 Henry produces an EMF of 1 volt when the current through the inductor changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second. It is this electromotive force that is exploited in the invention. When the inductor is placed within a pipe having magnetic properties, the magnetic pressure from the inductor is converted into a mechanical pressure that sets the pipe in motion, as shown in Fig. 5.
  • An inductor is usually constructed as a coil of conducting material, typically copper wire, wrapped around a core either of air or of ferromagnetic or non-ferromagnetic material. When current is delivered through the inductor, magnetic field lines will form around the coil as shown in Fig. 4.
  • inductance in Henry is presented by the general formula for a type of induction coil called an "air core coil”.
  • the present invention may, in an exemplary aspect, use an "air core coil” that does not use a magnetic core made of a ferromagnetic material.
  • the term also refers to coils wound on plastic, ceramic, or other nonmagnetic forms. Air core coils have lower inductance than ferromagnetic core coils. If the coil is not placed into a conductive pipe the field lines inside the inductor will be closer together and therefore the field will be stronger on the inside than outside. This kind of coil directs the magnetic pressure outwards, i.e. the magnetic pressure acts to the inductor extending it in a radial direction.
  • the inductor When the inductor is placed within a conductive screen, e.g. a metal pipe such as tubing the field in the gap between the inductor and pipe will be much stronger than inside the inductor. This effect will depend on the size of the gap and will be strongest when the gap is small.
  • the magnetic pressure then acts to the inductor compressing it in the radial direction.
  • ⁇ d median diameter of coil (see Fig. 6).
  • D-2(g-w) inner diameter of coil, representing the magnetic air gap inside the coil o
  • the inventors have found that particularly advantageous result for limiting noise in the recorded signals depends on the position of the first inductor Ls and also the size of the inductor Ls in relation to the conductive pipe. This is realized when the cross sectional area of the annular gap area around the coil is equal to the cross sectional area of the inductor inner cross section.
  • cross sectional gap area Agap can be expressed as:
  • the coil may be wound around a supporting sleeve 26 of a non-conductive material.
  • the length of the inductor is 1.
  • a conductive (metallic) cylinder is arranged inside the coil. This will function as a balancing element, allowing equalized magnetic pressures inside and outside coil. Due to its mechanical strength it will actually not generate acoustic noise itself. In this case the gap between coil and pipe can be reduced and this may result in lower energy consumption needed for generating of strong enough magnetic field.
  • the pulse generator In use, the pulse generator is charged up, and when the switch is closed, the inductor will discharge an electromagnetic pulse.
  • the pulse will transmit to the pipe and set the pipe in oscillation. This oscillation excites from the pipe and propagates as pressure pulses through the layers of pipes. As it reaches each layer the pipes will be set in motion and this motion creates acoustic waves that will be reflected back and be recorded by the signal recorder.
  • the switch is turned off.
  • the voltage Uo is applied over the capacitor C for charging the capacitor until a voltage of 3 - 15 kV is achieved, as mentioned above.
  • the voltage Uo is applied via the wire 12.
  • the switch is turned on, and the capacitor will discharge by supplying a current I through the magnetic device L and the resistor R.
  • the switch was turned on for periods between 20 - 200 ⁇ . Even shorter periods of 4 - 20 have also been tested. This short duration is achieved by the geometry of the coil.
  • the current I will, with the values given above, have an amplitude value in the range of 5 - 20 kA.
  • the current through the magnetic device MS will generate an electromagnetic signal pulse which will result in mechanical oscillations of the pipes in the well.
  • the best results were achieved with an energy of the electromagnetic signal of 0, 1 - 3 kJ.
  • a reflected signal is shown in Fig. 7.
  • the reflected signals coming from the nearest pipe(s) are very strong but get progressively weaker the further away from the signal recorder they are, in the graph this is shown as response time. Therefore, reflections from the area of the "D" annulus are very weak and difficult to interpret.
  • the tool To determine where there is cement or where there is water the tool must be positioned at various locations in the tubing.
  • the tool is positioned at a point in the well a distance below the inferred cement level location.
  • the tool is then moved upwards at small intervals, preferably around 4 cm.
  • the pulse generator is activated.
  • a signal of the type shown in Fig. 7 is recorded by the signal recorder.
  • Data representing the acoustic reflections is recorded by means of the signal recorder.
  • the recorded data is transferred to the analyzing device 18 for performing the analysis.
  • the output from the analyzing device is a time-delayed signal that is depicted as lines and curves on a monitor. But for further analysis a two
  • the first kind is waves traveling in the radial direction and reflected by the layers of steel, cement and water as shown in Fig. 2. But in addition there are waves traveling along the pipe in the vertical direction and reflected from the ends of a pipe.
  • Fig. 8 there is shown a diagram of reflected signals after having positioned the tool at several locations and thereby representing the recorded signals from the total number of pulses.
  • the vertical lines show the waves coming from the edges, i.e. the pipes. Since we know the strength of the signals, the speed of the acoustic waves and the dimensions of the system we can reliably predict which lines represent which pipe. This will give us a horizontal position of the pipe of interest (the conductor or surface casing).
  • the signals are from an experimental setup with known cement/water boundary and it was known where the cement was (indicated by dashed line) and where the water was located (indicated by dashed circle). However, as seen in fig. 8, it is not possible to see the difference between the signals representing water from signals representing cement. In fig. 8, the darker lines representing the pipes 4, 5, 6 and 7 from fig. 1 are indicated.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices Characterised By Use Of Acoustic Means (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, un outil de puits (10) permettant de déterminer la présence ou l'absence de ciment dans une zone annulaire entre deux tubes concentriques dans un puits d'hydrocarbures comprend une enveloppe d'outil (11) et un générateur d'impulsions (14) situé dans l'enveloppe d'outil (11) et servant à produire un champ magnétique. Le générateur d'impulsions (14) comprend une inductance (Ls) et un dispositif d'alimentation électrique (HV, c) permettant de fournir de l'énergie électrique à l'inductance (L) et ainsi de produire des impulsions électromagnétiques de façon que, lors de l'utilisation, les impulsions électromagnétiques produisent des vibrations physiques dans le tube le plus proche du générateur d'impulsions (14). L'outil de puits comprend de plus au moins un enregistreur de signal (16) situé dans l'enveloppe d'outil (11) servant à enregistrer les signaux acoustiques réfléchis par le puits. Une première distance (H1) entre l'enregistreur de signal (16) et le générateur d'impulsions (14) est pratiquement égale à une deuxième distance (H2) entre le générateur d'impulsions (14) et la zone annulaire.
PCT/EP2013/055406 2013-03-15 2013-03-15 Outil de puits WO2014139584A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2013/055406 WO2014139584A1 (fr) 2013-03-15 2013-03-15 Outil de puits

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2013/055406 WO2014139584A1 (fr) 2013-03-15 2013-03-15 Outil de puits

Publications (1)

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WO2014139584A1 true WO2014139584A1 (fr) 2014-09-18

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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3752257A (en) 1972-03-07 1973-08-14 Dresser Ind Acoustic well logging method and apparatus using pipe as an acoustic transmitter
US4809237A (en) * 1987-10-01 1989-02-28 Western Atlas International, Inc. Method for monitoring the goodness of the cement bond to a borehole casing
EP0837217A2 (fr) * 1996-09-20 1998-04-22 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Outil de fond pour mesure de la qualité du cimentage d'un puits
US6595285B2 (en) 2000-04-10 2003-07-22 Institut Francais Du Petrole Method and device for emitting radial seismic waves in a material medium by electromagnetic induction
GB2399411A (en) * 2003-03-10 2004-09-15 Schlumberger Holdings Cased borehole investigation apparatus deviates parasitic echoes away from receiver
US20090231954A1 (en) * 2008-03-17 2009-09-17 Baker Hughes Incorporated Micro-Annulus Detection Using Lamb Waves
WO2011117355A2 (fr) 2010-03-26 2011-09-29 Fmc Kongsberg Subsea As Procédé et appareil permettant de déterminer la nature d'un matériau dans une cavité entre une paroi métallique intérieure et une paroi métallique extérieure

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3752257A (en) 1972-03-07 1973-08-14 Dresser Ind Acoustic well logging method and apparatus using pipe as an acoustic transmitter
US4809237A (en) * 1987-10-01 1989-02-28 Western Atlas International, Inc. Method for monitoring the goodness of the cement bond to a borehole casing
EP0837217A2 (fr) * 1996-09-20 1998-04-22 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Outil de fond pour mesure de la qualité du cimentage d'un puits
US6595285B2 (en) 2000-04-10 2003-07-22 Institut Francais Du Petrole Method and device for emitting radial seismic waves in a material medium by electromagnetic induction
GB2399411A (en) * 2003-03-10 2004-09-15 Schlumberger Holdings Cased borehole investigation apparatus deviates parasitic echoes away from receiver
US20090231954A1 (en) * 2008-03-17 2009-09-17 Baker Hughes Incorporated Micro-Annulus Detection Using Lamb Waves
WO2011117355A2 (fr) 2010-03-26 2011-09-29 Fmc Kongsberg Subsea As Procédé et appareil permettant de déterminer la nature d'un matériau dans une cavité entre une paroi métallique intérieure et une paroi métallique extérieure

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